LIVING MODEL FOR LONDON

LIVING MODEL FOR LONDON Guidance based on low energy demand and high environmental quality for future London

University of Westminster, College of Design, Creative and Digital Industries School of Architecture and Citiesâ&#x20AC;¨ MSc Architecture and Environmental Design 2018/19â&#x20AC;¨ Sem. 2&3 Thesis Project Module <Collaborative Project wit SOM - Living Model for London 2050 > Merve Tasar September 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

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ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

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1.AIM & CONCEPT

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2.HYPOTHESIS

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3.RESEARCH STRUCTURE

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4.CLIMATE CHANGE

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4.1 IN WORLD

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4.2 IN UK

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4.3 IN LONDON

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5.LONDONâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S FUTURE

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5.1 PROBLEMS & NEEDS

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5.2 AIMS & TACKLING PLANS

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5.3 INTELLIGENT DENSIFICATION

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6.CLIMATE ANALYSIS

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6.1 RELATIVE HUMIDITY& TEMPERATURE

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6.2 RADIATION BY SKY SEGMENT

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6.3 RADIATION BENEFIT

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6.4 WIND ANALYSIS

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7.ANALYTIC WORK

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7.1 UNITS FORMATION 7.1.a Base Case : GLA Housing Requirements

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7.1.b Units

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7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AGENDA

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7.2.a Thermal Comfort

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7.2.b Indoor Air Quality

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7.2.c Zero Carbon and Energy Efficiency

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7.3 ANALYSIS OF UNITS

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7.3.a Material Selection

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7.3.b Window Sizes

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CASE 1 - NEXT TO FLAT

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CASE 2 - NEXT TO TERRACE

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CASE 3 - NEXT TO COMMON SPACE

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Living Model for London 8.MODULE FORMATION

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8.1 BASE CASE : GOLDEN LANE ESTATE

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8.2 MODULES TYPOLOGIES

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8.3 MODULES FLEXIBILITY

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9.VILLAGE MODULE FORMATION

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9.1 BASE CASE : ROBIN HOOD GARDENS

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9.2 STRATEGY 1 : LATERAL CIRCULATION

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9.3 STRATEGY 2 : CORE CIRCULATION

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9.3.a Strategy and Floor Plans

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9.3.b Analysis

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9.3.c Annual Energy Results

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10.CONCLUSION

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11.NEXT STEPS

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12.REFERENCES

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13. AUTHORSHIP DECLARATION FORM

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14.APPENDICES

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SUBURB / BARNET AREA ( PRELIMINARY WORK)

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• Not numbered figures made by Merve Tasar • Numbered figures taken from a source

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ABSTRACT The world is under high-speed urbanisation cause of population growth increasing day by day. This non-controllable urbanisation is causing an increase in energy consumption and parallel with it, a harmful increase of greenhouse gases emissions. All these parameters are multiplying the Climate change effects on our World. All big cities are under the effects of this big Climate Change and are tackling with it and London is one that. There are numerous plans/strategies for this tackling prepared by Government, Mayor, Committees or foundations. Everyone is fighting in London to save the Future.

This paper is focusing on the development of a new living model for London which is sustainable, adaptable and liveable against all these rapids changes occurred with population growth, high-speed urbanisation, and Climate Change.

My particular reason about studying this topic is that the changes happening in our World can not rule out and I am feeling responsible for helping our World as an architect and as a human living in this planet. My main aim on this thesis, studying all researches and projects already done about Climate change to understand main lacking points in architecture against it. Then starting to define architectural and environmental agenda which are decreasing energy demand of buildings and increasing environmental quality. These agendas will be guidance which is helpful to define best windows size, orientation, materials and other many parameters on the design of a housing development in London.

The study is aiming to show that Architecture is not just for art, it is for humanity. With this idea, in this paper I aimed to show as architects, we can create more sustainable for nature, more compact&scalable for increasing population and more adaptable to changing needs of people and time. Our limit is our imagination.â&#x20AC;Š

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Living Model for London

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ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I would like to express my deep appreciation to Joana Soares Goncalves for her amazing support, useful comments and enthusiastic encouragement in this short time. It was a pleasure for me to work with her on my thesis project and I am sure that during this process she is gonna enrich my world with her guidance and knowledge. I would also mention mine appreciate to Mina Hasman for her magnificent support, amazing guidance during my research. It was aa amazing experience to work with Mrs.Hasman, I would like to thank again for all her assistance and knowledge added to me. And of course, It is an honour for me to mention my appreciate to Dr. Rosa Schino-Phan for her assistance and to give me the chance to do a collaborative thesis project with SOM. Finally, I wish to mention my thanks to my parents and my friends for their encouraging support and their believe to me all my life. You are the people make my life better and make me a better human

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Living Model for London

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Living Model for London â&#x20AC;©

INTRODUCTION

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1.AIM & CONCEPT The main goal of this thesis project is creating guidance of based on low energy demand and high environmental quality for London in the future climate and city densification conditions.

All the regulations and targets formed by the Greater London Authority clearly to sort out fundamental needs of new housing models in future London . These fundamental needs always emphasise three main idea: Liveable,Adaptable and Sustainable which are the key words generate the main theme of this design study.

• Green implementation into roofs, terraces, facades etc.

- improve air quality/support natural ventilation/balance heat exchange.

• Using high insulated and recycled materials to minimise energy use and CO2 emissions

• Support natural sources like natural ventilation, daylighting instead of artificial ones.

The fundamental needs defined in many reports of GLA are;

• Using non-toxic , clear materials to support

• Creating sharing spaces to provide more space/flat

All these needs form the words liveable ,sustainable and adaptable which are the base of future building concepts . In my this design study , the aim is creating a housing guidance for future London while using these 3 base idea.

against the increasing population

• Creating small and practical spaces ,in other

words ,densification of spaces while keeping the quality and comfort of users.emphasise Co-living strategy

sustainability of nature

• Using prefabricated and flexible materials while

creating buildings to modify them easily according to next generations/users/climate needs

Liveable/Sharable

Sustainable To changing time,climate...

Comfortable and affordable

Scalable Modular Architecture Guidance

Flexible / Adaptable Prefabricated modules, to changing needs of people...

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Living Model for London

2.HYPOTHESIS The design study shaped while searching answers to these questions : 1-Which are the possible combinations of flat forms that can provide maximum comfort minimum sizes?

2-What is the best orientation/facade design /materials selection for flat modules to keep the energy consumption in minimum?

3-What is the role of â&#x20AC;&#x153;greeneryâ&#x20AC;? of new forms of high density living?

All these questions form the structure of research and sort out the hypothesis which is : It is possible to densify residential buildings in future climate conditions of London while keeping energy demand low and environmental quality high.

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3.RESEARCH STRUCTURE The research structure consist of 4 main parts.

1- Theoretical Background 2-Analytic work 3-Module formation 4-Village module formation The research starts with the theoretical background study. This part includes the ‘climate change’ study and results of it in the Word, in UK and in London. Then its continue with deep study of ‘London’s future’ which includes defining of problems because of climate change , tackling plans of GLA against climate change and the intelligent densification process in different part of city.

After that, it comes the ‘climate analysis’ of London which is giving information about today and future climate conditions.

The second part of research is ‘analytic work’ part. It is formed 3 sections ; units formation , environmental agenda formation and analysis of units. This is the transition study part between theoretical study and module formation .In this part, all units and environmental agenda are created while following the knowledge gotten from theoretical study part. The analysis of units part is the ‘guidance’ formation section for different orientations and conditions.

The third part is the ‘module formation’ which is the base part of research. In this section , the formation of flat modules and their flexibility will be study while using datas/results gotten from ‘analytic work’ section.

The forth part is the ‘village module formation’ section which is showing the synthesis of all studies done until now. This section is giving the example 3 floor housing module based on low energy demand and high environmental quality. This village module study is the last part of this research but will be the base of further studies.

The “next step" of research is the ‘scalable modular building design’ part. This part is not study on this research but on the appendices part , you can find studies conducted on Barnet and City which have different typologies . On this part , the idea is creating two different building in Colindale ( suburb typology ) and in Shoerdicth ( urban typology) while using the repetition ‘ village module’ in lateral and in vertical axes.

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Living Model for London

SECTIONS

CLIMATE CHANGE THEORETICAL BACKGROUND STUDY

LONDON’S FUTURE

CLIMATE ANALYSIS OF LONDON KEY POINT

SECTIONS

25-35% WINDOW/WALL RATIO UNITS FORMATION

ANALYTIC WORK

LOW-U VALUE GLAZING HIGH INSULATION

ENVIRONMENTAL AGENDA

MAXIMISE SUNLIGHT USE UNITS ANALYSIS REDUCE HEATING&COOLING LOADS NATURAL VENTILATION NEARLY ZERO CARBON BUILDING MAXIMISE DAYLIGHTING ENERGY SAVING EQUIPMENTS & NON-TOXIC

BASE CASE

WHY?

PARAMETERS

OPEN PLANS - Min. Interior Wall MODULE FORMATION

Golden Lane Estate

Modernist / Compact housing example in London

BASE CASE

WHY?

SHALLOW PLAN - MAX.8m

PARAMETERS ORIENTATION

‘VILLAGE’ MODULE FORMATION Robin Hood Gardens

Modularity / example of how different units come together / example of sharing spaces

SHARING SPACE TERRACES/OPENINGS

Repetition of 6 units (no transition space or openings, all adjacent)

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LITERATURE REVIEW

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4.CLIMATE CHANGE 4.1 IN WORLD A million year before, fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas produced while burning the remains of living organisms under high temperature and pressure. During the years, fossil fuels are used always as a main energy use source by people. With the Industrial Revolution, the usage percentage of fossil fuels increase dramatically and the disastrous effects of it started to seem in the world. The use of fossil fuels causes the release of CO2 and other gases, which are highly harmful to human and natural health, into the atmosphere. After the industrialisation period, the release of these Greenhouse Gases (GHG) increases by 70% between 1970-2004.

