SOLID WASTE ASSOCIATION OF NORTH AMERICA’S MANAGING MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS CERTIFICATION TRAINING COURSE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE REPORT
Submitted to: SOLID WASTE ASSOCIATION OF NORTH AMERICA
Submitted by: INNOVATIVE WASTE CONSULTING SERVICES, LLC 6628 NW 9th Blvd, Suite 3 Gainesville, Florida 32605
January 2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ ii 1.0
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1-1
2.0
METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 SOURCES OF DATA ......................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.1 Experience and Expertise of the SWANA Committee ............................ 2-1 2.1.2 Project Team Experience ......................................................................... 2-1 2.1.3 Web-Based Surveys ................................................................................. 2-2 2.2 BODY OF KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT ................................................... 2-3
3.0
RESULTS ........................................................................................................................ 3-1 3.1 SURVEY RESULTS ........................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 BODY OF KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT ................................................. 3-20 3.2.1 Job Domains and Domain Tasks............................................................ 3-20 3.2.2 Knowledge or Understanding Needed for Domain Tasks ..................... 3-22 3.2.3 Body of Knowledge ............................................................................... 3-30 LIST OF TABLES
Table 3-1. Average Rating of Statements ................................................................................... 3-8 Table 3-2. Job Domains Identified and the Specific Domain Tasks for a Manager of MSW Collection Systems ............................................................................................................. 3-20 Table 3-3. Required Knowledge and Understanding for Job Domain 1................................... 3-22 Table 3-4. Required Knowledge and Understanding for Job Domain 2................................... 3-23 Table 3-5. Required Knowledge and Understanding for Job Domain 3................................... 3-24 Table 3-6. Required Knowledge and Understanding for Job Domain 4................................... 3-25 Table 3-7. Required Knowledge and Understanding for Job Domain 5................................... 3-26 Table 3-8. Required Knowledge and Understanding for Job Domain 6................................... 3-27 Table 3-9. Required Knowledge and Understanding for Job Domain 7................................... 3-28 Table 3-10. Required Knowledge and Understanding for Job Domain 8................................. 3-29
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA) contracted Innovative Waste Consulting Services, LLC (IWCS) to develop the SWANA Managing MSW Collection Systems certification training course body of knowledge. A body of knowledge, as described by SWANA, refers to “the compendium of the basic knowledge an individual must know to accomplish the work of Managing MSW Collection Systems. This body of knowledge includes both proven traditional practices and the innovative and advanced practices of managing MSW collection systems, as well as empirical, esthetical, ethical, and tacit knowledge.� The body of knowledge for managing MSW collection systems will serve as a base for updating and for developing additional features of the training course and certification exam. Several sources of information were used to develop the body of knowledge. An on-line survey was developed to gather opinions of people that directly or indirectly deal with MSW collection systems including collection system managers, consultants and regulators regarding what they thought were the most important aspects of the course. The SWANA committee and the project team provided their expertise and experience pertaining to MSW collection systems in developing the on-line survey questions and the body of knowledge report. The resulting body of knowledge consists of eight comprehensive knowledge statements covering the knowledge and abilities MSW collection systems manager should have. The resulting body of knowledge is presented on the following page.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
BODY OF KNOWLEDGE FOR MANAGING MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS A manager of MSW collection systems should know the following:
1. The major components of an MSW collection system’s design, including service area, routes, available facilities, regulatory requirements, and waste projections and how these components can be integrated as part of an effective collection system. 2. The different MSW collection methods, systems, and equipment, and how they are integrated with available MSW management facilities and are consistent with the goals of the MSW collection program. 3. The major elements of an MSW collection system’s costs, the relative impact that each of these elements has on total system cost, and different system funding methods and mechanisms. 4. Methods to improve MSW collection system efficiency and understanding how different performance measures such as benchmarking can be used to evaluate system efficiency. 5. Methods to develop collection franchising contracts, techniques for maximizing compliance with collection contracts, the benefits and drawbacks of these contracts, and how to evaluate public versus private collection deliveries. 6. Health and safety procedures and training needs for personnel involved in MSW collections how these procedures protect the health and safety of the employee and the public. 7. The importance of MSW collection educational campaigns, strategies to implement these campaigns and the benchmarks that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the educational campaign. 8. How public outreach and involvement can be used to communicate the details of the collection services provided, how they are provided, the benefits of participation in the program, and how public outreach and involvement can improve the image of the MSW collection system.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA) contracted Innovative Waste Consulting Services, LLC (IWCS) to develop a body of knowledge for Managing MSW Collection Systems. A body of knowledge, as described by SWANA, refers to “the compendium of the basic knowledge an individual must know to accomplish the work of Managing MSW Collection Systems. This body of knowledge includes both proven traditional practices and the innovative and advanced practices of managing MSW collection systems, as well as empirical, esthetical, ethical, and tacit knowledge.� The development of the Managing MSW Collection Systems body of knowledge included creating the list of comprehensive task statements, identifying the frequency with which the task is performed in the role, and preparing a report that describes the body of knowledge development methodology, data collection, and analysis. The contractually-required deliverables for the task are the following: 1. A comprehensive Managing MSW Collection Systems Body of Knowledge. 2. A report describing the methodologies used to create the Body of Knowledge. 3. A report containing the data collected and how the data were analyzed.
This document describes the development of a Body of Knowledge for Managing MSW Collection Systems. This document is presented in three sections including the introduction as Section 1. Section 2 describes the methodology used for developing the body of knowledge. Section 3 presents the results of the data-collection effort, the domain tasks developed, the knowledge and abilities determined, and the knowledge statements that become the body of knowledge.
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INTRODUCTION
2.0
METHODOLOGY
2.1
SOURCES OF DATA
The following knowledge management methodologies and information sources were used to develop the body of knowledge: • • •
Expertise and experience of the SWANA committee. Experience of the project team. Web-based surveys of MSW collection systems managers, consultants, and regulators.
Each of these sources is described in greater detail below. 2.1.1
Experience and Expertise of the SWANA Committee
The SWANA MSW Collection Systems committee provided invaluable feedback, guidance, and critical review at several junctions throughout the BOK survey and report development process. The following members of the SWANA committee that assisted in the development of the BOK and this BOK report are recognized as follows: William Black, City of Mesa, AZ Becky Caldwell, City of Franklin, TN Robin Ennis, Montgomery County, MD Murray Gale, Town of Whitby, ON Patrick Holland, Cuyahoga County, OH Ron Jones, City of Olympia, WA W. Lewis Jordan, Chesapeake, VA Marc Rogoff, SCS Engineers, Tampa, FL Michael Tilley, City of Roseville, CA Josephine Valencia, City of Durham, NC Charles Wade, KRD Trucking, Inc., Sikeston, MO Joe Williams, Common Sense Consulting, Franklin, TN 2.1.2
Project Team Experience
The project team consists of professionals with experience, reputation, and qualifications related to managing MSW collection systems. The team is composed of Dr. Timothy Townsend, P.E. as the Project Manager, Mr. Jon Powell, E.I. as the Technical Project Manager, and Mr. Wayman Pearson as a technical consultant. Dr. Tim Townsend, P.E., is the manager of IWCS and is a Professor in the Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences at the University of Florida (UF). Dr. Townsend teaches, conducts research, and consults in the area of solid and hazardous waste management. Dr. Townsend has served as an investigator for a wide range of disciplines within the solid waste Collections_BOK_Report__Final
2-1
METHODOLOGY
field. In addition to teaching at UF, Dr. Townsend has taught many professional courses, and has played a role in the development of many courses for SWANA, including the Manager of Bioreactor Landfills and the updated Manager of Landfill Operations course. Mr. Jon Powell, E.I., is an environmental engineer with IWCS. He has consulting experience related to many aspects in the solid waste field and has assisted in the development of training courses for SWANA. Mr. Powell currently serves as an instructor for a multitude of courses for the University of Florida’s TREEO Center and has helped to develop BOK reports for several SWANA courses and serves as an instructor for SWANA’s Manager of Landfill Operations course. Mr. Wayman J. Pearson is currently the President of W J Pearson Inc. providing Solid Waste Management consulting with a primary focus on Collection, Transfer and Organizational Development. Mr. Pearson has 34 years experience as a municipal solid waste manager. He was Key Business Executive for the City of Charlotte's Solid Waste Services Dept during the last 17 years of his municipal career. He has been an active member of SWANA for the last 26 years. Also, he has served as a past Director of SWANA'S Collection and Transfer Division. He is known in the Industry for his expertise in Collection systems.
