RAC 2012

The Roman Archaeology Conference 10 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 29.03 - 01.04.2012

Session Abstracts

SESSION 1: ROMAN CRETE: LAND AND SOCIETY Session organiser: Anna Kouremenos (University of Oxford) When an archaeologist encounters the name “Crete”, he or she will often associate the island with its Minoan past or, perhaps, with the Iron Age or Classical period. Roman Crete is little known to most archaeologists and has been studied in some detail only within the past few decades. In his 2008 article “What Difference Did Rome Make? The Cretans and the Roman Empire”, Angelos Chaniotis describes the incorporation of the island into the Roman empire as “the most significant turning point in the history of Crete since the destruction of the Minoan palaces.” Forming half of the double province of Creta et Cyrene (one of only two double provinces in the empire), Crete is a region of the Greek East where Roman influence is clearly apparent not only in its architectural remains, but also in the use of land which allowed the island to become an integral part of the economic networks of the empire.

This session will bring together scholars from institutions in Canada, the USA, Greece, and the UK to discuss topics which cover a broad spectrum of inquiry, from the use of the local land in economic activities to aspects of cultural identity as seen through Italian Sigillata stamps to the persistence of an old Cretan symbol on different media. Thus, the papers presented in this panel will enhance our understanding of current research about Roman Crete.

Speakers: Scott Gallimore (State University of New York), Crete’s economic connections from the first to the fifth century AD Jane Francis (Concordia University, Canada), Plan B: beehives, beekeeping, and the economy of Roman Crete Martha Bowsky (University of the Pacific, USA), Integration not Romanization: the evidence of Italian sigillata stamps from Roman Crete George W. Mallory Harrison (Concordia University, Canada), Midgets squatting on the shoulders of giants: re-settlement in late Roman Crete Stathis Stiros (The University of Patras, Greece), Earthquakes as Historical Discontinuities in Roman Crete Anna Kouremenos (University of Oxford, UK), The labrys in Roman Crete: the iconography of a “flexible” symbol

SESSION 2: MEANS OF EXCHANGE? POSTCOLONIAL APPROACHES TO NUMISMATIC MATERIAL IN THE WEST MEDITERRANEAN WORLD (400-100 BC) Session organiser:s Fleur Kemmers (Goethe University, Frankfurt) Traditionally the spread of coinage from its place of origin in Asia Minor to the Greek world is seen as an inevitable consequence of cultural and economic progress. Its further distribution into the Western Mediterranean, and finally its adoption by Rome is generally perceived in an essentially colonialist way: a top down view where the contact with the superior Greek cultural world naturally drove indigenous peoples to give up their previous cumbersome ways of making transactions and embrace the concept of coinage, thereby furthering trade and commerce to the benefit of all parties involved. As such the impetus behind coinage is mainly considered to be its classic function as a means of exchange.

This session seeks to move away from this narrow perspective, by focusing on the functions, uses, meanings and connotations of coins for both the issuers and users of them. It is assumed that coins should not just be perceived as economic tools but especially as instruments of power in the volatile and unstable period between c. 400 and 100 BC, which is characterized by the struggle for hegemony in the Western Mediterranean, finally settled by Rome. By their combination of image, text and material coins were suitable media through which to negotiate expressions of identity, allegiance and concepts of value. Furthermore coins could have played a part in controlling subjugated areas and maintaining uneven power relations.

In order to understand this role of the numismatic material, we should move on from the endless circling around the few written sources that engage with it, but seek answers in archaeological context and anthropological theory. Since the study of ancient Mediterranean coinages is unfortunately often trapped in mddern regional, cultural or ethnic agendas, this session emphatically aims to bring together scholars from a variety of backgrounds, thereby trying to break down the walls that often exist between specialists focusing on specific regions.

