Measuring the information society in South Africa by Michael Minges

Measuring the Information Society in South Africa PNC Workshop, 16 May 2007

• Terms of reference • International and National context • Background on indicators and indices

Monitoring information society in South Africa • Pillar 10 of ISAD Plan, “Measurement of Information Society Development in South Africa • Global information society measurement developments • Core sector indicators • Indexes

ISAD Plan Pillars 1. Policy & regulatory environment 2. ICT infrastructure & universal access 3. Local content 4. Digital inclusion & e-awareness 5. Human capital

6. ICT Capacity Development & R&D 7. Coordination & Integration 8. Funding 9. Institutional Mechanisms 10. Measurement

Global information society indicator developments • Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) • World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) • Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development

ICTs & MDGS • ICTs are part of the MDGs (Goal 8, Target 18, Indicators 47-48) • ICTs have an impact on achieving other MDGs • MDGs have an impact on use of ICTs

Impact of ICTs on Millennium Development Goals http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_03/material/Chap4_WTDR2003_E.pdf

1. Eradicate extreme poverty

2. Achieve universal primary education

5.7

3.Promot e gender equality

5.Improv e maternal health

7. Ensure environmental sustainability

143

0.8

% change

Increase in income of Bangladesh village phone owners

4. Reduce child mortality

6. Combat HIV/AIDS , malaria and other diseases

-10

-50

-1

Increase in Increase in Decrease in Decrease in Increase in Decrease in CO2 primary school female tertiary infant health maternal condom imports car emissions enrolment in school problems among mortality in St. Lucia after from telework in Nepal from enrolment in families using following ICT- HIV radio show Ireland teachers trained Australia from telemedicine in based program using ICTs online education US in Uganda

Pollution and Teleworking in Ireland More teleworkers = more people working at home = less car pollution (MDG #7) Source: Central Statistics Office (Ireland).

Work at home 9.7%

Public transport, walk, bicycle 36.2%

Car 54.1%

Home 8.9% (Telework: 2.3%)

Away from home 91.1%

Getting to work Location of work

Telework: “persons who work from home & could not do so without PC with a telecom link.”

38’700 teleworkers in Ireland 2.3% of total employment Reduced C02 emissions: -1.2% % all Irish workers who want to telework: 28% Potential reduced C02 emissions: -15.1%

World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Targets 6. Based on internationally agreed development goals, including those in the Millennium Declaration, which are premised on international cooperation, indicative targets may serve as global references for improving connectivity and access in the use of ICTs in promoting the objectives of the Plan of Action, to be achieved by 2015. These targets may be taken into account in the establishment of the national targets, considering the different national circumstances: a) to connect villages with ICTs and establish community access points; b) to connect universities, colleges, secondary schools and primary schools with ICTs; c) to connect scientific and research centres with ICTs; d) to connect public libraries, cultural centres, museums, post offices and archives with ICTs; e) to connect health centres and hospitals with ICTs; f) to connect all local and central government departments and establish websites and email addresses; g) to adapt all primary and secondary school curricula to meet the challenges of the Information Society, taking into account national circumstances; h) to ensure that all of the world's population have access to television and radio services; i) to encourage the development of content and to put in place technical conditions in order to facilitate the presence and use of all world languages on the Internet; j) to ensure that more than half the world’s inhabitants have access to ICTs within their reach. WSIS. 12 December 2003. Plan of Action. http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/geneva/official/poa.html

Tracking ICTs: World Summit on the Information Society Targets Chapter from the World Information and Communication for Development Report. The Chapter discusses 10 targets for ICT connectivity to be achieved by 2015 which were agreed at the WSIS Part One in Geneva. The WSIS targets are broadly defined, without specific indicators or quantitative benchmarks. This chapter attempts to identify measurable, internationally applicable, robust and simple indicators that might prove suitable to measure progress towards the WSIS targets.