According to records taken from NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), the warmest decade lived from 2000 through 2010 and the hottest summer recorded in 2012. The world started to facing with the catastrophic results of this Global Warming occurred cause of high amount release of GHG. Increase of air / ocean temperature, melting of snow and ice sheets, the rise of sea levels are the first noticeable results of Global Warming that can cause extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, storms, etc. The Special Report of IPCC

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is showing that if this greenhouse gases emissions not stopped, the temperature increases of World will exceed 1.5C and the World will face with catastrophic results.

To save the future of World and humans, it needs to take a series of actions to stop the expansion of these harmful gases into the atmosphere. This is a global-scale problem and a global agreement ( Paris Agreement in 2016 signed by 195 countries as a first globally taken action to tackle climate change) should be taken an action to stop this threat toward to World. However, only one global agreement can not solve this problem, besides global actions, each country must continue to develop their solution strategies according to their geological and climatic conditions to support the tackling Climate Change.

Living Model for London

4.2 IN UK The UK is one of the fast-entering countries into the ‘tackling Climate Change’ process with a series of actions taken systemically. The process in the UK started with ‘The Climate Change Act (2008)’ which made the UK, the first country installed a legal long-term framework to stop carbon emissions. Under the Climate Change Act, an independent Committee on Climate Change (CCC) set up to monitor the Government and devolved. The Climate Change Act requires also a risk assessment report every 5 years to define current and future risks that can occur in the UK cause of climate change. The last UK Climate Change Risk Assessment reported in 2017 for the next 5 years by the UK government and the report includes 6 priority risk areas needs actions in the UK. The main target of CCC is to set up a ‘Building a lowcarbon economy’ until 2050 to tackle climate change.

After the request of Government, the Committee prepared a report based on 2 chapters: Setting a 2050 target and Meeting a 2050 target which is including the recommendations of Committee as a response to the request. According to report of Committee, the UK emissions reductions should be at least 80% by to get at 50% global emission cut by 2050.( not 60% as Government aimed) In order to reach ‘2050 emissions reduction target’, a series of steps named ‘carbon budgets’ set and each one should be set at least 12 years to give enough time to preparation and completion of process. Five carbon budgets set and put on the legislation to run up until 2032 and today, the UK is in the third carbon budget period started in 2008 and will end in 2022.

Besides the ‘Carbon Budgets’, decarbonising electricity generation, reducing domestic transport emissions, reducing energy and electricity demand in buildings and industry are proposed and detailed in the reports prepared for the UK Government.

After the Climate Change Act -2008, UK signed the Paris Agreement in 2015. The countries signed this agreement should start to apply the main 5 main targets of this agreement which are ; reducing greenhouse gases, aiming to keep target temperature increase at 1.5C, monitoring the process of each country every 5 years, creating net-zero carbon emissions until 2050 while eliminating fossil fuel use, helping of rich countries to poor countries.

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4.CLIMATE CHANGE 4.3 IN LONDON London is located 51.51 N latitude and 0.13 W longitude.

It is 25 meters above from the sea level. Until today, London is always defined with a temperate oceanic climate which features warm/humid summers and cool winters.

But today, the London climate is changing. The huge amount of greenhouse gases emissions released into the atmosphere is changing the climate of cities and London is one of them.

“London has now hotter and drier summers and warmer and wetter winters.” (Mayor of London. Climate Change and Weather. Available from https://www.london.gov.uk/ what-we-do/environment/climate-change/climate-changeand-weather [Accessed 12 July 2019] .) If this Greenhouse gases release can not be stopped, climate change effects will increase dramatically.

According to researches conducted, it is expected a temperature increase in summer +3.1C until 2050 and +4.9C until 2080. This means, overheating problems will occur in buildings and this cause an increase in using air conditioners. This means energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions will continue to increase. At the same time, it is expected an increase in winter temperature between 2C and 2.5C until 2080. Increase in winter temperature will help the reduction of heating systems but the rise of winter rainfall will cause sea rise and floods in the city.

The picture is not looking good in overall. The temperature increase will create harmful results without recourse.

“The 80% of Greenhouse gases in London comes from the burning of fossil fuels to power and heat buildings.” (Mayor of London. Climate Change and Weather. Available from https://www.london.gov.uk/whatwe-do/environment/climate-change/climate-change-andweather [Accessed 12 July 2019] .)

To stop these gases emissions and make London zerocarbon city by 2050, The Mayor published many plans, programs.

On the other hand, new strategies are developed to adapt buildings to already changed climate conditions.

These strategies are ‘Drain London program’ against flood risk, ‘Water supply program’ against drought risk, ’Infrastructure of Green’ against overheating risk.

Estimate change in 2050s

Estimate change in 2080s

Summer temp.

+3.1C

+4.9C

Winter temp.

+2C

+2.5C

-19%

-29%

+16%

+26%

Today ‘ 2020s

Warm Humid Summers Cool Winters Summer temp.

Winter temp.

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The Mayor of London starts to tackle climate change in two way: cutting greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere and adapting to limit further changes and adapting the city to the climate changes that already happened.

Future Expectancy

Dry Hot Summers >> less rainfall >> increase temperature Mild Winters >> more rainfall >> increase temperature

Living Model for London

Figure 1â&#x20AC;Š

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Zero Carbon by 2050 // Source: https://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/node/32337

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5.LONDONâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S FUTURE 5.1 PROBLEMS & NEEDS Climate change study completed is showing that there are many fundamental problems already exist today and can occur more in future in London, because of highspeed increase of population( expected to reach 11 million in 2040), dramatic effects of climate change and political/economic issues. These problems and needs are forming new housing and city plans and strategies.

Problems of City : 1. High-speed increase of population, it is expected to be more than 10 million by 2040.

2. Expensive land prices 3. Dramatic Climate changes results such as ; 4. For 2070 summer; it is expected 5.4C increase in air temperature and a 47% decrease in rain 5. For 2070 winter; it is expected 4.2C increase in air temperature and 35% increase in rain.

6. Risk of flooding, overheating and drought.

Lees percentage of rain can create a problem with the need for clean water for the population.

Increase in energy demand and can cause excess carbon dioxide spread to the air if people continue to use fossil fuels instead of natural sources to provide energy.

Needs of City: 1. More green areas to purify the air and improve air quality for the health of people.

2. 66.000 new homes for the increasing population 3. New transportation ways to keep the comfort of Londoners.

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Living Model for London

5.2 AIMS & TACKLING PLANS With the Climate Change Act 2008 and the Paris Agreement, the UK becomes the biggest supporter of tackling climate change action. Besides governmental actions, each City Mayor started to work separately to support the process. As a capital city and biggest city of the UK, London becomes the main target point of UK with time. From 2013, Mayor of London started to set out plans to make London ‘Zero Carbon city by 2050’ and becoming ‘Leading World City’.

Mayor of London published the first long-term ‘London Infrastructure Plan 2050’ - a consultation plan in summer 2013 and just before this consultation plan, ‘2020 Vision’ and ‘London Finance Commission’ reports were published as base work for it. All these three reports created a dense consultation source for London. In the ‘London Infrastructure Plan 2050’, the infrastructure needs of growing city London for the future set out, the average budget for innovations and the best ways of applying them were described.

After the ‘London Infrastructure Plan 2050’, in May 2018, Greater London Authority published ‘London Environmental Strategy’ - implementation plan which is explaining the aim and actions plans of Mayor between 2018-2023 and this plan will be updated yearly to show the progress taken and to define new needs of London.

The plan consists of 2 parts for each strategy: Part 1 explaining the actions that Mayor prepared and Part 2 explain the implementation progress of these actions.

Several plans/strategies developed by Mayor of London to achieve the target to create a London greener, cleaner and ready for future climate conditions. At the same year, in December 2018, a new report named ‘Zero Carbon London: 1.5C Compatible Plan’ published by the Greater London Authority to support the process with new strategies defined. The main aims of Mayor London mentioned on all the reports are ; 1. Improving air quality to create the cleanest city 2. Creating more greener areas to make National Park City

6. Using clean transport and energy to improve Londoner’s life quality, to make London World Leading City.

The new ‘Plan of London’ formed and published by the Greater London Authority in December 2017 and it will take action between 2019-2041 period. The new plan is not gonna be an alteration of old Plans ( published in 2004 and 2011), it is gonna be a replacement plan based on the concept ‘Good Growth’ defined by Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan. Before the publication of the new plan, the Mayor published a report called ‘ A City for All Londoners’ in December 2016 which is explaining all the main strategies about planning London against the fast increase of population and changes occurred cause of climate change. The new plan of London consists of 12 chapter : chapter 1 presents the 6 main policies of ‘Good Growth’, chapter 2 presents the general spatial developments strategies of London ( as a new transports and densification of new settlement areas ) and from chapter 3 to chapter 12 each chapter presents a different topic like design, housing, sustainable infrastructure, transport, green infrastructure etc. with development and implementation strategies which are based on the targets of ‘London Infrastructure 2050’ plan.

The main targets of the new Plan of London : 1. To provide affordable housing, 2. To promote walking and cycling instead of using cars while creating open public spaces, enlarging pedestrian roads, 3. To increase the percentage of green area and become a city more healthy, 4. To create open spaces, parks for public use, 5. To create a Clean, Greener, Zero Carbon City ( based on Zero Carbon Infrastructure) to tackling Climate Change.

All these plans/strategies create ‘intelligent densification’.

3. Constructing energy-efficient buildings to make Zero Carbon City 4. Promoting recycle of waste to make Zero Waste City 5. Creating Resilient city against dramatic climate changes effects

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5.LONDON’S FUTURE 5.3 INTELLIGENT DENSIFICATION After the Industrial Revolution , the immigration from rural to urban areas started and increasingly continue.

