The History of Migration Bulgaria – Germany – Romania Written by students of the KA2 project “Becoming a multicultural European” funded by the EU, VG-S2S-K-NW-16-26-023101
Coordinating school: Kaufmannsschule II, Hagen, Germany Partner schools: General Secondary School Vasil Levski, Dolni chiflik, Bulgaria Liceul Teoretic Nichita Stȃnescu, Bucharest, Romania
Project blog: http://beamulticulturaleuropean.blogspot.de/
0 Foreword .............................................................................................................................................. 3 1
Definition of Migration .................................................................................................................... 3
2 Migration .............................................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Immigration and emigration ......................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Push factors ............................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Pull factors ..................................................................................................................................... 6 3 Illustrated history of Bulgaria, Germany and Romania (1800-2017) ................................................... 7 3.1 European maps 1800-1899 ........................................................................................................... 7 3.2 European maps 1900-1999 ........................................................................................................... 9 3.2.1 The years 1900-1914 .............................................................................................................. 9 3.2.2 The years 1918-1939 ............................................................................................................ 10 3.2.3 The years 1945-1989 ............................................................................................................ 12 3.2.4 The years 1989-1999 ............................................................................................................ 15 3.3 European maps 2000-2017 ......................................................................................................... 16 3.3.1 The years 2000-2006 ............................................................................................................ 16 3.3.2 The years 2007-2013 ............................................................................................................ 17 3.3.3 The years 2014-2017 ............................................................................................................ 17 4 Migration in focus............................................................................................................................... 18 4.1 Bulgaria ........................................................................................................................................ 18 4.1.1 The years 1800-1899 ............................................................................................................ 18 4.1.2 The years 1900-1999 ............................................................................................................ 18 4.1.3 The years 2000-2017 ............................................................................................................ 21 4.2 Germany ...................................................................................................................................... 22 4.2.1 The years 1800-1899 ............................................................................................................ 22 4.2.2 The years 1900-1999 ............................................................................................................ 23 4.2.3 The years 2000-2017 ............................................................................................................ 25 4.3 Romania....................................................................................................................................... 26 4.3.2 The years 1900-1999 ............................................................................................................ 27 4.3.3 The years 2000-2017 ............................................................................................................ 31 5. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 34 Disclaimer .............................................................................................................................................. 35 Editor’s Note.......................................................................................................................................... 35
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0 Foreword This ebook was researched and written during the first stage of the project “Becoming a multicultural European� by Bulgarian, German and Romanian students working on the project. The idea of this ebook is to look at history together rather than from a national perspective. In her article "Migration: Europe's absent history" lecturer Dr. Imke Sturm-Martin has pointed out that there is no common European history of migration yet (published in Eurozine.com). We have made a humble start to change this.
We realised that it is also important to look at important events in history in order to understand migration. This is why this ebook also includes some information on history. However the book begins with the definition of important concepts.
1 Definition of Migration The students realised that for this project migration can only be defined as leaving your own country.
It is the movement of a person or a group of people to settle in another place often across a political or administrative boundary. Migration can be temporal or permanent, and it may be voluntary or forced.
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To find out the reasons for migration one needs to answer these two questions: 
What makes emigrants decide to leave their countries of origin?

What attracts immigrants to the countries of destination?
2 Migration 2.1 Immigration and emigration There are two important terms that relate to migration:
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Immigration (people coming in from elsewhere) and emigration (people leaving their home country). Immigration is when people move from other places into a place to settle. Such migrants are called immigrants. Emigration is when people move out to new places, and the migrants involved are called emigrants. Human migration is the movement by people from one place to another with the intention of settling permanently in the new location. People often move over long distances and from one country to another. Migration can take place by individuals, family units or in large groups. Migration is not a new thing — it is known historically that people have always had migratory lifestyles. There is enough evidence that people have moved from far-away places to inhabit new areas. In more recent years, such as the Industrial revolution period (1843-1939), over 50 million people left Europe for the USA, Canada, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The concept is very similar today. In fact, people find it easier to move because of the availability of efficient transport, way-finding technology, improved communications, media, and information, even though new policies, laws and controls in entry points are much more rigorous than ever before.
2.2 Push factors There are several reasons to leave the own country or to move to another country. These are the so called push or pull factors. Push factors are those that force the individual to move compulsory and leave their home. Pull factors are those factors in the destination country that attract the individual or group to live in a new country. The main push factors are: 1. Poor economic activity and lack of job opportunities, 2. war, 3. discriminating cultures, 4. not enough jobs, 5. few opportunities, 6. inadequate conditions, 7. political fear or persecution, 8. forced labour, 9. poor medical care, 5
10. loss of wealth, 11. natural disasters, 12. death threats, 13. desire for more political or religious freedom, 14. pollution, 15. poor housing, 16. landlord/tenant issues, 17. bullying, 18. discrimination and 19. poor chances of marrying.
2.3 Pull factors The pull factors will be individual, however there seem to be some which are shared by many migrants: 1. Better paid job, 2. better infrastructure, 3. attractive environments, 4. more fertile land, 5. religious tolerance, 6. higher wages, 7. political stability and peace and 8. low risk for natural catastrophes.
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3 Illustrated history of Bulgaria, Germany and Romania (1800-2017) This section will go through the history of the three participating countries thus trying to tell the common history of migration embedded in some information about historical developments. The team has decided to start in 1800 as we want to concentrate on modern developments which students can relate to.