2.1.3
Web-Based Surveys
A web-based survey was developed for those with managing MSW collection systems experience or interest from the solid waste consulting or regulatory sectors. SWANA posted the surveys online, and the target respondents were contacted via e-mail with the link directing them to the website to complete the survey. The surveys were posted for approximately one month; the responses were collected electronically by SWANA, exported into a spreadsheet database format, and transmitted to the project team. The surveys consisted of several MSW collection systems management topics, which respondents were asked to rate in their perceived importance (in terms of which topics were most important for a MSW collection systems manager to know) from 1 (least important) to 10 (most important).
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METHODOLOGY
2.2
BODY OF KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT
Using the combined information from the data sources above, a body of knowledge was developed using the following approach. In Step 1, a set of knowledge statements was developed and used in an on-line survey to obtain input from solid waste professionals with experience with managing MSW collection systems. In Step 2, job domains for a MSW collection systems manager were identified. Job domains refers to major categories of tasks that a MSW collection systems manager would be required to perform as part of typical operation. For each of these job domains, specific tasks were delineated. In Step 3, the knowledge and abilities necessary to perform the specific tasks were delineated. In Step 4, a knowledge statement was created to summarize each set of knowledge and abilities. In Step 5 a set of comprehensive knowledge statements was compiled from those developed in Step 4 to form the body of knowledge.
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METHODOLOGY
3.0
RESULTS
The following section lists the statements included in the survey and summarizes the results obtained from the survey respondents. 3.1
SURVEY RESULTS
The following survey statements were included on each survey. The respondents were asked to rate the importance of each of these statements or topics for inclusion in a managing MSW collection systems training course. The respondents provided a score ranging from 1 to 10, with 1 being least important and 10 being most important. 1) An understanding of the need for MSW collection. 2) An understanding of how controlling vectors and odors caused by MSW and litter and illegal dumping of MSW affect sanitation and public health. 3) An understanding of how MSW collection protects the environment. 4) An understanding of MSW flow control and how it affects or is affected by MSW collection. 5) An understanding of how MSW collection improves community appearance and aesthetics. 6) An understanding of how MSW collection can enhance recycling and thereby prevent pollution and conserve natural resources and energy through different collection methods. 7) An understanding of how MSW collection can add value to other areas of the integrated solid waste management system (e.g., recycling, composting) 8) An understanding of how waste laws governing the private sector and local governments may vary from state to state. 9) An understanding of the standards of service for MSW collection services that a local government sets and how these may differ. 10) An understanding of how MSW collection, processing, and disposal requirements affect each other. 11) An understanding of how to work with and educate customers to enhance effective collection of MSW. 12) An understanding of different MSW waste characteristics and factors that influence them. 13) Knowledge of different types of customers served by an MSW collection system. 14) Knowledge of common solid wastes that make up mixed solid waste and recognize that some mixed waste may be classified or defined as recyclable, compostable, etc. 15) Knowledge of common solid wastes classified as recyclables which are collected in curbside recycling programs and an understanding that not all recycling facilities accept all recyclables (and why). 16) Knowledge of other wastes that are not typically considered recyclable, but for which alternative disposal means exist. 17) Knowledge of common solid wastes classified as yard waste. 18) An understanding of what is classified as organics for curbside collection. 19) An understanding of benefits and barriers to providing curbside organics collection (e.g., food waste and food-soiled paper). 20) Knowledge of common solid wastes classified as bulky wastes. 21) Knowledge of common wastes that are banned by state or local governments from landfill disposal and understand that not all states have the same landfill material bans.
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RESULTS
22) Knowledge of the total quantities of solid waste generated by residential, commercial, and industrial customers in your area, and how/why these quantities can fluctuate depending on the time of the week and season. 23) An understanding of participation and set-out rates of residential customers. 24) An understanding of the compacted and uncompacted bulk densities of different solid wastes. 25) Knowledge of the composition of solid wastes generated by residential, commercial, and industrial customers. 26) An understanding of the physical characteristics of different solid wastes and how they will affect the collection system. 27) An understanding of how to collect the following wastes from residential customers: a. Mixed waste b. Recyclables c. Yard waste d. Organics/Food Waste e. Bulky waste f. Special waste (e.g., household hazardous waste, electronic waste) 28) An understanding of how the following collection systems work: a. Alley collection systems b. Drop-off/convenience centers c. Curbside pickup d. Container systems (e.g., dumpsters and green boxes) 29) Knowledge of the attributes involved in designing and operating a drop-off/convenience center and curbside collection systems including: a. Costs b. Service frequency c. Staffing 30) An understanding of how to plan and utilize periodic collection services for bulky and special wastes. 31) An understanding of how manual MSW collection systems work. 32) Knowledge of the common equipment utilized for manual MSW collection systems and the associated benefits/drawbacks. 33) An understanding of how semi-automated MSW collection systems work 34) Knowledge of the common equipment utilized for semi-automated MSW collection systems and the associated benefits/drawbacks. 35) An understanding of how automatic MSW collection systems work. 36) Knowledge of common equipment used for automatic MSW collection systems and the associated benefits/drawbacks. 37) An understanding of the different service variables affecting the cost effectiveness and efficiency of a MSW collection system including: a. Crew size b. Collection vehicle type and size c. Container type d. Setout location e. Collection frequency f. Equipment utilization g. Setout policies (e.g., return trips) h. Carry-out service i. Route density
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RESULTS
j. Collection system uniformity (e.g., vehicle type used, type of cart picked up) k. Political climate l. Special services offered (backdoor service, curbside recycling with solid waste collection) 38) Knowledge of the factors involved in selecting a type of solid waste container. 39) Knowledge of the different types of solid waste containers available. 40) Knowledge of the factors involved in determining the MSW collection frequency including understanding the use of alternating collection cycles (e.g., alternating MSW collection with recycling). 41) An understanding of the factors that influence how MSW collection services are provided including: a. Customer needs and preferences b. Public policy c. Public health and aesthetics d. Types of processing and disposal systems e. Climate f. Housing density g. Community size h. History of local government i. Politics j. Geography k. Community type (residential areas, commercial areas, industrial areas) 42) Knowledge of the different types of processing and disposal systems available and the importance of balancing costs when considering different elements of the waste management system (transfer, disposal, materials recovery). 43) Knowledge of the different types of vehicle chassis and frames available. 44) An understanding of how the following equipment work and knowledge of their applications: a. Front-end loaders b. Rear loaders c. Side-loaders d. Roll-offs e. Container delivery trucks f. Split body 45) Knowledge of the different bin tipping devices used with rear-loaders. 46) Knowledge of the factors that affect the types of compaction devices used within readloaders. 47) Knowledge of the factors that affect the body specifications for a waste collection vehicle. 48) Knowledge of the factors that affect the chassis specifications for a waste collection vehicle. 49) An understanding of the four tasks involved in delivering MSW collection services including: a. Planning b. Design c. Implementation d. Management and Operations e. Funding 50) An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: a. Identifying customer groups
