aequi.venice

aequi.venice

VRANJAKOVIĆ | WIENEKE

Masterthesis aequi.venice 18.10.2017-19.03.2018

Betreut durch Prof. Dr. Ignacio Borrego CoLab - Collaborative Laboratory Fachgebiet für Architekturdarstellung und Gestaltung Zweitprüfer Prof. Ralf Pasel Code - Construction | Design Fachgebiet für Entwerfen und Baukonstruktion Institut für Architektur Fakultät VI, Planen Bauen Umwelt Technische Universität Berlin

© Masterthesis Architektur von Mirza Vranjaković und Mirco Wieneke

aequi.venice

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Fig. 01 Poveglia from above

Content

BRIEFING ZOOM IN VENICE AND LAGOON The lagoon Environment P. 12 Man made lagoon P. 14 The lagoon as a System P. 18 City Development P. 28

POVEGLIA Historical Excurse P. 32 Poveglia Today P. 36 Poveglia in pictures P. 38 Analysis P. 52

MASTERPLAN Masterplan Development P. 54 Program P. 56

DESIGN Flood Tower P. 64 Purification P. 72 Life Preservation P. 80 Erosion Defence P. 88 Energy P. 96 Salinity P. 104 Housing P. 114 Fresh Water P. 122

PROCESS AND SKETCHING BIBLIOGRAPHY 5

Briefing «A

short introduction in our work process »

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When we were deciding the topic for our final project, the competition to design a research campus on the island of Poveglia, stood out with its context. It is an abandoned island in the Venetian lagoon, one of the first to be settled and one of the few that are currently off the Vaporetto map. It gave us the freedom to work on many fields and to employ the knowledge we gathered so far in our academic life.

After we started we slowly realized that the context of Poveglia was not so limiting and rich as we were initially assuming. The existing buildings were positioned on an arbitrary grid, the geographical features were not challenging and the form of the island is not forcing any approach particularly. It was obvious that we have to observe the island in the context of the lagoon and try reëstablishing its connection with its immediate environment.

There is a widespread belief that portrays Venice as a fragile system that should not be disturbed. But the truth is something else, Venice is not born out of immaculate conception.

Already its first settlers running away from Lombards and finding their shelter in rather inaccessible marshes, disturbed the balance.

The Venice is unlike any other city, a metropolis built on the water, a completely new way of human settlement that relies heavily on the lagoon and Venetians understood that from the very beginning. On the first signs of any threat to the lagoon be it from the other naval empires or from the nature the Venetians were already considering a solution. Alas, the lagoon is a fragile system and the first disruption was already made so every attempt at preserving the desired balance resembled a game of Whac-a-Mole. Fighting one problem would eventually open

the way to new the ones.

The research of the lagoon, a former blessing turned threat, helped us define the program of a research centre and the current emergency state of our climatic conditions helped us define its character. The result is Poveglia research campus that deals with the problems the lagoon is facing and at the same time serves as an open-air museum that attracts of visitors with the aim of raising an awareness of the climatic changes.

The first step was the master plan and definition of the island. When we visited Poveglia, the island we were set to “deremote”, the first thing we questioned was us. From the given plans and our intuition, we were already creating an image of the island and the relationship between its built spaces. However, nothing seemed as we were expecting. At the moments it seemed rather small and other times it seemed as a vast area, breaking the size of our initial visions for the project, but again it always stayed in the scale big enough to keep the contact with the water unavoidable. This inspired us to embrace the idea of the island and play with it.

The fact that Poveglia was changing its shape through history only motivated us to turn it into a statement. We exaggerated it and divided an island in the smaller islands with the specific research centres.

During the development of our project, we kept moving between the design of individual islands/buildings and masterplan, since they were inseparable. Each research centre is designed to answer the program and convey the problem it deals with. The fundamental parti of each building is to communicate the climatic forces or changes that are normally not percei-

vable to the public. Meaning that each island/ building had to be designed to bring the public closer to the research activities. This resulted in the circulation diagram that intertwines the public and private.

At the end, we decided to focus our attention on the island/building we considered the most challenging since it included the existing built context, specific program of a larger area and the technical aspects that demanded detailed solutions.

While working on the aequi.venice project we tried to employ as much broader knowledge as we could; on many occasions, we relied on our intuition, but on many more we allowed our analytical side to abandon many ideas and designs; on moments we allowed ourselves to be naĂŻve, but we did so only to open new possibilities in the project not to find a way around the obstacles. We are very well aware that there are many more things yet to be solved but we had drawn a line at some point in order to deliver our master thesis and be able to proudly present it.

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Zoom In Fig. 02 Europe

Italy in the European Context 35°|47° N, 6°|19° E

Italy is located in Southern Europe, between latitudes 35°|47° N, and longitudes 6°|19° E. It is subdivided into 20 regions

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Area: Population: Density:

301.338 km2 (2.4% Water) 60.589.445 (8,1% of European population) 201.3/km2

Fig. 03 Region Veneto

Region Veneto

Italia vettoriale semplice Area: Population: Density:

18.399 km2 4.927.596 (8,2% of Italian Population) 265,7/km2

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Fig. 04 Metropolitan City of Venice

Metropolitan City of Venice 35째|47째 N, 6째|19째 E

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Area: Population: Density:

2.722 km2 848.642 311.8/km2

Fig. 05 Venice Lagoon

Venice and Lagoon Area: Population: Density:

550 km2 264.557 640/km2

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Fig. 06 Lagoon

The lagoon environment ÂŤ The

lagoon is for Venice what walls are for other cities Âť

The Venetian lagoon is a large but shallow body of water lying between the Italian mainland and the northern end of the Adriatic Sea, the Gulf of Venice. The lagoon measures eight to ten kilometres in width by about fifty in length. It is separated from the sea by a chain of long, narrow islands, known as lidi. Lidi are separated by narrow straits that connect the Adriatic Sea and the lagoon, allowing the ships to enter and leave the lagoon. These gaps, known as porti, enable the water exchange between sea and lagoon as well, thus naturally purifying it. The total area of the lagoon covers 550 km2 divided into various zones. Firstly, there is the deepest part of the lagoon, generally known as the laguna viva, consisting mainly of salt water brought in by the tide.

Further towards the mainland shore, the lagoon consists predominantly of fresh water and is subject to little tidal movement. The part is identified as laguna morta. Finally, there is a broad fringe of marshes and swamps around the landward edge of the lagoon which are virtually unaffected by tides and many of which now consist of valli or enclosed basins of water for the cultivation of fish.

The laguna viva is divided into three major basins corresponding to the three chief porti to the Adriatic, the Bacino di Chioggia, Bacino di Malamocco and Bacino di Lido. The main navigatable channels are fairly narrow but often quite deep and a few are able to take very large shipping.

Most of the rest of the lagoon is shallow, however, with an average depth of barely a metre. The levels of land around its perimeter and on the islands within it are also very low and virtually all of this land is less than two meters above median tide level. The tidal range here is the largest of the whole Adriatic shoreline. At periods of new and full moons, there are two flows and two ebbs every 24 hours. At the first and the last quarters,

there is only one tide every 24 hours and the range is at its minimum. The highest tide recorded to date was the infamous inundation of November 1966, when a level of 1.94 metres above median water level was recorded.

