Portfolio of architecture Msizi Mkhize 2008-2013

architecture

Po rtfo lio o f [Msizi Mkhize ] stud ie s / wo rk / tra ve lling / 2008-2012 tshwa ne unive rsity o f te c hno lo g y [d e p a rtme nt o f architecture]

c o n t e n t s o f T a b l e

02

Cover page

01

Table of contents House| 2nd year|July 2008

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De Waterkant House|2nd |march 2008

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Burlington Arcade| 2nd year|Septermber 2008

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Stone House [Caesar stone competition finalist] 3rd year|May 2009

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Clinic in Maputo| 3rd year| September 2009

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Easel Design| 4th year|February 2010

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Itumeleng Pre-school Winterveld| 4th year| March 2010

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Water and research Facility|4th year| April 2010

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Tswelopele _Life goes on [Des baker finalist] 4th year 2010

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TUT/Mitchell Street Link [Urban Design] 4th year 2010

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Burial place in Marabastad| June 2010

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Hatfield Hotel|4th year|October 2010

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Professional Work 2011 House Bezuidenhout [sketch plans] May 2011

60

TUT Engineering Building [renderings] July 2011

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Scottsdene Housing Depelopment [Urban Design] February 2011

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House Edwards [technical Documentation, Renderings] June 2011

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Traveling [Argentina, Bolivia, Peru] December 2011-February 2012

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D e

W a t e r k a n t

H o u s e _ C a p e t o w n

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05

D e

W a t e r k a n t

H o u s e _ C a p e t o w n

B u r l i n g t o n

A r c a d e _ P r e t o r i a

C B D

BRIEF ANALYSIS

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The briefs main focus was on Elio Fiorucci, a famouus fashion designer who uses ordinary every day objects then he, he reinvents, reuses, recycle and reassembles the to create excuisite fashion pieces. The brief also called for an understanding of Fuctional planning, Appropriate structure and well as an understanding of environmental issues.

DESIGN CONCEPT & RATIONALE - Circulation of space for people and visual three dimensional exploration of spaces.

- Use of new materials, and sustainable design in the use of alternative energy sources eg: Solar panel roof

c o n t e n t s o f T a b l e ground floor plan

first floor plan

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08

fourth floor plan

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10

11

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[Finalist] Caesarstone

Competition

DESIGN GENERATORS - Blending landscape with structure.

- Spaces define circulation.

-Refraction/ Reflection and Transparency.

“The visual drama of refracted and reflected sunlight can bring a seasonal and daily change__Music to any carefully designed room”. Reference: House, black swan Theory by Steven hall.

DESIGN RATIONALE The building’s form and shape is derived from the idea of blending landscape with structure and the transition from urban to landscape, The house is a series of terraces at half storeys. The owner can take a journey from his work space which is sunk underground, he can tilt and turn as he rises experiencing areas of filtered light and framed views till he reaches the top, where he can rest and get to take part and enjoy the view of the existing river.

concept site plan

14

scale 1:500

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT RENDERINGS showing perforated screens ( creative Caesar stone use)

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT RENDERING showing perforated screens and versatile open living space.

INTERIOR VIEW SHOWING FRAMED VIEW AND REFRACTED LIGHT

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT RENDERINGS showing perforated screens with coloured, filtered light which could be moulded of cast with transluscent Caesar Stone products.

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living space

passage

sleeping space guest bed

atrium

work space

garage

bar/ dining space

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1: 100

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reflection....... refraction......... transparency............. sleeping space view of

river

atrium

bar r view

exterio

guest

bed

working space

garage space

SECTION A_A SCALE 1: 100

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d e s i g n c l i n i c - P a s s i v e M a p u t o

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VELARIUM (Umbrella) Reflects and diffuses sunlight but most importantly shades the building from excessive solar gain.

RAISED STRUCTURE (Platform) Passively the raised structure allows the prevailing winds to penetrate the building from underneath therefore cooling the building, this is the same method applied in local indigenouse architecture.

KEY GREEN CIRCULATION CLINICAL DISPENSARY

section b

section c

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20

section a

section a

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p r o j e c t ] I c e - b r e a k e r E a s e l

detail A

exploded

detail B

front perspective_portrait format

Design objectiv e

s

develop

0

22

ment

design a practica l design that is easy t assemb o le. the eas e should l be flexible enough t allow fo o r easy fo lding and movem e from pla nt c to place e . there should b minima e l pieces to reduce assemb ly time. the use o ergono f mics and hu man

1

exploded isometric_detail B

Sk scenario 1_portrait format

scenario 2_landscaope format

n o t e el

scenario 3_folded format

3 23

The project is set in a Rural community of Winterveld at the periphery of Gauteng, locain the Locate in the North West Province, South africa. The brief called for a Pre-school with new class rooms, a community center as well as a safe and shaded area for the kids to play and socialize.

The Concept of the project was to create a modular type of structure that will foster flexibility and sustainability though the use of low tech materials and community involvement in the construction.

The module enables the class room to adjust to different fuction as well as encourage student ownership and participation. The class room becomes a vessel for teaching sustainability and facilitate an awereness to students about the environment and its ability to impact their surroundings.

Each child will have a plant which they have to grow this will even more wareness at a very early age intrech these values for the future.

Sustainable Strategies Air Ventilation, Site Orientation as well as taking into account of the sweeping south easterly summer prevailing wind are huge generators in terms of the positioning of the classroom.

The building has a clerestory which has vents on one side, a roof sheet painted in anbd windows let in light, This ten creates a hotspot which sucks all the hot air on a hot summers day leaving the classroom cool and comfortable.

The covering super-structure on the south hepls to block direct glare and also acts as a solar shading mechanism.

Rain water naturally falls down the slanted roof towards the southern side of the building wher it is collected by a water tank, this collect water can the be used to irrigate the vegetable garden.

concept section

i t u m e l e n g

p r e - s c h o o o l

w i n t e r v e l d

Brief

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locality plan

spacial arrangement diagram

section a

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26 north elevation

d e t a i l

s k e t c h e s

/

f u r n i t u r e

p l a n s / f l o o r s i t e

ground floor plan first floor plan

section b

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28 3D section

3d

cut-away

section

_

classroom

perspectives exterior / interior

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north elevation north02 elevation b

f a c i l i t y r e s e a r c h a n d W a t e r

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The Site The chosen site sits on the Northern slope of the Magalies Burg where a dam wall was constructed in the late 1800's, and later on the bridge. The site parallels a main a main Road, measuring 45m from north to south and 130m east to west. A wide boarder of trees and plants protects the buildings frontage from the road and noisy intrusion of traffic.

The building with its magnificent views is truly the child of the hill which lies anchored, the site declines steeply to the north, its undulations continuing to the plains below. To reduce the surface profile and overall bulk, the building follows the angle of the slope with the great volumes in the corridor; most of the buildings mass are then embedded on to the earth. Conceptually this also becomes a repetition of the great dam wall in the immediate context. The remaining extrusion faces north with open plan offices Brief Analysis The brief was to twofold, to provide a sustainable building for new DWARF offices, Research Facilities and Cultivation, The brief also required and Information Center, Exhibition spaces as well as other public spaces for recreational activities.

Design Concept As you approach the site from the east past Haartebeespoort Dam, one can't help it but be amazed at the vastness of the static body of water on your left and an over-bearing high mountain on the right, as you move even closer there is a sudden pause of darkness as you enter the cave, and what sits beyond that is an absolute marvel a man made wonder that fit perfectly in the natural landscape. The Building is designed in accordance with the natural forms of the surrounding area therefore the building respects rather than competing with its surroundings.

Using the earth as an insulator, The concept of sinking part of a building's mass into the hill utilizes the innate cooling and warming properties of the earth. Just in a cave, earthen temperatures vary little through the year.

The building is orientated towards the North to maximize north light DWAF_Acommodation The Building is separated into three realms: Public, Semi-Public/SemiPrivate and Private, the private caters to the needs of DWAF for offices, laboratories and cultivation spaces. Semi-private spaces are out dining area for staff etc. The Public spaces are the gallery, educational facilities, auditoriums and the glass corridor.

