Geography by maria rosa batlle

IES ICÀRIA

GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD Optional Credit for ESO 1

Table of contents The solar system

3-4

Origins of the universe

5-7

Inner and outer planets

8-9

Celestial bodies

10-11

The solar system. Review & practice

12-13

The Earth: What is the Earth like?

14-16

Journey to the Centre of the Earth

17-18

Volcanoes

18-20

Activities (Consolidation)

20-23

The force of gravity

24-25

How did the continents originate?

26-28

The continents

(More on) the Earth

30-32

Revision and consolidation

33-37

Extra activities: from Galileo to Hubble 38-39 Political Geography

A Case of Study: Australia

41-45

Assessment tools

46-50

Authors and Credits

THE SOLAR SYSTEM

THE SOLAR SYSTEM INTRODUCTION

1. Look up at the sky at night. What do you see? Can you name some of the items you can see on a clear night? 1)

4) 5)

2.Every object you see is part of the MILKY WAY GALAXY. A galaxy is a group of stars, planets, gases and dust. EARTH , the planet we live on, is part of the Milky Way Galaxy. There are many galaxies in space. Each galaxy has many solar systems. A solar system is a group of objects that orbit the star. 3.OUR SOLAR SYSTEM Do you know what is the star in our solar system? Which other objects orbit the star of our solar system? How many of these objects are there? What are their names?

ORIGINS OF THE UNIVERSE Have you ever wondered how the universe was made? One of the theories is the BIG BANG theory. Find out more reading the text. Use a dictionary and make a list of new words with their meanings.

After the Big Bang, it took the Universe a billion years to evolve into an elaborate net of galaxies and stars. Over the next 12 or so billion years, more stars and galaxies gradually came into existence, originated from the dying ashes of their predecessors. Our Solar System is quite young. A gas cloud on the edge of the Milky Way slowly became smaller and started turning around. This cloud, or nebula, gradually contracted to a disc about the size of Neptune's orbit, and as it did so it became hotter. Once the nebula had warmed to a few thousand degrees, it began to separate into two different clouds. The scorching centre continued heating until the Sun exploded into action about 5 billion years ago. The formed a revolving disc that gradually cooled down. As the temperature dropped, the gas quickly condensed into tiny solid particles of rock, metal and ice. As they smashed into each other inside the spinning disc they stuck together to form pebbles. These pebbles rapidly fused to form rocks, then boulders and eventually, after around 100 million years, a set of nine complete planets in stable orbits. The characteristics of each of the planets also reflect their position in this cosmic cooking pot. Around the inner region near the burning Sun the planets are made from hard rock and metal. Later, as the solar system cooled, the gases this produced condensed onto the surface of a few of the farther planets, such as our Earth. The cooler outer planets managed to keep more of this vapour, which clung to their rocky cores, forming the gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn. Right out at the barren edge of the Solar System, as it gradually merges into the cold void of space, the icy remnants congregated. It is here that the comets reside, the frozen balls of ice and rock that light up as they swing past the Sun on their grand orbits.

WRITE A LIST OF NEW WORDS WITH THEIR MEANINGS

1. ACTIVITY: DRAW THE PROCESS OF FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE.

Your picture here:

EXTRA ACTIVITY The theory of the Big Bang is a modern theory that tries to explain the origins of the universe. But before that, all ancient civilizations tried to find an explanation for the building of the solar system and the universe. Check out this website: www.mythicjourneys.org/bigmyth 7

In pairs, choose one of the ancient cultures, read its myth and prepare a poster presentation to the class.

INNER AND OUTER PLANETS Now you know that THE SUN is the star of our solar system and the objects that orbit it are the eight PLANETS , you were right! The eight planets are divided into THE INNER PLANETS and THE OUTER PLANETS. 8

1.THE INNER PLANETS

The inner planets are the four planets that are closer to the sun. Can you guess which ones they are?

The closer a planet is to the sun, the hotter it will be. Can you order the inner planets from the hottest to the coldest?

Of the four inner planets, only the Earth has life. Can you say why?

2.THE OUTER PLANETS

The outer planets are the five planets that are farther from the sun. Can you name them?

If the inner planets are hot because they are close to the sun, what do you think the temperature is like on the outer planets?