The Venetian lagoon was originally formed by a complex interaction between geological forces on land and the force of the sea movements. The series of important rivers that spring in the eastern Alps and the Dolomites flow south and east across the great plain of the Veneto towards the upper Adriatic, bringing in large quantities of silt.

The other natural force that formed the lagoon was the sea, together with winds that act with it.

The currents of the upper Adriatic move in the counterclockwise direction around the Gulf of Venice and this currents and tides deposit sand along the littoral. The Lagoon of Venice was formed by the meeting of these two forces, the mainland rivers laden with silt and the Adriatic currents laden with sand.

Another important role in the evolution of lagoon is played by two winds in particular. One is Scirocco, which has its origins in the deserts of North Africa and blows northwards straight up the Adriatic. Scirocco is known for its effect on the tides. When a strong Scirocco coincides with a particularly high tide, it pushes the waters of the Adriatic high above their normal levels, consequently causing widespread flooding and damage. The second wind is the Bora, the cold northerly wind that blows southwards from the Dolomites and the mountains of northern Balkan. The Bora has a less dramatic effect on the tides, but is often very strong and has a considerable effect on the fomation of dunes and lowlying soils along the gulf shoreline. Together with the currents of the sea it has produced notable changes in the shoreline even in quite recent times.

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Man made Lagoon « Venice’s

Lagoon should have vanished centuries ago »

Silted by alpine sediments into terra firma or swept away by the tides of the Adriatic. Without careful management of its hydrological and geomorphological parameters - sediment influx from its rivers and the erosive influence of the sea - the landscape’s dialectic is lost and the Lagoon will disappear. Venice’s empire and identity were founded upon the management of this balance between water and land, tides and sedimentation.

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An ancient proverb says that there are three main enemies of the Venetian lagoon: the earth, the sea and man. The earth, because its inland rivers brought debris, along with fresh water, into the lagoon, creating shoals that caused dangerous consequences for the survival of the lagoon’s environment and its inhabitants.

In fact, these shoals not only brought about obstructions in parts of the lagoon, they also generated other marshlands that favoured the spread of malaria.

To remedy these evils, Serenissima first started to construct levee embankments that were built to contain the floods of rivers flowing into the lagoon. However, these actions were only partially effective responses in addressing the problem of the lagoon’s gradual landfill and they also caused flooding on the mainland upstream of the levees. From the mid 15th century imposing measures were hence set forth to contrast the silting of the lagoon at a regional scale.

It was from the 16th century on that a series of hydraulic engineering efforts were initiated to counter the amount of sediment caused by rivers: canals were dredged, canal locks were built, and a system of dams was constructed to separate the streams of the mainland’s fresh waters from the salt water of the sea. Additionally, the courses of rivers were diverted, as de-

monstrated by the actions taken on the Sile and the Piave Rivers. The Bacchiglione and Brenta Rivers’ mouths were diverted away from the lagoon. Through these actions of territorial engineering, the entire shape of the river system that gravitated around the lagoon was substantially altered, causing the gradual replacement of marine waters with those of the lagoon’s marsh. These actions were then flanked by preventive prohibitions, implemented regulations and the dutiful work of supervision by the Bureaus of the Serenissima, which were responsible for management of the water flow system.

The second enemy of the lagoon was the sea, because on the one hand, during storms, its waters threatened to break and flood the long thin strands of land separating the lagoon from the Adriatic, and on the other hand, its currents tended to create sandbanks below the water’s edge at the inlets, which created serious problems for navigation.

The term “lagoon”, however, comes from the Latin word lacuna, where the meanings of “lacking” and “void” can be understood as a “receding of the terrain.” From the viewpoint of geological evolution, the term indicates a transitional phase, lasting a few thousand years, or a modification process that can lead parts of the land to become a branch of the sea. The lagoon is indeed the result of a natural evolution over millennia that had witnessed the competition of the same dynamic forces that threatened its existence, as caused by the inland rivers and the sea. In the case of the Venice lagoon, then, as shown by the studies of Wladimiro Dorigo, the above-mentioned “loss of terrain” also meant the flooding of areas that, in Roman times, were surveyed through centuriation, inhabited and cultivated.

Fig. 07 River diversion

1300 | numerous rivers, including Brenta, Bacchiglione, Sile and Piave empty into the lagoon

1400 | begin to divert the mouth of Brenta, which is understood to be the primary cause of silting the lagoon

1500 | Cristoforo Sabandino (hydrologic engineer) argues that rivers are primary source of silting in lagoon and that all should be diverted - centuries of large scale work

1600 | Sile cut made, directing Sile river through old riverbed of the piave

1700 | murazzi sea wall defence constructed

1900 | construction of outer jetties (and current inlet structure) at Lido, first industrial area at Marghera built, car access over bridge, fish farms in north lagoon

1800 | translagoon railway bridge, commercial port, jetties at Malamocco

END 1900 | reclamation of areas of lagoon, large channel (the Oil tanker channel) dredged between Marghera and Malamocco inlet, airport built on reclaimed Teserra marsh, translagoon bridge connects Chioggia to mainland

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Particular attention was therefore directed by the Venetian Republic to defend the strips of land that protected the lagoon from the periodic violence exerted by the sea and its scourge, brought on by seasons and at least three winds: the Scirocco, the Greco and the Levante.

The methods for defending these strips of land were varied: from more simple ones, such as the planting of reeds, tamarisks, and the use of sludge dredged from the channels to protect gardens and vineyards, to more complex ones, such as the arranged layout of log palisades, called “Palade”, the building of piers and “peneli” and, from 1740, the construction of “sea walls”. These walls, made from Istrian stone along with other stone materials and cemented together with pozzolan, in fact, constituted a kind of long artificial reef and a bulwark against the force of the waves. Also, in this case, such constructive actions were flanked by bans (such as the prohibition of cutting down pinewoods or eradicating reeds), which were effectively imposed and closely monitored by the Superintendents of the Lidi.

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Finally, the third threat to the lagoon was man, in a strict sense as an external enemy that could arrive by land or by sea, as well as in a more broad sense as the internal enemy when negligent in performing the necessary actions to safeguard the lagoon, or by damaging its health through infraction of the set prohibition imposed by the Bureaus of the Venetian Serenissima.

The creation of a separate judiciary office in 1282, that of Pioveghi, with jurisdiction over the waters, marshes and lands, is a testimony to the great attention that was given to the possible damage that could be caused by this internal enemy. The office was later replaced in 1501 by the “Magistrato alle Acque” (Magistrate of Wa-

ters), the entity held responsible for the unified management of the lagoon and its catchment area.

The opportunity to preside over the lagoon and guard it against its internal enemies, even more than its external ones, can alternately be demonstrated by the many devastating changes made during the last century. It will suffice here to mention two major interventions that have caused serious environmental consequences for the lagoon of Venice.