Concrete Use The use of concrete in this design is very extensive and is evident in the entire structure. But more apparent in the access corridor extending from an east to westerly direction, this corridor links the different functions of the building together and frames the view of the Classical Arch towards the direction of the dam wall. Imaginative use of concrete and glass give these multi-level, volumous, and multi-functional space subtle shifts of sunlight and shadow. Skillfully combining building materials also allows it to function as a conduit of heat and ventilation. The walls are made of thick concrete, creating Trombe Wall, while the roof has a canopy of highly insulating Low-E Glass, therefore the walkway, ramps, staircases and Public Information are naturally illuminated for most of the day.

Approach and Access to Building The Entrance to the glass corridor on the east is an experience on its own by the user, as you descend three storey's down all noise is buffered and the user if forced to hear soothing sound of water trickling down the rockface this is intended to create a memorable and pleasant experience while informing and teaching people the importance of our most precious resource.

Aim The aim is to design a research, information and support centre which will aid in developing an eco sustainable environment within the Hartbeespoort dam area. This facility will become a platform for conservation and remediation relating to the research fields of limnology, vermicomposting and biodiversity, and convey information regarding sustainable water management and awareness. The Hartbeespoort Dam has for a number of years experienced unacceptably high levels of algae on the surface. This has negatively affected the water quality, the fish life, the use of the dam and the environment with bad tasting water and vile smells.

The Hartbeespoort Dam is one of many examples of a water resource that has been contaminated and polluted due to the lack of information as well as ignorance.

Design Concept As you approach the site from the east past Haartebeespoort Dam, one can't help it but be amazed at the vastness of the static body of water on your left and an over-bearing high mountain on the right, as you move even closer there is a sudden pause of darkness as you enter the cave, and what sits beyond that is an absolute marvel a man made wonder that fit perfectly in the natural landscape. The Building is designed in accordance with the natural forms of the surrounding area therefore the building respects rather than competing with its surroundings.

Using the earth as an insulator, The concept of sinking part of a building's mass into the hill utilizes the innate cooling and warming properties of the earth. Just in a cave, earthen temperatures vary little through the year. The building is orientated towards the North to maximize north light

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diagrams climatic /

-1_ floor p

lan

cross

section

Sustainability To deal with the issue of climatic design in this region, Mass Concrete is employed this will address the flywheel effect. Concrete is a flexible material which can be shaped and molded to become respectful towards the surrounding landscape. The energy saving properties of concrete are enhanced due to the relatively high heat storage capacity, the heat is absorbed and stored with moderate rise in temperature, this prevents uncomfortable interior temperatures which helps prevent overheating in summer and therefore air conditioning is not needed this will intern reduce the burning of fossil fuels. By making use of local materials ( sand, stone, water) and the local labor, thedesign can be sustainable in an environmental, economical and social way.

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-2_ floor p

lan

section

Aerial Perspective

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b i r d s - e y e

v i e w

i n

c o n t e x t

legend

legend public: exhibition

public: social spaces 1

public: ciculation

public: educational facilities

2

private: office space

3

private: office space

10

5

private: retail

9

4 4

8

accomodation

4

1_library 2_conference room

6

6

3_Auditorium 4_DWAF offices 5_Workshops/ Storage 6_DWAF Labs 7_Kiosk 8_Glass Corridor 9_Boardroom

6

7

4

6

10_Exhibition space

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context

corridor

storage

auditorium

exhibition level

suspended glass box: offices

solar shading

exhibition space

arch de triumph

-2_Auditorium level dam wall

arch de triumph

bridge

spill way

spill way

building in context

-1_Exhibition level

Perspective section_1

Perspective section_2

35

o n

Using the concept of remembrances and acknowledgements through the displaying of images of iconic individuals who brought change in our country such as Nelson Mandela, OR Thambo and the likes, in the same manner, the idea is to display images of a nation united as we hosted the world`s greatest football event. these images, posters, banners, billboards, television advertisements, DVD`s, off-shutter concrete, mosaic art works and murals, will carry the spirit of the first African world cup and celebrate a time when this nation stood as one.

The footage etched into the sites shall allow the settings to be a testimony of the impact this world cup has had in our country for generations to come.

t s w e l o p e l e

_

l i f e

-Celebrating the heritage and memory of the biggest world event, ever hosted in South Africa.

A time when our nation united as one across all boarders of race, culture, religion and economic standing, opening its doors to the world and welcoming them on African soil

g o e s

Parti:

36

Our cities and urban frame works have been upgraded in preparation for the world cup 2010 and beyond. these sites have been rejuvenated to act as a catalyst for future development and growth with in the immediate context. Yet beyond the borders of the host cities, our country lies desolate and in need of development in terms of infrastructure, social housing with a sense of community, schools and community facilities. These communities have contributed in various ways to the rejuvenation of our countries prime sites.

The way forward is to develop and uplift the spaces that lie in between the developed host cities. These are the townships, informal settlements and rural areas from which the construction labourers and distant faithful fans of ‘the beautiful game’ reside.

Through the skills, technology advancement and valuable Knowledge acquired during the construction phase of the world cup, these people are now well equipped and ready to continue with the process of developing and uplifting the rest of the country.

section_a

37

cross section / climatic diagrams

38 f l o o r

ground floor plan

p l a n

/

s i t e

s e c t i o n

p l a n

/

-Energy saving structure solar panels natural lighting and ventilation rain water collection recycling of waist material

d i a g r a m s

- A catalyst for development and growth - Establishing Civic pride in the community - Addressing the current issues within the proposed site and its context - Instilling a sense ownership through community involvement in the construction phase of the building - A needed community hall, place for gathering - A school hall and library - Upgrading of school sports facilities -Sustainable Design achieved through environmental, economical and social ways.

f u n c t i o n a l

The Building- Service delevery

f l o o r

first floor plan

Circu

latio

STRU

CTU

section_b

RAL

ANA

LYSIS

n dia

gram

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40 s i t e

a n a l y s i s

/

3 d

c u t a w a y

IMAGERY Imagery of the world cup claiming its presence within the interiors and exteriors of Building, allowing each space to be a

remembrance, a celebration of a time when a nation came together as one

Interior- The Boardroom

Exterior- The public square

Landscape- The park

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‘There are few people who do not enjoy the magic of a great city.

But urban sprawl takes it away from everyone except the few who are lucky enough or rich enough, to live close to the larger centres.’ Christopher Alexander 1.

d i a g r a m s m o v e m e n t p r o p o s a l

/

connection to TUT

L i n k s t r e e t M i c h e l l T U T

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PRINCIPLES OF URBAN DESIGN

vehicular movement

pedestrian movement

primary spatial structure

proposed mixed use development

proposed mixed use development

proposed mixed use development

proposed mixed use development

proposed mixed use development

proposed public spaces

proposed public spaces

proposed public spaces

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ch

ur

ch

st

r

r

er

st

il

ze

ch

r

er

ur

ch

st

r

LANDMARK _ Proposed square

st

il

ze

node_2

URBAN PRINCIBPLES Path_ Paths are channels of movement that direct pedestrians and vehicles. Paths include streets, motorways, railways, alleys etc. Paths are commonly used to direct traffic towards nodes or landmarks such as churches, town halls etc. Within Appendix A the paths are indicated.

residential

offices

Landmark_ Landmarks are points of reference that are viewed and experienced from outside. Unlike nodes, landmarks can usually not be entered and is used by passers-by to orientate themselves. Appendix A illustrates the landmarks within Hatfield.

retail District_ A district is an area regarded as a geographical or administrative unit that comprises of areas that has a certain character. Districts could be established through different ethnic groups, population densities, social activities etc.

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typical section_ through proposed street

FOCAL POINT _ node_3

Transport Node on Mitchell

h o u s i n g o f

TUT

recreational area

a e r i a l

Nodes_ Nodes are focal places where a lot of activities take place.

There are usually paths leading to nodes that could be anything from bus lanes and railways to footpaths and bicycle routes. A node is a space that one can enter such as junctions or squares. Appendix A gives reference to the nodes which we’ve identified within the Hatfield region.

‘Community facilities scattered individually through the city, do nothing for the life of the city.’

Christopher Alexander 1. reb

Edges_ Edges are linear elements that are usually difficult to cross and not often used as pathways. There are both Artificial and natural edges.