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RESULTS
b. Projecting solid waste quantities and characteristics for customer groups c. Identifying solid waste management goals, policies and regulations d. Investigating local and regional factors e. Determining which collection services should be provided for each customer f. Determining who should provide the services and under what market arrangements g. Determining how the services should be paid for h. Developing an implementation schedule for each service i. Providing for public education throughout the process 51) An understanding of major steps involved with designing a MSW collection system including: a. Identifying potential collection methods b. Gathering relevant data c. Determining productivity levels for each collection method d. Estimating costs for each method e. Identifying and investigating other factors affecting each collection method f. Selecting a collection method for each collection service g. Providing for public education/involvement throughout the process 52) An understanding of the major steps involved in determining the productivity levels of the collection methods including: a. Calculating collection time for each participating household b. Calculating collection time for each non-participating household c. Calculating average number of households per on-route hour d. Calculating off-route time e. Calculating number of households served per crew per day 53) An understanding of the four costs associated with a particular collection method that need to be accounted for including: a. Collection vehicle capital costs b. Container costs c. Labor costs d. Calculating collection cost by household and by ton e. Other costs including fuel, tire, and maintenance 54) Knowledge of the length of time that the different portions of the MSW collection process take based on the type of collection methods used. 55) An understanding of the routing techniques used to select a MSW collection route. 56) An understanding how to define equitable service areas and to balance routes. 57) Knowledge of the general routing guidelines to help choose the optimal MSW collection route. 58) An understanding of how to minimize non-productive route time. 59) An understanding of how to manually select the routing path for MSW collection. 60) An understanding of how to use automated routing applications to select the routing path for MSW collection. 61) Knowledge of the history of automatic, semi-automatic, and manual MSW collection systems. 62) Knowledge of the impacts on worker safety that automatic, semi-automatic, and manual MSW collection systems have. 63) An understanding of the curbside collection methods for materials (recyclables, yard waste, food waste, etc.) and the associated benefits/drawbacks including: a. Commingled-curb sort manual collection
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RESULTS
b. Manual collection c. Manual sort at the curb d. Manual collection of source separated recyclables e. Automated collection f. Convenience centers g. Single stream collection issues (e.g., glass breakage) 64) An understanding of the tasks that the staff at convenience centers undertake and knowing the difference between a manned and unmanned convenience center. 65) An understanding of the reasons for separate yard waste collection. 66) An understanding of the collection methods of yard waste including: a. Containerized yard waste collection b. Bagged yard waste collection c. Loose yard waste collection d. Yard waste collection at drop-off/convenience centers 67) Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of yard waste collection methods including: a. Containerized yard waste collection b. Bagged yard waste collection c. Loose yard waste collection d. Vacuum truck collection e. Yard waste collection at drop-off/convenience centers 68) An understanding of alternative yard waste collection methods. 69) An understanding of the reasons for collecting bulky waste separately from other solid wastes and the opportunity to recycle white goods and other bulky wastes. 70) Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of curbside bulky waste collection. 71) Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of bulky waste collection at staffed convenience centers. 72) An understanding of the reasons for collecting special solid wastes separately from other solid wastes. 73) An understanding of the different types of special solid wastes including: a. Used motor oil and filters b. Used tires c. Used batteries d. Dry cell batteries e. Lead acid batteries f. Used antifreeze g. Used paint h. Household hazardous waste i. Fluorescent bulbs j. Medical waste and sharps k. Universal waste l. Electronic waste (e-waste) 74) Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of curbside special solid waste collection. 75) Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of special solid waste drop-off/convenience centers. 76) An understanding of the different commercial solid waste sources. 77) An understanding of the collection equipment utilized for commercial solid waste and why they are utilized including: a. Side loaders
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RESULTS
b. c. d. e. f. g. 78) 79) 80) a. b. c. d. 81) a. b. c. d. e. 82) 83) 84) 85) 86)
87) 88) 89) 90) a. b. c. 91) 92)
93) 94) 95)
Rear-end loaders Front-end loaders Roll-offs Tilt-frame body trucks Stationary compactors Bulk containers An understanding of the purpose of a MSW collection services organization. An understanding of the principles applicable to a MSW collection services organization. Knowledge of the different types of organizational structures a MSW services organization may have including: Line organization Staff organization Line and staff organization Variables within existing organizational structures that do not fit into line or staff models An understanding of the performance measures that should be determined to evaluate the MSW collection efficiency including: On-route productivity Off-route time Safety Customer satisfaction Benchmarking An understanding of the management issues involved with providing MSW collection services. Knowledge of different management techniques effective in MSW collection service organizations. An understanding of how to determine the useful lifetime of service equipment. Knowledge of typical optimum equipment lifetimes. An understanding of the motivation to create proper specifications for new MSW collection equipment and the importance of those specifications including extended warranties. An understanding of the new MSW collection equipment procurement process. Knowledge of new and typical features of MSW collection equipment. Knowledge of typical MSW collection equipment-to-route ratios. An understanding of the different types of maintenance for MSW collection equipment including: Routine maintenance Preventative maintenance Corrective maintenance An understanding of the benefits of preventative maintenance. Knowledge of the needed records and forms to maintain to ensure good MSW collection equipment maintenance and the importance of recordkeeping in assisting with future purchases and proof of maintenance expenses when new trucks and equipment needs to be purchased. Knowledge of the factors involved in a good MSW collection equipment maintenance program. An understanding of MSW collection equipment service agreements between the public and private sector. An understanding of the importance of health and safety with regard to MSW collection.
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RESULTS
96) 97) a. b. c. d. e. f. 98) 99) 100) 101) 102) 103) 104) 105) 106) 107) 108) 109) 110) 111) 112) 113) a. b. c. 114) 115) 116) 117) 118) 119) 120) a. b.