The first consisted in the creation of the industrial area of Porto Marghera, built between 1917 and 1935 through the sale of marsh areas called “zone barenicole”. The second was determined by the excavations that took place in the 1960s for a navigable canal that starts from the mouth of Malamocco, and cuts eastwest across the southern end of the lagoon, extending along the edge of the lagoon of Porto Marghera with a width and depth that allows tankers to reach the industrial area. Moreover, the reclamation of lagoon areas for the creation of Porto Marghera has reduced the areas of tidal expansion. It has been estimated that the works in the lagoon have reduced the surface area for tidal expansion by about 1/3. In addition to that, the intensive extractions of water from groundwater tables for industrial purposes has determined substantial phenomena of land subsidence.

The second detrimental action mentioned is the excavation of a navigable canal between Malamocco and Porto Marghera and the need to create more suitable conditions for the greater draft depths of twentieth-century seafaring vessels. And this has, in turn, led to the expansion of the navigable section of the inlet access points and the construction of breakwaters that

are to ensure sufficient depths of the channels themselves all the way to the open sea.

The consequences of these interventions by the internal enemies of the lagoon are however detectable even at a smaller scale. Suffice it to say that the abandonment of many islands in the lagoon during the last hundred and fifty years has led to enormous damage and irreparable losses of the area’s building patrimony.

The entire history of Venice’s lagoon may in fact ultimately be told through the story of its relationship with these three enemies. land, water and man, or, if you prefer, through the story of its modes of adaptation to a place with rather extreme hostile conditions and the enormous environmental changes it has undergone to make it more hospitable and so unique. It is in fact this considerable set of transformations that has led to the shape and form of Venice’s lagoon that we know today. It is the result of thousands of years of human effort in a struggle with the unique environment in order to preserve it, even at the cost of large-scale spatial transformations, which, as we have seen, included: seabed excavations, the building of levees, the opening of new channels, construction of breakwaters and even the re-routing of rivers to divert their mouths away from the lagoon.

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Lagoon Complexity Rising Sealevel

Tides

Flooding

Renewable Energy

Living with Water

Salinity

Lagoon Climate

Aquatic Fauna

Salt Marshes

Historic Haritage

Erosion

Pollution

Industry

Venice

M.o.s.e Flood Gates

Sea Connectivity

Seawater renewal

Fresh Water

Affordable Housing

Oil Tanker

Cruise Ships

Tourism

Economy

Lagoon Infografic

Three Inlets

Lido

Malamocco

550 km2

Chioggia

Water Depth Water Land ratio

8%

92%

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Wind Diretion and Strength N NNW

NNE

NW

NE 40h

WNW

ENE

20h

W

E

WSW

ESE

SW

SE

SSW

SSE S

Precipitation and strength | 2016 December

January

November

February 10 8

11 50

70

40

October

50 10

6

March

70

9

8

60

60

70

13

April

September 70

70 9 70 9

11 90 11

August

May

20

July

June

Global Sea Level Rise | mm 80

60

40

20

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Average Tide + Extreme Tide | 2016

December January

November

114 108 83

72

October

February 104

60

100 44 65

September

89

66

64

121

68

58

March

62

82

86

August

59

April

64 65

85

87

May

July

117

June

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Salinity Level of Venice Lagoon | ppt average sea water 34,7

31,94

29,12

29,32

2002

2003

29,56

31,15

30,99

2006

2007

28,51

28,57

29,13

30,68

31,05

30,39

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

31,76

31,91

32,09

2014

2015

2016

20,18

brackish water 5-30

2000

2001

2004

2005

Landloss of Saltmarshes in the Lagoon | km2 168 153 132 117 105 96 72 60

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1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Cruise Ship Size

RCI - Allure of the Seas | 362 m

Cunard - Queen Mary II | 345 m

Disney - Disney Dream | 340 m

Regent Seven Seas - Mariner | 216 m

Compagnie du Ponant - Le Boreal | 141 m

Yachts of Seabourn - Seabourn Dream | 133 m

Campanile di San Marco | 98,6m

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[Zeichnungstitel] MaĂ&#x;stab: 1:2700

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Lagoon Pollution | % Natural Construction 6%

7%

13%

Industrial

Sewage

58% 16% Agricultural

Primary Wildlife Threat | %

disease

pollution 4%

invasive species

2%

5.1% climate change 7.1%

37% habitat loss

13.4%

31.4%

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habitat degradation

exploitation

Tourism vs. Inhabitants

30,9 Mio 29,7 Mio

29,3 Mio

30,1 Mio 30,6 Mio

28,6 Mio

24,1 Mio 23,9 Mio 20,8 Mio 20,0 Mio

15,8 Mio 14,6 Mio 13,4 Mio 12,2 Mio

63.947

2003

62.869

2004

62.296

2005

61.611

2006

60.755

2007

60.176

2008

59.967

2009

58.870

2010

58.794

2011

58.284

2012

57.395

2013

57.186

2014

56.300

2015

55.075

2016

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Fig. 08 Babariplan 1500 26

Babariplan von Jacopo de’ Barbari 1500

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Fig. 09 Venice

City Development « Venice

The lagoon city, as written by Francesco Sansovino in 1561, is an impossibility, «placed in the impossible, having been founded in the sea»1.

«Round about Venice, and in correspondence with her, almost like handmaidens to a queen, are upward of twenty-five islands. You might suppose that the marvellous city, falling from the sky and fragmenting somewhat, had scattered about herself these shards of beauty.»2 Today the lagoon still consists of vast liquid surfaces, made of emerged terrains, however, it is very different from the lagoon in which the ancient Romans settled, fleeing barbarian invasions, between the 5th and 6th centuries AD. The Venice that we know today did not exist except in a very embryonic form represented by a set of numerous micro island settlements scattered throughout the lagoon.

The level of the water surface varied continually due to the constant rhythm of the tides, depending on the strength of the winds and the flow of rivers that poured into the lagoon basin in the different seasons, leading to a phenomenon of the periodic emergences of terrain and land. At the same time, its waters were connoted by the presence of grooves along which flowed the waters of the rivers from the mainland, or the flow of tides from the Adriatic. The depth and breadth of these furrows, in direct relation to the flow of the rivers, played a decisive role in determining the placement strategies of the first settlements. Therefore, it is no coincidence that one of the largest of these settlements, called Rivus Altus placed along the crest of one of the deeper and wider grooves in the lagoon (which later became the Grand Canal), formed the nucleus from which Venice was later developed.

To give an idea of the form that these early

rised from the bottom of the sea »

settlements took on, rather than a compact city, one can think of a delta-city, consisting of multiple cores built along the barely emerging shores of channels flowing under the water’s surface, which allowed for established populations to pursue their activities of fishing and trade.

It is from the eighth century that there started to be a record of developing population.

1 F. Sansovino, Delle cose notabili che sono a Venezia, Venezia 1561, quote taken from M. Tafuri, Venezia e il Rinascimento, Torino 1985, p. 236.

2 L. Carrer, Isole della laguna e Chioggia, in Venezia e le sue lagune, Venezia 1847, vol. II, p. 485

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Fig. 10 Poveglia

Poveglia « De.Remote

the Island »

HISTORICAL EXCURSE Poveglia evolution

POVEGLIA TODAY Poveglia in pictures Analysis Masterplan

DESIGN PROCESS AND SKETCHING BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Historical Excurse « Poveglia‘s

historical transformation »

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The origin of Poveglia‘s name is according to different hypothesis either derived from the name of a Roman family Popilia or Pupilia, the strong presence of poplar (lat. pioppo) trees, or from the proximity to an important trading road close-by, called Popilia Annia, linking Rimini and Aquileia. Popilia later morphed into Poveggia or Povegia as documented by early maps.1 Its first significant settlement started 421 when it hosted refugees mainly from Padova.