Manmade edges consists of railways, roads, buildings channels etc. where natural ones are hills, rivers, trees etc. The strength of a boundary is essential to an area. If the boundary is too weak, the area will not be able to maintain its own identifiable character.

v i e w

Legibility_ the quality which makes a place graspable [clear, understandable + intelligible] In the past, cities used to succeed in terms of legibility. Before the twentieth century, places that were important looked important. Today in the modern city the buildings are only legible in the sense that it portrays the function for which it was built for. The main function of the buildings mentioned, is to express the authority of the huge financial institutions, which fund these projects. The final result: it visually overwhelms the public significant places and facilities, in the end confusing these significant activity patterns.

Places can either be identified by its physical form or activity pattern. The form has purely to do with aesthetical value, whereas patterns being used may be recognized without any concern for its form. To eventually enjoy a place’s potential to the full, an awareness of physical form and

p r o p o s a l

URBAN PRINCIBPLES

ecc

a s tr

flood line_ proposed GATEWAY

node_1

EDGE prop market

FOCAL POINT

HOUSING _ Proposed low rise

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p l a c e B u r i a l

pretorious schoeman

church square

soutter

* future development, c intergrating marabastad to the city and Pretoria

skinner

nelso man n dela dr

ive

mitchell

potgieter

U r b a n M a r a b a s t a d

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marabastad proposal

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PRIMARY GRID DETERMINED BY proposed site for existing park

d

e an

g nka ed li tary pos pro ceme acre

ist tour

te to

o

her

rou

PROPOSED PUBLIC SQUARES AND Mariammen temple proposed site for

01

03

NETWORK OF PUBLIC SPACES AND proposed site for

PROPOSED PUBLIC SQUARES AND proposed green belt

major traffic direction

3 storey mixed-use 2 storey mixed

02

48

04

crematorium and chapel ground floor lay out

crematorium and chapel

green as noise buffer

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aeriel view

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51

complex

legend 01_Hatfield Suare 02_ Hatfield Plaza 03_Gautrain Station 04_Protea Hotel

Massing diagram showing the relationship between the proposed hotel and proposed public amenities.

The surrounding context is set in aprox 20-30 years therefore fore building have dencified.

02

and

shopping

03

Hotel

Massing diagram showing site access and vertical circulation

04

05

Duncan Street

Hatfield

01

Concept sketch illistrating the potential square as well as a gateway into the proposed Hatfield corridor.

52

Proposed site plan and locality plan

tt s tre et

view

of

no

r

rne

ve

hotel&Shoopping

et

aerial

Bu

os

can

Gr

n Du e str

53

complex

sketches

rne

concept sketch of Proposed gateway to Hatfield

eet

public access diagram

Concept

and

diagrammatical

Bu

tr tt s

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cocept sketch of approach to public space from Grovesver street

Interior perspective [Commercial area]

Interior perspective [Commercial area]

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56

Ground floor plan [Commercial area]

N

N

First floor plan [Commercial area]

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shared duct loft Unit A

legend 01_Type A_bedroom 02_ Timber deck 03_Lounge area 04_Dining area 05_Entrance

01 02

loft Unit B

Corrodor Typology A lower floor_3d cutaway Communal Green space

02

01

05

Loft Typology Concept

04 03

Typology A_lower floor plan [sleep]

04

03

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Typology A_Concept sketch

05

Typology A_lower floor plan [living]

Typology A lower floor_3d cutaway

[profession]al work

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spacial diagram

p r o p o s a l ] F a r m

H o u s e

[ s k e t c h

locality plan

60

vegitation|access|views

25 61

F a r m

H o u s e

s k e t c h

P r o p o s a l

62 TUT

Engineering

Building[renderings]

63 portion A

Scottsdene

Master

plan[Urban

Design

]

64

65

66

Scottsdene

Capetown

[Urban

design]

67 House

Edwards

[Zwavelpoort

Estate}

68 67 House

Edwards

[Zwavelpoort

Estate}

[BHo ns]Arc hite c ture

Unive rsity o f Pre to ria 2013

THEORETICAL POINT OF DEPARTURE

PROBLEMS

SOLUTIONS

SPORTS AND RECREATION

Introduction The definition of Informality in South Africa SOCIAL NETWORKS The problem of informality in settlements in South Africa has been defined from a technocratic perspective. Where both policy makers and civil society are concerned with the illegality of land occupation, The informal nature of construction and the law of land invasion. If the above factors are considered it explains and clarifies civil society's reluctance in the involvement of informal settlement upgrade. The informal settlement policy in South Africa has not really evolved post- 1994 or even ten years back in the mid 80's, where “ the urban rights of the privileged have been upheld through Market-orientated policy and discourse, which associates informal settlements primarily as a threat to land values� (Huchzermeyer, 2001, p.3)

acu[pucture]

EARTH SCIENCES AAL 320

01

Average Monthly Rainfall

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1

2

3

4

5

Bloemfontein Durban Kimberley Average Monthly Rainfall

6

7

8

9

10 11 12

Cape Town Pretoria

Average Monthly Rainfall

PRETORIA WEATHER DATA

02

Mamelodi Township mountain river informal settlement RDP (Lusaka)

02

viva

to pta

01 03

Proposed Nodal Developments

04 Concept sketch of Mutlifunctional Sports Facility

railway 1KM

Macro scale

Macro scale

Nodal Development/ Physical site features

Social Challenges of Alaska

The Alaska informal Settlement is located in Mamelodi East, South Africa, The Informal settlement developed in 2007 and has been growing steadily every year. The chosen site was part of a conceptual nodal development after mapping the settlement through transect walks for two days. The site at macro scale sits between two natural elements; a river towards the south west and a mountain towards the north east. On Macro scale the physical infrastructure is readily available due to RDP Housing therefore roads, water and electricity are in close proximity. The node was chosen as development because it is an already existing gateway to Alaska and a group of 4 students including Arch, Int. Arch and Landcascape. Arch. We proposed develop four nodes as a 01-Waste Facility, 02- Mutlifuctional Sports Facility, 03- Public laundry Facility, 04- Urban Agriculture and park

Concept sketch of nodal intervention

SITE ANALYSIS & CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT

03

SITE ANALYSIS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

04

03

04

02

01

Corrugated roof sheeting

LEGEND 01

Sports Centre

02

Sports Pavillion

03

Trader Stalls

04

Terraced pavillion

05

clay

mentis grating

perforated paving

[10 people]

Water Usage 1 person = 3 litres per Day

RAIN WATER HARVESTING

05

Room Legend

Storm water Runoff

Run off

08

08

08

01

Storm water Sump

wa t er

10

Sto

rm

12 12

11

02

10

05 04

09

01- Tuck Shop 02- Medium Retail 03- Storage 04- Office 05- Meeting Room 06- Male Bathroom 07-Female Bathroom 08- Trader Stalls 09- Gymnasium 10- waiting room 11- Bathroom 12- Shops

03 03

Room Legend 01- Stormwater Water Management

12

07 Storm water Catch-pit

06

02- Watertanks Stormwater Chatchpit

Electrical load • • • • • • •

3 laptop computers x 8 hours per day 4 x 200W PCs x 24 hours per day 35 11W CFL lights x 12 hours per day 90W water pump x 8 hours per day 1500W kettle - 4 hours per day 1500W microwave oven - 2 hours per day 296W bar fridge x 24 hours per day

RAIN WATER HARVESTING + STORM WATER

06

WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT

07

RAIN WATER HARVESTING + STORM WATER

08

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

ANNUAL SUN PATH & SHADING ANALYSIS

09

SOLAR HARVESTING AND DAYLIGHTING

10

Goverment Printers Built Period Archichect/ Firm Style:

Historical time line

Old fabric 1890-1893

[1890-1893] Ÿ The Buildings indicated in blue are some of the oldest

buildings in Pretoria, Amongst them is the

Vermuelen Street

Bosman Street

Named after two brothers, one of who arrived in Pretoria in 1848 and assisted in laying out the town.

Was origionally called Koch street after a Dutch shop keeper , In 1942 the name was changed in honor of Dr hermunus Stefunus Bosman for his large contribution to education and religion.

1970s

1900s

industrial buildings left in the city center, the building was built in 1893 by Dutch architect Sytze Wierda commissioned

by President Paul Kruger during the ZAR period before the Aglo Boer war II. Ÿ 02 _Suzana Zaal, Just south of the Printing works, this church was built in 1903 and was later named the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk. Ÿ 03 _State Gymnasium, This building was founded in 1892 and completed in 1895, It was one of the first educational buildings therefore affected the most by the war as it was closed in 1900 during the war and then re-opened as a primary school in in 1903 after the war. Ÿ 04 _Central Government office site, remained vacant during this period.