Knowledge of the different components within a model MSW collection safety program. An understanding of the following individual health and safety responsibilities for a MSW collection program: Management Supervisor Employee Customer Labor union General public An understanding of typical accidents and injuries associated with differing MSW collection program. Knowledge of typical accident and injury statistics for a MSW collection program. An understanding of how to improve the health and safety of MSW collection employees. Knowledge of health and safety training programs that should be given to MSW collection employees. An understanding of full-cost accounting and the associated benefits/drawbacks and how it relates to MSW collection. An understanding of activity-based cost accounting and the associated benefits/drawbacks and how it relates to MSW collection. An understanding of budget-based accounting and the associated benefits/drawbacks and how it relates to MSW collection. An understanding of how to fund a MSW collection service including General Funds, Enterprise Funds, and user fees or rates. Knowledge of the principles of effective personnel management and federal laws that cover all employees such as FMLA, FLSA, etc. Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of an hourly pay system for MSW collection employees. Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of a task pay system for MSW collection employees. An understanding of methods to motivate employees. Knowledge of typical fringe benefits for MSW collection employees. Knowledge of typical inclusions and topics of a MSW collection employee handbook. An understanding of how to handle MSW collection employee grievances. An understanding of MSW collection customer billing including: Billing frequency Billing methods Bill collections An understanding of proper customer service for MSW collection customers. An understanding of how to manage MSW collection customer complaints. An understanding of why public education regarding MSW collection is needed. Knowledge of the information that should be conveyed to the public regarding MSW collection services. Knowledge of the media options available for conveying information to the public and how to interact with the media during emergency situations such as storms, fires, etc. Knowledge of different MSW collection public education programs available. An understanding of the three parts in contracting MSW collection services including: Deciding to contract for MSW collection services Competitive procurement of a MSW collection services contract
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c. MSW collection services contracts 121) Knowledge of the risks and rewards associated with contracting MSW collection services. 122) An understanding of the competitive bid/proposal method. 123) An understanding of the strategies involved with ensuring competition within the competitive bid process. 124) An understanding of the best uses for a request for proposal (RFP), request for qualifications (RFQ), or bid process. 125) An understanding of how to plan for situations that involve and do not involve purchasing offers in municipalities. 126) An understanding of the competitive negotiations method. 127) An understanding of the managed competition procurement method. 128) Knowledge of the different elements of a service contract. 129) An understanding of how to manage contract activities to ensure compliance with contract requirements. A total of 88 surveys were completed. The associations of the participants are broken down as shown in the pie chart below: The following table summarizes the average rating given to each statement (statements were ranked from 1 to 10, with 10 being most important) in descending order of the importance. Table 3-1. Average Rating of Statements Question # 81c
Question An understanding of the performance measures that should be determined to evaluate the MSW collection efficiency including: Safety
Score 9.42
81d
An understanding of the performance measures that should be determined to evaluate the MSW collection efficiency including: Customer satisfaction
9.30
53c
An understanding of the four costs associated with a particular collection method that need to be accounted for including: Labor costs
9.30
53e
An understanding of the four costs associated with a particular collection method that need to be accounted for including: Other costs including fuel, tires and maintenance An understanding of the tasks involved in delivering MSW collection services including: management An understanding of the four costs associated with a particular collection method that need to be accounted for including: Collection vehicle capital costs An understanding of the tasks involved in delivering MSW collection services including: implementation
9.29
51d
An understanding of major steps involved with designing a MSW collection system including: Estimating costs
9.24
101
Knowledge of health and safety training programs that should be given to MSW collection employees.
9.22
48d 53a
48c
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9.28 9.26
9.26
RESULTS
95
An understanding of the importance of health and safety with regard to MSW collection.
9.20
48a
An understanding of the tasks involved in delivering MSW collection services including: planning An understanding of how to improve the health and safety of MSW collection employees.
9.20
96
Knowledge of the different components within a model MSW collection safety program
9.15
97c
An understanding of the following individual health and safety responsibilities for a MSW collection program: Employee
9.15
97b
An understanding of the following individual health and safety responsibilities for a MSW collection program: Supervisor
9.12
81a
An understanding of the performance measures that should be determined to evaluate the MSW collection efficiency including: On-route productivity
9.11
42
Knowledge of the different types of processing and disposal systems available and the importance of balancing costs when considering different elements of the waste management system (transfer, disposal, materials recovery). An understanding of the tasks involved in delivering MSW collection services including: design
9.10
48e
An understanding of the tasks involved in delivering MSW collection services including: funding
9.06
37b
An understanding of the different service variables affecting the cost effectiveness and efficiency of a MSW collection system including: collection vehicle type/size An understanding of the four costs associated with a particular collection method that need to be accounted for including: Container costs
9.05
53d
An understanding of the four costs associated with a particular collection method that need to be accounted for including: Calculating collection cost
9.02
51g
An understanding of major steps involved with designing a MSW collection system including: Providing for public education
9.02
81e
An understanding of the performance measures that should be determined to evaluate the MSW collection efficiency including: Benchmarking An understanding of the different service variables affecting the cost effectiveness and efficiency of a MSW collection system including: collection system uniformity An understanding of the major steps involved in determining the productivity levels of the collection methods including: Calculating number of households served per crew per day Knowledge of the impacts on worker safety that automatic, semiautomatic, and manual MSW collection systems have.
9.01
100
48b
53b
37l
52e
62
9.16
9.10
9.04
9.00
9.00
8.99
35
An understanding of how automatic MSW collection systems work.
8.98
37h
An understanding of the different service variables affecting the cost effectiveness and efficiency of a MSW collection system including: equipment utilization An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: Providing for public education
8.98
49j
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8.98
RESULTS
throughout the process 57
Knowledge of the general routing guidelines to help choose the optimal MSW collection route. An understanding of the performance measures that should be determined to evaluate the MSW collection efficiency including: Off-route time
8.98
98
An understanding of typical accidents and injuries associated with differing MSW collection program.
8.96
51a
An understanding of major steps involved with designing a MSW collection system including: Identifying potential collection methods
8.94
97a
An understanding of the following individual health and safety responsibilities for a MSW collection program: Management
8.94
37k
An understanding of the different service variables affecting the cost effectiveness and efficiency of a MSW collection system including: route density An understanding of the management issues involved with providing MSW collection services.
8.93
102
An understanding of full-cost accounting and the associated benefits/drawbacks and how it relates to MSW collection.
8.93
51b
An understanding of major steps involved with designing a MSW collection system including: Gathering relevant data
8.92
51f
An understanding of major steps involved with designing a MSW collection system including: Selecting a collection method
8.92
55
An understanding of the routing techniques used to select a MSW collection route.
8.92
28c
An understanding of how the following collection systems work: Curbside
8.91
51c
An understanding of major steps involved with designing a MSW collection system including: Determining productivity levels
8.91
58
An understanding of how to minimize non-productive route time.
8.89
52c
An understanding of the major steps involved in determining the productivity levels of the collection methods including: Calculating average number of households per on-route hour Knowledge of common equipment used for automatic MSW collection systems and the associated benefits/drawbacks.
8.87
115
An understanding of how to manage MSW collection customer complaints.
8.85
29a
Knowledge of the attributes involved in designing and operating a dropoff/convenience center and curbside collection systems including: costs
8.85
56
An understanding how to define equitable service areas and to balance routes.
8.85
84
An understanding of how to determine the useful lifetime of service equipment.
8.85
52d
An understanding of the major steps involved in determining the productivity levels of the collection methods including: Calculating offroute time
8.84
81b
82
36
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8.96
8.93
8.86
RESULTS
116
An understanding of why public education regarding MSW collection is needed.
8.84
114
An understanding of proper customer service for MSW collection customers. An understanding of the different service variables affecting the cost effectiveness and efficiency of a MSW collection system including: collection frequency An understanding of how to collect the following wastes from residential customers: Recyclables
8.83
27f
An understanding of how to collect the following wastes from residential customers: Special Waste
8.80
37a
An understanding of the different service variables affecting the cost effectiveness and efficiency of a MSW collection system including: crew size An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: Projecting solid waste quantities and characteristics for customer groups An understanding of methods to motivate employees.
8.80
An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: Determining how the services should be paid for An understanding of the curbside collection methods for materials (recyclables, yard waste, food waste, etc.) and the associated benefits/drawbacks including: Automated collection An understanding of the benefits of preventative maintenance.