3.1 European maps 1800-1899
Source: http://www.amitm.com/thecon/1850.jpg
Germany was governed by the French under Napoleon and the people wanted one united German state. In the years 1814/1815 the French rule ended so the small German states and their monarchies were restored. In 1848 the March revolution began. It was the beginning of the establishment of the German national state. The 2nd German Reich was ruled by Kaiser Wilhelm I and the Chancellor was Bismarck from 1871.
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In the beginning of the 19th century Bulgarian lands and huge part of the Balkans had been under Ottoman power for nearly 400 years. Despite of numerous efforts for the liberation of Bulgarians the Ottoman rule remained stable. After the Russo-Turkish war 1877/78 parts of Bulgarian lands were liberated after nearly 500 years of Ottoman oppression. According to the Treaty of the congress of Berlin in 1878 the Principality of Bulgaria (northern Bulgaria) and autonomous province of Eastern Roumelia (larger part of southern Bulgaria) were created. Swabian German settlers from various settlements in Banat founded the town Iohanisfeld (Timis county) in 1805. It established Russian military administration in Moldavia and in Romanian country in 1806, in 1812 it ended and then it started again from 1828 to 1834. It established the Turkish military government in Moldavia and in the Romanian country in 1821 and it ended in 1822. In 1829 Russia and Turkey signed “The peace treaty of Adrianopoleâ€? which demanded that Moldavia and Romania were to be freed from Ottoman rule. In 1845 German emigrants from WĂźrttemberg settled in Transylvania.
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3.2 European maps 1900-1999 3.2.1 The years 1900-1914
Source: http://www.mapsofworld.com/world-history-maps/europe-history-maps1900.html# The beginning of the 20th century in Germany saw the end of the monarchy. Germany had become one of the most influential industrial nations within Europe and “Made in Germany� began to be used as a sign of quality. Until the end of WW I Germany was reigned by a Kaiser who was also a political and religious leader. Parliament had restricted powers. 1885 - the Unification of Bulgaria - the Principality of Bulgaria and province of Eastern Rumelia became one state under the rule of Bulgarian prince Alexander I. In1908 Bulgaria rejected its virtual dependence from Ottoman sultan and became Tsardom (Kingdom) of Bulgaria ruled by Tsar Ferdinand I. From the beginning of the 20th century Bulgaria and the other Balkan states were preparing for a war against the Ottoman Empire.
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1912-1913 Balkan wars - the united powers of Balkan states defeated the Ottoman Empire and gained most of their territories on the peninsula. Bulgaria expanded its territories south east and southwest. The first modern Romanian state emerged in 1859 through a personal union between principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The Kingdom of Romania began on 13 March 1881 with the reign of King Carol I of Romania who gained Romanian's independence from the Ottoman Empire in the Romanian War of Independence (part of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877/1878), and ended with the abdication of King Michael I of Romania on 30 December 1947, imposed by the Soviet Union with the tacit and secret implicit consent of its allies (as a result of the Yalta Conference and secret agreements).
3.2.2 The years 1918-1939
Source: http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/euro1935.htm
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In 1919 the Weimar Republic was founded – the first democratic state on German territory. After a while Germany lived through the so-called Golden Twenties which were followed by a world economic crisis. In 1933 the Nationalsocialist Party under Adolf Hitler gained power, changed the state to a totalitarian regime and started discriminating against anyone they did not approve of. 1914-18. As a part of the Central powers (headed by the German empire) Bulgaria lost World War I. Parts of its southern, western and northern territories were taken in favour of its neighbouring countries. There weren't any political and territorial changes until WW II. In 1916 Romania entered World War I on the Entente side. Romania engaged in a conflict against Bulgaria but as a result Bulgarian forces, after a series of successful battles, regained Dobruja, which had been previously ceded from Bulgaria by the treaty of Bucharest and the Berlin congress. Although the Romanian forces did not fare well militarily, by the end of the war the Austrian and Russian empires were gone; governing bodies created in Transylvania, Bessarabia and Bukovina chose union with Romania, upheld in 1919 the Treaty of Saint-Germain and in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon. In 1918, at the end of the First World War, Transylvania, Bessarabia and Bucovina united with the Kingdom of Romania (The Great Union of 1918). This union was ratified in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon, the Treaty of Versailles and the Treaty of Saint Germain. Romania also annexed the Cadrilater, after the defeat of Bulgaria in 1913 during the Second Balkan War. Thus, the surface and population of Romania doubled in only 5 years, and most importantly, the entire Romanian people was first included among the borders of a single state.
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3.2.3 The years 1945-1989
Source: http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/euro1970.htm After World War II Germany was divided into two countries: the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic. Berlin was a divided city which was famous for the Berlin Wall (built in 1963). The Federal Republic of Germany formed a capitalist society while Eastern Germany became a communist country. The most important event was German unification on 3 October 1989 after the fall of the communist regimes. 1939-1945. During World War II Bulgaria was an ally in the Axis (German Reich, Italy, Japanese empire).With German support initially Bulgaria regained some of the lost territories in the south, the west and the north. But finally as a defeated country these territories were lost again (except southern Dobrugja).