FINAL ASSESSMENT Put the planets in order of closeness to the sun:

FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIFTH SIXTH 9

SEVENTH EIGHTH NINTH

CHOOSE YOUR FAVOURITE PLANET AND PREPARE A POWER POINT OR POSTER PRESENTATION. PRESENT IT TO THE CLASS

CELESTIAL BODIES Load this URL : www.harcourtschool.com Click on The Learning Site Open the link reading Then Preview collections 10

Then Grade 3 Then Our Solar System Read the information about the planets carefully and Answer these questions

1.SIZE MATTERS! Which is the largest planet? Which is the smallest planet? Which is the coldest planet? Which is the second-largest planet?

2.CELESTIAL BODIES What are asteroids? What are comets?

3.MOONS Which planet has 18 moons? Which planet has two moons? Which planet has one moon?

4.ORBITS How long does it take for Saturn to travel once around the sun? ………………..takes the longest time to travel round the sun.

5.FEATURES Which planet is made mostly of gas? 11

Which planet looks blue-green Why is Mars called “The Red Planet”? In what ways is Venus different from Earth? Why are there seasons on Earth?

6.DID YOU KNOW…? AN ASTEROID CHANGES EARTH! Listen to the dictation and fill in the missing words: A big …………… fell to Earth …………… ……………

million years ago. It hit in what is now

.The asteroid was about 10 ……………

wide! The asteroid was

moving so fast that it made a hole almost …………… kilometers wide!.

The asteroid crash changed Earth. It caused an …………… huge …………… . The dust and ……………

that started

made a dark cloud. No

…………… reached Earth for months. A lot of …………… and …………… died. Many …………… think that this asteroid killed the …………… .

THE SOLAR SYSTEM

REVIEW AND PRACTICE

1-Vocabulary . Choose a word from the box to complete each sentence.

Asteroids

galaxy

comet

orbit

atmosphere solar system a- Venus has an …………………….. of poisonous gases. b- A

……………………..

is a group if stars, planets, gases and dust.

c- Planets, asteroids and comets, all ……………………..

the sun.

d- Pieces of rock and metal that orbit the sun are called …………………….. . e- A …………………….. is a huge mass of ice, frozen gases and dust. f- Earth and the other eight planets arre all part of our …………………….. .

2-Check your understanding. a- Which two planets are the hottest? b- What are the four inner planets mostly made of? c- What are the outer planets mostly made of? d- Which planet is the coldest?

3- Apply Science Skills a- When did a big asteroid fall to earth? b- Where did it hit? c- How long did Earth go without sunlight? d- What do scientists think this asteroid killed? 4-Discuss a- Which theories , legends or traditions try to explain the origins of the universe? b- Do you think that the extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by an asteroid?

THE EARTH

THE EARTH : WHAT IS THE EARTH LIKE? Read this text

The Earth is a huge

ball

round in space. It is

one

which travel round a

star

called

rock

spinning

nine

planets

the

Sun.

Together they are known as the Solar System. Our Sun is just one of many millions of other stars in the Universe. It has a special force called gravity, which keeps the planets travelling round it, and stops them floating into space. EARTH FACTS  The Earth is not perfectly round. It bulges a bit round the middle and is flat at the ends. These are called the North and South Poles. There is a line round the middle called the Equator.  The Earth is divided in half by the Equator. The top hals is called the northern hemisphere. The bottom half is called the souther hemisphere.  Water covers nearly ¾ of the Earth’s surface. There are four main oceans, which are all linked together.  Nearly 1/8 of the land on Earth is dry desert. Only certain animals and plants can live there.  The Earth is always spinning like a top. It spins on its axis, which is an imaginary line between the Poles.

Earth Statistics Mass (kg) 5.976e+24 Mean distance from the Sun (km) 149,600,000 Rotational period (hours) 23.9345 Orbital period (days) 365.256 Mean orbital velocity (km/sec) 29.79 Tilt of axis (degrees) 23.45 Mean surface temperature 15°C Atmospheric composition Nitrogen 77% Oxygen 21% Other 2%

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: 1.How much of the Earth is covered by water? 2. How much of the Earth is desert? 3. Which gas has the highest proportion in the atmosphere? 4. What is the mean orbital speed of the Earth? 5. How long does it take for the Earth to orbit the Sun? 6. How long does it take for the Earth to rotate on its axis?