1890s

Ÿ 01_Government printing works, One of the only

Vermuelen Street Named after two brothers, one of who arrived in Pretoria in 1848 and assisted in laying out the town.

1213

[early 1890s]

1994

New fabric 1902-1968

1890s 1900s

Micro Site Analysis 2013

Old

New

1964

1952

2013

05 _The Geological Survey , This site remained vacant until 1902 construction of the Government dispensary Department was completed in 1905, Then in 1909 The Geological Survey department took over. In 1913 the department of mines also occupied this building.

05 _Central Goverment Offices, is still currently occupied by the department of Public Works.

old materials pallette

new materials pallette

place, fabric, setting, use, associations & meaning.

market/public ablutions

outdoor stage

market area

new market access

youth multipupose recreational area event ablutions proposed terracing

proposed out door seation seating area

Re kgabisa Tshwane open plan office

restaurant

service and deliveries access

main events space coffee shop

public foyer

meeting and presentations

back stage/ change rooms

meeting room

open plan office

public foyer

tourist information

Re kgabisa Shwane office

out eating canony over

bar and restaurant

RFS 730 assignment Msizi Mkhize 13215044

Reclaiming lost Thresholds: Government Printers Pretoria CBD 01.Introduction

History of the Government Printers in South Africa The idea of a Government Printing works has long been part of South Africa’s History, the first attempts at producing printed matter dates back as early as 1782 in Cape Town, when a ship transporting money from the Netherlands was delayed due to poor weather conditions at sea. This resulted in a shortage of money; Governor van Plettenberg at the time had no option but to produce the first primitive Bank notes [GPW Annual Report 2011] Background of the Government Printers in Pretoria The first Government Printing Works in the Transvaal were located in Potchefstroom in 1856 after Jan Celliers a private businessman was commissioned to print the first Government Gazette by the newly elected President Marthinus Pretorius. Cilliers used the Gazette to publish his own editorial viewpoints which were in opposition to the government’s opinion, the president had no option other than to place the printing facility under direct government control and thus government purchased the printing facility from Cilliers in September 1859. (GPW Annual Report 2011)In 1860 when Pretoria was proclaimed as the seat of Government, the Printers were subsequently moved from Potchefstroom to the middle of Bureau Lane and Church Streets in The CBD of Pretoria, were the printers were modernised to the extent where it produced the first postage stamps. Due to the economic growth and the increase in demand for printing, a few years later the original site and building became too small. In 1896 the Government was necessitated to seek alternative premises for the Printing Works.

Eight stands located between the corner of Vermeulen Street and Koch (now known as Bosman Street) were purchased from the estate of AH Nelmapius. In 1894, Building contractor, WJ Geerts and Dutch Architect Sytze Wierda (Department of Public works), were awarded the contract to design and build the brand New Government Printing Works with the total cost of 24,504 pounds (R398.673) the building was finally completed 1897. (GPW Annual Report 2011) The Government Printing Works is located in a greater Historical Precinct of Church square, The building is perfectly located as it sits on the apex of the North quadrant of the city, however the Thresholds between the Public and Private are not clearly articulated therefore the building is not easily accessible to the Public. The Investigation will focus on the urban framework and seek methodologies and Theories in order to propose the best solution possible.

Figure 01. Historical Mapping 1890s

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Investigation and Design Premise The Design Intent is to seek for answers from the past in order to learn from them. The analysis of the historical fabric between 1890-1903 is an attempt to recreate that specific memory of the site, for example the Second Boer War is a layer of memory to the people that lived at that time, but also part of a major political event that affected political decisions which intern affected the physical fabric in and around the Government Printing works.

With the above Historical analysis, I attempt to extract and understand the significance of; Age value, aesthetic value, historic value, scientific value and social value. From understanding these then propose an appropriate programme suitable for the current users of the city while paying homage to the cultural and historical significance of the building and precinct. Secondly to design create didactic spaces of mutli‐functional use, in order to create dialogue between the young and old, public and private while preserving the building for future generations.

Figure 02. Current Urban fabric

02.Problem Statement In the early 1890s the Government Printing works was surrounded by Educational Institutions, Civil buildings, Small Business and Light Industrial functions. The Mixture of activities in the area worked harmoniously with the urban fabric of the time, the users of the city were Typically Government employees, Lawyers, Students of various ages. The ‚Second Anglo Boer War‛ (1889-1902) had tremendous influences in transforming the original fabric of the City of Pretoria, mainly though Political power, as well as the benefits from the Witwatersrand Gold Rush which had begun simultaneously in Johannesburg(1886). The buildings constructed during this period were designed to fulfil the aesthetic, ceremonial and symbolic requirements of a Capital City. Due to these major Political shifts some of the original functions such as; small businesses, light industrial functions, schools and public spaces were phased out as the city continued to expand as the administrative Capital of the country. The Government Printing Works has always played huge a role in this history, however not much attention was given to it. Today it is evident that the Government Printing Works has been part of most of South Africa’s Sociological, Technological, Economic and Political Development, however more than a 100 years later, the building still remains neglected.

The Current users of the city and the public at large have no access to the building as the building is still owned by Public Works. Current proposals by the department in refurbishing the building for use as department offices will still exclude the public. The concern is that the building currently holds enormous Cultural Significance, which According to the Burra Charters means” aesthetic, historic, scientific or social value for past, present and future generations”.

This then strengthens the argument of the brief, which states that the new proposal should ‘regenerate’ and ‘rejuvenate’ this building and precinct by opening it to the public and drawing current human activities while accommodating the most basic of human needs.

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Figure 03. East Elevation on Bosman street only two openings to the public.

3.Methodology

Site, Program and Theoretical Investigation In order to restore and understand the character of the urban environment of the past urban fabric, research and analysis tools were used as the first steps in starting the project. These tools help in identifying the qualities that make a place special as well enlighten design development and decision-making. The Use of urban design research methodologies encompasses a wide scope of areas such as the history, physical form and characteristics of the city, and the behaviour of the people who inhabit them. A combination of various analytical techniques were used, such as walking through the city and identifying character defining elements such as building typologies, mapping and archive research. [MEM 2012] The archival research is the collection and analysis of a wide range of historical data contained in, for example institutional, corporate or public records, the archive research provides historical information about the past environment, activities and structures. This research provides instrumental primary and secondary source material as it is not possible to interview, observe or survey the past community. This information makes it possible to analyse past heritage characters, contexts, where maintaining an authentic sense of place is important. The Government Printing Works has a long line history of Significance this was discovered through uncovering Maps, architectural journals, books and photographs found at the public and private heritage libraries visited. [MEM 2012] Mapping is a graphic technique used in analysing the physical features and patterns in the urban fabric. The required techniques in this project included; assessment of spatial enclosures, street edge conditions, street types, thresholds, transitional spaces and public–private space assessments. The mapping allowed for quantitative analysis of physical features, and became the base for preparation of the architectural programme and design intervention with in context.

Adaptive re-use The most common form of survival of old buildings into renewed value comes from what preservationists refer to as ‚adaptive use.‛ According to Jane Jacobs, ‚when a building design for one purpose is put to a completely different use, its value deepens‛ [Brand 1994]

Figure 04. South Elevation on madiba street is completely closed to the public.

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Dialogue as a Philosophical Concept According to Martin Buber (1965) genuine dialogue between two people has the capacity to create meaning in ‘‘the between,’’ that is, ‘‘neither in one of the two partners nor in both together,’’ but between the two. Each partner in a dialogue must relinquish possession of ‘‘truth,’’ in order that, through their conversation, they may arrive at a ‘‘truth.’’ [Buber1965].

D Hoover, in her 2011 study on Dialogue: Our past, Our Present wrote that ‚Our Future has been proposed as a remedy to the polarized discussions arising from contentious social issues, in dialogue the parties must agree in advance to see each other as equals, to strive for empathy with the other’s position, to avoid stereotyping, and to listen fully before speaking‛ [Hoover 2011]. Dialogue is not debate since the goal is not persuasion, or winning, but understanding more completely than one originally understood an issue or situation. In dialogue, cultural assumptions are unearthed and clarified. In the process, participants may come to new realizations about their own fears or prejudices or judgments of others and may even be able to put them aside. (Hoover 2011, p. 205,cited in Maise 2003, p. 1-15).