8.80
An understanding of how MSW collection can enhance recycling and thereby prevent pollution and conserve natural resources and energy through different collection methods. An understanding of the different service variables affecting the cost effectiveness and efficiency of a MSW collection system including: container type An understanding of how to work with and educate customers to enhance effective collection of MSW.
8.79
An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: Determining how the services should be paid for Knowledge of common wastes that are banned by state or local governments from landfill disposal and understand that not all states have the same landfill material bans. Knowledge of the needed records and forms to maintain to ensure good MSW collection equipment maintenance and the importance of recordkeeping in assisting with future purchases and proof of maintenance expenses when new trucks and equipment needs to be purchased. An understanding of how to use automated routing applications to select the routing path for MSW collection.
8.75
An understanding of the different service variables affecting the cost effectiveness and efficiency of a MSW collection system including: collection frequency
8.73
37e
27b
49b
109 50g
63d
91 6
37c
11 49h
21
92
60 37g
Collections_BOK_Report__Final
3-11
8.81
8.80
8.80
8.80
8.80
8.80
8.79
8.76
8.74
8.74
8.74
RESULTS
10
An understanding of how MSW collection, processing, and disposal requirements affect each other.
8.73
50c
An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: Identifying solid waste management goals, policies and regulations An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: Providing for public education throughout the process Knowledge of typical MSW collection equipment-to-route ratios.
8.72
54
Knowledge of the length of time that the different portions of the MSW collection process take based on the type of collection methods used.
8.71
83
Knowledge of different management techniques effective in MSW collection service organizations. Knowledge of the factors involved in determining the MSW collection frequency including understanding the use of alternating collection cycles (e.g., alternating MSW collection with recycling). An understanding of the factors that influence how MSW collection services are provided including: public health
8.71
41l
An understanding of the factors that influence how MSW collection services are provided including: community type
8.70
49a
An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: Identifying customer groups
8.70
41e
An understanding of the factors that influence how MSW collection services are provided including: types of processing systems An understanding of the major steps involved in determining the productivity levels of the collection methods including: Calculating collection time-participants An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: Identifying solid waste management goals, policies and regulations Knowledge of the information that should be conveyed to the public regarding MSW collection services.
8.69
An understanding of the factors that influence how MSW collection services are provided including: customer needs An understanding of major steps involved with designing a MSW collection system including: Identifying other factors Knowledge of typical optimum equipment lifetimes.
8.63
50i
89
40
41c
52a
49c
117 41a 51e 85
8.72
8.72
8.70
8.70
8.69
8.69
8.65
8.61 8.61
90b
An understanding of the different types of maintenance for MSW collection equipment including: Preventative maintenance
8.59
93
Knowledge of the factors involved in a good MSW collection equipment maintenance program.
8.59
99
Knowledge of typical accident and injury statistics for a MSW collection program.
8.59
59
An understanding of how to manually select the routing path for MSW collection.
8.58
Collections_BOK_Report__Final
3-12
RESULTS
63f
An understanding of the curbside collection methods for materials (recyclables, yard waste, food waste, etc.) and the associated benefits/drawbacks including: Single stream collection issues An understanding of the factors that influence how MSW collection services are provided including: public policies
8.57
An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: Projecting solid waste quantities and characteristics for customer groups Knowledge of the attributes involved in designing and operating a dropoff/convenience center and curbside collection systems including: service frequency An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: Developing an implementation schedule for each service An understanding of the different service variables affecting the cost effectiveness and efficiency of a MSW collection system including: setout location An understanding of the following individual health and safety responsibilities for a MSW collection program: Customer
8.57
121
Knowledge of the risks and rewards associated with contracting MSW collection services.
8.56
105
An understanding of how to fund a MSW collection service including General Funds, Enterprise Funds, and user fees or rates. An understanding of how the following collection systems work: Containers
8.56
An understanding of the different service variables affecting the cost effectiveness and efficiency of a MSW collection system including: setout policies Knowledge of the attributes involved in designing and operating a dropoff/convenience center and curbside collection systems including: staffing
8.55
88
Knowledge of new and typical features of MSW collection equipment.
8.54
50a
An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: identify customer groups
8.53
An understanding of how MSW collection can add value to other areas of the integrated solid waste management system (e.g., recycling, composting) An understanding of the following individual health and safety responsibilities for a MSW collection program: General Public
8.53
129
An understanding of how to manage contract activities to ensure compliance with contract requirements.
8.52
122
An understanding of the competitive bid/proposal method.
8.51
37f
An understanding of the different service variables affecting the cost effectiveness and efficiency of a MSW collection system including: setout location An understanding of how MSW collection protects the environment.
8.51
41b 50b
29b
49i
37d
97d
28d 37i
29c
7
97f
3
Collections_BOK_Report__Final
3-13
8.57
8.56
8.56
8.56
8.56
8.55
8.55
8.53
8.50
RESULTS
50e
An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: Determining which collection services should be provided for each customer An understanding of the different service variables affecting the cost effectiveness and efficiency of a MSW collection system including: political climate An understanding of the need for MSW collection.
8.49
79
An understanding of the principles applicable to a MSW collection services organization.
8.48
2
An understanding of how controlling vectors and odors caused by MSW and litter and illegal dumping of MSW affect sanitation and public health.
8.47
90c
An understanding of the different types of maintenance for MSW collection equipment including: Corrective maintenance An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: Developing an implementation schedule for each service An understanding of the different types of special solid wastes including: Medical waste and sharps
8.46
104
An understanding of budget-based accounting and the associated benefits/drawbacks and how it relates to MSW collection.
8.46
124
An understanding of the best uses for a request for proposal (RFP), request for qualifications (RFQ), or bid process.
8.45
78
An understanding of the purpose of a MSW collection services organization. An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: Determining which collection services should be provided for each customer An understanding of the reasons for collecting special solid wastes separately from other solid wastes.
8.45
90a
An understanding of the different types of maintenance for MSW collection equipment including: Routine maintenance
8.45
27a
An understanding of how to collect the following wastes from residential customers: Mixed waste
8.44
86
An understanding of the motivation to create proper specifications for new MSW collection equipment and the importance of those specifications including extended warranties. Knowledge of common solid wastes classified as recyclables which are collected in curbside recycling programs and an understanding that not all recycling facilities accept all recyclables (and why). An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: Determining who should provide the services and under what market arrangements An understanding of the strategies involved with ensuring competition within the competitive bid process.
8.42
An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: Determining who should provide the services and under what market arrangements
8.40
37m
1
50h
73j
49f
72
15
49g
123 50f
Collections_BOK_Report__Final
3-14
8.49
8.48
8.46
8.46
8.45
8.45
8.42
8.41
8.40
RESULTS
26
An understanding of the physical characteristics of different solid wastes and how they will affect the collection system.
8.39
34
Knowledge of the common equipment utilized for semi-automated MSW collection systems and the associated benefits/drawbacks. Knowledge of the different types of solid waste containers available.
8.38
An understanding of the curbside collection methods for materials (recyclables, yard waste, food waste, etc.) and the associated benefits/drawbacks including: Comingled-curb sort manual collection Knowledge of the common equipment utilized for manual MSW collection systems and the associated benefits/drawbacks.