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In September 1944 the Soviet Union's red army invaded Bulgaria. The political system in the country changed abruptly. In the next few years Bulgaria became part of the communist states led by the Soviet Union. In 1955 the Warsaw pact was founded - amilitary alliance of the communist countries, as an alternative to NATO. Bulgaria was one of its founders. Faced with dissatisfaction with public opinion and the protests of political leaders due to territorial concessions and chaotic retreat from Bessarabia, King Carol II appoints the General Ion Antonescu as Prime Minister. This, supported by the Iron Guard, asks the King to suspend the Constitution of Romania and then to abdicate in favor of his son, Mihai. After the coup succeeded, Antonescu assumes dictatorial powers and proclaims the Head of State. Antonescu acquires Hitler's support by promulgating Romania's participation in the anti-Soviet war. In 1941, as an ally of Germany, Romania declares war to the Soviet Union under the pretext of recovering the lost territories. Romania enters the war on the side of Germany and invades the USSR, managing to free Basarabia in the summer of 1941. Despite the position of the political leaders to stop at the former Romanian frontiers, and faithful to the promises to Hitler, Antonescu continues the military actions in the Ukrainian and Russian territories. In this respect, Romania became the main ally of Germany in Eastern Europe, supplying significant quantities of oil, wheat and other resources and sending over 800,000 troops to the eastern front. By eliminating Antonescu's regime on 23 August 1944 (when King Mihai I decided to dismiss and arrest Ion Antonescu and the return of weapons to the powers of the Axis), Romania recovers the north of Transylvania, as recorded and finalized by the Paris Peace Treaty on 10 February 1947. The territories of the former Great Romanians that are no longer part of Romania are: Basarabia, the northern half of Bucovina, the HerĹŁa county, the Cadrilater and the Snake Island. Borders of Romania have never changed again since then. Although the Romanian army paid a heavy toll of blood in the struggle against Germany, the Paris Peace Conference (1946/1947) did not recognize Romania's cobelligerent status, being treated as a defeated state. According to an understanding among the great powers - the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain - Romania, together with other central and south-east European states, fell into Soviet domination sphere, which would influence her historical destiny for four long decades Establishment of the first communist-controlled government under Petru Groza's leadership on March 6, 1945. King Mihai was forced by the Soviet Union representatives in Romania to appoint this government. The most prominent Soviet representative was Andrei Vasinski, Deputy Foreign Minister, he threatened the king that if he does not appoint a pro-communist government, many young people arrested by the Soviet army between November 1944 and February 1945 would be executed. Communists have thus taken over executive power (the government).
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The November 1946 general elections took place in a climate of terror created by the Communist forces and their allies. These elections were falsified by changing the results of the elections at the central level. Therefore, the communist alliance won over 70% of the votes. In reality, the elections were won by P.N.T. with 78%. These data were announced by national peasants at the same time as official data, using the polling stations in the country. Thus, the Communists took over the legislative power (the parliament) in 1947, a lawsuit against the leaders of democratic parties (most importantly P.N.T) was filed against the accusation of betrayal and plot against state order. Members and sympathizers of P.N.T. were persecuted and arrested by the communists leading to the dissolution of P.N.T. On December 30, 1947 the Communist authority led by Gheorghiu Dej and Petru Groza forced King Michael I to sign an abdication act. The King was threatened with death and blackmailed with the execution of a large number of political prisoners in prisons arrested between 1945 and 1946. The King was allowed to leave with his mother and a few close relatives. On the same day, the Communist authorities proclaimed the Romanian People's Republic. Thus, the communists removed the last institution that reminded of the democratic regime, the monarchy, the guarantor of the constitution. During its entire existence, the Communist regime between 1945 and 1989 was subordinated to the Soviet Union, Romania being an international level in the sphere of Soviet influence.
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3.2.4 The years 1989-1999
Source: http://www.euratlas.net/history/hisatlas/europe/199890EP.html In those years Germany was making necessary transformations after unification. Moreover the country was involved in the transformation of the European Community to the European Union and preparing the launch of the Euro. Many resettlers from former communist countries came to live in Germany. After 45 years of communist regime in 1989 Bulgaria (as well as the other European communist countries) underwent a change of the political system. The dominant position of the communist party was renounced. The country became a multiparty, democratic state. But this change was also a beginning of severe economic, demographic and social crisis and corruption, which are the main reasons for emigration. The significant political changes in Europe during 1990s were reflected in Bulgaria. Suffering the hard transformation from communist into free market economy, the country
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declared its intention to become a member of the EU and NATO. Negotiations were officially started about these issues.
3.3 European maps 2000-2017 3.3.1 The years 2000-2006
Source: http://russia-insider.com/en/myth-nato-must-be-europe/ri7509 After 2002, a qualitatively different period came about: travel regulations were less restrictive and Romanian and Bulgarian citizens were able to travel to Western Europe without visa requirements.
In 2004 Bulgaria and Romania became members of the NATO.
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The number of Bulgarian nationals living in Germany almost quadrupled between 2004 and 2013. A further increase was observed over the first few months of 2014. By the end of April 2014 there were 159,000 Bulgarians and 295,000 Romanians living in Germany.
3.3.2 The years 2007-2013
Source: http://www.learneurope.eu/index.php/en/temas/history/ On 1 January 2007 Bulgaria and Romania joined the European Union.