Today’s world , 50% of population living in urban areas and by 2045 it is expected to increase the population living in big cities to 6 billion. This condition is showing that there is a high speed urbanisation in our World and it is creating many challenges combining with the climate change effects. These challenges are ; • Increasing demand for affordable housing • Need of weed-connected transportation system • Need of new infrastructures for cities • New job opportunities for people • Need of more spaces as a public or private Cities are not also creating these physical challenges but also they are the biggest promotor of Climate Change with the high amount of energy consumption and GHG emissions. At this point ,to protect the future of World best ‘future city’ type should be designed , in other name it should be a Sustainable Urbanisation while cities developing.The designing process of future cities contains close-knit ideas which are support each other in each step.

The main aim for future cities is to answer all the needs of people and world. The ‘Big Data’ collected from people and cities with technological instruments is helping too much designers/architects to define needs and design efficiently.RIBA defined the ways of using ‘Big Data’ in 4 section : Designing for Citizens,Experimentation, City Analytics, Transparency (Cited form Source : https://medium.com/studiotmd/emerging-trendsthat-will-shape-the-future-of-architecture-356ba3e7f910)

The collected ‘Big Data’ and increase of population reveal the creation of ‘Smart Cities’ as a future city model. The objective of smart cities set up main infrastructures of city , provide high life quality to citizens with clean , sustainable and energy efficient environment.To create mega smart cities, it should develop micro-cities includes the features of ‘smart city’ design.Then what are the features of smart cities?

• Vertical Urbanisation • Sustainable Design • Green Infrastructure • Improved Mobility • Sharing Spaces • Transformable Spaces

Small Clusters

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Micro Cities

Mega Cities

Living Model for London

The ‘Big Data’ collected from people and cities with technological instruments is helping too much designers/architects to define needs and design efficiently.RIBA defined the ways of using ‘Big Data’ in 4 section :

BIG DATA

• Designing for Citizens • Experimentation • City Analytics • Transparency Electric transportation

Sharing and Transformable spaces Renewable energy usage Implementation of Green Minimise energy loss / closed circulation plan

Reduce waste

‘Micro-city’ is a building/space which includes more these clusters to maximise the environmental efficiency of buildings/spaces.

Recycle of materials

MICRO CITIES

The objective of smart cities set up main infrastructures of city , provide high life quality to citizens with clean , sustainable and energy efficient environment.

MEGA CITIES LONDON: WORLD LEADING SMART CITY

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Living Model for London â&#x20AC;©

CONTEXT

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6.CLIMATE ANALYSIS 6.1 RELATIVE HUMIDITY& TEMPERATURE The relative humidity and temperature analysis are using to understand the comfort conditions of users during the time that the analysis is run-up.

In this study, relative humidity and temperature analysis run up through the year for 2020 and 2080. The aim is to understand how temperature and humidity will change in the future and how this is affecting the comfort of users and indicate which passive strategies will be preferable.

Relative Humidity ranges and strategies : • 0% - 29 %: too dry air, to provide moisture, it’s recommended to use of water features to cool air.

• 30%-70% : comfort range • 71%-100 %: too humid, to decrease moisture amount in the air, it’s recommended to use of dehumidification strategies and water-absorbing materials.

Temperature ranges and strategies: • Below 10C: too cold, to keep heat balance and comfort, it’s recommended to use of highly insulating materials and provide direct solar access.

• 10C-32C: Comfort outdoor air temperature, the building temperature could keep in comfort zone with passive strategies.

• Above 32C: Too hot air, to keep the indoor temperature in comfort range, it’s recommended to use of natural ventilation strategies and fans.

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According to the charts; • In 2020; summer temperature range is 15C-20C in the night time and 20C-30C in the day time. The winter temperature range is 5C-10C in the day time and 0C-10C in the night time. The humidity range through year changes between 30% - 90%.

• In 2080; summer temperature range is 15C-25C in the night time and above 30C in the day time. The winter temperature range is 5C-12C in the day time and 0C-10C in the night time. The humidity range through year changes between 45%-90%.

The results are showing that the temperature through the year will increase but especially in summer the temperature and relative humidity increase will be higher than winter. To balance the comfort of users, it’s recommended to use of natural ventilation strategies, green implementation on facade and green terraces to cool indoor air temperature and keep comfort in comfort band.

COMPARASION

FUTURE

PRESENT

Living Model for London

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6.CLIMATE ANALYSIS 6.2 RADIATION BY SKY SEGMENT According to the charts; Radiation by Sky Segment analysts is, also known as sky-dome analysis, showing in which direction solar intensity is more in an area. This analysis is using during the design process to determine the orientation of spaces and glazing percentage of facades.

FUTURE

The best strategy recommended is putting large glazing on North,North-East and Nor-west facades where radiation is low which is not gonna cause an overheating inside of building.The small glazing or controlled glazing with shading elements on south, south-east and southwest facades where the radiation is high.â&#x20AC;Š

PRESENT

The radiation dome analysis is showing that most of the direct sunlight coming from South, South-East and SouthWest facades at mid angles. Mid-angled radiation can be controlled while using fins, overhangs, and shadow boxes.

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Living Model for London

6.3 RADIATION BENEFIT Radiation Benefit is a similar analysis to Radiation by Sky Segment. The main focus of this analysis to determine beneficial and non-beneficial radiation in different climate conditions.

According to Radiation Benefit chart of London in future , north facing windows and low rise south facing windows are not beneficial for getting good amount of solar radiation and maximise daylighting.Direct lighting from roof and south facade can cause overheating problemâ&#x20AC;Š

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6.CLIMATE ANALYSIS 6.4 WIND ANALYSIS Wind analysis is using to determine prevailing wind directions which are using in the facade design of a building to increase the effect of passive ventilation strategies and passive cooling strategies.

The results, obtained for London in 2020 and 2080, are showing that the prevailing wind direction of London.

In the summer period ( June-July-August) prevailing wind direction is West, South West and North-West in both.

In winter season ( October, November, December, January) prevailing wind direction is South, South.-West and West in both.

TODAY WIND ANALYSIS

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Through the year, the wind direction of London is changing a lot but mainly, South -West ,West and North-West directions winds dominate in London.

While designing a building, putting openings and terraces into high-speed wind direction is a help to increase the effectiveness of natural ventilation and natural cooling passive strategies on the building.â&#x20AC;Š

Living Model for London

FUTURE WIND ANALYSIS

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ANALYTIC WORK

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7.ANALYTIC WORK 7.1 UNITS FORMATION 7.1.a Base Case : GLA Housing Requirements The Greater London Authority (GLA) is the administrative body which consists of Mayor of London and 25 LondonAssembly members. GLA provides guidances to Boroughs and developers in housing, planning, economic and transportation areas.

Minimum Space Standards by Greater London Authority

INDOOR LIVING SPACE The minimum width of the main sitting area should be 2.8m in 2-3 person dwellings and 3.2m in dwellings designed for four or more people.

A living room, living space or kitchen-dining room should be at entrance level [Lifetime Homes Standard 8].

BEDROOMS The minimum area of a single bedroom should be 8 m.sq The minimum area of a double or twin bedroom should be 12 m.sq The minimum width of double and twin bedrooms should be 2.75m in most of the length of the room.

BATHROOMS An accessible bathroom should be provided in every dwelling on the same storey as a main bedroom [Lifetime Homes Criterion 14].

Circulation Width Dimensions by Greater London Authority

STORAGE Sharing storage spaces will be proposed to save space A minimum area of 1.5 m.sq should be provided for 2 person dwellings For each additional occupant an additional 0.5 m.sq of storage space is required.

PRIVATE OUTDOOR SPACE Sharing spaces will be proposed to socialise people and save space.

A minimum of 5 sq m of private outdoor space should be provided for 1-2 person dwellings and an extra 1 sq m should be provided for each additional occupant.

OUTDOOR • Single Core: max. 8 dwellings per floor • Internal Corridors >> should receive natural light and ventilation • Min. Width for all paths >> 1200mm - ideal 1500mm • More than 4 storeys >> need shell chair accessible chair • More than 8 storeys >> need min. 2 elevators • Min.5 sqm outdoor spaces per 1-2 person dwellings • Min floor to ceiling height >> 2.5 m • Glazing area >> not less than 20% of floor area

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Kitchen,Dining,Living Area Standards by Greater London Authority

Living Model for London

7.1.b Units According to GLA requirements , the best sizes for indoor spaces are defined. ( see figure ….) The aim is create compact and useful spaces for users.

2.20

BATHROOM SIZES 1.93

Bathroom 4.2 msq

6.6

6.6

6.25

3.5

Living23sqm Room w.Kitchen 23sqm Living Room w.Kitchen Living25sqm Room w.Kitchen 25sqm Living Room w.Kitchen 4.00

4.00

3.5 6.25

Living R 4.05

Living Room w.Kitchen 25sqm

4.05

4.00

LIVING/ DININGKITCHEN ROOM SIZES

6.25

4.05

6.66

Living Room w.Kitchen 27sqm

BEDROOM SIZES

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7.ANALYTIC WORK 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AGENDA As a second step, after defining unit sizes, an environmental agenda developed based on the GLA requirements and Mayor of London plannings&aims (studied on the section 5.2 and 5.3).

This agenda explaining which parameters should care while developing and designing units. There are 4 main parameters which are: Thermal Comfort, Visual Comfort, Indoor Air Quality and Zero Carbon& Energy Efficiency.

01

THERMAL COMFORT

02

VISUAL COMFORT

03

INDOOR AIR QUALITY

04

ZERO CARBON AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY

For each parameter , factors, benchmarks , improvement methods and aims are listed.This environmental agenda will follow while doing analysis of units.

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Living Model for London

â&#x20AC;Š FACTORS

BENCHMARKS

Indoor temperature and humidity

CIBSE Guide Winter temp.>> 18â&#x20AC;&#x201C;21C

Glazing sizes

CIBSE Guide Summer temp. >> 21-25C

Building Orientation Excess use of glazing on South facade

CIBSE Guide Humidity range >> 40-60%

Fully open south facade/no shading elements seasonally

Outdoor air quality

CIBSE Guide ADF 1.5% bedroom 1.5-2 % living rooms 2%kitchens

CIBSE AM10

Use of toxic materials

Energy excess for Cooling and Heating Use of concrete ( high CO2 emission) Air leak on structure

Low SHGC glazing Shading all East and West facing facades during summer

Protect thermal comfort temperature range Decrease need of any cooling and heating system

Operable Shading elements

Maximise daylighting

Use of non-toxic products

Naturally ventilated spaces

Vertical facade Green implementation

High air quality

Minimise glare

CIBSE Guide Illuminance: Min. 150lux

Ventilation system

Energy excess for supply fresh air

Low-U value glazing

AIM

Operable shading North and South facades.