JOURNEY TO THE CENTRE OF THE EARTH Read this text: Imagine you are going on a journey down through the Earth. First you have to travel through the rocky, outer layer called the crust. The top layer of soil is made of tiny specks of crushed rock and the rotting remains of plants. Under the soil is a layer of small stones. Under that are layers of rock. Nobody has ever dug under the crust. But scientists guess what it is like inside. 17

Your trip to the centre is about 6,300 km. Under the crust is a layer of softer rock, called the mantle. At the top of the mantle the rock is hot and liquid. It is moving around all the time. The mantle, which contains more iron, magnesium, and calcium than the crust, is hotter and denser because temperature and pressure inside the Earth increase with depth. As a comparison, the mantle might be thought of as the white of a boiled egg The centre of the Earth is called the core. It is nearly twice as dense as the mantle because its composition is metallic (iron-nickel alloy) rather than stony. Unlike the yolk of an egg, however, the Earth's core is actually made up of two distinct parts: a 2,200 km-thick liquid outer core and a 1,250 km-thick solid inner core. As the Earth rotates, the liquid outer core spins, creating the Earth's magnetic field.

The temperature in the centre can be as high as 4000 degrees Celsius. The crust has many different types of rocks. Some of them are very useful for us. Some rocks contain metals, others contain precious stones, like diamonds. Oil can also be found buried in the rocks of the crust. It is probably made from the crushed remains of tiny sea creatures that lived millions of years ago. There are also coal mines. Coal is made from trees that grew millions of years ago. The forests were flooded and pressed down under layers of mud and sand.Slowly they hardened into coal.

VOLCANOES One of the signs that the Earth is alive are volcanoes. A volcano is a place on the Earth's surface (or any other planet's or moon's surface) where molten rock, gases and pyroclastic debris erupt through the earth's crust. Volcanoes vary quite a bit in their structure - some are cracks in the earth's crust where lava erupts, and some are domes, shields, or mountain-like structures with a crater at the summit. Magma is molten rock within the Earth's crust. When magma erupts through the earth's surface it is called lava. Lava can be thick and 19

slow-moving or thin and fast-moving. Rock also comes from volcanoes in other forms, including ash (finely powdered rock that looks like dark smoke coming from the volcano), cinders (bits of fragmented lava), and pumice (light-weight rock that is full of air bubbles and is formed in explosive volcanic eruptions - this type of rock can float on water). Volcanic eruptions can cause great damage and the loss of life and property. The word volcano comes from the Roman god of fire, Vulcan. Vulcan was said to have had a forge (a place to melt and shape iron) on Vulcano,

active

volcano

the

Lipari

Islands

Italy.

The largest volcano on Earth is Hawaii's Mauna Loa. Mauna Loa is about 10 km tall from the sea floor to its summit (it rises about 4 km above sea level). It also has the greatest volume of any volcano, 42,500 cubic kilometres. The most active volcano in the continental USA is Mt. St. Helens (located in western Washington state). The largest volcano in our Solar System is perhaps Olympus Mons on the planet Mars. This enormous volcano is 27 km tall and over 520 km across.

ACTIVITIES:

1.Label the Outer Layers of the Earth

Continental Crust - the thick parts of the Earth's crust, not located under the ocean. Lithosphere - the crust plus the rigid, upper mantle. Lower Mantle (semi-rigid) - the deepest parts of the mantle, just above the core. Mohorovicic discontinuity - separates the crust and the upper mantle. Ocean - large bodies of water sitting atop oceanic crust. Oceanic Crust - thin parts of the Earth's crust located under the oceans. Upper Mantle (rigid) - the uppermost part of the mantle, part of the Lithosphere. Upper Mantle (flowing) = Asthenosphere - the lower part of the upper mantle that exhibits plastic (flowing) properties. It is located below the lithosphere (the crust and upper mantle).

Check your answers at http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geology/label/outerlayers/answer s.shtml 2.