3.3.3 The years 2014-2017 In 2014 the citizens of Bulgaria and Romania are granted the right of freedom of movement. The population in Germany is 82.2 million inhabitants. Of those 8.7 million are foreigners and of those 82.2 million inhabitants 17.1 million have a migrational background. Most immigrants came from these top five countries: First one is Syria with 327,000 thousand immigrants, second one is Romania with 213,000 immigrants, third one is Poland with 196,000 thousand immigrants, the penultimate country with the largest number of immigrants is Afghanistan with 94,000. The last one is Bulgaria with 84,000 thousand immigrants.
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4 Migration in focus 4.1 Bulgaria 4.1.1 The years 1800-1899 Bulgarian emigration in Europe The first reports of Bulgarians living in other European countries are from the Renaissance period. One must not overlook the fact that during this period some newcomers do not have the feeling of national self-consciousness, which also hinders their discovery. Some of them change their names and just disappear from the archives. There are also separate reports of returning to the country, which are rare. The Bulgarian Empire was in contact with the German-speaking lands in medieval times, though the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans in the 14th and 15th centuries severed those ties. In the 16th century, Bulgarian Orthodox clerics were known to have been in contact with the German Lutherans and by the 18th century Bulgarian merchants in Leipzig were distinguished from other Balkan Christian merchants. It was not until the 19th century, however, that German-Bulgarian ties became once again more pronounced, and this was mainly owing to education. In 1825–1831, Bulgarian enlightener Petar Beron studied at the University of Heidelberg, while from 1845 to 1847 journalist and linguist Ivan Bogorov was a student at the University of Leipzig. From 1846 to 1847 Bogorov published the first Bulgarian newspaper, Bulgarian Eagle, from Leipzig. After the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878, the German Empire continued to be a centre of higher education for Bulgarians, and hundreds of Bulgarian students were sent to Germany on state scholarships by the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia (pre-1885). German universities were, together with universities in Switzerland, only second to those of Russia and Austria-Hungary among the most favoured foreign educational institutions for Bulgarians. Associations of Bulgarian students were formed in Leipzig, Berlin, Munich, Dresden, Heidelberg, Erlangen, Halle an der Saale and Freiburg im Breisgau in the late 19th and early 20th century.
4.1.2 The years 1900-1999 Following the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878 and its restoration as a sovereign monarchy, all four Bulgarian monarchs were of German descent: Prince Alexander I Battenberg, as well as Ferdinand,
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Boris III and Simeon II, all three of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. German intellectuals, such as architects Friedrich Grunanger and Viktor Rumpelmayer, arrived in Bulgaria to foster its cultural development.
Until World War II, there also existed a small but notable rural German population in several villages scattered in northern Bulgaria. Banat Swabians (part of the larger group of the Danube Swabians) began to settle in the village of Bardarski Geran, Vratsa Province, beginning with seven families in 1893, with their total number later exceeding 90 families. In 1936, they numbered 282. In Bardarski Geran, the Germans built a separate Neo-Gothic Roman Catholic church around 1930 due to conflicts with the local Banat Bulgarians, who had founded the village in 1887. In 1932, a German school was established in Bardarski Geran. In its peak year, 1935, it had a total of 82 students of whom 50 were Germans and 32 were Bulgarians.
Other Danube Swabian colonists from the Banat settled in another Banat Bulgarian village, Gostilya, Pleven Province, as well as in Voyvodovo, Vratsa Province, which they shared with Evangelist Czechs, Slovaks and Banat Bulgarians. Another notable German colony was Tsarev Brod (old name Endzhe), Shumen Province, founded before 1899,where the Germans lived with many other nationalities and had a private German school. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was inhabited by around 70 German families, and consisted of Dobrujan Germans, Bessarabia Germans and Banat Swabians. On the eve of World War II, Germans in Tsarev Brod constituted the bulk of the village's 420 Catholic parishioners.
A German community was also present in Southern Dobruja, a region before 1913 and since 1940 part of Bulgaria, and particularly in the village of Ali Anife (Kalfa), today Dobrevo, Dobrich Province, which was inhabited by Dobrujan Germans since 1903 and in 1943 still had 150 Catholics. It was briefly named Germantsi (“Germans�) in the 1940s German sources list its population in 1939 as 285, of whom 129 were Germans. Those colonists came from modern Ukraine. They built a church described as a "magnificent Catholic place of worship unmatched in the district"; the church was inaugurated on 23 October 1911.
Besides rural populations, Germans also settled in Bulgaria's larger cities as part of the group of the so-called "Lower Danubian Levantines", the Western and Central Europeans in the vibrant port and merchant cities of northern Bulgaria, such as Ruse, Varna, Veliko Tarnovo, Svishtov and Vidin. In the 1860s and 70s, the Austrian citizens in Ruse numbered 200-300. The first Bulgarian census in 1883 counted 476 Germans in Ruse alone, making them the fifth-largest ethnic group in that city.
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The bulk of the German population in Bulgaria was resettled within the borders of the Third Reich according to Hitler's “Heim ins Reich� policy. As a result, 2,150 ethnic German Bulgarian citizens were deported from the country in 1943, including 164 from Bardarski Geran and 33 from Gostilya. Only a handful of Bulgaria's rural German population remained: for example, in 2003 there were only two elderly German women remaining in Bardarski Geran, Maria Dauerbach and Franziska Welsch; they had not been deported because they had married local Bulgarians.