Excess use of glazing on North facade

Narrow buildings

IMPROVEMENT METHODS

Automatic opening windows or roof vents > according to indoor air quality

PASSIVHAUS Strategies

Low CO2 emitter construction materials

Self-cooling building Zero Carbon building

>> Timber-Concrete Hybrid Construction Bulk or Reflective insulation on walls and ceiling External Insulation on all thermal mass Air-sealed spaces Energy saving housing equipments Use of PV panels

37

7.ANALYTIC WORK 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AGENDA 7.2.a Thermal Comfort

Thermal comfort is one of the most important parameters that should take care of.Human body temperature is 37C and it's maintaining while gaining heat via conduction, radiation, basal metabolism and activity and losing heat via conduction, radiation, and evaporation. According to CIBSE guide, comfortable indoor temperature for the human body is changing between from 18C to 21C in winter and from 21C to 25C in summer. Besides the room temperature, the humidity percentage is also effective on human body comfort. According to CIBSE guide, indoor humidity range should be between 40% - 60%.

There are some factors which are affecting indoor thermal temperature and human body comfort. These factors are glazing sizes, building orientation, materials insulation, number of glazing on south facade and north facade. In the design process, the designer should take care of all these factors to protect indoor temperature in the comfort range.

The main aim of balancing the indoor temperature in benchmarks range is not just for human body comfort, it is important also to reduce energy uses for heating and cooling. Many methods can improve building strength against heat losses and extreme heat gains. These methods are using of Low-E value glazing to prevent heat losses, using shading devices on a south-east and west facade to prevent overheating, operable windows on north and south facade to create cross ventilation and provide natural ventilation and natural cooling to indoor.

In this design study, while developing as a material selection, window size and shading device type, all these factors, benchmarks, and methods will follow.â&#x20AC;Š

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Living Model for London

HUMAN BODY THERMAL COMFORT

Gaining body heat

37C

Radiation Conduction Shivering Basal-metabolism Activity

Loosing body heat

Evaporation >> effective cooling method >> high humidity reduce it Radiation Conduction

THERMAL COMFORT IN BUILDING

Need too much heating and cooling energy for keeping occupants thermal comfort

Need lees heating and cooling energy for keeping occupants thermal comfort

Tâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;air: 20C

37C

Exterior

Felling Cold Uncomfortable 14C

Comfortable

Exterior

19C

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7.ANALYTIC WORK 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AGENDA 7.2.b Indoor Air Quality

Indoor air quality is another key parameter for environmentally friendly developments. Using electrical cars and green infrastructure plans will be helpful to improve outdoor air quality and will support natural ventilation in future London. But, the indoor air quality does not only link to outdoor air quality; indoor materials, cleaning products, also affect it.

The indoor air quality can be improved with the use of non-toxic indoor products, outdoor facade vegetation and indoor vegetation with air-purifying plants.

Air-purifying plants such as Ficus Benjamina, Devil’s Ivy, Rubber Plant, Dracaena Fragrans, etc. are removing the toxic chemicals such as formaldehyde, benzene, and carbon monoxide from air. The source of these chemicals can be furnishings, upholstery, building materials, and cleaning products. Because of that not just only use of air-purifying materials, it’s recommended the usage of low VOC indoor materials.

What are these low VOC materials?

VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) can be found in many materials using indoor spaces such as paints, primers, finishes, textiles, insulation, etc. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, VOC materials include many harmful chemical insides for human health. For that reason, non-VOC or low VOC indoor materials in furniture, flooring and wall paint and structural materials are a highly important issue.

In this study, low-VOC indoor materials and air-purifying plants use are proposed for units to improve air quality.

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Living Model for London

Detail 1

INDOOR VEGETATION Air purifying Plants

OUTDOOR VEGETATION Air purifying Plants Support Natural Ventilation

FLOOR FSC Hardwood Flooring

WALLS Low VOC Paint

KITCHEN FURNITURE Low VOC Paints OSMO Oils and Waxes

Detail 1

6mm Sun-cool Glazing

12mm Argon Cavity 6mm Sun-cool Glazing

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7.ANALYTIC WORK 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AGENDA 7.2.c Zero Carbon and Energy Efficiency

Traditional construction methods are always promoting the use of reinforced concrete as a primary structural material, but the amount of CO2 and other harmful gases spread into the atmosphere during the process of construction is high than all other structural materials. The figure 2 is showing the harmful effects of reinforced concrete while comparing with laminated timber.

Concrete Core and Basement

Timber is a healthy material for people and nature. After 2000, many firms started to use timber as a structural material on their constructions. Today, studies with timber to make high rise buildings is continuing.

Concrete-Timber hybrid construction is the best solution today to provide stability and save a huge amount of energy. The use of concrete on the core and basement give stability to the construction. On the other hand, use of timber gives strength in good insulation, saving energy and money with prefabricated construction methods.

Timber is an environmentally friendly, cost-saving, early adaptable and lightweight material. For that reason, on hybrid construction as a slab and column, timber is used.

On the slabs, Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) (consists of 5 ply.) is used and on columns, Glulam is used. Glulam carries loads and transfers them vertically via steel joints.

As a joint element, between the Glulam column and CLT slab, steel joints are used to transfer vertical loads between Glulam columns and as a bearing structure for CLT surfaces. To improve the fire-resistant capacity of timber material, one-hour fire-resistant Glulam columns are used. This Glulam includes an extra tension lam on the bottom different than standard Glulam. To improve fire resistance of slabs and walls, fire-resistant insulation boards are used to cover them.

Figure 2

2

Reinforce Concrete & Timber Efficiency Chart Source :

42

Timber frame structure

Detail 1

Living Model for London

Detail 1 (raw)

Glulam Column >>carry Vertical Loads

Cross Laminated Timber ( 5-ply CLT) Floor slab ( 2 way slab)

Steel Joint >> direct load transfer between

Figure 3

Detail 1 (edited - internal wall)

Glulam Column Gypsum Board Acoustic Insulation Structural Sheeting Plaster Board

Figure 4â&#x20AC;Š

3

Detail drawings of connection CLT and Glulam // Source: http://firegroundleadership.com/2016/08/21/tallest-hybrid-mass-timber-building/#gref

4

Detail drawing of connection CLT and Glulam // Source: http://firegroundleadership.com/2016/08/21/tallest-hybrid-mass-timber-building/#gref

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7.ANALYTIC WORK 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL. AGENDA 7.2.c Zero Carbon and Energy Efficiency

The figure 5 is showing the embodied carbon amount and net carbon print amount of CLT and Concrete to understand more clearly the advantage of using concrete as a main structure frame material.

Figure 5â&#x20AC;Š

According to tests, 71.3% of laminated timber is renewable but on the other hand only 13.3% of concrete is renewable. Also, the feedstock energy of laminated timber is 63.1% but the feedstock energy of concrete is only 11.6% .

Concrete +2.000 tonnes

CLT +976 tonnes

5

Energy savings of timber and reinforced concrete // Source:

44

Net Carbon Footprint

Embodied Carbon

CLT vs. CONCRETE

CLT -2.600 tonnes CO2

Concrete +2.000 Tonnes CO2

Living Model for London

EXT.WALL/FLOOR CONNECTION DETAIL

Plaster Board + Finishing Structural Sheeting Gypsum Board(fire resistant) Solid Wood Panel e.g. CLT Insulation External Cladding w.PV. Panels

UPPER FLOORS >>CLT floors >>Glulam columns and beams

Wood Floor & Sub-floor Floor Insulation Solid Wood Panel e.g. CLT Gypsum Board (fire resistant) Structural Sheeting Plaster Board+Finishing

BASEMENT >> Concrete

Wood Floor Sub-Floor Floor Insulation Concrete Floor Slab

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7.ANALYTIC WORK 7.3 ANALYSIS OF UNITS 7.3.a Material Selection

The material selection for units is the first step of the analysis process of units. They're different type of materials applied to units and energy consumption analysis run up to see which materials will be the most appropriate one.

Fist, CIBSE Part-L 2010 materials are performed. The results are showing that the wall insulation is not enough and there is high heat loses in winter. According to numeric data, a room performed with these materials needs 958kWh heating energy and 172kWh cooling energy per year.

As a second option, CIBSE Part-L 2013 materials are performed. The results are showing that there is high insulation on walls ( low U-value) which is helpful to prevent heat losses in winter and is helping to increase heating loads ( which is 306kWh per year). There is a slight increase in cooling loads because high insulation on walls prevents heat losses through walls and solar heat gain during summer via glazing is stored inside of the room. To decrease this cooling loads, operable shading elements or internal blinds can be used in the summer season.

CIBSE PART L - 2010 MATERIALS Glazing Walls

U-value: 2 W/m2.K. SHGC: 0.68 U-value:0.3 W/m2.K

Floors

Hardwood - U-value:0.25 W/m2.K

Roof

Wood deck - U-value:0.2 W/m2K

CIBSE PART L - 2013 MATERIALS Glazing

U-value:1.4 W/m2.K. SHGC: 0.63

Walls

U-value:0.18 W/m2.K

Floors

Hardwood - U-value:0.13 W/m2.K

Roof

Wood deck - U-value:0.13 W/m2K

As a third option, Passivhaus material are performed and best results on heating loads ( 232kWh per year ) and cooling loads ( 133kWh per year) are taken. But, the cost of these materials is high and instead of spending money on these expensive materials, there are some architectural and environmental design techniques to save energy. Implementing operable shading elements, changing glazing proportion and changing the orientation of rooms can help to save energy for heating and cooling through the year.

For that reason, as a material, CIBSE Part-L 2013 materials are chosen for units.