Label the Volcano Diagram Read the definitions, then label the diagram below. Definitions ash cloud - an ash cloud is the cloud of ash that forms in the air after some volcanic eruptions. conduit - a conduit is a passage through which magma (molten rock) flows in a volcano. crust - the crust is Earth's

magma chamber - a magma chamber contains magma (molten rock) deep within the Earth's crust. side vent - a side vent is a vent in the side of a volcano. vent - a vent is an opening in the 22

outermost, rocky layer. lava - lava is molten rock; it usually comes out of erupting volcanoes.

Earth's surface through which volcanic materials erupt.

Check your answers here: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/volcano/labelvolcanoans wers.shtml

3.Label the Earth Diagram Read the definitions, then label the diagram below. Definitions crust - the rigid, rocky outer surface of the Earth, composed mostly of basalt and granite. The crust is thinner under the oceans. inner core - the solid iron-nickel center of the Earth that is very hot 23

and under great pressure. mantle - a rocky layer located under the crust - it is composed of silicon, oxygen, magnesium, iron, aluminum, and calcium. Convection (heat) currents carry heat from the hot inner mantle to the cooler outer mantle. outer core - the molten iron-nickel layer that surrounds the inner core.

Check your answers here: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/activities/lab el/labelearthanswers.shtml 24

THE FORCE OF GRAVITY

Why does everything you throw up into the air come down again? Why don’t people who live in Australia fall off the Earth? Why does snow slide down a mountain, but never up a mountain? A famous story tells us that Sir Isaac Newton, an English scientist born in 1643, asked himself why things always fell downwards after an apple fell off a tree and hit him on the head. According to Newton, all masses are attracted to the Earth by the force of gravity. In other words, the Earth tries to pull everything to its centre. We call this “pull” the force of gravity. The sun has got gravity too. The force of the sun’s gravity holds the planets in their orbits and holds the solar system together. The sun’s force of gravity doesn’t pull the planets to its centre because the planets orbit at a very high speed. The force of an orbiting planet is even stronger than the sun’s force of gravity. We call the force of an object moving in a circle with an outward force, centrifugal force. 1.Circle the correct answer 1. Sir Isaac Newton was born in the 19th / 17th / 18th century 2. Newton discovered that all liquids / masses / people are attracted by the force of gravity 3. The earth pulls things to its centre / side / bottom 4. The sun holds the planets in their rotation / orbits / gravity

5. Centrifugal force is the force caused by an object moving in a circle / upwards / downwards

3. What household appliance uses centrifugal force?

4. Use an on-line encyclopedia or the Internet to write a short biography of Isaac Newton.

HOW DID THE CONTINENTS ORIGINATE? Pangaea or Pangea , meaning Earth in Ancient Greek was the supercontinent that existed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras about 250 million years ago, before each of the component continents were separated into their current configuration. The name was first used by the German originator of the continental drift theory, Alfred Wegener, in the 1920 edition of his book The Origin of Continents and Oceans (Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane), in which a postulated supercontinent Pangaea played a key role.

There were three major phases in the break-up of Pangaea. The first phase began in the Early-Middle Jurassic, when Pangaea created a rift from the Tethys Ocean in the east and the Pacific in the west. The rifting took place between North America and Africa, the rift produced multiple failed rifts. The rift resulted in a new ocean, the Atlantic Ocean. The second, major phase in the break-up of Pangaea began in the Early Cretaceous (150-140 million years ago), when the minor

supercontinent of Gondwana separated into four multiple continents (Africa, South America, India and Antarctica/Australia). The third major and final phase of the break-up of Pangaea occurred in

the

early

Cenozoic

(Paleocene

Oligocene).

North

America/Greenland broke free from Eurasia, opening the Norwegian Sea about 60-55 million years ago. The Atlantic and Indian Oceans continued to expand, closing the Tethys Ocean. Meanwhile,

Australia

split

from

Antarctica

and

moved

rapidly

northward, just as India did more than 40 million years earlier, and is on a collision course with Eastern Asia. Both Australia and India are currently moving in a northeast direction at 5-6 cm/year.

ACTIVITY Draw the different phases of the break up of Pangea.

THE CONTINENTS After the long process from an only continent to the present day, this is what the continents on the earth looks like.