Speakers: Peter van Dommelen (University of Glasgow), Introduction and Discussant Alicia Jiménez (University College London), Money makes money? Roman coins and local coins in the Roman camps at Numantia (Soria, Spain) Fleur Kemmers (Goethe University, Frankfurt), Gods, temples and monetary practices in colonial situations in the W. Mediterranean Stefan Krmnicek/Colin Haselgrove (University of Leicester), Coinage and networks in the Mediterranean Benjamin Luley (University of Chicago), Anthropological perspectives on coinage and systems of exchange at Lattara Clare Rowan (Goethe University, Frankfurt), ´It´s time to break free'. Rebellion and response during the Hannibalic War (218-202 BC)

SESSION 3: “E PLURIBUS UNUM”: ETHNICITIES AND ROMAN MILITARY CULTURE Session organisers: David Breeze and Simon James (University of Leicester) From Scotland to the Sahara and from Spain to Syria, imperial soldiers shared a common identity as Roman milites, with a shared ideology, special dialect (the sermo militaris) and, in a world without the modern industrial mass manufacturing technologies, astonishingly uniform martial material culture. The last seems substantially the product and material manifestation of powerful integrative and homogenising tendencies among the soldiers of the far-flung imperial armies. Yet in their origins, which included many recruits from beyond the frontiers, the soldiers exhibited ethnic diversity even greater than that of the empire as a whole. ‘Ethnic’ regiments retained many of the special martial and other cultural traits of their origins, providing Rome with specialist arms (e.g. Spanish, Gallic and Thracian cavalry, eastern archers, lancers and cataphracts). Some at least, like the Batavi in the first century AD and Palmyrenes in the second, also retained strong social and religious links with their homelands. Many ‘ethnic’ traits—not least styles of equipment—became fully integrated and relabelled as ‘Roman’, displacing Italian traditions. Others remained understood as special to particular ‘peoples’, becoming embedded in specific regimental traditions long after units ceased to recruit from their original homelands (e.g. ‘Batavian’ equestrianism).

The dynamics of these processes of interaction between normative and overarching, yet constantly evolving, Roman martial culture, and the traditions of contingents recruited in distant provinces or barbaricum—let alone the consequences of stationing ‘ethnic’ units among alien peoples far from their homelands—have yet to be fully explored. The extent of the influence of ‘ethnic’ soldiers on Roman martial culture provides vivid testimony to the remarkable openness of Roman society to incorporating outsiders and their ways, an exceptional trait fundamental to the success of Roman imperialism. Yet despite homogenization of imperial martial culture, significant regional differences evidently remained—or emerged—among the soldiers, leading to tensions within and between the armies. In 69, Vitellius’s Batavian auxiliaries repeatedly fought his citizen legionaries, while Severus’ Danubian troops seemed semi-barbarians to Italian praetorians and civilians alike. During the third century, the fault-lines between the soldiers of Gaul, Illyricum and the East erupted into prolonged civil wars.

This session will examine, and attempt to further elucidate, the complex dynamics of identity within the armies, which played such an important role in the development of provincial civilization in the frontier provinces, and in the history of the empire as a whole.

Speakers: David Breeze, An introduction to ethnicity in the Roman army.

Simon James (University of Leicester), Roman, Syrian, Palmyrene, Greek: dynamics of identity in the garrison of Dura-Europos.

Ioana Oltean (University of Exeter) and Dan Dana (CNRS), Thracians in the Roman army: stereotype, recruitment and social projection.

Sonja Jilek (Universität Wien), Military dress code in the Pannonian provinces.

Ian Haynes (Newcastle University), Ethnicity in the Roman Army: where should we look?

Frances McIntosh (Newcastle University), Fashion versus ethnicity: why brooches are over-rated.

SESSION 4: RECENT WORK ON ROMAN BRITAIN Session organiser: Pete Wilson (English Heritage) The six papers in this session present the results from a range of key recent projects from across Britain. The papers highlight important new work on a variety of site-types and include considerations of new research on key military sites (Caerleon, Hadrian’s Wall and Inveresk), important ongoing work on two civitas capitals (Silchester and Caistor St Edmund) and extensive work on rural landscapes and across the settlement hierarchy in East Yorkshire. Issues of military and civilian interaction will be considered as will the impact of intrusive settlement and governmental models. Whilst any single session cannot claim to be representative of the diverse Roman-period archaeology of a Province, the papers offered will present important new ideas based on examples of the best in contemporary fieldwork practice.