46

PASSIVHAUS Glazing

U-value: 0.8 W/m2.K. SHGC: 0.4

Walls

U-value:0.15 W/m2.K

Floors

Hardwood - U-value:0.15 W/m2.K

Roof

Wood deck - U-value:0.15 W/m2K

Living Model for London

â&#x20AC;Š 7.3.b Window Sizes The window dimension is using for units is 0.91*1.54m. To define how many windows need of living rooms ( 27m2 25m2 & 23m2 ) and bedrooms ( 15m2 12m2 & 10m2 ) daylight analysis run-up. According to CIBSE guide benchmarks, average daylight factor for living room with the kitchen should be at least 2% and for bedrooms should be at least 1.5 %.

In simulation, units runup in an empty context, this means there isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t any building can be an obstacle for daylight access. For that reason, extra heat stress add to find balance when units will put in a context.The glazing to floor proportion should change between 25%-35% to get enough daylight to maximise natural daylighting.

Living Room w.Kitchen 27m2

Living Room w.Kitchen 25m2

Living Room w.Kitchen 23m2

TYPE 1 Glazed Wall / Floor Area : 0.25 Window no:6 ADF: 4.8%

TYPE 1 Glazed Wall / Floor Area : 0.25 Window no:5 ADF: 4.5%

TYPE 1 Glazed Wall / Floor Area : 0.25 Window no:4 ADF:3.28

The results : 27m2 Living room needs 6 pieces of windows and average daylight factor obtained is 4.8%.

G/F : 0.27 WN. No:3 >> 4.02m2 ADF: 4.9%

25m2 Living room needs 5 piece of windows and average daylight factor obtained is 4.5%.

23m2 Living room needs 4 piece of windows and average daylight factor obtained is 3.28%.

Bedroom 15m2

15m2 Bedroom needs 3 piece of windows and average daylight factor obtained is 4.9%.

12m2 Bedroom needs 2 piece of windows and average daylight factor obtained is 4.39%.

G/F : 0.22 WN. No:2 >> 2.68m2 ADF: 4.39%

Bedroom 12m2

10m2 Bedroom needs 2 piece of windows and average daylight factor obtained is 4.9%.

Besides the context, the shading elements and orientation of units can help to balance the average daylight factor and increase heat stress.

G/F : 0.25 WN. No:2 >> 2.68m2 ADF: 4.9%

Bedroom 10m2

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7.ANALYTIC WORK 7.3 ANALYSIS OF UNITS 7.3.c.Shading Devices

External Shading Elements are main environmental impact control devices to reduce the excessive use of mechanical heating and cooling systems and balance the indoor temperature in comfort level while operating only shading devices according to season and time of day.

Vertical Shading >> for North facade

Shading devices through summer season are using to prevent direct solar radiation and decrease the number of solar heat gains. Shading devices are also helping to reduce the SHGC value of the glazing. Instead of using expensive high SHGC value glazing, it can be used cheap low SHGC value glazing and this makes a costsaving building. At the same time, low SHGC in winter season help to increase solar heat gain and reduce energy for heating. Another advantage of shading devices, they are helping to reduce the glare issue.

South-facing windows need horizontal shading devices to prevent direct access of summer sun inside of units to prevent overheating and reduce the energy consumption for cooling and allow direct access of winter sun inside of units to increase solar heat gain through winter and to reduce the energy consumption for heating.

Egg-crate Shading >> East and West facades

On East and West facade, egg-crate shading ( consists of horizontal and vertical shading elements) is useful to prevent direct sun access from all directions. West facade is under risk of overheating and using egg crate shading elements are most effective than other shading devices.

The north facade doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need generally shading elements but to prevent low evening summer sun, vertical shading elements or internal blinds can be used.

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Horizontal louvres in vertical plane >> South facadeâ&#x20AC;Š

Living Model for London

Figure 6

6

Source : http://www.nzeb.in/knowledge-centre/passive-design/shading/

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7.ANALYTIC WORK 7.3 ANALYSIS OF UNITS 7.3.c Shading Devices

Living room w.kitchen for four different facades with different types of shading elements is simulated to find best shading elements for each facade.

South Facing Living room: Two different types of shading devices which are egg crate and horizontal louvers in a vertical plane studied for south-facing living room. According to results, horizontal louvers in a vertical plane is the best shading device with 50% well-lit amount and ]2.24% average daylight factor.

West Facing Living room: Two different types of shading devices which are egg crate and horizontal louvers in a vertical plane studied for west-facing living room. According to results, egg-crate shading is the best shading device with 47% well-lit amount and 3.5% average daylight factor.

Living Room w.Kitchen ( South Facing)

Living Room w.Kitchen ( West Facing)

Average Daylight Factor

Average Daylight Factor

Annual Illuminance > 300lux

Without Shading

ADF -2.24

Without Shading

Annual Illuminance > 300lux

â&#x20AC;Š

50% WELL LIT 33% OVERLIT ADF - 4.94%

51% WELL LIT 46% OVERLIT

South Facade: Horizontal louvres in vertical plane West Facade: Eggcrate Shading(0.2m)

ADF - 5.25%

33% WELL LIT 67% OVERLIT

ADF - 3.5%

47% WELL LIT 40% OVERLIT

South Facade: Eggcrate Shading(0.4m)

ADF - 2.61%

39% WELL LIT 40% OVERLIT

West Facade: Horizontal louvres in vertical plane

ADF -2.34

50

45% WELL LIT 29% OVERLIT

Living Model for London

North Facing Living room: Only not type shading device which is vertical fins studied for north-facing living room. According to results, vertical fins are the best shading device with 60% well-lit amount and 3.08% average daylight factor

East Facing Living room: Two different types of shading devices which are egg crate and horizontal louvers in a vertical plane studied for east-facing living room. According to results, egg-crate shading is the best shading device with 43% well-lit amount and 3% average daylight factor.

Living Room w.Kitchen ( North Facing)

Living Room w.Kitchen ( East Facing)

Average Daylight Factor

Annual Illuminance > 300lux

Without Shading

Average Daylight Factor

Without Shading

ADF. 4.22% ADF -4.23%

59% WELL LIT 16% OVER LIT

71% WELL LIT

West Facade: Eggcrate Shading(0.2m)

North Facade:Vertical Fin (0.2m)

ADF. 3% ADF -3.08%

Annual Illuminance > 300lux

43% WELL LIT 13% OVER LIT

60% WELL LIT

West Facade: Horizontal louvres in vertical plane

ADF. 2%

31% WELL LIT

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7.ANALYTIC WORK 7.3 ANALYSIS OF UNITS 7.3.c Shading Devices

Bedroom for four different facades with different types of shading elements is simulated to find best shading elements for each facade.

South Facing Bedroom: Two different types of shading devices which are egg crate and horizontal louvers in a vertical plane studied for south-facing bedroom. According to results, horizontal louvers in a vertical plane is the best shading device with 57% well-lit amount and 3.2% average daylight factor.

West Facing Bedroom: Two different types of shading devices which are egg crate and horizontal louvers in a vertical plane studied for west-facing bedroom. According to results, egg-crate shading is the best shading device with 47% well-lit amount and 3.94% average daylight factor.

â&#x20AC;Š

Average Daylight Factor

Annual Illuminance > 150lux

Without Shading

Average Daylight Factor

Annual Illuminance > 150lux

Without Shading

37% Well Lit ADF - 5.29%

ADF - 5.33%

South Facade: Eggcrate Shading(0.2m)

ADF -2.27%

South Facade: Horizontal Shading(0.2m)

40% Well Lit

South Facade: Horizontal louvres in vertical plane

ADF -3.2%

52

40% Well Lit

57% Well Lit

ADF - 3.94%

47% Well Lit

South Facade: Horizontal louvres in vertical plane

ADF -3.23%

45% Well Lit

Living Model for London

North Facing Bedroom: Only not type shading device which is vertical fins studied for north-facing bedroom.

According to results, vertical fins are the best shading device with 55% well-lit amount and 2.84% average daylight factor.

Average Daylight Factor

Annual Illuminance > 150lux

Without Shading

ADF - 3.38%

East Facing Bedroom: Two different types of shading devices which are egg crate and horizontal louvers in a vertical plane studied for east-facing bedroom. According to results, egg-crate shading is the best shading device with 53% well-lit amount and 2.49% average daylight factor.

Average Daylight Factor

Without Shading

63% Well Lit

North Facade: Vertical Fin 0.2m)

ADF - 3.35%

73% Well Lit

South Facade: Horizontal Shading(0.2m)

ADF - 2.49% ADF - 2.84%

Annual Illuminance > 150lux

55% Well Lit

53% Well Lit

South Facade: Horizontal louvres in vertical plane

ADF - 2.16%

43% Well Lit

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7.ANALYTIC WORK 7.3 ANALYSIS OF UNITS 7.3.d Energy Consumption Balance

After shading device analysis section, to find the best combination of units on different facing facades, energy consumption analysis simulated. Three different cases designed to find the best location and orientation for units. The first case is three units next to each other, the second case is one-two units and one terrace next to each other and the third case is two units and one common space next to each other. The aim here is to find which combination gives better results, which means need less energy for heating and cooling, in which orientation.

CIBSE PART L - 2013 MATERIALS Glazing

U-value:1.4 W/m2.K. SHGC: 0.63

Walls

U-value:0.18 W/m2.K

Floors

Hardwood - U-value:0.13 W/m2.K

Roof

Wood deck - U-value:0.13 W/m2K

CASE 1 - NEXT TO FLAT 1

2

3

CASE 2 - NEXT TO TERRACE 1

2

3

CASE 3 - NEXT TO COMMON SPACE 1

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2

3

Living Model for London

CASE 1 - NEXT TO FLATâ&#x20AC;Š Case 1 consists of three flat units next to each other.

As a flat module,â&#x20AC;? living room - 27m2 â&#x20AC;&#x153; is used. The illuminance analysis simulated for 21th of June and 21th of December is showing that in summer the module is getting required light for natural lighting os space ( CIBSE guide - min. 300 lux for Living rooms) and in winter, it needs some artificial lighting support.