Label the Continents Read the definitions, then label the map below.

Definitions Africa - a continent that crosses Europe - a continent in the the equator. It is south of Europe Northern Hemisphere. Europe is and is bordered by the Atlantic attached to Asia (and west of it). and Indian Oceans. North America - a continent in the Antarctica - the continent that Northern Hemisphere; it is north of surrounds the South Pole of the South America. It is bordered by Earth. the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Asia - a continent in the Northern Hemisphere. Asia is attached to Europe (and east of it). Australia - a continent, an island, and a country in the Southern Hemisphere.

North Pole - the point that is the farthest north on Earth. South America - a continent that is mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

South Pole - the point that is the equator - an imaginary line that farthest south on Earth. divides the Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

(MORE ON ) THE EARTH Fill in the gaps: The Earth is one of the nine ………………… in the ………………… system. It is part of a ………………… called the Milky …………………. The Earth has one ………………… .The nearest planet to the Earth is ………………… and the farthest is ………………… .The Earth is the only planet that has ………………… forms on it. LOAD THIS URL http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/ A-Click on THE EARTH .Read the information and answer these questions: 1-who was Eratosthenes ? 2- what was his great discovery? 31

3- why are there leap years? 4- describe the greenhouse effect. Draw a diagram if necessary. B-Click on CONTINENTAL DRIFT 1-draw a diagram of the earth crust 2-are the plates still moving? 3-what are the major earth plates? 4-what is the theory of plate tectonics? 5-how are volcanoes formed? 6-how are mountain ranges created? 7-explain Wegener’s theory Do the final activities and quizzes. C-Click on the link OCEANS 1-Draw a map of the planet and label the oceans

2- Write the reasons why oceans are important 3-Explain the process through which water becomes salty. 4-which is the saltiest sea? Why? 5- List the discoveries that Sr. Isaac Newton made. 6-Explain how tides are made 7-why is the ocean blue? 32

D-Click on the link THE ATMOSPHERE 1-What would happen if the Earth had no atmosphere? 2-Draw the layers of the atmosphere 3-Think: which human activities are changing the composition of the atmosphere? E-Click on AXIS TILT-SEASONS 1-Explain how seasons are formed. Which are the four seasons? 2-Explain what solstices and the equinoxes are. 3-Take the quiz on seasons

CONCLUSION KEY IDEAS ABOUT THE EARTH Write a list of key CONCEPTS about our planet. Eg: the Earth is the only planet that has water on it 123456FINAL REVISION &ASSESSMENT Use the dossier and the website www.enchanted learning.com to answer the final questions about the Earth.

REVISION AND CONSOLIDATION 1.The Earth. Find it! Use the section on the Earth to answer the following questions.

1. How long does it take the Earth to revolve around the Sun? ____________________ 2. How far is the Earth from the sun?___________________ 3. Is the Earth's orbit around the Sun highly elliptical or almost circular?_______________________ 4. The Earth is the densest planet in the Solar System. Is it denser or less dense than water?_______________________ 5. It the Earth's rotation slowing down or speeding up slightly over time? _____________________ 6.What is the core of the Earth made of? _______________________ 7. What is the major component of the Earth's atmosphere? ______________________ 8. What is the name of the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere? This is the layer in which weather occurs. _______________________ 9. Are the seasons on Earth caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis or 34

the fact that the Earth's distance from the Sun varies throughout the year? ______________________ 10. Is the Earth double, four times, or eight times larger (in diameter) than the Moon? _______________

2. Plate Tectonics. Find it! Use the section on the Continental drift to answer the following questions. 1. Do plates move horizontally, vertically, or both?_______________ 2. What do plates float on?_______________________ 3. What type of rock are oceanic plates made of?_______________ 4. What type of rock are continental plates made of?_____________ 5. What is the name of the are where the crust goes back down into the Earth? _____________________ 6. What is the process of new crust formation called? _______________________ 7. When two continental plates collide, what types of mountains are formed?_______________________ 8. What is the name of the supercontinent that existed about 200 million through 100 million years ago? _______________________ 9. Who first stated the theory of continental drift? 35

______________________ 10. Name a fossil that was found on different continents and was used to support the theory of continental drift. ______________________