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONANDTECHN OLOGIES/0,,contentMDK:20831214~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:282823,00.html

Tracking the WSIS targets: Jamaica Schools, 2002, % 96

Libraries & Post Offices, 2002, % Libraries Post offices

97 58 22

6 With electricity

With telephone

With Internet

b) to connect universities, colleges, secondary schools and primary schools with ICTs

Broadcasting, 2001, % Households with

Population coverage

With electricity

With telephone

With Internet

d) to connect public libraries, cultural centres, museums, post offices and archives with ICTs

Mobile, 2003, %

Population coverage 95

Penetration 62

Radio

h) to ensure that all of the world's population have access to television and radio services

Source: Office of Utility Regulation, STATIN, Digicel.

Primary Secondary 37

j) to ensure that more than half the world’s inhabitants have access to ICTs within their reach

WSIS indicators A.

Connect villages with ICTs and establish community access points A. B. C. D.

Connect universities, colleges, secondary schools, and primary schools with ICTs A. B. C. D.

Percentage of villages with telephone service Percentage of rural population covered by mobile signal Public Internet access points per 100 inhabitants Percentage of localities with public Internet access centers

Percentage of schools with computers Percentage of schools with Internet access Students per computer Percentage of schools with broadband access

Connect scientific and research centers with ICTs A. Availability of a national educational and research network B. Bandwidth of national education and research networks

WSIS indicators (cont.) D.

Connect public libraries, cultural centers, museums, post offices, and archives with ICTs A. B. C. D. E. F.

Connect health centers and hospitals with ICTs A. B.

Percentage of hospitals/health centers with Internet access Percentage of hospitals/health centers with a Web site

Connect all local and central government departments and establish Web sites and e-mail addresses A. B.

Percentage of public libraries providing access to the Internet Percentage of public libraries with a Web site Percentage of museums with a Web site Post office is online Percentage of post offices with Internet access National archive is online

Central government Web site presence Number of basic public services fully available online

Adapt all primary and secondary school curricula to meet the challenges of the Information Society, taking into account national circumstances A.

ICT included in primary and secondary curricula

WSIS indicators (cont.) H. Ensure that all of the world’s population has access to television and radio services A. Percentage of population covered by radio signal B. Percentage of population covered by TV signal C. Percentage of households with a radio D. Percentage of households with a TV E. Percentage of households with multi-channel TV

H. Encourage the development of content A. Share of Internet hosts to share of population in the world B. Percentage of local sites in top 50 Web sites

H. Ensure that more than half the world’s inhabitants have access to ICTs within their reach A. Percentage of population covered by 2G mobile network B. Percentage of population covered by 3G mobile network C. Percentage of households with Internet access

Framework REFERENCE AREAS Community Individuals Households Business (including SMME’s) Education Health Government Digital Local Content Legislative environment regulatory

SECTORS Individuals Households Business INDICATOR SCOPE Education Access / availability Health Usage Government Impact ICT Sector Infrastructure

Indicator identification • In the core list of internationally comparable indicators • Indicators that are important to SA to track its own progress that are not in the core list ( e.g., government, health, content; EU and national indicators provide guidelines)

Definition of ICT The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has defined the ICT sector as manufacturing and services industries that capture, transmit and display data and information electronically. In terms of use of ICT products, this implies access to broadcasting, computer and telecommunication networks, all of which capture and display information electronically. See: OECD. (2003). Measuring the Information Economy 2002. Annex available from: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/37/2771153.pdf;

Partnership: Core ICT Indicators • •

• •

CORE INDICATORS ON ICT INFRASTRUCTURE AND ACCESS CORE INDICATORS ON ACCESS TO, AND USE OF, ICT BY HOUSEHOLDS AND INDIVIDUALS CORE INDICATORS ON USE OF ICT BY BUSINESSES CORE INDICATORS ON THE ICT SECTOR AND TRADE IN ICT GOODS

CORE INDICATORS ON ICT INFRASTRUCTURE AND ACCESS Basic core A1 Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants A2 Mobile cellular subscribers per 100 inhabitants A3 Computers per 100 inhabitants A4 Internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants A5 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants A6 International Internet bandwidth per inhabitant A7 Percentage of population covered by mobile cellular telephony A8 Internet access tariffs (20 hours per month), in US$, and as a percentage of per capita income A9 Mobile cellular tariffs (100 minutes of use per month), in US$, and as a percentage of per capita income A10 Percentage of localities with public Internet access centres (PIACs) by number of inhabitants (rural/urban) Extended core A11 Radio sets per 100 inhabitants A12 Television sets per 100 inhabitants