The Bulgarian-German Association was established in Berlin on 16 February 1918 and had branches in many German cities. Educational ties were preserved after World War I: in 1926/1927 alone, 302 people from Bulgaria studied in Germany.
Today, there are Bulgarian Orthodox parishes in Berlin, Leipzig, Dusseldorf, Cologne, Bonn, Munich, Stuttgart, Regensburg and Passau, with a bishop's seat and cathedral in Berlin.
From the early 1990s Western Europe began to attract Bulgarian Turks or the first time in their social history. Migration to Germany, in particular, was initiated by those Bulgarian Turks who, for various reasons, were unable to join the first massive migration wave to Turkey in 1989 or who were part of the subsequent return wave which was dissatisfied with the conditions of life or the social adjustment prospects there. The majority of Turks from Bulgaria migrated to Germany in the 1990s asylum regime, which provided generous social benefits.
Bulgarian Turks are to be found predominantly in the less protected sectors of the German labour market associated with ethnic businesses that require higher flexibility and tougher working conditions. They appear to rely for employment predominantly on co-ethnic networks established by German Turks. The majority of this group of Turks is relatively new in Germany which now consists of regular migrants who legalised their status largely through marriages of convenience to German citizens. Some members of this group have managed to bring their children to Germany whilst there is also a smaller number of people who have given birth in Germany.
Romania ruled the Bulgarian-majority Southern Dobruja between 1913 and 1940, when it was ceded back to Bulgaria, with a population exchange between the Bulgarians of Northern Dobruja and the Romanian colonists in Southern Dobruja. Today, as an officially-recognized ethnic minority, Bulgarians have one seat reserved in the Romanian Chamber of Deputies. There exist several
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organizations of the Bulgarians in Romania such as Union of Banat Bulgarians, the Federation of Bulgarian communities in Romania, the Association of Bulgarians “Together”.
4.1.3 The years 2000-2017
The Republic of Bulgaria is famous for its numerous natural resources, hospitality, the Bulgarian rose and the large number of immigrants in recent years. This is due to the economic crisis that may have never left the country after overcoming communism. Another reason for the Bulgarians to leave their country is "the widespread disappointment of several successive governments, corruption and the country's inability to get rid of Soviet influence." The bad economic environment, low wages, corruption, bad educational system, bureaucracy are some of the many reasons for the trend in recent years to reduce the country's population.
The tendency in recent years is that an increasing proportion of graduates works outside of their education. BGN 867 is the average insured income of graduates in Bulgaria and the share of registered unemployed among them is 3.77%. The best graduates - almost 100% - have graduated in professional fields of medicine, pharmacy, dentistry and military, and the highest percentage of unemployed has graduated in the field of livestock breeding. By emigrating a large part, the graduates of the Republic of Bulgaria find realization in a much better environment with much better pay. More than 480,000 Bulgarians or 20% of working-age people emigrated abroad, the two most desirable destinations being Germany and Great Britain, according to data for 2013. Higher standards abroad and high pay for the majority are leading incentives, and also the desire to provide financial security for families and relatives. In 2013, the monthly income of Bulgarians abroad was 1,606 €, while in 2011 it was 896 € per month and in 2007 it was 810 €. Nearly one third of emigrants earn more than 2,000 € per month, and another 24 percent take between 1600 and 2000 €.
Bulgarians who wanted to move to another European country in 2011 compared to 2007 increased more than three times. While the emigrants, when Bulgaria joined the European Union, pointed out as a reason the professional realization and the family reasons, in order to establish abroad.
More than a decade after the peak of emigration from Bulgaria after the fall of communism, many of the most enterprising and educated young people in the country are still trying to find a better life abroad. Despite being qualified as economists, engineers or philologists, many of them eventually, at least begin with in-the-black jobs at farms or in hotels abroad. Despite the messages sent from home are often surprisingly cheerful, leaving their contemporaries behind, with a sense of missed 21
opportunity and even abandonment. The National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria puts the gross annual emigration after 1995 on average by 50,000 - about 0.6% of the current population. Some 40,000 Bulgarians are valued for those living in the UK alone. The search for visas is still growing. Many newspapers in Bulgaria advertise "secured visa" services, often fraudulent, to which some candidates are willing to spend up to six months' salary. According to a recent study by students in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, it is estimated that 15% of them plan to leave the country, but
in
smaller
towns
and
villages
the
figure
is
probably
much
higher.
Most of the workforce who wanted to leave Bulgaria did not wait for the country to join the EU. The first great outflow was born when the socialist regime collapsed in 1989. This wave of emigrants consists mainly of whole families. They are settling in the United States, France or other European countries to start a new life, never to return to Bulgaria again.