They arrived to Poveglia due to the ‘Lombard Invasion’ of the terra firma in the 5th century AD. However, after some centuries (809 AD) this first population had to leave the island again. This time they fled from the troops of emperor Pepin who occupied the lagoon from the eastern end.

After almost a century of abandonment the doge decided to send again people to colonise Poveglia resolving this time another of his pressing problems: In 864, the previous doge Pietro Tradonico was murdered during a revolt that destabilised the political power of the ruling dynasty. To avoid further problems the new doge offered the followers of the revolt the island of Poveglia together with many privileges. In this way, he could hold them on distance and reinforce his power. In the 12th century, the sum of the dwellings increased to 800 and became economically stable thanks to prospering effects of fishery and salt production. By growing in importance the inhabitants established a local tribunal which later becomes a Podestà (administrative entity). Subsequently, the church of San Vitale was erected in the 13th century. Caused by the war of Chioggia in 1379 between the Genovese and Venetian powers, the inhabitants had to be moved to Giudecca leaving the island abandoned again. Giving up

its residential character Poveglia was fortified for military defence by adding an octagonal fortress, the ottagono. From the 15th century, Poveglia became a place to isolate infected victims of plague epidemics just like other islands in the lagoon (Lazzaretto Vecchio (1423) and Lazaretto Novo (1468)). The use as a quarantine, as we will see, represents an important theme in Poveglia‘s history until the 20th century. Countless people passed away of insufficient medical knowledge and treatments; It was only in 1745 that Poveglia got new stimulus.

The campanile of San Vitale was renewed and complemented by a new clockwork by Bartolomeo Ferracina (1692 - 1777). In the following decades, the new ideas arouse for the future of the island: in 1782, the Magistrato alla Sanità, decided to open a checkpoint for all goods and people entering the lagoon. In the newly established Lazzaretto Nuovissimo the authorities intended to protect Venice from plagues by introducing a system of ‘contumacia’. Contumacia consisted of certain expurgation procedures that prepared goods and people before entering the city.

From 1793 it took up again its function as quarantine station due to a severe pestilential plague.

Between 1797 and 1805 the island was affected by a dramatic shift of political powers: after the official end of the Venetian Republic with the abdication of doge Ludovico Giovanni Manin, the Lagoon became part of the Austrian Empire (1798-1805). Shortly after it was conquered by Napoleon Bonaparte for the French which initiated a time of secularisation. This led to the demolition of the church of San Vitale whereas its bell-tower was kept to function as a lighthouse. Subsequently, Poveglia became a military basis with a deposit of arms. During

ca. 1571

ca. 1650

ca. 1717

ca. 1835

ca. 1881

ca. 1922

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its military use the island was extended significantly. In 1808, sea ooze from the previous excavation of canals was used to fill up the new northern part of the island. By the return to Austrian sovereignty, Poveglia retook its function as lazaretto and expurgating check-point in 1814. The controlling institution was the Magistrato di Sanità Marittima.

In 1922, a new chapter in the island‘s history opened with the establishment of a retirement home and a mental hospital. Sources talking about those times are full of terrifying details even though many of them are scientifically not sufficiently proven. A recurrent story talks about a doctor that was experimenting on a cure for insanity by very dubious surgeries: he apparently conducted lobotomies using primitive tools like hand drills, chisels, and hammers.

‘According to the lore, after many years of performing these immoral acts, the doctor began to see the tortured plague-ridden spirits. It is said that they led him to the bell tower where he jumped (or was thrown) to the grounds below.’ In 1968, Poveglia was left abandoned completely apart from some minor agricultural projects in uncovered spaces. Plans, like the one of CTS (Centro Turistico Studentesco e Giovanile) to bring student housing to the island had never been realised. 1999 The Ministero del Tesoro took Poveglia off the list of cultural heritage to prepare a public auction.

Fig. 11 Poveglia boat

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Poveglia today «A

forgotten Island »

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The imminent sale by auction initiated a massive discussion about Poveglia. Its fate had little or no interest until that point, the island was only scarcely visited by Venetians. Suddenly it was in the middle of attention and raised not only questions about Poveglia’s future but also generally about the social and political status of such an island. Indeed it was the threat of losing it which brought public consciousness back.

The crucial issues concerned the antagonism of public vs. private, tourism vs. cultural heritage and capitalism vs. society. Taking into consideration the case of Poveglia together with other islands it can be argued that the mentioned questions revolve all around similar discrepancies: What is the importance of islands as public goods?

The abandonment of the Island brought decay and deterioration to Poveglia. Precious buildings have perished. Not only the physical image was literally ruined but also the presence in the collective memory as being a meaningful place. Firstly there is the role of the island as a symbol of ‘white hope’. That is to say that Poveglia served as last resort, a place of cure and rehabilitation in critical times. As such, it assumed a significant social relevance serving the common good of the whole city. The fatal connotations of illness and death triggered its presence to be commonly suppressed. It can be argued that the claim to keep the island public alludes to a strong anxiety: losing Poveglia for the public is put on a level with losing its social value. The newer parts relate back to the existing ones by means of reinterpretation and

recomposition. Powerful examples are the artificial infill of the northern extension beyond the canal and the octagon in the south which completely changed the appearance of the island.

Furthermore, we find a successive addition of buildings with different languages, materials and construction techniques. The heterogeneity is reinforced by a broad spectrum of diverse facades reaching from rather austere to highly decorated, neogothic ones. The tower that we find on the island is a perfect example of the historical superimposition of older and newer layers. Among the newer layers, there is also the vegetation which has grown literally to a dominant and considerable extent.

Since its abandonment in 1968, buildings started to deteriorate progressively due to missing maintenance and the vandalism of occasional visitors. It was, however, a matter of time until the built fabric would give in to both alteration and serious decay. The major factors for decay have been the exposure to weathering and the high level of humidity in the lagoon. Over the years many roofs have partly or completely collapsed. Finishings disintegrated and exposed brick or concrete surfaces directly to the rough conditions. Decomposing windows and doors enhanced the decay further on by allowing vegetation to enter.

Restricted by its natural boundaries one of the key weakness is the remoteness which complicates transport, construction and maintenance.

Furthermore, the island could become a role model for the reutilisation of other abandoned islands.

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6.

4.

2.

3.

Existing Buildings

1.