(Community)

Core indicators on access to, and use of, ICT by households • • • • • • • • •

Basic core HH1 Proportion of households with a radio HH2 Proportion of households with a TV HH3 Proportion of households with a fixed line telephone HH4 Proportion of households with a mobile cellular telephone HH5 Proportion of households with a computer HH7 Proportion of households with Internet access at home Extended core HH12 Proportion of households with access to the Internet by type of access: – Categories should allow an aggregation to narrowband and broadband, where broadband excludes slower speed technologies, such as dial-up modem, ISDN and most 2G mobile phone access. Broadband will usually have an advertised download speed of at least 256 kbit/s.

• •

Reference indicator HHR17 Proportion of households with electricity

Households with ICTs, % Fixed telephone

Mobile telephone

Derived from Telkom 80 residential lines (2002-05) 60 40 20 0 RSA 25 20 15 10 5 0

Mexico

Brazil

80 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

? Mexico

40 20 0 RSA

Mexico

Brazil

Internet

Computer

RSA

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Brazil

Source: StatSA, IBGE, INEGI.

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

15 10 5

Not asked in Census ‘01

0 RSA

Mexico

Brazil

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Household ICT statistics, Mexico

ECLAC Project • Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean (ECLAC) has ICT household surveys for around a dozen countries • Currently compiling the data to enable comparisons across countries on a range of socio-demographic factors (e.g., gender, income, location, employment status, education, etc.)

Core indicators on access to, and use of, ICT by individuals Basic core • HH6 Proportion of individuals who used a computer (from any location) in the last 12 months • HH8 Proportion of individuals who used the Internet (from any location) in the last 12 months • HH9 Location of individual use of the Internet in the last 12 months: – (a) at home; (b) at work; (c) place of education; (d) at another person’s home; (e) community Internet access facility; (f) commercial Internet access facility and (g) others

Core indicators on access to, and use of, ICT by individuals (cont.) •

HH10 Internet activities undertaken by individuals in the last 12 months· – Getting information: (a) about goods or services; (b) related to health or health services; (c) from government organisations/public authorities via websites or email; and (d) other information or general Web browsing – Communicating – Purchasing or ordering goods or services – Internet banking – Education or learning activities – Dealing with government organisations/public authorities – Leisure activities: (a) playing/downloading video or computer games; (b) downloading movies, music or software; (c) reading/downloading electronic books, newspapers or magazines; and (d) other leisure activities

• • •

Extended core HH11 Proportion of individuals with use of a mobile telephone HH13 Frequency of individual access to the Internet in the last 12 months (from any location): (a) at least once a day; (b) at least once a week but not every day; (c) at least once a month but not every week; and (d) less than once a month.

Core indicators on use of ICT by businesses • • • • • • •

B1 Proportion of businesses using computers B2 Proportion of employees using computers B3 Proportion of businesses using the Internet B4 Proportion of employees using the Internet B5 Proportion of businesses with a Web presence B6 Proportion of businesses with an intranet B7 Proportion of businesses receiving orders over the Internet • B8 Proportion of businesses placing orders over the Internet

ICTs in small businesses in Chile Basic ICT Infrastructure in SMEs, 2002 Number

Percentage Distribution % of all SMEs

% Relative

All SMEs

76,337

100

With Telephone

71,375

93.5

With Fax

55,344

72.5

With PC

47,873

62.7

62,7

- Without Internet Connection 3/

15,938

20.9

33,3

- With Internet Connection

31,935

41.8

66,7

Without PC

28,464

37.3

37,3

Source: Subsecretaría de Economía. Design: Santiago Chamber of Commerce and Adimark. Carrying out survey: IDC and Skopus.

Source: National Small Business Amendment Bill.