8.36
41g
An understanding of the factors that influence how MSW collection services are provided including: housing density
8.36
120b
An understanding of the three parts in contracting MSW collection services including: Competitive procurement of a MSW collection services contract An understanding of how to collect the following wastes from residential customers: Yard waste
8.35
Knowledge of the factors involved in selecting a type of solid waste container.
8.33
120c
An understanding of the three parts in contracting MSW collection services including: MSW collection services contracts
8.33
73h
An understanding of the different types of special solid wastes including: Household hazardous waste
8.33
31
An understanding of how manual MSW collection systems work.
8.32
37n
An understanding of the different service variables affecting the cost effectiveness and efficiency of a MSW collection system including: special services offered Knowledge of the different elements of a service contract.
8.32
77c
An understanding of the collection equipment utilized for commercial solid waste and why they are utilized including: Front-end loaders
8.31
44c
An understanding of how the following equipment work and knowledge of their applications: side loader
8.31
33
An understanding of how semi-automated MSW collection systems work
8.31
50d
An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: Investigating local and regional factors Knowledge of the media options available for conveying information to the public and how to interact with the media during emergency situations such as storms, fires, etc. An understanding of the different types of special solid wastes including: Electronic waste (e-waste)
8.31
Knowledge of typical inclusions and topics of a MSW collection employee handbook.
8.27
39 63a
32
27c 38
128
118
73l 111
Collections_BOK_Report__Final
3-15
8.38
8.36
8.33
8.32
8.30
8.28
RESULTS
22
Knowledge of the total quantities of solid waste generated by residential, commercial, and industrial customers in your area, and how/why these quantities can fluctuate depending on the time of the week and season. An understanding of the factors that influence how MSW collection services are provided including: community size
8.27
77d
An understanding of the collection equipment utilized for commercial solid waste and why they are utilized including: Roll-offs
8.24
107
Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of an hourly pay system for MSW collection employees.
8.23
49d
An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: Investigating local and regional factors Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of a task pay system for MSW collection employees. Knowledge of the principles of effective personnel management and federal laws that cover all employees such as FMLA, FLSA, etc.
8.23
Knowledge of common solid wastes that make up mixed solid waste and recognize that some mixed waste may be classified or defined as recyclable, compostable, etc. An understanding of participation and set-out rates of residential customers.
8.22
103
An understanding of activity-based cost accounting and the associated benefits/drawbacks and how it relates to MSW collection.
8.22
76
An understanding of the different commercial solid waste sources.
8.21
5
An understanding of how MSW collection improves community appearance and aesthetics.
8.20
44b
An understanding of how the following equipment work and knowledge of their applications: rear loader
8.20
63e
An understanding of the curbside collection methods for materials (recyclables, yard waste, food waste, etc.) and the associated benefits/drawbacks including: Convenience centers An understanding of the reasons for collecting bulky waste separately from other solid wastes and the opportunity to recycle white goods and other bulky wastes. An understanding of the different types of special solid wastes including: Fluorescent bulbs An understanding of how to plan and utilize periodic collection services for bulky and special wastes.
8.19
119
Knowledge of different MSW collection public education programs available.
8.19
87
An understanding of the new MSW collection equipment procurement process.
8.18
49e
An understanding of the major steps involved with developing a MSW collection plan and strategy including: Investigating local and regional factors An understanding of the three parts in contracting MSW collection services including: Deciding to contract for MSW collection services
8.17
41h
108 106 14
23
69
73i 30
120a
Collections_BOK_Report__Final
3-16
8.26
8.23 8.22
8.22
8.19
8.19 8.19
8.17
RESULTS
44a
An understanding of how the following equipment work and knowledge of their applications: front-end loader
8.16
75
8.15
68
Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of special solid waste dropoff/convenience centers. An understanding of alternative yard waste collection methods.
112
An understanding of how to handle MSW collection employee grievances.
8.14
52b
An understanding of the major steps involved in determining the productivity levels of the collection methods including: Calculating collection time- non-participants An understanding of the different types of special solid wastes including: Used motor oil and filters
8.13
Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of yard waste collection methods including: Containerized yard waste collection An understanding of the different types of special solid wastes including: Used tires
8.12
41f
An understanding of the factors that influence how MSW collection services are provided including: climate
8.11
27e
An understanding of how to collect the following wastes from residential customers: Bulky wastes
8.10
73c
An understanding of the different types of special solid wastes including: Used batteries
8.10
77b
An understanding of the collection equipment utilized for commercial solid waste and why they are utilized including: Rear-end loaders
8.10
66a
An understanding of the collection methods of yard waste including: Containerized yard waste collection Knowledge of other wastes that are not typically considered recyclable, but for which alternative disposal means exist.
8.10
41k
An understanding of the factors that influence how MSW collection services are provided including: geography
8.07
44d
An understanding of how the following equipment work and knowledge of their applications: roll-off
8.07
41j
An understanding of the factors that influence how MSW collection services are provided including: politics
8.07
77a
An understanding of the collection equipment utilized for commercial solid waste and why they are utilized including: Side loaders
8.06
25
Knowledge of the composition of solid wastes generated by residential, commercial, and industrial customers.
8.06
77f
An understanding of the collection equipment utilized for commercial solid waste and why they are utilized including: Stationary compactors
8.05
63b
An understanding of the curbside collection methods for materials (recyclables, yard waste, food waste, etc.) and the associated benefits/drawbacks including: Manual collection Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of curbside bulky waste collection.
8.05
73a 67a 73b
16
70
Collections_BOK_Report__Final
3-17
8.14
8.13
8.12
8.08
8.05
RESULTS
73k
An understanding of the different types of special solid wastes including: Universal waste
8.05
73e
An understanding of the different types of special solid wastes including: Lead acid batteries An understanding of different MSW waste characteristics and factors that influence them.
8.04
27d
An understanding of how to collect the following wastes from residential customers: Organic/food waste
8.01
43
Knowledge of the different types of vehicle chassis and frames available.
8.00
37j
An understanding of the different service variables affecting the cost effectiveness and efficiency of a MSW collection system including: carryout service An understanding of the reasons for separate yard waste collection.
7.99
73f
An understanding of the different types of special solid wastes including: Used antifreeze
7.98
127
An understanding of the managed competition procurement method.
7.97
74
Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of curbside special solid waste collection.
7.96
97e
An understanding of the following individual health and safety responsibilities for a MSW collection program: Labor Union
7.96
126
An understanding of the competitive negotiations method.
7.94
73g
An understanding of the different types of special solid wastes including: Used paint Knowledge of the different types of organizational structures a MSW services organization may have including: Line and staff organization
7.93
12
65
80c
8.03
7.99
7.92
125
An understanding of how to plan for situations that involve and do not involve purchasing offers in municipalities.
7.91
73d
An understanding of the different types of special solid wastes including: Dry cell batteries
7.89
94
An understanding of MSW collection equipment service agreements between the public and private sector.
7.89
24
An understanding of the compacted and uncompacted bulk densities of different solid wastes.
7.87
44e
An understanding of how the following equipment work and knowledge of their applications: container delivery truck
7.87
77g
An understanding of the collection equipment utilized for commercial solid waste and why they are utilized including: Bulk containers
7.87
66b
An understanding of the collection methods of yard waste including: Bagged yard waste collection
7.86
An understanding of the standards of service for MSW collection services that a local government sets and how these may differ.