3. Volcano: Fill in the blanks below using words from the word bank Word Bank: Mars

summit

Magma

crust

rock

Earth

crater

lava

volcano

miles

cracks

erupts

A volcano is a place on the Earth's surface (or any other planet's or moon's surface) where molten _______________________, gases and

pyroclastic

debris

erupt

through

the

earth's

_______________________. Volcanoes vary quite a bit in their structure - some are _______________________ in the earth's crust where lava erupts, and some are domes, shields, or mountain-like structures with a _______________________ (a circular depression) at the summit. _______________________ is molten rock within the Earth's crust. When

magma

_______________________

through

the

earth's

surface it is called _______________________. The largest volcano on _______________________ is Hawaii's Mauna Loa. Mauna Loa is about 6 miles (10 km) tall from the sea 36

floor to its _______________________ (it rises about 4 km above sea level). It also has the greatest volume of any volcano on Earth, 10,200 cubic miles (42,500 cubic kilometers). The largest _______________________ in our Solar System is perhaps Olympus Mons on the planet _____________________. This enormous volcano is 17 _____________________ (27 km) tall and over

320

miles

(520

km)

across.

4. Earth's Seasons Quiz Read the page on the Earth's seasons, then answer the following questions. 1. Name the four seasons. _______________________________________________________ 2. Are the Earth's seasons caused by the differences in the distance from the Sun throughout the year or the tilt of the Earth's axis? _______________________________________________________ ______ 3. What is the tilt of the Earth's __________________________________

axis

(in

degrees)?

4. During which season do the Sun's rays hit the Earth at the most direct angle? __________________________________ 5. During which season are the __________________________________

days

the

shortest?

6. What is the name of the shortest day of the year (and the beginning of winter)? __________________________________ 7. What is the name of the longest day of the year (and the beginning of summer)? __________________________________ 8. What is the name of a day in which the day and night are of equal duration? __________________________________ 37

9. How many times each year do we have days in which the day and night are of equal duration? ___________________________ 10. What are the names of each of these days? _______________________________________________________

EXTRA ACTIVITIES: FROM GALILEO TO HUBBLE All we know about the universe is possible because we have the medium to explore it. The telescope, the basic instrument to study the sky, has evolved from Galileo to Hubble, from the 17th to the 21st century. This is Galileo’s telescope:

Galileo’s refracting telescope (1609)

Galileo’s refractor used two lenses to concentrate the light from celestial objects, delivering more light to the human eye than it can gather on its own. The light was refracted through a spherical lens, forming an image. The spherical shape of Galileo’s primary lens made the images blurry. The lens also split light into colors, creating a fringe of color around bright objects.

Check this webpage 39

http://amazingspace.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/ Read the evolution of the telescope and make a timeline.

POLITICAL

GEOGRAPHY

A CASE STUDY: AUSTRALIA You are going to learn the vocabulary of political gepgraphy and revise some of the concepts you have already learnt. You are going to learn about Australia as a case study. The vocabulary and concepts you learn will be useful to talk about any other country. Load this URL www.xtec.cat/aulanet/virtualschool Open the door to Level 1 DO UNIT 1: SIDNEY Do the online activities and at the same time, complete the following worksheet.

WORKSHEET-SIDNEY Vocabulary 1

Write the word that matches the definition: 1 The most important city and government centre of the country is the c_________. 2 It’s smaller than a city and bigger than a village. It is a t________. 3 The number of people who live in a place is the p _________. 4 People who live in a place and come from another country are i________. 5 The typical weather conditions of a place is the c________. 6 Part of the coast with a lot of sand is a b________. 7 A person from Europe is a E________. 42

8 A word that means very big is e________. 9 An area of sea that is enclosed by a curve of land is a b________. 10

Rainy, sunny, windy, cold and hot describe different types

of w________.

2 Complete these sentences with the correct word (a country or adjective): 1 Do people in Ireland really drink ______ coffee? 2 When I was in Italy I bought this nice ______ leather jacket. 3

A lot of _______ people leave Australia and live in Europe.