Focus on SMMEs for South Africa • Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises • Statistical definition varies according to sector • Need feedback from the DOC, PNC, DTI on ICT in SMME In Agriculture Medium = 100 employees whereas in Manufacturing Medium = 200 employees. In Agriculture Medium = R5m turnover whereas in Manufacturing Medium = R51m turnover Standardize on employment

Core indicators on the ICT sector and trade in ICT goods •

ICT1 Proportion of total business sector workforce involved in the ICT sector • ICT2 Value added in the ICT sector (as a percentage of total business sector value added) • ICT3 ICT goods imports as a percentage of total imports • ICT4 ICT goods exports as a percentage of total exports

These indicators are available for OECD countries: http://www.oecd.org/document/23/0,2340,en_2649_34223_33987543_1_1_1_1,00.html

Education •

Basic Core – – – – –

ED-1 % of schools with electricity ED-2 % of schools with a radio set used for educational purposes ED-3 % of schools with television set used for educational purposes ED-4 Student to computer ratio ED-5 % of schools with basic telecommunication infrastructure or telephone access – ED-6 % of schools with an Internet connection – ED-7 % of students who use the Internet at school

•

Extended Core – ED-8 % of students enrolled by gender at the tertiary level in an ICTrelated field – ED-9 % of ICT-qualified teachers in primary and secondary schools (of the total number of teachers)

Note: All indicators should be collected by sex, grade, and age Source: UNESCO http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/partnership/material/ICT_Education_Paper_Nov_2006.pdf

Education •

•

Universe / Sample population – In order to assure the comparability of school levels in all countries UIS-OECD-EUROSTAT “Mapping of national education programmes to ISCED 97 for school academic/year 2002/2003”2 was used for composing the sample frame. Based on that, each country divided its school system into ICSED codes and made different combinations that existed in its country. Sampling frame and method – The sample was composed using official databases, which contained contact data of schools. In the majority of countries the sample was drawn from a database received from the Ministry of Education. Fieldwork – Fieldwork was coordinated by the TNS Emor. – Pilot interviews prior to the regular fieldwork were conducted with 20 schools in both target groups in Estonia and Greece in February 2006, in order to test the questionnaire (structure, comprehensibility of questions).

http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/i2010/docs/studies/final_report_3.pdf

ICT in schools in USA • Relevant because like South Africa, US has e-rate • Indicators – Schools with Internet – Students per computer – Prevention of access to inappropriate material – Teacher professional development

• Data started in 1994; gradually changed over time

South Africa % Schools with computer by province, 2002

Schools with computers for learning

Source: Education White Paper.

National

Western Cape

North West

Limpopo

Northern Cape

Mpumalanga

KwaZuluNatal

Gauteng

Free State

Eastern Cape

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Schools with computers

Government ICTs in Government Difficult to measure because of structure of government (central, provincial, local; ministries or subministries, etc.) Nonetheless important for determining how eready government is to provide services to the public

Services available online Basket of services (e.g., taxes, car registration, etc.) ICT and government has evolved. Initial focus was on ICTs in government; recent focus is on availability and use of government services.

Citizens use of egovernment Either administrative data (e.g., number of tax forms filed online) or through surveys (e.g., % of Internet users who say they use e-government services

Government • • •

% basic public services for citizens fully available online % basic public services for enterprises fully available online % of population using e-Government services – of which for returning filled in forms

•

% of enterprises using e-Government services – of which for returning filled in forms

Citizens Businesses Income Taxes Social Contribution for Employees Job Search Corporate Tax Social Security Benefits VAT Personal Documents Registration of a New Company Car Registration Submission of Data to the Statistical Office Application for Building Permission Custom Declaration Declaration to the Police Environment-related Permits Public Libraries Public Procurement Birth and Marriage Certificates Enrolment in Higher Education Announcement of Moving Health-related Service Europe i2010, http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/i2010/annual_report/index_en.htm

UN e-government index •

•

The measurement of egovernment is an assessment of a state’s use of internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) for provision of information, products and services The model defines five stages of e-government readiness according to scale of progressively sophisticated citizen services. South Africa scored 0.5075 (out of 1), ranking 58 in world and 2nd in Africa. Ranked 42nd just on pure egovernment measure Also an e-Participation index but not used for score or ranking; South Africa ranked 25th

Health • Policy indicators • F.1 Percentage of Population (aged 16 and over) using Internet to seek health information whether for themselves or others. • F.2 Percentage of general practitioners using electronic patient records Source: European Union

International comparisons • Comparisons with other countries essential to know where South Africa stands – Implies need for comparability in selection of indicators • Benchmarking-comparing one indicator to another • Indexes-compiling a number of indicators into one value • Who are South Africa’s peer countries?