7.85
9
Collections_BOK_Report__Final
3-18
RESULTS
66c
An understanding of the collection methods of yard waste including: Loose yard waste collection
7.85
67b
Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of yard waste collection methods including: Bagged yard waste collection Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of yard waste collection methods including: Loose yard waste collection
7.83
77e
An understanding of the collection equipment utilized for commercial solid waste and why they are utilized including: Tilt-frame body trucks
7.83
28a
An understanding of how the following collection systems work: Alleys
7.83
63c
An understanding of the curbside collection methods for materials (recyclables, yard waste, food waste, etc.) and the associated benefits/drawbacks including: Manual sort at the curb An understanding of the tasks that the staff at convenience centers undertake and knowing the difference between a manned and unmanned convenience center. Knowledge of different types of customers served by an MSW collection system.
7.82
110
Knowledge of typical fringe benefits for MSW collection employees.
7.78
44f
An understanding of how the following equipment work and knowledge of their applications: split body
7.76
18
An understanding of what is classified as organics for curbside collection.
7.74
28b
An understanding of how the following collection systems work: Drop-off
7.74
19
An understanding of benefits and barriers to providing curbside organics collection (e.g., food waste and food-soiled paper).
7.71
4
An understanding of MSW flow control and how it affects or is affected by MSW collection.
7.70
80a
Knowledge of the different types of organizational structures a MSW services organization may have including: Line organization
7.69
80b
Knowledge of the different types of organizational structures a MSW services organization may have including: Staff organization
7.69
46
Knowledge of the factors that affect the types of compaction devices used within rear-loaders.
7.68
66d
An understanding of the collection methods of yard waste including: Yard waste collection at drop-off/convenience centers
7.64
17
Knowledge of common solid wastes classified as yard waste.
7.64
71
Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of bulky waste collection at staffed convenience centers.
7.62
20
Knowledge of common solid wastes classified as bulky wastes.
7.60
47
Knowledge of the factors that affect the types of compaction devices used within rear-loaders.
7.60
67c
64
13
Collections_BOK_Report__Final
3-19
7.83
7.81
7.81
RESULTS
41i
An understanding of the factors that influence how MSW collection services are provided including: historical of local government
7.59
An understanding of MSW collection customer billing including: Billing methods Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of yard waste collection methods including: Yard waste collection at drop-off/convenience centers
7.56
113c
An understanding of MSW collection customer billing including: Bill collections
7.53
80d
Knowledge of the different types of organizational structures a MSW services organization may have including: Variables that do not fit into line or staff models An understanding of MSW collection customer billing including: Billing frequency
7.52
An understanding of how waste laws governing the private sector and local governments may vary from state to state. Knowledge of the different bin tipping devices used with rear-loaders.
7.49
61
Knowledge of the history of automatic, semi-automatic, and manual MSW collection systems.
7.45
67d
Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of yard waste collection methods including: Vacuum truck collection
7.39
113b 67e
113a 8 45
3.2
BODY OF KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT
3.2.1
Job Domains and Domain Tasks
7.54
7.52
7.47
Table 3-2 presents the identified job domains for a MSW collection systems manager and the specific tasks identified for each job domain. Table 3-2. Job Domains Identified and the Specific Domain Tasks for a Manager of MSW Collection Systems Job Domain
Specific Domain Tasks
1. Design an effective MSW collection system. a. Gather data relevant to MSW collection. b. Optimize routing. c. Consider collection of recyclables, bulky wastes, and special wastes. d. Consider how local regulations and politics will play a role in MSW collection. 2. Evaluate collection methods, systems, and equipment. a. Investigate available collection methods, systems, and equipment.
Collections_BOK_Report__Final
3-20
RESULTS
Job Domain
Specific Domain Tasks c. Evaluate the compatibility of collection methods and equipment with the area being served. d. Compare the pros and cons of collection methods in terms of cost, safety, and efficiency.
3. Evaluate costs and funding options. a. Identify the costs associated with different collection methods. b. Calculate or estimate important variables that influence the cost of a collection system. c. Identify and understand different accounting methods and funding options. 4. Maximize and evaluate efficiency of the collection system. a. Identify variables affecting efficiency. b. Motivate employees to improve efficiency. c. Improve efficiency through effective maintenance. d. Develop methods for measuring efficiency. 5. Develop collection franchising contracts. a. Identify the elements involved in contracting MSW collection services. b. Understand the competitive bid/proposal process. c. Ensure compliance with contracts. 6. Develop effective health and safety measures for employees and the public. a. Recognize the importance of health and safety in the area of MSW collection. b. Consider the worker safety associated with automatic, semi-automatic, and manual collection systems when designing a collection system. c. Develop and implement effective health and safety training programs for employees. d. Control litter during MSW collection. 7. Implement educational campaigns for the public. a. Recognize the benefits of public education. b. Prioritize what information should be conveyed to the public. c. Develop ways to evaluate effectiveness of educational campaigns. 8. Provide public outreach and involvement. a. Provide effective customer service consistent with the services provided. b. Effectively handle complaints from customers. c. Consider different media options for communicating with the public. d. Communicate with the public during emergency situations.
Collections_BOK_Report__Final
3-21
RESULTS
3.2.2
Knowledge or Understanding Needed for Domain Tasks
Topics that a MSW collection systems manager should have a knowledge or understanding of were identified for each of the specific job domain tasks. In many cases, overlap occurs from task to task. The results are presented in Tables 3-3 through 3-10.
Table 3-3. Required Knowledge and Understanding for Job Domain 1 Job Domain: Design an effective MSW collection system. Specific Domain Task
To be qualified for the given task, an individual should have an understanding or knowledge of:
a. Gather data relevant to MSW
•
Solid waste quantities in the service area.
•
Factors that cause fluctuations in solid waste quantities.
•
Housing density in the service area.
•
Customer groups in the service area.
•
Historical participation rates of the service area.
•
General routing guidelines.
•
Manual routing techniques.
•
How to minimizing off-route time.
•
How to maximizing on-route productivity.
•
Creating equitable service areas.
•
Software available to assist in optimizing routing.
c. Consider collection of
•
Reasons for collecting these wastes separately.
recyclables, bulky wastes, and special wastes.
•
Challenges posed by household hazardous wastes, medical waste, yard trash, and electronic waste.
•
Materials targeted for recycling in the area.
•
Benefits and drawbacks of single stream collections.
•
Elements that impact the siting of drop-off centers.
d. Consider how local
•
Wastes banned from local and state landfills.
regulations and politics will play a role in MSW collection.
•
Political climate and how it will impact collections.
•
Local setout policies.
collection.
b. Optimize routing.
Collections_BOK_Report__Final
3-22
RESULTS
Table 3-4. Required Knowledge and Understanding for Job Domain 2 Job Domain: Evaluate collection methods, systems, and equipment. Specific Domain Task
To be qualified for the given task, an individual should have understanding or knowledge of:
a. Investigate available
•
Current systems, equipment and technology available in the field.
collection methods, systems, and equipment.
•
Pros and cons of automated versus manual collection systems.
•
Vehicle capacities and associated costs.
•
Equipment lifecycles.
•
Effectiveness of collection systems in similar service areas.
•
Public appeal of different methods, systems, and equipment.
c. Compare the pros and cons of
•
Effects of collection methods on efficiency.
collection methods in terms of cost, safety, and efficiency.
•
The costs of collection methods and equipment.
•
Safety risks associated with different methods, systems, and equipment.
b. Evaluate the compatibility of collection methods and equipment with the area being served.