4.2 Germany 4.2.1 The years 1800-1899 In 1800 the German state was governed by the French under Napoleon. The people wanted one united German state – and not many small kingdoms anymore. The years 1814/1815 saw the end of French rule. Small German states and their monarchies were restored and assembled. In 1848 the March revolution took place to introduce more democratic values. It was the beginning to establish a German national state. In 1871 Kaiser Wilhelm I became emperor of the second German Reich. The chancellor was Bismarck. During this time the most popular destination for migrants was America, because the States needed workers. Other countries people emigrated to were Argentina, Russia and Australia. The year 1817 was a famine year. Mostly people from the south-east of Germany emigrated. In 1820 Germans from the Hunsrßck emigrated to Brazil. There were a million emigrants from 1846 to 1857 and 1864 to 1873. After 1890 there was less emigration and industrialization. In 1848 people from southern Germany (who were not allowed to immigrate to Prussia) emigrated to Transsylvania, Romania. The push factors were bad government, no freedom of thinking, not enough food, many taxes and wars. The pull factors were freedom, climbing the social ladder, no taxes, no military service and cheap land. There was a strong cooperation between Bulgaria and Germany in the area of education. From 1879 to 1899 there were 101 Bulgarian students in Germany. German universities were popular among 22
Bulgarian students. They mainly studied in these cities: Leipzig, Berlin, Munich, Dresden, Heidelberg, Erlangen, Halle, Freiburg, Leipzig. Some of Bulgarian tsars were of German origin (Sachse-Coburg-Gotha). Moreover Friedrich GrĂźnanger and Viktor Rumpelmayer were two architects who worked in Bulgaria.
4.2.2 The years 1900-1999 Before WWI there was a strict control of work immigrants who had to go home in winter, those were Polish workers. During the war German industry relied on foreign workers. In the 1920s 200,000 to 300,000 foreign workers came to Germany. In the Weimar Republic there were many Russian immigrants and Jews from Eastern Europe, before the discrimination started. During WW II there were about 8 million foreign workers from 26 nations, mainly refugees, forced workers, prisoners of war and displaced persons. The following statistic shows the development of migration between 1989 and 1996 by country. The red colour shows migrants from Poland, the orange stripe represents Russian migrants, the yellow colour tells us the number of immigrants from Romania and the colour green stands for other countries.
Source: http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/verlag/reports/swiac_au/swiac_au.htm
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After WW 2: refugees and resettlers from Eastern Europe: 130,000 Romanians (1950). After the end of communist rule in Romania: 60,000 -> Germany (1990)
Source: https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Aussiedler This graph shows how the numbers of resettlers from Romania are decreasing with time.
Numbers 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Numbers
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Emigration to Bulgaria Many Germans from other areas in Eastern Europe settled in Dobrevo. In 1939 there were 285 inhabitants, German origins129 in Dobrevo. In the 1940s the place was called Germantsi. Some more towns with German inhabitants: Russe, Varna, Veliko Tarnovo, Svitschtov, Vidin Many people of German origin were resettled during Nazi regime („Heim ins Reich“) 4.2.3 The years 2000-2017 In 2007 Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU. In 2014 there the freedom of movement was given to Bulgarian and Romanian citizens. In 2015 there were 82.2 million inhabitants in Germany. Among them were 8.7 million foreigners and 17.1 million people with a migrational background. The top five home countries of immigrants to in 2015 in Germany were: There were 327,000 immigrants and 10,000 emigrants from Syria; 213,000 immigrants and 127,000 emigrants from Romania; 196,000 immigrants and 132,000 emigrants from Poland; 94,000 immigrants and 5,000 emigrants from Afghanistan; 84,000 immigrants and 46,000 emigrants from Bulgaria. The following graph shows how few people resettled from Romania in these years.
The main German destinations for people from Romania and Bulgaria were Duisburg, Munich, Frankfurt am Main and Hamburg. Statistically more Bulgarians than Romanians are supported by social security. The pull factor were higher wages. Highly-qualified workers are interested in migrating to Germany. They work in agriculture, the service industry, restaurants or as doctors.
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The yellow line represents Bulgaria, the blue line represents Romania and the red line shows the number of all the immigrants who came to Germany.
4.3 Romania During 1800-1899, Romania has experienced various inflows of foreign population, inflows that have impacted to a lesser or greater extent on subsequent demographic, social, economic and political developments. These processes, of course, were not without critical moments (for example, the migratory waves that periodically transited Romania until the end of the Middle Ages). In our opinion, the way in which the immigration in Romania has taken place over time is faithfully reflected through the minorities that exist in our country. In this respect, the most relevant minorities are those of Albanians, Armenians, Bulgarians, Czechs, Croats, Germans, Greeks, Italians, Hungarians, Poles, Roma, Russians, Serbs, Slovaks, Ukrainians, Turks and Tartars.
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Source: https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_demografic%C4%83_a_Rom%C3%A2niei#Estim.C4.83ri_din_1866
4.3.2 The years 1900-1999 During the past century Romania has been mainly a country of emigration rather than immigration, with quite an impressive record regarding the number of persons subjected to the phenomenon of migration, with various and sometimes surprising migratory arrangements. As in other newestablished states in the region, migration in Romania was, at least until the early 1990s, closely linked to the ethnic minorities –which were mainly the first to emigrate, especially after the establishment of the communist rule: Germans, Jews, Armenians, Hungarians, Greeks, etc. These minorities were not simply refugees: they moved to countries where they had historical ties (e.g. Germany, Hungary, Israel, Greece, the US in the case of Armenians), both as a reaction to general and particular ethnic-based discrimination in Romania, and also in the hope for a safer and better life in the countries of their ancestors. The omnipresent political violence and physical deprivations, chiefly generated by an ineffective and totalitarian system, were further reasons for many Romanians to emigrate during and immediately after the demise of the Communist era.