1. Ocatgon 2. Main Building 3. Corner Building 4. Tower Complex 5 Water Tower 6. Center Building 7. Landing Stage 8. River Building 9. Ruins 10. Little Church 37

Poveglia in pictures «A

photo essay »

38

» Poveglia approach from Lido

39

Main Building

40

Âť The main building with campanille is the representative silhouette

Âť The main building is in a bad shape, needs support structure on the outside and is completly ruinous inside

41

Octagon

42

Âť The octagon is a fortification relict from the 15th century. Five meter high and without any connecting bridge it is not accessible

Corner Building

Âť The Corner building, is special because of its exposed brick work and a unique alignment that does not follow the grid direction

43

Tower

Âť The tower once belonged to a church, which is demolished. Now it is intergrated in the main

44

building

Center Building

Âť The central building is now completly overgrown by nature

45

Landing Stage

46

Âť The Landing stage is free standing and therefore not overgrown

Âť The wooden connection bridge to he northen island

47

48

Âť Arcades from the main building

Âť The roofs on most of the buildings collapsed creating the ambiguous interior - exterior situations

Âť Interior of the main building 49

Âť Interior of the corner building

50

Âť The stair case in the main building

Âť The nterior of the corner building

Âť Interior of the housing complex 51

Analysis « What

is the situation of the island today? »

Total Land Area 78.200 m2

52

water ways

Footprint 4.000 m2 Total Built area 6.500 m2

Island fortification

Free Space 19.400 m2 Nature 51.710 m2

existing grid

Superposition of historical states

existing landscape

53

Masterplan ÂŤ Science

and Innovation Center Âť

54

From the research, we learned, that the problems in lagoon are not only a complex system, but also they are never solvable individually.

We propose a science and innovation centre which tackles the biggest threats with research and popularization of science. It provides a strategic scientific surrounding that could be almost completely developed to attract the visits from the city as well in order to raise the awareness for the ecosystem of the lagoon and climate change. With these different groups of users on the mind, we developed the system interweaved landscapes, architecture and public spaces.

We strategically placed each research centre according to its needs and purposes and then divided Poveglia into smaller pieces to underline the different topics. For instance, the housing complex does not need any direct connection to the lagoon, on the other side it requires the close proximity to all other islands, therefore, it requires the central location. A public path connecting all smaller islands guides the visitor through the different experiences.

The architecture functions as a guideline and expresses the specific topic that is being studied in different ways.

55

Program Life Preservation *

Energy *

laboratories multifunctional space meeting rooms animal canopy reservate gardens

technical control research area classrooms and workshop tide pool | amphi theater wind tunnel

Purification *

Erosion Defence *

entrance area changing rooms research area technical control purification plant

laboratories fence production space public gallery auditorium + cinema cafĂŠ leisure stairs

public pools

Rain Water Collection *

Housing *

exhibition book shop library mensa cafĂŠ class rooms administration open work spaces auditorium laboratories fresh water storage leisure gardens

public terraces entrances + community space single bedroom | short stay single bedroom | long stay double bedroom | long stay

Flood Tower * weather station acqua alta archive look out

Salinity * filtration and reverse osmosis area technical control research area open work spaces cafeteria changing room salt storage salt fields

Public Path

look out *

library *

public pools * leisure areas *

mensa *

reservate gardens *

exhibition * cistern *

wind tunnel *

cafĂŠ *

reaearch screen *

amphitheater *

leisure stairs * cinema *

salt fields *

public terraces *

60

61

Design ÂŤ Eight

design proposals representing the main problems of the lagoon Âť

Flood Tower P. 60 - 67

Purification P. 68 - 75

Life Preservation P. 76 - 83

Erosion Defence P. 84 - 91

62

Diagramatic Design

Energy P. 92 - 99

Salinity P. 100 - 109

Housing P. 110 - 117

Fresh Water P. 118 - 143

Main Design

63

Flood Tower *

Flood Tower « Tide signal tower for Venice Lagoon»

66

The threat of acqua alta is omnipresent in the lagoon and the Venetians have the system of forecasting them with great accuracy. Nevertheless, many factors that are unpredictable are affecting frequencies of highwaters, such as sea level rising, accidental strong winds and heavy rainfall.

Venetians used to communicate the emergency states through the campanile at Piazza, giving the people time to organize the defences and prevent the damages.

Guided by this idea of iconic building with a concrete function that justifies its iconicity, we chose the focal site of Poveglia, the Octagon, as a place for the “Flooding Tower”. We are proposing the tower that would house the weather station, which would monitor the climatic conditions in the lagoon and serve as a signal tower for high tides. The collected data is analyzed in

real time and used for prediction of high waters. The predictions are then communicated on the outside through deployable mechanism, that moves membrane façade and system of lights. The effect of the stretched membrane on the façade allows the different porosity, meaning the different light intensity would signal the current tide strength.

Contrary to the popular belief, the tide is not a problem that needs to be fought, but rather a consequence of other factors that need to be explored. The lagoon water is cleaned daily with tidal movement, and depriving the area of it will cause rapid silting and pollution. We are employing this “breathing” of the lagoon as a design tool that will permanently influence the appearance of the building, thus making this natural phenomenon a 75 m tall icon.

Average Tide + Extreme Tide | 2016

December January

November

114 108 83

72

October

February 104

60

100 44 65

September

89

66

64

121

68

58

March

62

82

86

August

59

April

64 65

85

87

May

July

117

June 05/03/2016 - 06/03/2016 1.21 23:00 max 1.06 24:00 0.91 01:00 0.76 02:00 0.61 03:00 min 0.67 4:00 0.72 5:00 0.78 6:00 0.84 7:00 0.89 08:00 max 0.74 9:00 0.59 10:00 0.44 11:00 0.29 12:00 0.14 13:00 -0.01 14:00 -0.16 15:00 min -0.01 16:00 0.14 17:00 0.29 18:00 0.44 19:00 0.59 20:00 0.74 21:00 0.89 22:00 1.04 max 23:00

DATA INPUT

1,01

0,72

0,55

Facade membrane deformation 67

68

Action I The octagon island is connected to the neighbour

Action II The tower circulation follows the connection spiral

Action III Roof plate for the aqua alta archive in the underground of the octagon

Action IV The support structure is part of the spiral movement

Action V Membrane skin with hydraulic poles reacting to the flood data input

Action VI Membrane as a visible tide clock showing the flood hights

weather station

membrane structure

aqua alta flood archive

existing octagon

69

70

Floorplan +60 m M 1:500

71

Purification *

Purification « purified lagoon water as public pool »

74

The problem of lagoon pollution is a combination of natural and human factors, making a chain reaction with unpredictable consequences. The industrialization of XIX century of the lagoon was a natural process for a former maritime empire.

Already in the middle ages Venice had a designated industrial area, called Arsenale, after Arabic word darsina’a, meaning the place of industry. It was the biggest production complex in medieval Europe.

The importance Venetians gave it is the best portrayed in the fact that it is the only fortified place in Venice. The new industrial areas in XIX century, Mestre and Maghera had a different effect on the lagoon in comparison with Arsenale. The usage of groundwater, the bigger transportation means that are using fossil fuels, different types of toxic waste and the mass immigration of workforce are just some of the factors worth mentioning.

This change in the production system is most reflected in the water quality. As all the other topics the pollution is not an isolated issue but a part of the system of interconnected problems and solutions.

On the island for the research of water pollution, we designed the building that serves as an urban node. The centre’s function requires the direct access to water supply. We used this condition as an opportunity for an easy connection between two islands. In other words, the program forced the form of interlocked public stairs.

To make purification visible the stairs host two swimming pools filled with filtered water for the research process.