These concepts regarding the creation of meaning between persons, rather than imposing one’s own meaning on others, have taken flight in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. A multitude of definitions and explanations for dialogue exist, but the common thread for them all is the requirement that for each party to the dialogue they must maintain respect for the other. Each must listen carefully to the other’s experiences, and each must attempt to learn and understand rather than to persuade or change the other in any way. Neither must give up his or her own values, but must simply try to understand those of the dialogic partner. [Buber1965]

Figure 05. Dialogue translated to architectural programme

Figure 06. Architectural features and Artefacts of Heritage Significance

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The investigation in terms of the Structure, Material and Intervention is guided mainly by the principles of the Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter, 1999. Furthermore the Draft Joint ICOMOS – TICCIH Principles for the Conservation of Industrial Heritage Sites, Structures, Areas and Landscapes is used as the building also has Industrial Heritage Significance.

The Burra Charter states‛ A full understanding of the structural and material characteristics is required in conservation practice. Information is essential on the structure in its original and earlier states, on the techniques that were used in the construction, on the alterations and their effects, on the phenomena that have occurred, and, finally, on its present state‛.

The Burra Charter furthermore states‛ Each intervention should be in proportion to the safety objectives set, thus keeping intervention to the minimum to guarantee safety and durability with the least harm to heritage values. The caution taken in analysing the existing structure as well the artefacts was in keeping with these principles and furthermore the principles of the Burra Charter stress that ‚as far as possible the respect of the original concept, techniques that are related to the historical value should be left as evidence that is recognisable in future but work in harmony with the intervention.

The significance of the Government Printing Works as an Industrial Heritage building is derived from TICCIH Principles time, Which states ‚The significance and value of industrial heritage is intrinsic to the structures or sites themselves, their material fabric, components, and setting, expressed in the industrial landscape, in written documentation, and also in the intangible records contained in memories, arts and customs‛. Part 3 iterates this by stating ‚Researching and documenting industrial structures, sites, landscapes and the related machinery, equipment, records or intangible aspects is essential to their identification, conservation, and the appreciation of their heritage significance and value. Human skills and knowledge involved in old industrial processes are a critically important resource in conservation and must be considered in the heritage evaluation process‛.

Part 13 states: The industrial heritage is a source of learning which needs to be communicated in its multiple dimensions. It illustrates important aspects of local, national and international history and interactions over times and cultures. It demonstrates the inventive talents related to scientific and technological developments, as well as social and artistic movements. Public and corporate awareness and understanding for the industrial heritage are important means for its successful conservation. The Government Printing Works is already located between Public and corporate spheres therefore the TICCIH Principles, supports programme of a Tourist Information Centre, Public & Private Event spaces as well as a Youth Facility. The preservation of significant artefacts will teach uses and visitors about their own Cultural identity.

Figure 07.Existing Structure, Material and Fabric

Thresholds and Transitions Herman Hertzberger (2001) states ‚The concretization of the Threshold as an in-between means, first and foremost, creating a setting for welcomes and farewells, and is therefore the transition into architectonic terms of hospitality‛. Besides, the Threshold as built facility is just as important for social contacts as thick walls are for privacy. Conditions for maintaining social contacts with others are equally necessary.

Entrance, porches, and many other forms of in-between spaces provide an opportunity for ‘accommodation’ between adjoining worlds. The threshold provides the transition and connection between areas with divergent territorial claims and, as a place in its own right, it constitutes essential, the special condition for the meeting and dialogue between areas of different orders. [Hertzberger 2001]

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4.Statement of Significance

Looking at the historical context and fabric of the Government Printing Works, in the early 1890s it is evident that the city was already largely dominated by Government, Civil and Educational Institutions. However there was rich Mixture of activities in the area which worked harmoniously with the Urban fabric of the time, The users of the city were Typically Government employees, Lawyers school children of various ages and well as small business and some light industrial functions.

Built in 1896 by carpenter, Architect Sytze Weirda, The Building is a Structure older than 60 years, therefore protected by (National Heritage Resources Act, 1999 (Act No. 25 of 1999) which states ‚No person may alter or demolish any structure or part of a structure which is older than 60 years without a permit issued by the relevant provincial heritage resources authority. [Acts Online 2013] The building in well located as it sits a block away from the historical Church Square Precinct, one of the first and only industrial buildings in the city centre. The Neo-classical style building has a strong architectural character defined by its gables, red brick as well as its edge defining south and east elevations. The building is extremely unique, contextually appropriate in terms of its response to various scales historically (past & present) as well as human scale. It is a courtyard building with large volumes, high tech efficient detailing and honesty of materials. The building expresses the spirit, interests, ideals as well as reflect the ways of living and building of the people of that era. Not much has changed today expect that some of these memories and values are slowly being forgotten as the currently the building is neglected and no longer appropriate for the current users of the city.

5.Architectural Intent

The Design Intention in the Proposal attempts to retain the Heritage value, character defining Elements as well as the reflection of modern values in history. Care is taken in the analysis of the urban framework, building form, materials, scale as well as the cultural significance, as this is important before commencing with any work. The design intent of the proposed programme is to provide spaces for dialogue between Civil Society, Students as well as the man on the street. The design focused of opening and stitching the relevant thresholds of the street as well as courtyard sides, while providing multi-functional meeting spaces and suspended work spaces that will be used during the different times of day and week. The Proposed Programme is intended to work seamlessly in accommodating functions, activities, services and people. The public spaces should be accessible to people especially on weekends in order to cater for weekend activities such as markets and performances.

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Figure 08. Design development Illustration of Market space and Stage

6.Architectural resolution The Urban and Architectural design resolution in the response to the statement of heritage significance is one of understanding historical value and doing minimal incisions to the structure applying adaptive reuse methods in order to create connections for dialogue. The Building conceptually was split into three major functions, which serve the public Government and Civil Society.

These functions consisted of: 01_ Tourist Information Center (East Wing Bosman Street), 02_Restaurant /Bar and Outdoor Eating Area (Existing Court Yard) 03_Youth Centre and Main Events Space( West Wing) 04_Meeting Rooms , Acoustically Insulated and Suspended Offices Auditorium (South Wing MadibaStreet).

Iteration The main focus for the Iteration will be on There South Wing, the reason for this is that this is the only North facing Wing therefore it is perfectly orientated for functions that operate on a daily basis through its north and south fenestration. The block spans for 16m and receives good north light, the South Wing also has a volume of 6-8m from floor to ridge. The north half of the wing has suspended work spaces to take advantage of the North natural light which filters through the existing fenestrations while allowing light to filter through the rest of the space. The South half of the Wing is less well lit during the day, therefore the auditorium and Acoustical Presentation Rooms are carefully placed along that edge with the option of adjustable screens at the event where natural light is necessary. The ceiling of the main auditorium is open to allow for the penetration of natural light to the proposed Skylights in order to improve day lighting of the volume space in-between.

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Figure 09. Design development Illustration resolving Court yard

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Conclusion

The Government Printing Works is a great Architectural achievement in South Africa’s history, for the past 100 years this building has been a crucial part of; Sociological, Technological, Economic and Political Development, Is cultural Significance makes the user aware of this countries rich Cultural and Political history. I believe that this intervention will not only foster awareness but become a place for dialogue and transparency, so that its users can work together towards a common vision for the city as well our beloved country of South Africa.

3187 words

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Reference list

Goverment Printing Works 2012, GPW Annual Report 2010-2011, [online] Available from: http://www.gpwonline.co.za/about-us/Pages/Annual-Report.aspx [Accessed: 29 September 2013] The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance 1999. [online] Available from: http://australia.icomos.org/publications/charters/ [Accessed 06 August 2013]

BUBER, M., & FRIEDMAN, M. S. (1965). The knowledge of man: a philosophy of the interhuman. New York, Harper & Row. ass, K., 2003. Management theories. Available through: University of Pretoria libraries Libraryhttp://univofpretoria.worldcat.org/title/knowledge-of-man-a-philosophy-of-the-interhuman/oclc/165668 [Accessed 06 October 2013].

M. Maise, 2003, University of Boulder, Beyond intractability, [online] Available from: http://www.beyondintractability.org.