Collections_BOK_Report__Final
3-23
RESULTS
Table 3-5. Required Knowledge and Understanding for Job Domain 3 Job Domain: Evaluate costs and funding options. Specific Domain Task
To be qualified for the given task, an individual should have understanding or knowledge of:
a. Evaluate the costs associated
•
Labor costs associated with different collection methods.
with different collection methods.
•
Maintenance costs associated with different collection methods.
•
Vehicle costs associated with different collection methods.
•
Container costs associated with different collection methods.
•
Balancing costs with different sectors of the integrated waste management system.
•
Understanding impacts that changing economic factors has on collection method selection.
•
Calculating households served per crew per day.
•
Estimating equipment lifecycles.
•
Estimating necessary crew size and crew spare ratios.
•
Calculating collection cost by household.
•
Understanding impacts that changing economic factors has on the collection system.
c. Identify and understand
•
The principles of full-cost accounting.
different accounting methods and funding options.
•
The principles of activity-based cost accounting.
•
The principles of budget-based accounting.
•
Pros and cons of General funds
•
Pros and cons of Enterprise funds
•
Revenue generation through user fees or rates.
•
Pros and cons of fixed rates versus variable rates.
b. Calculate or estimate important variables that influence the cost of a collection system.
Collections_BOK_Report__Final
3-24
RESULTS
Table 3-6. Required Knowledge and Understanding for Job Domain 4 Job Domain: Maximize and evaluate efficiency of the collection system. Specific Domain Task
To be qualified for the given task, an individual should have understanding or knowledge of:
a. Identify variables affecting efficiency.
b. Motivate employees to improve efficiency.
c. Improve efficiency through maintenance.
d. Develop methods for measuring efficiency.
Collections_BOK_Report__Final
•
How on-route productivity affects efficiency.
•
How off-route time affects efficiency.
•
How safety affects efficiency.
•
How customer satisfaction can affect efficiency.
•
How equipment choice affects efficiency.
•
How vehicle maintenance affects efficiency.
•
How recycling program goals and policy might affect efficiency.
•
How to handle employee grievances.
•
Techniques for successful employee communication.
•
Principles of effective personnel management.
•
Typical fringe benefits for solid waste employees.
•
Differing maintenance requirements for systems and equipment.
•
Types of preventative maintenance.
•
Types of routine maintenance.
•
Types of corrective maintenance.
•
Calculating households served per crew per day.
•
Determining time spent on-route.
3-25
RESULTS
Table 3-7. Required Knowledge and Understanding for Job Domain 5 Job Domain: Develop collection franchising contracts. Specific Domain Task
To be qualified for the given task, an individual should have understanding or knowledge of:
a. Identify the elements
•
MSW collection services contracts.
involved in contracting MSW collection services.
•
Risks and rewards associated with contracting collection services.
•
Competitive procurement of a MSW collection services contract.
•
Strategies involved with the competitive bid process.
•
Fundamentals of one-stage versus two-stage competitive bid/proposal process.
•
Elements of a request for qualifications (RFQ).
•
Elements of a request for proposal (RFP).
•
Elements of a collection contract.
•
Contract preparation.
•
Contract management during startup tasks.
•
Contract management of on-going activities.
b. Understand the competitive bid/proposal process.
c. Ensure compliance with contracts.
Collections_BOK_Report__Final
3-26
RESULTS
Table 3-8. Required Knowledge and Understanding for Job Domain 6 Job Domain: Develop effective health and safety measures for employees and the public. Specific Domain Task
To be qualified for the given task, an individual should have understanding or knowledge of:
a. Recognize the importance of
•
How health and safety measures can improve public image.
health and safety in the area of MSW collection.
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How protecting employee health and safety shows respect for employees.
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Legal responsibilities associated with health and safety.
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Importance of environmental protection.
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Reasons common accidents and injuries occur.
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Common injuries associated with different systems.
b. Consider the worker safety associated with automatic, semiautomatic, and manual collection systems when designing a collection system.
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Common injuries associated with different equipment.
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Ways to minimize associated injuries.
c. Develop and implement
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Available training programs.
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The importance of making training programs convenient for employees.
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Importance of reporting and recording accidents.
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Potential sources or causes of litter.
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Containers that minimize litter.
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Methods of controlling vector attraction.
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Importance of employee awareness of litter.
effective health and safety training programs for employees. d. Control litter during MSW collection.
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Table 3-9. Required Knowledge and Understanding for Job Domain 7 Job Domain: Implement educational campaigns for the public. Specific Domain Task
To be qualified for the given task, an individual should have understanding or knowledge of:
a. Recognize the benefits of
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How public education increases participation rates.
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How public education minimizes setout of non-recyclables.
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How public education minimizes setout of prohibited waste.
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How public education improves drop-off participation.
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How community-based social marketing is used to understand recycling behavior.
b. Prioritize what information
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Types of information that should be communicated.
should be conveyed to the public.
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Appropriate level of information that should be communicated.
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Effective communication styles and media options.
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How to effectively communicate with public officials.
c. Develop ways to evaluate the
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How to assess customer opinion of educational campaigns.
effectiveness of educational campaigns.
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How to administer public surveys following educational campaigns.
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Determining response through resulting changes in participation rates and setout compliance.
public education.
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Table 3-10. Required Knowledge and Understanding for Job Domain 8 Job Domain: Provide public outreach and involvement. Specific Domain Task
To be qualified for the given task, an individual should have understanding or knowledge of:
a. Provide effective customer
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service consistent with the services provided.
Importance of involving the public in the designing of collection system.
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Importance of maintaining communication with customers.
b. Effectively handle complaints
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Methods of requesting feedback.
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How to make it easy for customers to give feedback.
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Importance of showing appreciation for feedback.
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Importance of a timely response to complaints.
c. Consider different media
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The effectiveness of the available media options.
options for communicating with the public.
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How to communicate with those in charge of media options.
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Effective communication techniques.
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The timeliness of different media options.
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Contact information of those in charge of media options.
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How to determine the urgency of different emergency situations.
from customers.
d. Communicate with the public during emergency situations.
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3.2.3
Body of Knowledge
The detailed statements of knowledge and understanding needed for the specific domain tasks were then reorganized and combined as needed to provide one list of eight comprehensive knowledge statements that represent the body of knowledge for Managing MSW Collection Systems. A MSW collection system manager should know the following: 1. The major components of an MSW collection system’s design, including service area, routes, available facilities, regulatory requirements, and waste projections and how these components can be integrated as part of an effective collection system. 2. The different MSW collection methods, systems, and equipment, and how they are integrated with available MSW management facilities and are consistent with the goals of the MSW collection program. 3. The major elements of an MSW collection system’s costs, the relative impact that each of these elements has on total system cost, and different system funding methods and mechanisms. 4. Methods to improve MSW collection system efficiency and understanding how different performance measures such as benchmarking can be used to evaluate system efficiency. 5. Methods to develop collection franchising contracts, techniques for maximizing compliance with collection contracts, the benefits and drawbacks of these contracts, and how to evaluate public versus private collection deliveries. 6. Health and safety procedures and training needs for personnel involved in MSW collections how these procedures protect the health and safety of the employee and the public. 7. The importance of MSW collection educational campaigns, strategies to implement these campaigns and the benchmarks that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the educational campaign. 8. How public outreach and involvement can be used to communicate the details of the collection services provided, how they are provided, the benefits of participation in the program, and how public outreach and involvement can improve the image of the MSW collection system.
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