trees and forests

Page 1

Trees and forest

The world’s largest plants • 3 main criteria (characteristics) to label something as a tree are:  1) perennial (live more then a few years)  2) Must have a self supporting trunk  3) Must be made of woody material Click here

3 parts of a tree  1) Crown- consists of branches and leaves. It supplies food and ability to breath.  2) Trunk- The woody part that provides strength and height.  3) Roots- Provide minerals for growth and water  Draw a tree and label these three parts

The leafan introduction • The leaf 1) allow the tree to breath 2) helps provide food 3) releases O2 for us to breath

The crown • The crown has 2 parts: foliage and branches. • Foliage ( leaves) provides: food and breathing for the tree. • Trees need Carbon Dioxide (co2) to make food. As a result it releases Oxygen(o2) as waste.

The woody trunk •      

A tree cookie is a cross section of a tree trunk. Each section has a specific name and function 1) Inner bark- a protective shell like skin 2) Cambium- only area of growth. New cells are made here and looks yellowish brown. 3) Phloem (inner bark) - transports food down from the leaves to the rest of the tree. 4) Sapwood (xylem)- brings minerals and water from the roots up to the leaves 5) Heartwood- provides strength for the tree 6) Outer Bark- Seals in water and blocks out insects and disease

The crown 2•

Photosynthesis: How the leaf creates sugars by combining sun light, carbon dioxide and water with a chemical, inside the leaf, called CHLOROPHYLL.

Transpiration is when water is lost from the leaves

chlorophyll

The roots • These act as an anchor • The draw water and minerals from the soil • Help stop erosion • Have a sharing relationship with certain fungus

Main forms or shapes

Excurrent

Columnar

• There are 3 main forms of trees: • 1) Excurrent- solid trunk that has branches that start large Decurrent at the bottom and become smaller as it goes up. • 2) Decurrent- Trunk goes partway up then branches begin • 3) Columnar- Branches and foliage row only from the top

Two main tree groupings • Deciduous

Coniferious

Broad flat leaves

Leaves

Flowers

Make food

Lose leaves in fall

Foliage

Mostly decurrent

Roots

Mostly Excurrent

The Larch is both (tamarack)

Evergreen

Lots of water loss

Plants

Trunk

Needle leaves Cones

Deciduous

Lose small amount of leaves all year

Little water loss

Coniferious

Parts of a Leaf • Blade- The body of the leaf. It is used in photosynthesis) • Apex- The tip of the leaf • Margin- The outer edge of the leaf • Petiole- long narrow stem. It holds the leaf to the branch. • Midrib (mid-vein)- Center of the leaf. It brings water from the trunk to the leaf and food from the leaf to the tree. • Base- connects the leaf to the petiole

Leaves can be classified how the petiole is attached Simple leaves = single petiole attached to a single base Compound Leaves = more then one blade for a petiole Double Compound Leaves = petiole with other petioles attaching them Needle leaves = long thin and pointed. 2 types square and flat.

The Shape of a blade can help classify it.

oval What are these? <----

• • • • • • • • •

Linear Oblong Oval Cordate Lobed Deltoid Orbicular 4 sided needle Flattened needle

The shape of the margin can help classify leaves • • • •

Smooth Fine toothed Course toothed Scalloped or wavy

Leaf classification based on arrangement of leaves • Opposite

Alternate

• Whorl

Basal

Needle leaf classification based on arrangement • • • • •

Bundle of 2 Bundle of 5 Single on a twig Scale like Clusters

Using a dichotomous key • A key works by looking for the characteristics of something and following a branch until you end up with the information you need

Using a dichotomous key 2

A closer look at the tree cookie- Tree cookies can tell the life of a tree

Explain this cookie?

Section of bark damages

• •

Thick rings high growth (lots of sun and water) thin rings slow growth(drought)

Burn DamageLong rings that are scarred

Narrow holes through rows or rings(insects bore through)

Uneven growth rings- Something blocked the sun from one side

Types of tree bark

Scaly pathes

Vertical

• Vertical Scaly

Vertical

Horizontal

The levels of a forest • Upper Canopy- Top layer where birds nest and leaves grow. • Understory- Many insect small mammals and animals that need shelter live here • Underbush- Shrubbery layer- Ferns and younger trees, mammals like rabbits and deer live here • Forest floor- Ground cover and soil. Worms insects, decomposers burrowing creatures found here.

Biotic and Abiotic • Biotic means living or once living things (producers, consumers and decomposers) • Abiotic means never living yet essential for life for others creatures (Water minerals air and sunlight)

Biotic Factors • Producers- green plant life that collects energy from the sun. • Primary consumers- Herbivores or plant eaters that eat only plants for energy and building material. • Secondary consumers- there are 2 type: – Carnivores- Meat eaters who eat other animals – Omnivores- meat and plant eaters Decomposers- creatures or plants that eat dead or dieing material

Examples of Biotic factors

• Producers

Herbivores

Carnivores

Examples of Biotic factors

• Omnivores

Decomposers and scavengers

Transfer of energy • Food chains- They show a simple way that energy is transferred from producer, herbivore and secondary consumers • Food webs- Shows how many ways energy can be collected from many producers and consumers. It shows how interconnected many animals are.

Abiotic Factors • Water, minerals in the soil, air, and sunlight are needed for life to exist. They provide the necessary physical needs for life. These things are recycled though time and are reused. • The three we need to know are: Nutrient, Water and Oxygen

Nutrient cycle • Not only is energy transmitted from creature to creature, the nutrients to build and repair their bodies are also transferred. Once used, decomposers break them down and return them to the soil for plants

Water cycle • • • • • • •

Water is recycled in nature. It is used and moved through the system in a cycle also. Precipitation- water that fall from the clouds in liquid, mist or solid form Evaporation-Water, with the help of the sun’s radiant heat, become a vapor and rises Condensation- evaporated water vapor that sticks together as clouds until it becomes heavy Absorption- water that is sucked up by plants’ roots, soil, and animals. Respiration- water released from animals when they breath Urination- water that animals release that carry poisons from the body

Oxygen cycle

• Every molecule of oxygen has at one time been either in an animal or in a plant. Through respiration animals release carbon dioxide as waste and take in oxygen. Plants, on the other hand need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen as waste, called transpiration.

Forest succession

• Forests have not always been forests. Like other living things they go through birth and renewal and death From fields

from ponds

from rocky areas

• From fields 1) A field exists with grass and flowers. 2) Seeds from trees that love lots of sun are blown in, washed in, bought in by animals or travel underground from shoots 3) Aspen, Poplar and Lodgepole dominate 4)As older trees dies spruce trees ( and young trees who need less light at a young age) grow in their shades

• From ponds: – 1) a pond with high banks exist – 2) Small water plants dies and sink to the bottom making it shallow – 3)Willows and other moisture loving trees take root soaking up more water – 4) as the pond becomes more shallow willow trees more further into it – 5) Aspen trees, that need less water start to grow

• From rocky areas – 1) bare rock area exists – 2) Soil is brought in by wind and water and fills in cracks in rocks – 3) Lichen and mosses grow and die on the rocks providing more soil – 4) Small plants and bushes take root in the thin soil and die to provide new soil – 5) sun loving trees such as Aspen grow provding shade

Using our forests • Forest biomes have many uses: – Personal – – – –

Camping Hiking Woodworking Pencils

– commercial – Paper – Furniture – Jobs – Forest protection – biologists

Conservation • What is this cartoon telling us?

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