Lagoon Pollution | % Natural Construction 6%

7%

13%

Industrial

Sewage

58% 16% Agricultural

75

76

Action I The position of the island determines the function in the masterplan

Action II The building is set canal inbetween two islands to benefit from the natural water flow

Action III The form follows the river bed

Action IV The building serves as a public connection

Action V The purified water is being used for public pools

Action VI Position of two entrances for visitors and researchers

public pools

public changing rooms | toilets

filtration plant

addition of chemicals coagulation | flocation sedimentation sand filter gravel filter artracitel filter storage

technical control rooms and research

77

78

Level -3,5 m M 1:500

79

Life Preservation *

Life Preservation « six different types of ecosystems preserved and researched »

82

After looking into the problems of the lagoon, it is no surprise that the flora and fauna are rapidly deteriorating.

The life of the wetland is peculiar and of the high importance for the larger area. The lagoon is a classified as a protected exceptional landscape and environment since the early XX century. Nevertheless, the wildlife of marshlands is flourishing in the areas of the lagoon which are undisturbed by the industrialization and tourism. Unfortunately, the effects of mentioned processes are influencing the wider area, thus depriving the endemic species of their natural habitat.

The centre for Life Preservation in the lagoon is located on the northwestern tip of Poveglia, having the site that provides the most diverse conditions. This undeveloped part of Poveglia is limited by shoal on one and canal on the other side, making it perfect for the research centre that requires a natural environment. The idea behind the centre is that it provides the conservation and nursing area for the species that are endangered or in a need of temporary care. Instead of using fences and cages we positioned the building to serve as a separation and as a place for observation.

The building itself is a pathway between two islands with a series of observation decks for visitors to enjoy the flora and fauna that are being researched and preserved.

Primary Wildlife Threat | % disease pollution 4%

invasive species

2%

5.1% climate change 7.1%

37% habitat loss

exploitation

13.4%

31.4% habitat degradation

83

84

Action I The island is divided into six different reservations representing the ecosystems in the Venetian lagoon

Action II The building serves as a protective fence

Action III Roof functions as a connection platform

Action IV Shaping and path finding

Action V Interconnectivity of the roof areas

Action VI The terraces for the observation of reseravats

Marshland / BareneReservate Reservate Marshland / Barene Phragmites Australis

Sarcocornia Fruticosa Phragmites Australis Agropyron Junceum Sarcocornia Fruticosa Stipa Tenuissima Agropyron Junceum

Brackish WaterReservate Reservate Brakish Water Venerupis philippinarum

Zosterisessor Ophiocephalus Venerupis Philippinarum Carcinus Mediterraneus Zosterisessor Ophiocephalus Carcinus Mediterraneus

nursery BirdBirdNursery

Himantopus Himantopus

Egretta Garzetta Himantopus Himantopus Recurvirostra Avocetta Egretta Garzetta Recurvirostra Avocetta

Herbaceous species Herbaceus species Foeniculum Vulgare

Arisarum VulgareVulgare Foeniculum Asparagus Acutifolius Arisarum Vulgare Asparagus Acutifolius

Bushes Bushes

Limonium Serotinum

Eryngium Campestre Limonium Serotinum Rubus Ulmifolius Eryngium Rosa canina Campestre Rosa Canina

Trees Trees

Robinia Pseudoacacia

Ailanthus Altissima Robinia Pseudoacacia Morus Alba Ailanthus Altissima Tamarix Gallica Tamarix Gallica

85

86

87

Erosion Defence *

Erosion Defence « Research and erosion protection fence production »

90

Venice always had to fight against the destructive force of the tides undermining the foundations of the historic city. The constant enlargement of the three inlets to bring bigger ships into the city climaxed the problem of erosion in the last century. More than 80% of the stabilizing salt marshes were lost into the sea. Historic decisions like guiding the sediment delivering rivers around the lagoon direct into the Adriatic destroyed the balance between land and water. In addition, foreign shell species were settled to gain economic boost by capturing and selling them. The catching method by pulling metal buckets over the lagoon ground destroyed the majority of the aquatic fauna and therefore destabilized the already fragile ground.

In general, there are two types of erosion, linear and areal. The shallow water of the lagoon allows boats to take the specific routes with higher depth, known as „the water streets“.

These streets are the product of linear erosion, meaning that the soil is taken away by water

streams caused by tides. The areal erosion, on the other hand, happens along the shoreline and is caused by vertical movement of water.

The erosion defence centre is built in topographic layers representing earth shaped by aerial erosion. The terraces function as gardens with plants that are traditionally used as a measurement of erosion. The gardens are mainly populated by stabilizing reed plants. Linear erosion is embedded into the design by cutting the public path through the natural-seeming build volume creating four different shaped figures. One axis connects two neighbouring islands and the other one offers the vistas to Baccino and over the Poveglia on its ends.

The same sized volumes house the two main research fields, the bigger one is a public café with a multi-purpose auditorium or cinema.

The biggest volume contains a production line of protective fences against the erosion of salt marshland. A public gallery allows the visitors two watch the production process.

Landloss of Saltmarshes in the Lagoon | km2

168 153

132 117 105 96 72 60

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

high tide

Salt marshes former position

water level low tide

91

92

Action I The whole island is activated

Action II The program is set back to create a buffer zone

Action III The public path is dividing the program in four volumes

Action IV The volumes open up to Venice and creates a small introverted plaza

Action V The island is fortified by topographic terraces planted with reed

Action VI The volumes are integrated into the topographic landscape, creating a natural-seeming shape

Fence storage Laboratories

Anti-Erosion fence Production

CafĂŠ

Auditorium

Exploded Axonometry

94

Level +4 m M 1:1000

95

Energy *

Reneweable Energy « Energy production through tidal and wind forces »

98

The issue of the energy is rather an opportunity that is being missed than a problem as the others. It could as well be observed as a part of the big vicious circle of the problems. By collecting information about other aspects of the lagoon we could employ new technologies to turn the critical situations into advantages.

The idea behind the “energy island” is to create the autarkic complex that would rely solely on renewable energy. The building for energy centre is positioned along the strongest direction of the wind rose and hosts the “wind accelerator”, tensile structure that harvests energy with windbelt technology. The wind-tube goes through the whole building and serves as the circulation path as well, allowing visitors to experience the exaggerated strength of the wind. The building sits on top of the basin that is used for harvesting energy of daily vertical movement of water. The shape of the basin is designed to accommodate the various events in the times when it is not used as an energy basin.

Wind Diretion and Strength N NNW

NNE

NW

NE 40h

WNW

ENE

20h

W

E

WSW

ESE

SW

SE

SSW

SSE S

99

100

Action I Orientation of principal volume according to the strongest wind direction

Action II Wind tube positioned to harvest wind energy and designed to take advantage of wind rose and venturi priciple

Action III Creation of the pool for harvesting energy from tidal movement

Action IV Introducing stairs to the pool transforming into precarious amphi-theater

Action V Optimization of the pool shape to strengthen the connection with neighboring islands and reflect the shape of the island

Action VI Raising the overall level to make the pool bigger, increase seating capacity and stress the building volume

Outside Mee�ng Room

Classrooms Worshop area Control & Technic Area Lab Center Cafeteria

Outside

101

102

Level +5 m M 1:1000

103

Salinity *

Salinity « Salt fields as a dynamic facade »

106

The problem of ever-growing salinity in the lagoon is one of the most obvious signs of disbalanced conditions in the lagoon. It occurred as a side effect of the effort to solve other problems, such as silting and flooding. In order to prevent similar faith to Ravenna’s, in XVI century authorities of Venetian Republic ordered the diversion of all the rivers that were flowing into the lagoon. The measurement did prevent silting up but as well the supply of freshwater. Since then, the parts with high salinity, known as laguna morta occupy almost a third of the whole lagoon.