4 I have never been to ______ but I like Greek food. 5 I'd like to go to ______ to visit my German friend in Berlin. 6 When we were in _______ we thought the Scottish people were very friendly. 7 We go to France for the day to buy ________ wine and cheese. 8 I want some information about ______. Is there a British Embassy here? 9 I went to Japan once and I discovered that I really like ______ food. 10

Picasso was from Spain. He was a very famous ________

artist.

Use these words to complete the text:

yachts – border – north - better - outdoor – halfway - multi-cultural – harbour – building - bridge 1 Now Sydney is the most ________ city in Australia. 2 With eight months of good weather, Sydney is the perfect city 43

for an ________ life. 3 The Sydney Opera House is Australia’s most well known ________ . 4 Sydney is built on a spectacular ________. 5 In the harbour there is a variety of small boats, _____ and passenger ships. 6 There is a ________ over the river. 7 August is a good time to visit the city, but September is ________. 8 Toowoomba is near the Queensland _______. 9 Charleville is ________ between Toowoomba and Alice Springs. 10

Newcastle is a big city to the ________ of Sydney.

Grammar 1

Match the questions to the answers.

1. What’s your name? 2. Are you from the USA? 3. Where are you from? 4. Whereabouts in Australia? 5. Is that near Sydney? 6. What is it like? 7. Is it near the coast? 8. Do you like living there? 9. Why do you like living there? 10. When is a good time to visit there? a) It’s best to go there in September. b) A city called Brisbane. c) My name’s John. 44

d) No, it isn’t. It’s in the north. e) Because the lifestyle is very relaxed and my friends live there. f) It’s a big city on a large river. g) Yes, it is. It’s on the coast. h) No, I’m not. i) Yes, I do. I like it very much. j) I’m from Australia.

Put the words in order to make comparative and superlative

sentences: 1 smaller/Rabbits/are/dogs/than 2 The metro/than/is/the bus/faster 3 me/My/older/is/much/than/sister 4 hotter/Scotland/is/Spain/than 5 city/most/the/Sydney/is/modern 6 the/Saturday/of/is/the/day/week/best 7 This/expensive/most/city/restaurant/in/is/the/the 8 are/the/animals/biggest/world/in/Whales/the 9 The university/from/than/I/the centre/expected/is/farther 10 year/This/is/films/of/this/one/the/best/of

Choose the correct form of the adjective to complete the sentences:

1. (hot) In Spain August is ________than September. 2. (easy) Reading is ______ than speaking. 3. (bad) The weather is ________ than it was yesterday. 4. (dangerous) Crocodiles are ________ than turtles. 5. (happy) Iris is ________ than Ana. 45

6. (good) Friday is ________ than Monday. 7. (near) Brisbane is ________ to the coast than Toowoomba. 8. (big) Madrid is ________ than Barcelona. 9. (interesting) The first lesson was ________ than the second lesson. 10.

(cheap) The cassette is ________ than the CD.

EXTRA ACTIVITY: Load this URL and do the quizzes and activities . http://www.mccollam.com/fun/geoquiz/

FINAL TASK In pairs or small groups, choose a country and prepare a presentation for the class. Use a poster or power point. Include: Location Features Political data: population, main cities etc…

ASSESSMENT TOOLS Here are some of the tools with the criteria that the teacher and your peers will use to assess and evaluate your work. ASSESSMENT OF INTERNET AND GROUP SEARCH TEACHER ASSESSMENTSHEET ON GROUP WORK, INTERNET SEARCH AND PRESENTATIONS Beginning (1-3) Searching info in the web

Needs help to navigate. Doesn’t understand the medium. Can’t identify types of pages(institutiona l, encyclopaedic, commercial) or the target public: youth or adults.

Developing (4-6) Understands how internet works Uses key words to search information, search engines, links. Discriminate s useful pages .

Accomplished(7-8)

Identifies topic sentences. Skim reads. Activates prior knowledge Uses repair comprehension techniques ( first skim reads, then goes back to read more carefully if text is relevant to her search) - Determines meaning from context. -Recognizes textual inconsistencies. - Recognizes comparison-contrast relationships -Recognizes causeeffect -Draws conclusions and/or deductions from explicit information

Reading in the internet Procedure

Doesn’t identify main topic. Doesn’t find relevant information Doesn’t use visuals to help understanding

Identifies topic sentences. Skim reads. Activates prior knowledge Determines important ideas Uses visuals

Reading in the internet Cognitive skills

-Recognizes main idea or topic sentence -Recognizes description -Recognizes classification

Recognizes main idea or topic sentence. -Recognizes description -Recognizes classification - Recognizes comparisoncontrast relationships -Recognizes cause-effect

Uses key words, advanced search. Able to discriminate useful from useless information.