This artificial lighting can provide while using energyefficient lighting systems.

21th June / 13pm

The energy consumptions values for cooling is zero.

While opening windows, using shading devices and internal blinds, the temperature of space can maintain in comfort range and with our using any mechanical cooling system, it can provide required fresh and cool air.

The energy consumptions values for heating is changing according to the orientation of units. South-facing units heating loads is the lowest one because solar heat gain percentage is high on the south facade. And also, the mid-located unit needs less heating energy than other two corners units because it has only one wall facing outside and this is helping to reduce heat losses through walls. After south-oriented units, the secondary orientation needs less heating energy is West and east facades. The north-facing units need the highest heating energy because these units are not taking direct solar radiation.

Cooling

Cooling

0.00 kWh/m2

0.00 kWh/m2

21th December / 13pm

S

6.9 kWh/m2

4.1 kWh /m2

6.9 kWh /m2

W

13.9 kWh/m2

9.2 kWh /m2

13.7 kWh /m2

18 kWh/m2

12 kWh /m2

18 kWh /m2

14.2 kWh/m2

9.2 kWh /m2

14.4 kWh /m2

N

E

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7.ANALYTIC WORK 7.3 ANALYSIS OF UNITS 7.3.d Energy Consumption Balance CASE 2 - NEXT TO TERRACE Case 2 consists of two flat units and common open terrace next to each other. As a flat units,” living room 27m2 “ is used. The illuminance analysis simulated for 21th of June and 21th of December is showing that in summer the module is getting required light for natural lighting of flat units ( CIBSE guide - min. 300 lux for Living rooms) and in winter, it needs some artificial lighting support. This artificial lighting can provide while using energy-efficient lighting systems.

21th June / 12pm

The energy consumptions values for cooling is zero.

While opening windows, using shading devices and internal blinds, the temperature of space can maintain in comfort range and with our using any mechanical cooling system, it can provide required fresh and cool air.

The energy consumptions values for heating is changing according to the orientation of units. South-facing units heating loads is the lowest one because solar heat gain percentage is high on the south facade.When case 1 and case 2 flats compared to each other, the heating energy demand of case 2 units are less than case 1 units. This is proving that putting terraces or facade gardens on corners decrease heat losses and energy demand for heating.

Cooling

0.00 kWh/m2

0.00 kWh/m2

21th December / 12pm

S

4.9 kWh/m2

4.5 kWh /m2

W

9 kWh/m2

8 kWh /m2

N

12.3 kWh/m2

11.1 kWh /m2

9.7 kWh/m2

8.8 kWh /m2

E

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Cooling

Living Model for London

CASE 3 - NEXT TO COMMON SPACEâ&#x20AC;Š Case 3 consists of two flat units and one common closed space next to each other. As a flat module,â&#x20AC;? living room 27m2 â&#x20AC;&#x153; is used. The illuminance analysis simulated for 21th of June and 21th of December is showing that in summer the module is getting required light for natural lighting of spaces ( CIBSE guide - min. 300 lux for Living rooms) and in winter, it needs some artificial lighting support. This artificial lighting can provide while using energy-efficient lighting systems.

21th June / 12pm

The energy consumptions values for cooling is zero.

While opening windows, using shading devices and internal blinds, the temperature of space can maintain in comfort range and with our using any mechanical cooling system, it can provide required fresh and cool air.

The energy consumptions values for heating is changing according to the orientation of units. South-facing units heating loads is the lowest one because solar heat gain percentage is high on the south facade. The heating energy demand is higher on common space than other units because the glazing percentage is higher than other units and this is increasing heat losses through glazed conduction in winter.

Cooling

Cooling

0.00 kWh/m2

0.00 kWh/m2

21th December / 12pm

S

7 kWh/m2

7 kWh /m2

16.2 kWh /m2

W

14 kWh/m2

13.6 kWh /m2

21.4 kWh /m2

N

20 kWh/m2

18.5

29 kWh /m2

14.4 kWh/m2

13.9 kWh /m2

22 kWh /m2

E

57

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Living Model for London â&#x20AC;©

DESIGN APPLICABILITY

59

8.MODULE FORMATION 8.1 BASE CASE : GOLDEN LANE ESTATE 7 Module formation is the process of creating flat types while organising the units with each other. As a base case study for module formation, Golden Lane Estate project is using. The main reason for choosing this estate is that Golden Lane is the first compact modernist housing example in London.

Materials ● Brick masonry wall ( no insulation) >> ‘Gain to Loss’ Ratio : 0.502 >> Huge heat loss ● Single Glazed aluminium framed windows >> Uvalue: 5 W/m2.K >> Huge heat loss

As a base case module example, duplex two-bed maisonette type is used. According to simulations and observations conducted on-site, the missing points of maisonettes are defined. The Golden Lane Estate maisonettes need improvements on materials quality ( need for insulation), on adaptability capacity of units against changing needs of users and climate.

Style The Golden Lane Estate architectural style Modernist.The Estate developed under the concept of Social housing scheme.The architects of Estate follow the “Less is More” and “Form follows Function” principles on design process. The general architectural style of Estate is simple and the effective usage of spaces , providing maximum comfort with minimum space requirements ( GLA requirements flowed) are showing the effects of these two principles.

The interior plan of flats and maisonettes are shallow open plan on N-S direction.There are “corner-less” walls to maximise windows opening and allow natural ventilation and cooling through summer season.There is double height windows and sliding doors to enhance openness , daylighting and passive heating in winter season getting in maximum amount daylight and solar radiation.But, these huge windows is creating a risk of infiltration and heat loses in winter because of single glazing structure.

Lower Floor Plan

Upper Floor Plan

Awning windows Sash door ( single glazing) Cantilevered Stairs/ Concrete Prefabricated slabs

7 Source Study : Schiano-Phan, R, Lau, B, Pourel, D and Khan-Phatan, S. (2018). Spatial Delight and Environmental Performance of Modernist Architecture in London – Golden Lane Estate. Future

Cities and Environment, 4(1): 16, 1–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/fce.47

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Living Model for London

● ● ●

●

Annual Heat Loads: 75 kWh/m2 Main Heat Gain: Solar gain 80% in summer >> potential for natural vent. & cooling strategy Main Heat Loses : Glazing conduction ,70% in winter >> because of poor performance of single glazing 25% window/wall ratio is good for daylight. ( DF 8% - good for daylighting in shallow plan 8m)

Improvements ● ●

●

Daylight Factor Analysis

Simulation Results

Need of Extra Insulation on walls to prevent extreme heat loss in winter Need of Low-U value double glazing to prevent heat loss in winter and excess heat gain in summer Need of good Sealing of aluminium windows frames or change them with thermal broken wooden ones.

Lower Floor Plan

Upper Floor Plan

61

8.MODULE FORMATION 8.2 MODULES TYPOLOGIES Nine flat module typologies designed based on organisation structure of Golden Lane Estate’s maisonettes. The flat modules sizes strictly follow the housing sizes requirements of Greater London Authority.

6.66 3.00

1.60 4.70

Micro Module ( sharing kitchen) Living Area/Bedroom :12m2 Bathroom : 2.5 m2 Storage/Circ. : 1 m2

1.86

Bedroom w. Kitchen 20sqm

The modules :

• M1 - Micro module, 17m2 for 1 person

• S1 - Studio module, 25m2 for 1 person or 2 person

• S2 - Studio module, 25m2 for 1 person or 2 person

• B1.1 - 1 Bed module, 39m2 for 1 person

• B1.2 - 1 Bed module, 50m2 for 2 person

• B1.3 - 1 Bed module(duplex), 58m2 for 2 person

• B2.1 - 2 Bed module, 65m2 for 3 person

• B2.2 - 2 Bed module, 70m2 for 4 person

1.60

3.00

M1

3.90

Bedroom 12sqm

Total Area : 17 m2

1.60

Space Height( clear ) : 2.5m2

2.19

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Studio Module Living Area/Bedroom :12m2 Open Kitchen /Dining: 7 m2 Bathroom : 2.5 m2 Storage /Circ. : 1 m2

6.66 3.00

1.86 1.60

Space Height( clear ) : 2.5m2 1.60

Total Area : 25 m2

S1

3.90

Bedroom w. Kitchen 20sqm

2.19

4.70 1.60

3.00

1.60 Bathroom 2.5m2

Space Height( clear ) : 2.5m2 Total Area

Storage 1.5m2

1.60

2.19

Living Area/Bedroom :12m2 Open Kitchen /Dining: 7 m2 Bathroom : 2.5 m2 Storage /Circ. : 1 m2

3.90

Bedroom 12sqm

Studio Module

: 25 m2

3.51

3.51

S2

6.66

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8.MODULE FORMATION 8.2 MODULES TYPOLOGIESâ&#x20AC;© 3.96

1.60

.90

Living room / Dining Area/Kitchen :23m2 Bedroom : 10 m2 Bathroom : 2.5 m2 Storage : 1.5 m2

Bedroom 10m2

Bathroom 2.5m2

Storage 1.5m2

1.60

1 Bed Module >> 1person

Total Area : 39 m2

6.36

Space Height( clear ) : 2.5m2

Living Room w.Open Kitchen 23m2

3.51

B1.1

6.66

6.15 2.20

3.85

Bathroom 4.2m2

3.64

Living room / Dining Area/Kitchen : 23m2 Bedroom : 13m2 Master Bathroom : 4.2m2 Storage : 1.8 m2 Guest WC. : 1.6 m2

1.94

1 Bed Module >> 2p.

Space Height (clear) : 2.5m2 WC 1.6m2

7.74

1.60

Total Area : 50m2

Ensuite Bedroom 13m2 Storage 1.8m2

4.00

4.00

B1.2

Open Plan Living Room 25m2

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4.20

6.66

1.60

Open Plan Living Room 27m2

1 Bed Module >> 2p.

Bathroom 2.5m2

Storage 1.5m2

Living room / Dining Area/Kitchen : 27m2 Bedroom w.bathroom : 17.5 m2 Storage : 1.8 m2 Guest WC. : 1.6 m2 Space Height (clear) : 2.5m2 Total Area 6.66 : 58m2