[Accessed: 26 January 2011]

Ministry for the Environment Manatu Mo Te Taiao, (2013) Research and Analysis Tools, [online] Available from: http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/urban/urbantoolkit-2009/html/page4.html#archive [Accessed: 29 September 2013] Ministry for the Environment Manatu Mo Te Taiao, Research and Analysis Tools, [Accessed: 29 September 2013] http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/urban/urban-toolkit-2009/html/page4.html#archive Hertzberger.H. (2001), Lessons for Students in Architecture, [online] Available from: http://books.google.co.za/books?id=iw5Jczr3zkwC&source=gbs_book_other_versions [Accessed: 04 October 2013] Acts on Line 2013, National Heritage Resources Act, 1999 (Act No. 25 of 1999), Available from: http://www.acts.co.za/national-heritage-resources-act-1999/ [Accessed: 29 September 2013]

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UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA

Iteration: Lighting & Daylighting Analysis CPD 740

Msizi Mkhize_13215044 11/14/2013

Abstract

The Human factor is an essential part of Day lighting, According to [Philips. D] “ The human factor is an essential part of daylighting, It is believed to be essential in providing a pleasant visual environment, contributing to a feeling of wellbeing “. This study through a process Iteration explores light and daylighting initially by understanding its properties. Furthermore a process of Iteration if followed in introducing skylights into a building of Heritage Significance in an urban context. The hundred year old Government Printing Works has been adaptively reused into various functions responding to urban context and initial design concept, the focus for Iteration is a north orientated wing were Public /Private Event spaces and Office spaces were proposed. The wing is North orientated deep‐space with a height of 10m, length 29m and Width of 16m.

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1.1 Contents

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..

Cover Page

Contents………………………………………………………………………….

Page 01

Introduction/ Background/ Problem Statement………………

Page 02

Methodology ………………………………………………………………….

Page 03

History ……………………………………………………………………………

Page 04

Theory of Light ………………………………………………………………

Page 05

Week 01_part01 ……………………………………………………………

Page 06

Week 01_part03 ……………………………………………………………

Page 08

Week 02_part01 ……………………………………………………………

Page 10

Week 03_part01 ……………………………………………………………

Page 12

Week 04_Iteration ………………………………………………………

Page 14

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………..

Page 15

SBAT ……………………………………………………………………………….

Page 16

REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………..

Page 17

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2.1 Introduction/ Background The intension of the Design proposal of the Government Printing Works, attempts to retain the Heritage value, character defining Elements as well as the reflection of modern values in history. The initial process of the design was implemented using methodologies on an urban scale as well as human scale. Reading of the relevant charters guided the process in understanding of the buildings significance. The intent of the proposed programme was to provide spaces for dialogue between Civil Society, Students as well as the man on the street. The design focused on opening and stitching the relevant thresholds of the street as well as the courtyard, while providing multi‐functional meeting spaces and suspended work spaces that will be used during the different times of day and week.

3.1 Problem Statement There are many factors that affect the design proposal of the Government Printing Works. However the initial focus for Iteration was directed towards day lighting and artificial lighting. This proposal consists of multi‐functional spaces which allow for dialogue between people performing different functions at varying times of the day. An Office, Meeting rooms and Auditorium are housed in the main North/ South Facing Block with the floor area of 496.491 m2. The envelope has equal fenestrations on the North and South, with the Meeting Rooms/Auditorium placed on the south and Suspended offices spaces on the north. These functions are divided by a 1200mm suspended timber corridor. The above functions were designed to take full advantage of North light, however the direct sunlight from the north façade allows for high daylight penetration which causes glare if user of the building seated within a 1200mm range of the north window. This radiation through the glass fenestrations plus the 540mm thick original wall which acts a thermal mass, conducts a lot of heat affecting the thermal performance of the building, this causes very high internal temperatures in summer, which intern causes high levels of discomfort for the users. Thermal and Lux levels have to be checked simultaneously during the iteration process.

Ac o ustic a lly insula te d Me e ting Ro o m s

05 Ma in Audito rium

02 03 Suspe nde do ffic e s

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01

Suspe nde do ffic e s Suspe nde dc o rrido r

Fig_01 Diagrammatic use of space

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4.1 Methodology The resolution of issues regarding day lighting and thermal comfort in both winter and summer were done using various Modelling tools and Research methodologies. The testing of day lighting was done successfully using Ecotect and Radience as analysis tools. The National building Regulations was used as a guide for benchmarking performance and specification. The theoretical data with regards to lighting, daylighting, skylights and Light scoops was collected via literature and research essays.

Fig_02 Concept sketch of Iteration process

4.1.1 Analysis Concept The Analysis Concept was then developed as to determine the process to follow in order to edit the model geometry of the design appropriately and attain detailed analysis on any of the chosen Analysis topics eg. Artificial lighting and day light Analysis. This concept also aids in understanding of the importance of Building Information Modelling (BIM), furthermore an understanding of Environmental Analysis Data files Types which are a requirement in order to work efficiently to save time as modelling on Ecotect proves to a laborious task.

Fig_03: A diagramatic concept of BIM to Ecotect based workflow

The Initial Process of Iteration was in done from using Thermal Zones created in Archicad 17. This software produces a Building Information Model (BIM) which is an integrated database of coordinated information. The model geometry can be exported using gbXML format. This format is optimised and only exports data required for thermal zone related elements so it very compact and enables the Zones in Ecotect to be generated directly from ArchiCAD. For purposes of further iteration where detail is concerned, SketchUp was used simultaneously and exported using a (3ds) data file type.

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5.1 Lighting 5.1.1 History of lighting According to Derek Philips daylighting has informed the lives of the inhabitants since the earliest caves, initially it was the difference between day and night. However dwellings became more sophisticated by means of adding openings or windows to let in light (Philips 2006). Architecture and its History have become synonymous with the history of the window and daylighting. As the window has been developed over time, letting in day light has remained its primary role, Glass has always been a suitable infill as it allows the transmission of light but it can modify the indoor and our door climates (Philips 2006). In the early twentieth century the development of electric sources threatened the role of daylighting, the reason for this was to increase the sale of electricity, lamps and equipment by the utility companies. By the nineteen sixties daylighting was completely disregarded as functional source, the realization of the energy crisis made people aware of the high energy costs of artificial light. (Philips 2006) Windows however are also associated with heat gain, loss as well as well ventilation. This is a challenge when designing a building, but if the human factor is prioritised, the desire for a connection with the natural environment becomes the obvious choice, as well as the possible saving in electricity and operational costs. (Philips 2006)

Discussion Day light has long been associated with health therefore a purely energy efficient approach to office lighting, that pays very little or no attention to user comfort, could turn out to be both ugly and ineffective. (Philips 2006). In the Government Printing work Iteration a conscious decision was taken to only focus on day light as solution to reduce the energy cost as this is a hundred year old heritage building. Furthermore the reduction of annual lighting costs is equivalent to only 3‐4 hours of salary. If working staff are exposed to poor or lack of day lighting, Philips states that the “worker’s health in a badly designed or poorly maintained lighting environment can cause stress and lead to various forms of complaint, eye discomfort, vision or posture” (2004, p.18) It would be a mistake to adopt energy efficiency as a principal measure of good lighting, therefore artificial lighting including thermal comfort are explored in this Iteration process in order to investigate their properties in solar gain and avoid mechanically controlled building ventilation which will intern provide for optimum working conditions to staff members.

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5.1.2 Theory of Lighting 

Environment, The following are aspects of daylight maybe considered to be less when looked at individually but from a holistic perspective they become of paramount importance:

1. Change and Variety, is inevitable just as the changes of season so, does weather and time, this has been duplicated using electrical sources but not quite the same way that nature does it.

2. Modelling, Natural light provides shadow patterns which inform the appearance of objects and surfaces, which we associate with the natural world.

3. Orientation, not only of importance to external placement of buildings to maximise diurnal change, but it enables those with a building to establish themselves in relation to world outside.

4. Sunlight Effect, has a therapeutic effects on people, the lack thereof during the day is usually noticeable.

5. Natural Colour, varies throughout the day therefore it is the standard that all colour is judged and cannot be matched with any artificial source.

6. View Out, in early architecture views were not vital, however in the 20th century an outside view has 

been conceived to be of some importance.