However, for Venetians salt does not represent the only uncontrollable natural condition, it is much more crucial for the development of the Republic. From the earliest settlers on the salt was the main export product of the Venice. The authorities overseeing the salt fields, Provveditori al Sal, was one of the most powerful bodies in the intricate oligarchic system of the Serene Republic. Because of all this, the salt flats were a household image of the Venetian immediate environment.

On the other side, the salt is the biggest reason behind building decay in Venice. Most of the buildings in the lagoon are built out of brick and eventually cladded with a thin stone layer. The brick is a lightweight building material not keen on the creation of settlement, but it is as well vulnerable to the penetration of salt through capillary rise. Because of this phenomenon, it is always possible to see the salt on the exposed brickwork in older buildings.

The centre for the research of Salinity is a building that plays with this collective memory of salt flats and a patina of salt. It consists of cascading elements that are, according to their height regularly flooded. Through this process, the salt left behind becomes part of a building façade that renders the value of salinity visible.

Inside the processes of desalination involving filtration and reverse osmosis are being researched. At the end of the research process, there is a storage of potable water and edible salt, the products of tests.

Salinity Level of Venice Lagoon | ppt average sea water 34,7

29,12

29,32

2002

2003

31,94

29,56

31,15

30,99

2006

2007

28,51

28,57

29,13

30,68

31,05

30,39

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

31,76

31,91

32,09

2014

2015

2016

20,18

brackish water 5-30

2000

2001

2004

2005

107

108

Action I The long island providing access to the canal

Action II Positioning of the building on the shore

Action III Sinking of the water front facade

Action IV Creating the salt fields on different heights according to the frequency of tidal movements

Action V Connection with neighboring islands and exibiting the building to the public

Action VI Projecting the desalination process on the building water front

34,5 ppt 34,0 ppt 33,5 ppt 33,0 ppt 32,5 ppt 32,0 ppt 31,5 ppt 31,0 ppt 30,5 ppt 30,0 ppt

3D Section of Salinity

109

110

111

Staff changing room

112

CafĂŠ

Laboratories and control area

Salt residual on platforms

Desalination plant

113

Housing *

Housing ÂŤ Private area as a canopy for public space Âť

116

As the program requires the housing units for the scientists, we decided to design a building that will emphasize the relationship with water and deal with the notions of public and private.

The construction enables the minimal intrusion on the land, clearing the space for the series of public terraces. The building is accessible from three points, that form three shared spaces for the tenants. The rational form offers the opportunity for diverse living units; smaller ones for short stay visitors and bigger ones for the researchers stationed on Poveglia. The principle of interlocking the public and private area on the other islands is here inverted in order to stress the difference between the privacy of living and privacy of researching.

The research as an activity is rather isolated but nevertheless exhibited, whereas living units are positioned above water and public space and thus preventing it from the unnecessary display. The housing units are equipped with a mesh curtain that offers tenants the possibility to control sun exposure and by doing that the long façade is diversified.

On the ground level, the terraces offer the view on each other island and have the spaces that could host various public activities, exhibitions, performances and gatherings of tenants. The minimal intrusion makes the building appears as a hovering canopy over the terraces.

117

Action I The housing complex is located in the center of the surounding research centers

Action II The shape of the volume is simplified

Action III In contrast to the other buildings the volume is lifted up, to create privacy for the inhabitans.

Action IV The building gets a housing depth

Action V

Action VI Three community spaces are introduced, which also functions as load carrying structure

r

118

Public terrace + path creates a shortcut to fresh wate

housing units

segregation of living and circulation

support structure

public terraces entrance + shared spaces

complete structure

relationship with the neighbouring islands

119

120

Level +4,5 m M 1:1000

121

Fresh Water *

Fresh Water Supply « Guiding surfaces to collect rain water »

124

Water is a central point of Venice identity and the irony of it is, that even though Venice is built on water, it always had to invent new ways to provide fresh water for its citizens. Securing freshwater was an essential precondition to the settlement of Venice, and the construction of cisterns began as early as the 9th century. Over 6000 exist beneath the surface in Venice. All of the campi, or public squares, in Venice are graded to direct rainwater into cisterns, and all adjacent roofs to the campi are piped to drain runoff into the below ground cistern. Venice’s underground does not have easy to reach water tables. Up to a century ago, fresh water was drawn from the springs on the mainland and transported in casks to the lagoon by boat. This supplemented the traditional rainwater collection system built in the campi and campielli: it consisted of a wellhead and an underground cistern, filled with clean sand, with a waterproof layer of clay all around that served as a barrier against the infiltration of saltwater. The rainwater penetrated into the ground by means of collectors positioned around the well, located at slightly lower levels than the rest of the campo. It filtered through the sand down to the waterproof clay bottom of the cistern. The wellshaft, which was waterproofed by a layer of clay spread along its entire length, filled up from below with the collected water, which had been purified as it drained through the sand. In Venice cisterns where not only water collectors but also communication areas, where people drank water and came together. The whole mechanism of water collection was never purely a technical but it became a central point of daily life.

The earliest urban units of Venice were par-

ishes, that were defined by a well in its main square. What agora was for greek polis, we can say that was campo to Venice defined by a church, a well and an access to the canal. It generated the daily life and served as a backdrop for the production of social relationships.

With the recent climatic changes, raise of sea level and sinking of soil the wells became obsolete. They don´t represent the fight for water collection anymore, but rather they represent the square itself.

On the part of poveglia that hosts the former hospital buildings, we decided to design a complex that would serve as central part of aequi. venice project. After the survey of the current state of existing buildings, we made a demolition and preservation plan that created a new context for the program that requires large open areas. Inspired by the idea of the wells in campi into which the calli and rainwater flow in, we decided to employ the whole area of the island to collect fresh water. The space connects the existing buildings that are repurposed and paves the way for the rainwater. We present the collected water as a defining element of the architecture. The water is collected into pools that create and define areas in the new structure. A folding roof landscape not only functions as a protection against natural elements but also guides the resource to its storage space.

The visitor can literally follow the raindrop on its path to its final storage. On the way it passes several filter layers of gravel, to purify it.