Comparators Bulgaria Brazil Romania Turkey Malaysia South Africa Botswana Mauritius Chile Mexico Seychelles

Gross National Income per Capita, US$, 2005

$2,000

$4,000

$6,000

$8,000

Source: World Bank.

World Bank upper-middle-income economies

$10,000

Other Comparators • Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco • Brazil, Russia, India, China

Simple benchmarks might be best Mobile subscribers per 100 people India China Botswana Mexico Brazil Mauritius Turkey South Africa Chile Malaysia Russia 0

100

South Africa & ICT indexes Comparison with peer countries

EIU

NRI

Russia

Botswana

China

Brazil

Turkey

Mauritius

Mexico

RSA

India

Chile

Malaysia

Russia

China

India

Brazil

Turkey

Mexico

Malaysia

RSA

Chile

Denmark

http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Inform http://www.eiu.com/site_info.asp?info_name=eiu_2007_e_readiness_rankings

ITU ICT OI

Sweden Chile Mauritius Malaysia Seychelles Russia Brazil Turkey Mexico China RSA

1.0

ITU DOI

0.0 Korea Chile Russia Turkey Malaysia Mauritiu Brazil Mexico China Thailand RSA Egypt India

400

http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/ict-oi/2007/material/table1.html#upper http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/statistics/DOI/index.phtml

Digital Opportunity Index (DOI), South Africa, 2005 Mobile coverage (% population)

97.5

Internet tariff (% GNI per capita)

12.5

Mobile tariff (% GNI per capita) 3.3

Households with fixed telephone line (%) Households with computer (%)

21.0 13.0

Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants

Households with Internet access (%) Mobile Internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants

5.0 9.6

Internet users (% population)

10.2

Opportunity (0.94)

Infrastructure (0.24)

0.42

Use & Broadband subscribers / Total Internet subscribers 14.6 quality Note: Each indicator equally weighted in each category. Goalposts = 100 for each category (0.08) except for tariffs 3G mobile subscribers / Total mobile subscribers 0.4 where inverse is taken and Internet users where 85 is goalpost. Categories averaged to obtain overall DOI score. Source: Adapted from ITU.

South Africa & DOI 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

South Africa has dropped 8 positions since 2000

Rank

0.42

0.35

2000

2001

2002

Opportunity Source: ITU.

2003

2004

Infrastructure

Use

2005

SA e-barometer Community Individuals Households Business (including SMME’s) Education Health Government Digital Local Content

Legislative environment regulatory

Available annual time series from 2001-2006 International benchmarking for core indicators- where available

Tracking Data Core

Data Available Past

Future Data Available

NonCore

now

Data Unavailable

Issues • • • • •

Presentation has dealt with identifying indicators Data collection Outcomes and impacts Sustainability Comparability – National – International

Issues • Monitoring and evaluation – The index needs to be managed as a growing/developing animal, and allow the government to communicate development and the efficacy of various interventions – Policy > law > regulatory environment > impacts information society

• Modularising will allow for inclusion of factors that have not been tracked yet • StatsSA – budgetary impact on repeating annual data collection, given the current limitations. • Continuing data availability • Costs – Of collecting the requisite data – Of putting data in the public domain

Conclusions & recommendations • •

•

• •

Modular approach Leverage existing data – Variety of data currently exists. Consolidate and build on that in a gradual manner rather than trying to define all possible indicators at outset Which entities collect data? – StatSA should update household ICT data on annual basis and launch individual ICT use survey, also enterprise and ICT sector indicators – ICASA logical entity to collect information on ICT infrastructure and pricing – Department of Education logical entity for ICT in Education – Health, governance, local content, others? Build on experience to make system more sophisticated & relevant Start with core indicators and enhance over time