6.66

4.25

1.45

3.06

1.53

B1.3

Open Plan Living Room 27m2

Bathroom 2.5m2

Storage 1.5m2

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8.MODULE FORMATION 8.2 MODULES TYPOLOGIESâ&#x20AC;©

2.20

2 Bed Module >> 3person

4.06

Bathroom 4.2m2

3.64

Living room / Dining Area/Kitchen :27m2 Ensuite Bedroom : 19.2 m2 Bedroom : 12 m2 Storage : 2 m2 Bathroom : 2.5m2

Ensuite Bedroom 15m2

Space Height( clear ) : 2.5m2 Total Area : 65 m2

Bedroom 12m2

B2.1

+

Bathroom 2.5m2

4.05

Open Plan Living Room 27m2

6.66

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10.80

2.92

Storage 2 m2

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2 Bed Module >> 4person

Bathroom 4.2m2

3.64

Living room / Dining Area/Kitchen :27m2 Ensuite Bedroom : 19.2 m2 Bedroom : 15 m2 Storage : 2 m2 Bathroom : 4.2m2

Ensuite Bedroom 15m2

Space Height( clear ) : 2.5m2 Total Area : 70 m2

+

Bedroom 15m2 Bathroom 4.2m2

Open Plan Living Room 27m2

4.05

B2.2

3.64

Storage 2 m2

6.66

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8.MODULE FORMATION 8.3 MODULES FLEXIBILITY Modules flexibility is a key part of this study. In the concept development part, flexibility mentioned as one of the keywords that form concept and hypothesis.

From the day that we came to the World, we are changing and developing. With these changes happening on us and our surroundings, our needs also are changing.

But, why our home is always the same? Why we donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have a chance to change them also? The flexibility idea in this research appear which these questions and become a key part of this research. Think a young couple, they were living in a studio flat when they are just two.

But later, they married and their family grows with the children, changing hobbies or maybe with their adopted pet. So, for all these changes happening in their lives, should they change their homes? Today, it can say yes but in the future, this answer should be no. It should provide people to change the scale or function of their home of units. This is the main story creating flexibility concept in architecture. Flexibility save money while preventing moving every year; flexibility provide people to work in their home; flexibility provide people to start on their hobbies easily in their home and of course, flexibility provides more living spaces to the increasing number of population.

In this research, nine flat modules designed and five of them are one bed and two bed module flats. These large modules are not fixed and with the changing. Needs of people , they have a flexibility ti divide into small modules to provide more number of flats to more people. Theres is four options; 1 bed duplex flat can transform into two studio flat ; 2 bedroom flat can transform into 1 Bed and studio flat; 2 bedroom flat can transform into two studio and one micro module flat and last option is 2 bedroom flat can transform into two studio and two micro module flats.

The flexibility is valid for the bedroom, living room, storage and circulation spaces. To wet spaces ( kitchen and bathroom) should be in same core axes and the main circulation core and common spaces are stable part of modules.â&#x20AC;Š

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â&#x20AC;Š

B2.2 - 2 Bed Module ( 4 people)

70m2

B2.1 - 2 Bed Module ( 3 people)

65m2

B1.3 - 1 Bed Module ( 2 people)

58m2

B1.2 - 1 Bed Module ( 2 people)

50m2

B1.1 - 1 Bed Module (1 people)

39m2

S2 - Studio Module

25m2

S1 - Studio Module

25m2

M1 - Micro Module ( kitchen / living room sharing)

17m2

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8.MODULE FORMATION 8.3 MODULES FLEXIBILITY

OPTION 1 1 Bedroom Duplex B1.3

OPTION 2 1 Bedroom B1.1

>>

OPTION 3 1 Bedroom Duplex B1.2

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>>

no2 Studio Module

1 Studio Module & 1 Micro Module

>>

2 Studio Module

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OPTION 4 2 Bedroom

>>

OPTION 5 2 Bedroom

>>

OPTION 6 2 Bedroom

>>

1 Bedroom Module & Studio Module

2 Studio Module + Micro Module

2 Studio Module + 2 Micro Module

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DESIGN APPLICATION

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9.VILLAGE MODULE FORMATION 9.1 BASE CASE : ROBIN HOOD GARDENS8 “Village Module Formation” is a mini-scale building prototype consists of circulation, sharing spaces, terraces, and flat modules.

As a base case study for this section, Robin Hood Gardens project is used. The reason for choosing this base case is Robin Hood gardens is the best example of modularity with the repetition of 6 Units.

The missing points of Robin Hood Gardens are the use of poor quality materials, brutal concrete design and blind spaces formed because of lateral circulation in front of doors.

8

Source of Reseach Robin Hood Gardens Research. Calleja, H. et al. (no date) ‘CHAPTER 1 ANALYTICAL STUDIES’.

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Style

Materials

Robin Hood Gardens architectural style is Modernist.It is developed under the concept of Social housing scheme with brutalist style.Robin Hood Gardens developed under the “Street in Sky” architectural style.

The materials used; ● ● ●

Bedrooms and Dining/Kitchen areas>>

Inner side nearest the quite area

Bedrooms and Dining/Kitchen areas>>

Inner side nearest the quite area

Street in Sky >> access decks

Living rooms >>

outer side nearest the noise

Reinforced Concrete Box Frame Construction Two factor formed the design : prevent traffic noise on three sides of site and protected,open, green space for habitants 8 units types >> Six of them are distributed along the largest part of the building (typologies 01 to 06), and the last two are located in the building extremities.

Street in Sky >> access decks

Green Landscape

Living rooms >>

outer side nearest the noise

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9.VILLAGE MODULE FORMATION 9.2 STRATEGY 1 : LATERAL CIRCULATION On the design process of village model , two type of circulation take considered . First of all , lateral circulation designed as a proposal for village module. But there are some disadvantages make less preferable lateral circulation in residential building design.

These disadvantages are:

• Extremely space loss because of lateral circulation corridors

• Flats only north facing , this can cause underheating problems in flats and increase the use of heating energy

• Spread of wet spaces and extra use of service pipes to connect them to each other

• Less flexibility capacity

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N

Wet Bulks

Wet Bulks

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9.VILLAGE MODULE FORMATION 9.3 STRATEGY 2 : CORE CIRCULATION 9.3.a Strategy and Floor Plans

The core circulation strategy is more efficiently useful than lateral circulation. On the core circulation, the main access elements which are elevators, service elevator and fire escape stairs located in the middle of the village module plan. According to simulations and studies completed on the section, 7.3.d is giving knowledge about which units should locate where and which windows sizes and shading elements. According to these studies completed on section 7, the village core module designed.

The village module consists of 3 floors and 21 flats which are no11 3 different type of 1-bed flats, no5 micro flats, no.3 studio flats, and no.2 2 bed flats.

On the first floor , theres is only 1 bed flats and one terrace which is 45m2 for floor residents.The north part of circulation corridor is a semi-open common space for residents.

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On the second floor, there is only micro and studio flats ,two common spaces which are kitchen/dining hall and living/play room and one common terrace which is 60m2.

On the third floor, there is 2 bed flats and 1 bed flats , one common space and one terrace which is 60m2.

The common spaces and core circulation is stable but flats are flexible to any adaptation. There is a large common terrace on each floor instead of providing small and private balconies to each flat. Balconies are making people more alone but communal gardens/terraces help to save space and socialise people.

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3rd Floor

- no.2 2 Bed flats - no.3 1 Bed flats

2nd Floor

- no.5 Micro flats - no.3 Studio flats

1th Floor

- no.8 1 bed flats

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9.VILLAGE MODULE FORMATION 9.3 STRATEGY 2 : CORE CIRCULATION 9.3.a Strategy and Floor Plansâ&#x20AC;©

COMMON AREA

GARDEN TERRACE

UP

Ensuite Bedroom 12m2

First Floor Plan

COMMON AREA COMMON AREA

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â&#x20AC;© Ensuite Bedroom 12m2

COMMON AREA COMMON AREA

Bedroom w. Kitchen 20sqm

UP

GARDEN TERRACE

COMMON AREA Bedroom 12sqm

Bedroom 12sqm

Bedroom 12sqm

Bedroom 12sqm

Bedroom 12sqm

Second Floor Plan

COMMON AREA

COMMON AREA

Open Plan Living Room 25m2

81 Open Plan Living Room 27m2

m

GARDEN TERRACE

9.VILLAGE MODULE FORMATION Bedroom 12sqm

Bedroom 12sqm

COMMON AREA Bedroom 12sqm

Bedroom 12sqm

Bedroom 12sqm

9.3 STRATEGY 2 : CORE CIRCULATION 9.3.a Strategy and Floor Plans â&#x20AC;©

COMMON AREA

COMMON AREA

Open Plan Living Room 25m2 Open Plan Living Room 27m2

Storage 1.8m2

WC 1.6m2 Ensuite Bedroom 12m2

Bathroom 4.2m2 Bedroom 15m2

Bathroom 4.2m2 Storage 2 m2

Ensuite Bedroom 15m2

Bathroom 4.2m2

UP Ensuite Bedroom 15m2

Bathroom 4.2m2

Storage 2 m2

Bedroom 12m2 Bathroom 2.5m2

GARDEN TERRACE Open Plan Living Room 27m2

Third Floor Plan

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9.3.b Analysis

First Floor Yearly Illuminance Analysis > 300 lux

Second Floor Yearly Illuminance Analysis >300 lux

Third Floor Yearly Illuminance Analysis >300 lux

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9.VILLAGE MODULE FORMATION 9.3 STRATEGY 2 : CORE CIRCULATION 9.3.c Annual Energy Results

Annual energy results for village core module is showing that while using CIBSE Part-L 2013 materials, with the defined window sizes and shading elements (the total energy loads of village module is 33.2 kWh/m2 and just 9.9kWh/m2 is heating load. There arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t any cooling loads because only natural cooling is enough to maintain a comfortable temperature in indoor spaces.