Rainy days and strength | 2016 December

January

November

February 10 8

11 50

70

40

October

50 10

6

March

70

9

8

60

60

70

13

September

April 70

70 9 70 9

11 90 11

August

May

July

June

Cisterns in Venice

125

1

[Zeichnungstitel]

126

Action I Analysing of existing and destruction

Action II Activation of space between existing buildings

Action III Lowering the level to create more space

Action IV Creation of open multipurpose campus

Action V New rainwater collectiong roof landscape

Action VI Shaping the roof landscape to create light voids and walking path

127

Exploded Axonometry of Rain Water Island

2.811 m2

Existing Roofs Surfcace

1.581m3

1

Maßstab: 1:4000

1.581m3

New Roof Surface

Landscape Surface

[Zeichnungstitel]

1

9.181 m2

11.839 m2

[Zeichnungstitel]

1

Maßstab: 1:4000

Average monthly Precipitation 24.338 m2

1.581m3

65 l /m2 x 24.338 m2 1.581.970 l

Total Area

Pool Size Generator

128

1

[Zeichnungstitel] Maßstab: 1:4000

1.581m3

water guiding roof surface

w

water guiding landscape collection pools water veins

129

Level +1 m M 1:1000 Library | Mensa | Exhibition | Laboratories

Level +5 m M 1:1000 Class rooms | Library | Administration

132

Level +9 m M 1:1000 Library | Reading room

Structural Diagramm

133

North-East Elevation M 1:500

134

North Elevation M 1:500

135

136

Section A-A M 1:500

137

138

Detail Section

139

Wall Construction mineral plaster brickwork (existing) thermal insulation concrete

140

+0.00

360 mm 50 mm 400 mm

Roof Construction clay tiles tiling battens counter battens ventilation secondary waterproofing rafter thermal insulation vapour barrier battens plaster

30/50 mm 45/50 mm 300 mm

5.30

Ceiling Construction

Roof Construction Concrete secondary waterproofing thermal insulation vapour barrier honeycomb ceiling

200 mm

parquet screed decoupling sound insulation ribbed slab

50 mm

Floor Construction

800 mm

demolution brick screed thermal insulation concrete

20 mm 100mm 50 mm

120 mm 100 mm 50 mm 300 mm +0.00

Floor Construction polished floating screed thermal insulation concrete compensation layer

120 mm 50 mm 300 mm

141

142

143

148

Process and Sketching

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

Bibliography 1

Krautheim, Mareike; Pasel, Ralf; Pfeiffer, Sven; Schulz-Granberg, Joachiam, City and Wind, Climate as an Architectural Instrument, DOM publishers, Berlin, 2014

2

Hitzegrad, Karl, Der Markusplatz zu Venedig, Harenberg Kommunikation, Dortmund, 1978

3

Marzo, Mauro, Fortified Places in the Venetian Lagoon, Publisher of Festival del´Architettura di Parma, 2011

4

Goy, Richard, Venice | The City and its Architecture, Phaidon Press Limited, 1997

5

Alberto Rossi, Guido, Venedig aus der Luft, Times Editions, Singapore, 1988

6

Bellavitis, Giorgio, Venice for Modern Man, Stamperia di Venezia, 1963

7

Deplazes, Andrea, Constructing Architecture, Materials Processes Structures A Handbook, Birkhäuser - Publishers for Architecture, Basel, 2005

8

Neufert, Bauentwurfslehre, Vieweg, 2007

9

Jocher, Thomas, Raumpilot, Grundlagen, kraemerverlag, 2005

10

Norwich, John Julius, A History of Venice, Vintage, 1977

11

Ackroyed, Peter, Venedig: Die Biographie, Knaus, 2011

162

Internet Sources 1

NASA, Global Climate Change: https://climate.nasa.gov (abgerufen am: 19.11.2017)

2

Bittenbinder, Franz; Liu, Che: http://www.poveglia.info/introduction.html

3

Deutschlandfunk: http://www.deutschlandfunk.de/venedig-und-die-touristen-1-5-wem-gehoert-die-insel-po veglia.922.de.html?dram:article_id=399762 (abgerufen am: 05.11.2017)

4

WWF Deutschland: http://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/WWF-LivingPlanetRe port-2016-Kurzfassung.pdf (abgerufen am: 17.02.2018)

List of Figures

Abb. 01 Poveglia from above P. 4

Abb. 02 Europe own grafics

P. 8

Abb. 03 Region Veneto own grafics

P. 9

Abb. 04 Province Vicenca own grafics

P. 10

Abb. 05 Venice Lagoon own grafics

P. 11

Abb. 06 Lagoon

P. 12

Abb. 07 River diversion

P. 15

venice-rivers-into-the-lagoon-2/

Abb. 08 Babariplan 1500

the-de-barbari-map/

Abb. 09 Venice

P. 27

Abb. 10 Poveglia

P. 30

Abb. 11Poveglia boat

P. 35

http://www.youngarchitectscompetitions.com/competition

https://www.nasa.gov/content/venice-lagoon

https://renaissancerules.wordpress.com/2011/01/11/

P. 26

http://veniceatlas.epfl.ch/mapping-venice-1500-searching-

163

164

Mirco Wieneke finished his BA studies at the MĂźnster School of Architecture in 2014, and his Masters in Architecture at Technical University in Berlin. He was an guest student at D-Arch ETH in 2016. Since 2012 he worked in various architecture practices in Zurich and MĂźnster, and as a teaching assistant at CoLab Berlin (Department for architectural representation) since 2016.

Mirza Vranjaković completed his BA in Architecture from the Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University in Istanbul in 2013, and his Masters in Architecture at Technical University in Berlin. He was a Erasmus student at ETSAM, Madrid in 2010/2011. He worked in various architecture practices in Istanbul and Berlin, and as a teaching assistant at CoLab Berlin at TU Berlin.

Acknowledgement WE

During our work on this project, we were lucky enough to be surrounded by the people who made this journey easier. We would like to thank ourselves, first, to Professor Ignacio Borrego for being the inspiring mentor. Without his insistence on our intuition, without his confidence in our abilities, and without his trust, with the digital production, our project would not come to life. Thank you, Gabriela, for being our precious friend. You showed us how brave we can be. We are truly blessed for having been part of CoLab team, so we are grateful to them for making us happy and supportive even on the greyest Berlin days. We are thankful to Nino for employing all the tricks out of his hat and making magic. Big hugs and thanks to Pauline for her dexterous hands and dry humour. We are as well grateful to Julian and Alex for being our harshest critics and the strongest backers. Thanks to Dennis for the inspiring flatmating in Venice and that funny splash. We would like to thank Mathias MĂźller from EM2N for his sarcastic comments that helped us make an even better project.

MW

I would like to thank my parents, Ursin and Andrea for the endless love and support.

Thank you, Svea, for always believing in me, making me stronger and more confident.

I am deeply grateful to Wolfgang and Hildegard for making me worriless and enabling me to focus only on my future. Thanks to Ursin and Karin for kindling the idea of architecture, encouraging me to follow my dream. Thank you, Vanina, for all your love and understanding.

MV

All my desires, ambitions and work would be impossible or even meaningless without my family. Baba and Mama, thank you for being my role models. Who would have guessed that when you were taking me as a little kid to the random construction sites to watch excavators that we were observing my future. Well, here I am, an architect and without you, it would not be possible. You were always pushing me forward and helped me overcome the obstacles. Because of you, the world is small to me.

Thank you Majda and Haris, you are my greatest motivation. Thank you for the unconditional love. I hope you are as half proud of me as I am of you two.

Thanks Hamza, for being my best friend and for not allowing Berlin mood to prevail.

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Impressum Mirza Vranjakovic Schwedterstraße 13 10119 Berlin Mirco Wieneke Wiesenstraße 30 13357 Berlin aequi.venice © Mirza Vranjakovic, Mirco Wieneke