Windows; The design of windows is one of constant development, from the aperture to transparency windows are associated with more than just transmittance of light, but solar shielding and ventilation aswell. However with development of windows, size has increased and solar control



is required in order to protect the occupant form excessive brightness.

Energy; Energy used in artificial lighting in buildings is a major contributor to the high cost of energy which intern leads to high carbon dioxide emissions contributing to global warming. The greater use of daylight in in new and old buildings can significantly reduce the electrical load which will

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contribute toward resolving this crisis.

Human Factors; The link between daylight and windows is paramount, the association of heat loss, solar gain as well as admission of noise are closely related to air movement needed for ventilation.

However the human factor is of equal importance, it is believed to contribute to a greater feeing of

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wellbeing.

Daylight Calculations; Daylight is dependent on the varying weather conditions therefore calculations are based on relative rather than absolute values. The Daylight Factor (DF) is the ratio of internal light level to external light level. Formula; DF = (Ei / Eo) x 100% Ei= IL luminance Indoors,

Eo= Simultaneous Outdoor IL luminance of unobstructed hemisphere of over cast sky.

(Philips 2006)

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Iterations/ Results After an established workflow and good theoretical underpinning the process of iteration was started. Modelling, Testing, analysing and refining of the process and envelope were done early on. Based on the results of the most recent iterations, changes and refinements were made. This process was intended to ultimately improve the quality and functionality of a design.

WEEK 01 ITERATION_ Part 01 

Sun Study and Shadow Analysis

Fig_04: Sun study and Shadow analysis

The first Iteration was done including the modelled geometry of Context as part of the test. 



A shadow Range Simulation, where a full daily profile of the shadow is analysed.

Daily and annual sun paths were explored, during both summer and winter solstices. This analysis was done to see whether the context play a role in affecting the day lighting of the building as well as thermal comfort.

Discussion The findings were that between the Months of June and July the Telkom Tower South (TTS) casts a full shadow on the Government Printing works between the hours of 9:00 to 11:00. The Iteration seeks to find out whether this has an effect in Internal and external temperatures between those months.

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WEEK 01 ITERATION_ Part 02

Fig_05: Sun study and Shadow analysis without adjacent Zones

The Second Iteration was done with the Context however the existing adjacent zones of the of the Government Printing works were removed in order to clearly determine the full extent of the shadows cast. 



The first shadow analysis on the left of (Fig_05) was done using the winter solstice.

The Second series of shadow analyses, right of (Fig_05) were done using specific dates and times in in both Winter and Summer, Adjacent zones were both omitted.

Discussion The findings were that it is impossible to determine the prolonged effects of the shadows when only analysing it from the Winter Solstice only. A much more closer iteration was required, the results were that on the TTS building definitely casts a shadow over the GPW from the 16th of June till the 24th of July everyday between 09:15 and 11:00, To determine whether this had any effects on the internal temperature of the building in June on not was going to be tested in future Iterations using the thermal analysis tool in Ecotect.

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Fig_06: Sun study and Shadow analysis with adjacent Zones

WEEK 01 ITERATION_ Part 03

Fig_07: Thermal Analysis Hottest day

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Fig_07: Thermal Analysis Coldest Day

Fig_07: Thermal Analysis vs Shadow Analysis

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Discussion This analysis was done in response to (WEEK 01 ITERATION_ Part 02) which was to find out whether the shadow being cast on the on the GPW in the coldest months of the year, had any impact on the internal temperature. The results after the iteration prove that the average temperature on the coldest day is 18C but if we look specifically at the times that the shadows are cast between 9:30 and 11:00 over the two coldest months the average temperature drops to 14C on average. Therefore warm clothing will be the best solution to saving energy as temperatures improve throughout the day as the shadow moves on.

WEEK 02 ITERATION_Part01 

Daylighting Analysis with Interventions (PART‐01) No Skylights

Fig_07: Daylighting analysis_01_ecotect

Discussions 

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The North and South Fenestrations receive a lot of direct sunlight .The design proposal to resolve this issue was to install screens on the North façade.

Punching more skylights more skylights on the roof in order illuminate the space a whole, while still achieving the required lux levels.

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WEEK 02 ITERATION_Part02 

Daylighting Analysis with Interventions (PART‐02) With Skylights

Fig_08: Daylighting analysis_02_ ecotect

Fig_09: Radience analysis_01

Discussions 

In order to investigate the full extends of solar penetration in Summer, the model was exported to Radiance.

The glare on the surfaces 1200mm close to windows is as 1350 lux, therefore an addition of blinds on the inside would resolve the extreme glare.

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WEEK 03 ITERATION_Part01 

Daylighting Analysis with With Skylights , And open windows

Fig_10: Daylighting analysis_03_ ecotect

Fig_11: Radience analysis_02

Discussions 

This Iteration produces results that introduce a good spread of light in the areas where light in needed however, the light is concentrated. The skylights need a re‐design in terms of shape and well as the addition of light shelves in order to diffuse the light.

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Fig_12: Sketch recommendations of light shelves

WEEK 03 ITERATION_Part02 

Daylighting Analysis with With Skylights , And open windows and Light shelves

Fig_13: Daylighting analysis_04_ ecotect

Discussions 

This Iteration produces results were light is scattered evenly on north façade however there is still concentrated light in the Auditorium due to the skylight being flat panel opening, in the next iteration A light scoop is introduced in order to cut the direct sunlight in summer but allow for low winter sun to illuminate the space in winter.

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WEEK 04 ITERATION 

What is a light scoop?

According to The (LRC) Light Research Center a light scoop is a North facing skylight in the Southern Hemisphere, It uses tilted panels of transparent glass to strategically bring into an interior space, Light scoops offer different advantages compared to conventional horizontal skylights because they provide less light in summer and more light in winter, which has positive implications in heating and cooling. (LRC 2009)

Fig_14: Solar Ray study of Light scoop

Discussions 

The solar ray study of the scoops gives a better indication of light penetration. In the Summer solstice the angle of light penetration is higher but the light that enters is diffused which will work better in reducing internal temperatures, In the winter solstice the light scoop a lot better with the prosed light shaft, as light comes in from a lower angle of incidence which causes a better spread of light when it is need most.

Fig_15: Daylighting analysis_05_ ecotect

15

Discussions/ Conclusions

After the careful revision of Iteration process it became clear that the HUMAN FACTOR, is an essential part of both Day lighting and Artificial Lighting. According to [Derek Phillips FCIBSE] the Human Factor when it comes to day lighting is of equal importance as is to Engineering Terms, “People like daylight, and in some countries such as the Netherlands and Germany, there are regulations determining that in a work situation, the staff must not be located further than six metres from a window. Daylight is believed to be essential in providing a pleasant visual environment, contributing to a feeling of wellbeing”.

TECHNICAL DOCUMENTAION The iteration as well as research process assisted me to design a much more responsive South Sky light as well as north skylight. The technical documentation will be responsive to the human factor as well as reduce the energy consumption for cooling and heating. This will respect the significance of the building and allow for future adaptation.

Fig_16: Technical documentation sketches showing development of skylights.

16

17

References

01) Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, FCIBSE, 2013. Available from: http://www.cibse.org/pdfs/4cphillips.pdf. Accessed [12 November 2013]

02) Associated Schools of Construction (2006) BIM‐based Sustainability Analysis: An Evaluation of Building Performance Analysis Software.

Available from:http://www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/EqualityAndHumanRights/fs/en Accessed [12 November 2013] 03) Lighting Reaserch Center (2013) Available from: http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/researchareas/pdf/LightScoopsDesignGuide_Final.pdf Accessed [12 November 2013] 04) Philips, D. 2004. Daylighting: Natural Light in Architecture [online]. Oxford: Elsevier Jordan Hill.

LOCAL AUTHORITY APPROVAL:

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CORRIDOR

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Goverment Printing Works 4th Quater Iteration

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PROPOSED AUDITORIUM

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500 lux

MEZZANINE LEVEL

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102 125

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12mm LARFARGE gypsum curved to shape and painted white

single glazed glass

exiting roof truss

35x228mm Plywood baffles as light diffuses

line of demolished ceiling

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100 x 300 mm Hot rolled Universal C-channel Bolted to exiting wall as suspended stair support

15mm mild steel threaded rod as suspended office hanger

896

Purpose made timber frame with adjastable pulley system as interior screen

25 X 76 mm floor boards

80mm ISOBOARD Insulation

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102 125

15 x 228 Recycled timber bolted to steel angles as staircase tread.