The CO2 emissions from module to the atmosphere is 14.2 kgCO2e/m2 and only 2.1 kgCO2e/m2 from heating.

While using photovoltaic panels in facade and roof cladding, the required electricity amount for heating can obtain from solar energy and non-renewable energy use can be decreased in that way.

Without Photovoltaic Panels

With Photovoltaic Panelsâ&#x20AC;Š

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â&#x20AC;Š Annual Energy Use

CO2 Emissions

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CONCLUSION & NEXT STEPS

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10.CONCLUSION The design study is ending here with the design of a core village module which includes different types of flats , sharing spaces and terraces. From beginning until here, a deep theoretical research and technical analysis progress together step by step. Firstly ,the research started with the study of climate change and effects of it in out World, in the UK and in London. This theoretical study continue with the study of Mayor London tackling plans with climate change and continue with the study of future housing and planning reports. After theoretical part completed, the analysis part started. First , the climate of London in today and in future studied and simulated with software programs to understand and summarise how the whether change will be and what are the plans of Mayo of London against this climate changes.The analytical study part continue with the defining housing units sizes according to Greater London Authority requirements and progress with the formation of an environmental agenda which will be used for next analysis as a base source. The process continue with the analytical study of units according to environmental agenda created. In this analytic study period, best windows size , best orientation, best shading elements defined for units on each direction and on each position.After analytical work section completed, first flat modules deigned and as a base study Golden Lane Estate used. Golden Lane Estate is one the best modernist and compact housing example in London. From micro scale to 2 bed scale , 9 type of flat module designed and then with the flat modules , village core module developed. Village core module consist of 3 storeys and 21 flats with sharing spaces and terraces.

The hypothesis of this design study mention at the beginning is â&#x20AC;&#x153; It is possible to densify residential buildings in future climate conditions of London while keeping energy demand low and environmental quality high.â&#x20AC;? All the analysis and final village core module design is showing that out hypothesis is correct.

A village module consists of minimum 21 flats needs only 9.9 kWh/m2 heating energy loads and this module with the flexibility capacity of its flats , it can transform into micro and studio flat and maximum flats capacity can be 32 flats which are no.11 micro , no.21 studio flats. This flexibility capacity is showing that while keeping energy demand low with using architectural and environmental features such as internal blind, shading elements , high insulated materials and changing orientation, it is possible to densify a residential building in future according to changing needs of users.

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11.NEXT STEPS The next steps that can be study in this research is design of residential building in Shoreditch and in Colindale according to their context and showing the relation of building with ground.The main idea of this study will be while using same core village module, in two different landscape properties areas, two different can be design.

Colindale is a suburb residential area and the height of building in this area is nit exceeding 20 storeys.The development strategy for this area can be repeat the module horizontally and focus more ground - building connection. Roof design will be key part on this context building.

On the other hand, Shoreditch is an urban area. There is only high rise buildings, it is a commercial area and the population living in this area generally more young and working class. The minimum building heigh in this area 20 storeys. The development strategy for this area can be repeat village core module vertically and focus more connections between modules while creating some terraces gap. For this residential development, the focus point will be facade design.

There are some preliminary works on the appendices part about context areas . This part is still open to development with the changing technology and construction techniques.â&#x20AC;Š

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12.REFERENCES 1. Herrmann, H. and Bucksch, H. (2014) ‘Glazing’, Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, pp.

612–612. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_71280.

2. London City Hall (2015) ‘City of London Air Quality Strategy 2015 final’, (June 2015).

3. London, C. (2018) ‘City of London Local Plan Monitoring Paper – Sustainable Development and Climate Change’, (April 2015), pp. 1–35.

4. London, C. (2016) ‘RTPI Awards for Planning Excellence 2016’, (January).

5. McGee, C. (no date) ‘Passive design. Insulation installation’, Your Home. Australia’s Guide to Environmentally Sustainable Homes.

6. Monkman, J. R. P. (1981) ‘Shading’.

7. Nationwide, T., Energy, H. and Scheme, R. (2002) ‘Passive design Passive design’, pp. 160–168. Available at: https:// vital.liv.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-1739077-dt-content-rid-9590451_1/courses/ARCH211-201819/2018-2019 07 Passive Design.pdf.

8. New, D. and Plan, L. (2019) ‘Policy GG6 Increasing efficiency and resilience’, pp. 5–7.

9. of London, C. (2018) ‘Zero Emissions City City of London City of London, Department of the Built Environment’, (July). Available at: https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/environment-and-planning/sustainability/Documents/ zero-emissions-city-2018.pdf.

10. of London, C. (2018) ‘City of London Housing Stock’, (March). Available at: https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/ environment-and-planning/planning/development-and-population-information/Documents/housing-stock.pdf.

11. of London, C. (2018) ‘City of London Housing Stock’, (March). Available at: https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/ environment-and-planning/planning/development-and-population-information/Documents/housing-stock.pdf.

12. of London, M. (2018) ‘London Environment Strategy’, pp. 1–38. doi: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.11.011.

13. Palmer, J. and Ward, S. (2013) ‘The livable and adaptable house’, pp. 455–460.Reardon, C. (2013) ‘Passive design Passive solar heating’, Passive design, pp. 125–134.

14. Reardon, C. (2013) ‘Design for Climate: Passive Design’, Your Home, pp. 90–103.

15. Reardon, C., Caitlin, M. and Geoff, M. (2013) ‘Your Home: Australia’s guide to environmentally sustainable homes, 5th edition.’, Government Department of Industry, Australian. Available at: http://www.yourhome.gov.au/passivedesign/thermal-mass.

16. Rearson, C. (2013) ‘Sealing your home’, pp. 149–159. Available at: http://www.yourhome.gov.au/passive-design/sealing-your-home.

17. Releases, P., London, T. and Twycross, F. (2019) ‘London joins world cities to prepare for economic and social challenge Other press releases Mayor to review no-deal Brexit preparations Mayor warns of no-deal threat to economic progress Mayor confirms record investment for policing Mayors warn that citie’, (February), pp. 3–4.

18. ‘What is Glue Laminated wood ? Making the Grade Sizes’ (no date), pp. 1–11.

19. Guide, P. (2008) ‘Glulam’, Assessment.

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Living Model for London 20. Her Majesty’s Government (2012) ‘The Building regulations 2010: Amendments to the approved documents’, 1(March), pp. 1–20.

21. HM Government (2010) ‘Building Regulations 2010. Part B v2: Fire safety - Buildings other than dwelling houses’, 2.

22. https://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/node/32337 23. https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/planning/planning-applications-and-decisions/pre-planning-application-meeting-service-0 24. http://www.edge-gogreen.com/green-building/what-is-green-building/low-or-zero-voc-materials/ 25. http://www.nzeb.in/knowledge-centre/passive-design/shading/ 26. http://firegroundleadership.com/2016/08/21/tallest-hybrid-mass-timber-building/#gref 27. https://www.bkstructures.co.uk/our-services/products/clt 28. https://ewipro.com/walls/sips-panel-wood-fibre-insulation-system/ 29. https://www.archiexpo.com/architecture-design-manufacturer/indoor-paint-3894.html 30. SOM (2015) ‘Intelligent Densities - Vertical Communities’.

31. CIBSE (2010) How to manage overheating in buildings - CIBSE Knowledge Series, Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers.

32. Irving, S., Etheridge, D. and Ford, B. (2005) ‘Natural Ventilation in Non-domestic Buildings CIBSE AM10’, The Chartered Institution of Building Services …, p. 69.

33. Mayor of London (2018) ‘Zero carbon London: A 1.5oC compatible plan’, Greater London Authority, (December).

Available at: Greater London Authority.

34. Brandon Smart ( 2013) ‘Adaptable Form and Rebirth of Function’ Available at : https://issuu.com/brandon.j.smart/ docs/thesis_book_adaptable_architecture_ 35. Knaack, Cgunh-Klatte , Hasselbach ( 2013) ‘Prefabricated Systems’ Available at : https://issuu.com/birkhauser.ch/ docs/prefabricated_systems._principles_o 36. Jospeh Di Pasquale (2017) ‘University Workshop Exploring Future Trands in Contemporary Housing, Scalable Modular Architecture, A Dynamic Housing for A Changing Society’ Available at : https://issuu.com/jdparchitects/docs/scalable_modular_architecture

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13. AUTHORSHIP DECLARATION FORM

UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER

COURSEWORK COVERSHEET FORM CA1

MARYLEBONE CAMPUS I confirm that I understand what plagiarism is and have read and understood the section on Assessment Offences in the Essential Information for Students. The work that I have submitted is entirely my own (unless authorised group work). Any work from other authors is duly referenced and acknowledged.

STUDENTS MUST COMPLETE THIS SECTION ONLY IN FULL AND IN CAPITALS Surname

TASAR

Forename

MERVE

Registration No:

W

Course

ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

Module Title

THESIS PROJECT

Module Code

7AEVD005W.2

Assignment No:

1/1

Date Submitted

Markers: Joint Assignments:

1

6

5

6

5

4

1

02

9

Word Count N/A

Joint Submission

Tutorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; summary comments and feedback to student(s):

Please be warned that the University employs methods for detecting breaches of the assessment regulations, including the use of electronic plagiarism detection software where appropriate.

All marks are subject to confirmation by the relevant Subject Board GRADE:

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14.APPENDICES SUBURB / BARNET AREA ( PRELIMINARY WORK)

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North Circular Road

Colindale Station

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14.APPENDICES SUBURB / BARNET AREA ( PRELIMINARY WORK)

NEIGHBOURING Mostly residential area. ● The east side of site consists of new developments ( depends on 7 to 12 storeys). ● The north side of area includes old constructions ( they are target areas for new constructions.) ● The west side of site consists of new high rise

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ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS / WIND ANALYSIS FOR BARNETâ&#x20AC;©

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14.APPENDICES SUBURB / BARNET AREA ( PRELIMINARY WORK)

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS / SUNLIGHT HOURS ANALYSIS FOR BARNET

100