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Aspects of migration before Communism What is defined as Romania, in its present-day shape, is actually a composition of various territories, former autonomous political entities, with different histories and a mosaic of nationalities: the result of wars, emigration and economic relations. Hungarians and Saxons in Transylvania, Jews in all regions, Armenians and Greeks in Moldova and Ţara Româneascã, Slovaks, Czechs and Ruthenians in Western Transylvania, Turks and Tatars in Dobrudja, and Roma, scattered all over the place; they all settled throughout the centuries in what came to be known as Romania The population increased from 4,800,000 in 1880 to 7,300,000 in 1913 - it doubled in less than 25 years -a demographic progress that stemmed out from economic development. In 1918, at the end of World War I, Romania was one of the largest sovereign territories of Central and Eastern Europe. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries Romania was predominantly a country of emigration. In this period, the first large-scale outflow occurred in the context of the great wave of Eastern European migration to North America. It was mostly the population of Transylvania (incorporated into Romania after 1918) that emigrated; in the first decade of the 20th century alone, 250,000 people from this province (with a total population of 4.8 million in 1900) emigrated to the United States, especially during the famous Gold Rush. Approximately 200,000 ethnic Hungarians left Transylvania (which had been passed from Hungarian to Romanian authority) between 1918 and 1922 Romania experienced large-scale population transfers. The bulk of the Jewish population living on Romania’s present territory was deported (by either Romanian or Hungarian authorities). Following the Second World War, approximately 70,000 ethnic Germans were deported to the Soviet Union, and many more were forcibly relocated within Romanian territory, in the plain of Bărăgan.
The Communist era (1947-1989) Between 1946 and 1948, immediately after the installation of the communist regime, a part of the political, economic and cultural elite managed to leave, although there are no exact figures. Moreover, most of the regime’s potential opponents ended up in prison. The forced migration went on for approximately 40 years. Moreover, dissidents and prospective protesters were encouraged, although not in an obvious way, to leave the country. The communists hoped they could minimize the impact that these protesters might have had in the population at large. Many members of these
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families, especially of the bourgeoisie, are currently either living abroad or share their time between Romania and another Western country, with dual nationality, so keeping count is extremely difficult. German Ministry of Interior Statistics show that between 1950 and 1989 approximately 240,000 Romanian citizens settled in Germany; even if Saxons and Swabians represented only 1.6% of the population in the 1977 census, they constituted 44% of the emigrant population between 1975 and 1989. Ethnic Hungarians were in a slightly different situation, considering that their home country was a communist state. However, beginning in 1985, Hungarians and Szeklers emigrated in increasing numbers across the border. In this case the vast majority of those leaving used mainly illegal (at that time) strategies such as crossing the green forest border with no papers, living in Hungary with no residence permit, etc. Obviously, this migration was not approved by the communist Romanian authorities, who were rather nervous about the latent negative effect of a potential big and uncontrolled migratory loss on the country’s international reputation and image.
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The wave of emigration from Romania presents two phases: the first between 1957 until 1965, with a peak of approximately 30,000 people leaving in this year. The trend decreased for a few years, after the so-called liberalization brought forward by the new management of the Romanian Communist Party and Nicolae Ceauşescu’s appointment to the party leadership. There was almost non-existent emigration in 1968, when many Romanians, especially intellectuals, were taken aback by Ceauşescu’s public condemnation of the invasion of Czechoslovakia. The phenomenon did not last, since what was believed to be a more liberal view of communism proved to be a hoax, and was soon followed by the adoption of the Asian communist models from China and North Korea. The results were multiple and multi-layered, with terrible effects on Romanian society –one being the increased wave of emigration, that reached its peak in 1989, with over 40,000 people legally escaping the system. One should also keep in mind the numerous defections (tourists travelling abroad who never returned). Some were translated into asylum applications in various OECD countries with a peak, again, in 1989.
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Migration after 1989
The migration phenomenon continued after 1989, although the conditions that led to the previous migration waves had either disappeared or were improving. On the other hand, the new political and economic circumstances generated other social prospects that were translated into three types of migration: the first is represented by the continued emigration to Western countries, although this was no longer political, but mainly economical; the second is represented by immigration. Romania had begun to be attractive, at least in the last five years, to nationals from third-party countries, and also to Westerners working in multinationals; last but not least, an initially unexpected phenomenon, one with the increased harsh employment in the urban areas, some people started to move back to the countryside, where they or their ancestors came from
4.3.3 The years 2000-2017
At the beginning of the 1990s Romania had a relatively modest level of immigration. Those immigrating to Romania during this time were mostly entrepreneurs, especially from Turkey, the Middle East (Syria, Jordan) and China. By 1996 only several hundred foreigners had been issued work permits; by the end of 2000 this number had grown to 1,580. Since then the number of foreigners with work permits has increased, from 3,678 in 2005 to 7,993 at the end of 2006.
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"The Western European countries with a large population (Germany, France, Spain and Italy) will remain in the same demographic, not because of the natural increase, but because of the positive migration growth. Maintaining the demographic size of these states is mainly due to Migratory flows from Central and Eastern European countries, as well as flows of migrants from outside Europe. " (1) According to the source, we can note that the Nordic states (Denmark, Sweden and the Baltic states), as well as the Central and East European countries (Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovenia), have significant decreases. The reality is that Romanians and Bulgarians are among the immigrant groups that are fastest on the German labour market. "It is true that immigration from the two countries has increased systematically, but it is maintained at a relatively normal level, as is the case with other countries." We cannot talk about an extraordinary situation, "said IAB expert Andreas Haputmann. "We insisted on the idea that there will come many people who cannot or do not want to work, but reality denies this slogan. The rate of those who find a job among migrants from Romania and Bulgaria is 62%, even above the average of immigrants EU, 55% .The main sectors in which they work are agriculture, gastronomy, construction and other economic services. "(2).