200x 90 x 30 Channel back to back bolted to brick wall with base plate as stair support.

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steel staircase riser= 170mm tread=262mm

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single glazed glass

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line of demolished ceiling

WALL PLATE LEVEL 105 805

Existing Gutter

35x228mm Plywood baffles as light diffuses

78 x 228 mm timber beam as Auditorium structure bolted to existing wall

SUSPENDED [TIMBER] FFL 104 750

94mm LAFARGE 60min fire rated stud partition

PROPOSED AUDITORIUM

proposed auditorium seatin

MEZZANINE LEVEL 102 125

North

Goverment Printing Works 4th Quater Iteration 78 x 228 mm timber column as Auditorium Sub-structure bolted to existing floor

NEW. SUSP. TIMBER LEVEL SLAB

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waterproofing membrane

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purpose made aluminium profile 18mm plywood

exiting vent beyond

03 1!0

12mm LARFARGE gypsum curved to shape and painted white 50 x 144mm timber member as skylight support exiting roof truss

single glazed glass

80mm x 2 ISOBOARD insulation with 50mm airgap

5mm galvinised mild steel bended to shape

exiting roof truss

exiting purlin

line of demolished ceiling

new purlin as skylight support

35x228mm Plywood baffles as light diffuses 80mm ISOBOARD insulation

SKYLIGHT DETAIL-01 scale 1:10

50mm ISOBOARD Insulation sandwitched between plywood ing

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12mm LARFARGE gypsum curved to shape and painted white as light reflector

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FINDING THE

FERTILE GROUND enabling life & livelihoods at an-other centre of the world

W

est street cemetery (est. 1848) remains. The gridded city of Durban springs from its soil and at their intersection, we see potential.

This spatial condition consists of many lives whose livelihoods are dependent on its unique existence.

The city is characterised by its geographical and metaphysical siting in relation to the world. Durban, at the fringe, signifies a place of beginnings rather than an end. The ebbing & flowing relationship between the dynamic sea and the less dynamic land illustrates this fluctuating threshold. Durban is - the fringe city.

Its people exist at this threshold. From racially segregated areas beyond the city & across Kwa-Zulu-Natal, Warwick Junction (WJ) becomes the city fringe. Here, the demonstration of ebbing & flowing intersections and moving lives between the dynamic city and the less dynamic cemetery creates the potential for a threshold of the extraordinary.

As a place of commemoration, West street cemetery is the remaining fertile ground, upon which the rest of the city around it is built. A symbol of the departed, a foundation for the potential of new life and growth.

Here, we generate new spatial possibilities for the lives and livelihoods currently operating at its periphery. This is not an attempt at mere problem solving, but rather a spatial critique of the current condition of the greater Warwick precinct.

Joseph Nduli Street is a public space that became strangled between the vehicle and the cemetery. The death of the public realm dictated by the exclusivity of the motorcar signifies a rebirth of the space for pedestrians and the lives they bring. Joseph Nduli Street harnesses this adjacent fertility for new growth, bringing together fragments of a collective public life.

The project and its incremental influence on the lives and livelihoods of WJ is understood over ten years through the daily life of Mam’ Mncedisi – a fictional character who negotiates the periphery of the cemetery for the livelihood of her son - cooking hot meals on the street, mostly for idling taxi drivers and passing commuters. Her life and livelihood feeds the lives of others - customers and other service providers such as porters and recyclers. By enabling her current situation and its potential, the result over a ten year period could generate lives and livelihoods that have more opportunity for better life – particularly, the life of her son. The living edge begins to provide its people with more opportunity for self-growth through the provision of places for trade, learning and cultural exchange.

Imbizo – our city, our streets is a catalyst event that brings an awareness of the value of public space along Joseph Nduli Street back into the consciousness of its inhabitants. It is a small scale intervention organised through collective engagement between city stakeholders, community organisations and forums of the networks operating in and around WJ. The event coincides with the UIA 2014 congress and becomes a gathering of a global public, celebrating the twentieth anniversary of South Africa’s rebirth on the streets of this fringe city at the city fringe. Its capacity to shift perception and harness the resilience of public participation for a collective future vision makes it feasible.

Imbizo – our city, our streets becomes a brand that signifies a platform for continuous post-event engagement and investment in the living edge. The reclaimed space that remains after the event forms the foundations for the next phase of finding the fertile ground.

A place for enabling life & livelihoods at an-other centre of the world.

The city fringe is now a place of enabling life and livelihood. Lives that previously negotiated this space, are given their right to own the city and its streets at the living edge. Commuters stir the fertility of the living edge, exchanging life with those livelihoods modulated along the periphery of Joseph Nduli Street and through the cemetery. The new ground above the cemetery, rooted in the fertility below, generates new possibilities for access to life in the city.

STCOMP72

FINDING THE

FERTILE GROUND enabling life & livelihoods at an-other centre of the world

KwaZulu - Natal, South Africa 29°53 S 31°03 E area : 225.91 km2 population : 595 061 density : 2 600/km2

DURBAN AT THE FRINGE am

ncedisi

inhabitation : 10 000 BC european discovery : 1497 modern founding : 1824

negotiates the periphery of the cemetery for the livelihood of her son - cooking hot meals on the street, mostly for idling taxi drivers and passing commuters.

ynamic less d

IMBIZO OUR CITY, OUR STREETS

Her life and livelihood feeds the lives of others - customers and other service providers – and particularly, the life of her 12 year old son.

largest shipping terminal on the African Continent

Inanda 45 min by taxi

dynamic Phoenix

LAND & SEA THE FRINGE CITY

1.1 hours by train

ET RE ST

I UL ND PH SE JO

IN ASSOCIATION WITH

2 21 1 im i o2 14 face ace oo .c .com im i o

m i o – our city, our streets bringing an awareness of the value of public space along Joseph Nduli Street back into the consciousness of its inhabitants.

Umlazi 1.2 hours by train

500 000 commuters/day

IMBIZO OUR CITY, OUR STREETS

IMBIZO

less dyn amic dyn amic

ALL DAY 24/11/2014

JOSEPH NDULI STREET THE CITY FRINGE KwaMashu

1 hour by train

theatre lane

STCOMP72

2014

1. the living edge 2. religious route 3. proposed transport interchange 4. descending onto the fertile ground 5. the new ground

urban fabric

existing cemetery wall

victoria market

badsha peer mausoleum

existing cemetery wall

brooke street

berea station

muti consulting area proposed extension

y

the fertile ground

est. 1848

THE JOSEPH NNDULI LIVING EDGE

The city fringe is now a place of enabling life and livelihood at the living edge.

BROOKE STREET CEMETERY the remaining fertile ground

DURBAN 2014 the city ground

JOSEPH NDULI EDGE finding the fertile ground

Commuters stir the fertility of the living edge, exchanging life with those livelihoods modulated along the periphery of Joseph Nduli Street and through the cemetery.

The new ground above the cemetery, rooted in the fertility below, generates new possibilities for access to life in the city.

1.

2. contemplative space EXISTING SIGNIFICANT HERITAGE & VEGETATION

3.

2.

3.

1.

4.

5.

3.

4.

PROPOSED CITY COMMUTER ROUTES & RELIGIOUS ROUTE

4.

5.

PROPOSED TRANSITIONAL NODES

information centre & orientation tower

dr pixley kaseme street

STCOMP72

2020

MODULATED COMMUNAL SPACE ALONG A CONNECTING SPINE

THE NEW GROUND

THE LIVING EDGE

1. service tower and light source 2. rainwater storage tan 3. communal pause space 4. solar panel shading 5. water harvesting & productive roof rain garden . storage areas . communal water point & wor surface . trade unit 1 . pu lic space e tension 1 . rec cling collection in 11. trade unit 2

WALL LATCHING STRUCTURE

1.

INFILL UNIT ENVELOPE

2.

5.

4.

NEW GROUND - WALKWAYS

3.

.

.

11.

.

.

FUTURE GROWTH - THE LIVING EDGE

1 .

COMMUNAL SPACE MODULE

1. structural service tower 2. elevated commuter route 3. productive rain garden 4. communal pause space 5. trade unit . pu lic stair

1. future extension space

2.

3.

4.

5.

. oseph nduli street

STCOMP72

2025