Exemplary(910) Can figure out internet features (popups, links and images) to search information.

Synthesizes Draws inferences Asks new questions

-Draws conclusions and/or deductions from explicit information -Draws conclusions and/or inferences from implicit information - Makes analogy between information in passage

Score

and new situation - Compares ideas in two texts - Recognizes facthypothesis Reading comprehensio n (level of understanding )

Attitude

-Answers factual questions

“reads the lines”(Gray, 1960)

Interprets unfamiliar words -Produces interpretive comprehension(Herbe r, 1978) -“Reads between the lines” (Gray 1960)

Dependant Unmotivated

Willing to learn

Motivated Quite autonomous Cooperative

Applies comprehensio n to other situations -“Reads beyond the lines” (Gray 1960) Highly Motivated Autonomous Cooperative

Maria Rosa Batlle - Llicència per estudis

RAINFOREST ASSESSMENT

GEPGRAPHY Evaluation Sheet GEOGRAPHY (presenting a country)

Content

Excellent (Excel.lentnotable)

Average (bé-suficient)

The activities were well done and all of them were answered.

Poor (insuficient)

You did all the You didn't activities, but complete all the there were activities, and some mistakes there were in your several mistakes answers. in your answers.

Presentation

You have You have not organized the organized the information in a You have organized information very good manner. the information in a clearly. You have You have messy way. You included some included some haven't included any pictures, but they pictures that make pictures. are not very well your work more situated or selected. attractive.

Group Work

Your work shows Your work shows that you have that you have cooperated with cooperated very each other, well with each although it is other and that you obvious that some all have supported of you have worked each other. less or worse than others.

Your work shows that you haven't cooperated and haven't supported each other.

You have an average number of grammatical and spelling errors. Some of them are important.

You have a lot of important grammatical/ spelling errors.

Grammar

You have very few grammatical or spelling errors. None of them are very important.

TEACHER EVALUATION OF ORAL PRESENTATION Code Reading from text: Yes / No / Sometimes Tone: fast, slow, appropriate, clear, unclear, lively, dull Attitude towards activity: serious, unserious, engaged, detached Pair’s interaction: good, very good, regular, bad Use of visual aids: yes / no / relevant to the topic / irrelevant to the topic Audience awareness: Yes / No Questions from the audience: Yes / No Time taken Reading from text Tone Anxiety Attitude towards activity Pair’s interaction Use of visual aids Audience awareness Questions from the 49

audience

ASSESSMENT GRID FOR VISUAL AIDS (POSTERS, POWER POINTS)

CRITERIA 1.PRESENTATION

POINTS

Neatness

Attractiveness

Legibility

CRITERIA 2. COMPLETENESS AND PRECISION Correct use of visuals (photos, Diagrams, drawings etc)

Spelling

Title

TOTAL

/18

COEVALUATION (AUDIENCE) Evaluate the presentation from 3 (very interesting) to 1 (not so interesting).

1.The content is interesting 2.The presentation is well organized 3.The message is clear

4.The speakers behave in a natural way 5. The speakers look at the audience 6.The speakers make a good team 7. The time taken is right 8.The visual aids are effective 9. What I liked best was………….. 10.You could improve……………..

AUTHORS Maria Rosa Batlle Azucena Pé

CREDITS I wish to thank the following people and institutions: •

Doctor Cristina Escobar Urmeneta, at UAB, and to projects 2006 ARIE 100011 and 2007 ARIE00011 "Disseny i experimentació d'un model de formació del professorat per a aules de semi-immersió en llengua estrangera" (Design and experimentation of a model for training teachers of semi-immersion classrooms in foreign languages) , both financed by AGAUR (Generalitat de Catalunya)

•

IES Icària, colleagues and students for allowing us to try out these materials and for their valuable feedback