There are well-founded theoretical reasons that make us think that temporary labour migration has the potential to provide a meaningful social learning context for people in both Bulgaria and Romania as well as those in other former communist countries. Compared with other cases of resocialization, labor migration seems to be a strong competitor. More specifically, work outside the country is capable of influencing the level of social trust such as membership of associations. This is due to the fact that in the case of temporary migration the duration of exposure to a new social context tends to be longer and the exposure to diversity is more intense. On the other hand, it is not entirely clear what kind of return effects are expected, given the wide variety of experiences migrants can experience.
Romania has evolved since 1990 from a country of transit for illegal migrants to a country of destination. Within the European Union, the country has the second highest rate of immigration from non-EU countries (86%), just behind Slovenia (90%).
Recently Romania experienced a growing wave of immigration, mostly from the Republic of Moldova, Turkey and China, but also from Africa, the Middle East, and the former Soviet Union. In 2013, there were 198,839 immigrants living in Romania, of which 13,000 were refugees. Over half of the country's foreign-born residents originate from the Republic of Moldova. Owing to the former period of union between most of Moldova and Romania, many Moldovans are eligible for Romanian
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citizenship on the basis of descent. Immigration is expected to increase in the future, as large numbers of Romanian workers leave the country and are being replaced by foreigners.
The phenomenon of migration of from Romania has been growing after the accession to the European Union. In the European Union, labour force migration is possible due to the freedom of movement right of workers, one of the first rights recognized by Community law (Treaty establishing the European Community). Romania is one of the most important suppliers of labour force for the European market, and labour migration is the most important component of Romanian migration. Currently, Romanian migrants in the EU represent the largest group of emigrants coming from a European State. The number of Romanians abroad has reached nearly 3 million.
Nevertheless, it is paramount to mention that Romania suffered since the beginning, especially middle of the 1990s, an alarming emigration of highly qualified specialists. The most usual trajectory has been full/partial study scholarships offered to the top ranking Romanian students by universities in the USA, UK, Ireland, France and Germany, followed by secure and well-paid employment possibilities on these host countries’ markets. Large salaries and a by far more prestigious social status constantly encourage Romanian intelligence emigration. The most notable areas of emigration study and employment in this sector are Sciences and Human Rights: Computer Sciences, Political Studies, and International Law-Human Rights. In 2006 alone, the United States provided through private job placement companies 14,742 jobs, involving summer work for Romanian students. Moreover, the top-ranking skilled professionals, especially academia and research specialists from all domains, emigrated to Western Europe and to the USA. This outflow has started immediately after the fall of the Iron Curtain in the very early 1990s (this a few years earlier than the top students’ emigration flow) and mostly stopped at the end of the same decade, while the students outpour is still an issue. Thus, the Romanian academia and society lost its very best and skilled specialists in all fields at the very start of its troublesome transition. This may be considered one of the very causes due to which Romania suffered such a weary and controversial socioeconomic and political transition after 1989: the top, skilled specialists and thinkers left, or had fled even during the Communist regime seeking political asylum in the Western Europe and in the USA.
The destinations of migrants from Romania
1. The first wave of destinations would be the one of the countries with a not very large flow, but persistent, of Romanian migrants, with academic and professional qualifications above the average of the country. It's about strictly positive selectivity of migrants from Romania to countries with a 33
tradition of immigration such as the United States, Canada, Australia and, partially, the United Kingdom.
2. The second type includes the main destination countries of Western Europe, especially Germany, France, Austria. Despite a policy of fortress, these destinations attracted a considerable number of migrants from Romania, which can be characterized by a rather neutral selectivity. This is explained not only by the presence of large numbers of migrants with average competencies (similar to the population of Romania), as well as by the attraction of highly skilled migrants and those without qualifications.
3. The third type of destinations is that of Mediterranean countries, which have attracted a large number of migrant people in the last 10-15 years: Italy, Spain and to a lesser extent Portugal and Greece. Migrants who have chosen these destinations have qualifications below the average in Romania (negative selectivity), often have a prior experience of migration to other countries, sometimes with periods of illegal work, and their decisions relating to migration (finding a job, duration of staying, financial transfers, plans of return or migration to other destinations) are often influenced by migration networks formed in regions of origin from Romania.
5. Conclusion Students and teachers alike found looking into migration interesting and it was most enriching as well as important to look at from a historical point of view in an international setting. For example from a Germany point of view young people today get the impression that everyone wants to come and live in Germany but seen in historical and international dimensions this is simply not true. All in all we gained valuable insights, even though we are aware of the fact that this short summary of history and migration cannot answer all the questions and leaves out many aspects. We are now looking forward to our next project steps ‌
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Disclaimer This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This ebook reflects the views of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
Editor’s Note We tried to make students aware of copyright issues. However, in some cases we could not reconstruct where items come. If your work is shown here without being credited by a hyperlink, please contact the coordinating school and we will do so. Sorry for any inconvenience caused.
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