Speakers: Mike Fulford (University of Reading), The Silchester Town Life Project: new perspectives on urbanism in Roman Britain Ian Haynes (Newcastle University)/Tony Wilmott (English Heritage), Recent work at Hadrian's Wall Will Bowden (University of Nottingham), A town of the Iceni: recent work at Venta Icenorum (Caistor St Edmund) Peter Guest (Unversity of Cardiff)/Andrew Gardiner (University College London), Rethinking the legionary fortress at Caerleon Fraser Hunter (National Museum of Scotland)/John Gooder (AOC Archaeology)/Magnus Kirby (CFA Archaeology)/Bob Will (GUARD Archaeology), Frontier life at Inveresk (East Lothian): recent excavations on the fort, vicus, mithraeum and cemetery’ Martin Millett (University of Cambridge), Discrepant experience in practice?: settlement archaeology in East Yorkshire

SESSION 5: THE SPACE BETWEEN: CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS INTO ROMAN SUBURBIA Session organisers: Jeroen Poblome (Katholieke Unversiteit Leuven), Susan E. Alcock (Brown University), and Elizabeth Murphy (Brown University) The suburbium of the Roman world is a concept fraught with definitional vagaries.

Situated between the city and hinterland, in classical archaeology suburbium has been considered as an enigmatic peri-urban spatial “zone.” To ancient authors, however, this zone was a recognized geographic entity, presenting a physical and conceptual space imbued with social meaning. In this way, suburbium represents a feature of urban development and ancient urbanism to be studied in its own right.

Much of the traditional and current archaeological and historical interest in suburbium has been mainly limited to Rome and some of the western provinces, while systematic investigations in other parts of the Roman Empire are still evolving. In the Roman East, for instance, where the phenomenon of urbanism is often considered more endemic than most other parts of the Roman world, suburbium does not feature as a systematic field of study. Therefore, by offering case-studies from throughout the Roman world, this session confronts the issue of suburbium from a wider, comparative geographical perspective. In addition, these papers will confront some of the major theoretical and methodological challenges facing the investigation of suburbium and will demonstrate the empirical and conceptual opportunities presented by the study of these semi-urban zones of activity.

The papers will introduce a series of local case-studies to illustrate these phenomena as dynamic peripheral zones. Such suburbia are intimately tied to both the urban and rural areas with which they are associated, yet defining them remains elusive. Issues to be pursued in these papers, therefore, must address such topics as, urban / extra-urban liminality, suburbia as transitional spaces in the movement of goods and people, suburbia as mirrors for urban development in antiquity, as well as — more generally — how work and life in suburbium both tapped into, as well as sustained, elements of contemporary rural and urban society. Current work into Roman suburbia has begun to identify a surprisingly diverse range of activities (production, burials, urban infrastructure, religious activities, raw material extraction, waste management, etc.). The spatial distribution and organization of such activities within suburbia will thereby be evaluated. Furthermore, changes in the scale and nature of these suburban activities will be considered over time and in relation to local urban and rural developments. Finally, archaeological methodologies will be assessed in relation to the study of Roman suburbium. Employing both excavation and survey techniques, the contributors to this session will foster discussion on innovating approaches to the study of these vital peripheral urban areas.

Speakers: Susan E. Alcock (Brown University), Life in the 'burbs of Petra Sabine Ladstätter (Österreichisches Archäologisches Institut), The various suburbia of Ephesus.

John Bintliff (Leiden University), Urban survey lost in the suburbs?

Peter de Graaf (Leiden University), The Roman suburbium. A special case?

Jeroen Poblome (Katholieke Unversiteit Leuven), Johan Claeys (Katholieke Unversiteit Leuven) and Elizabeth Murphy (Brown University), The eastern urban periphery of Sagalassos.

A chronological, functional and socio-economic study of an under-studied ancient urban phenomenon Frank Vermeulen (Ghent University), The contribution of integrated survey methodologies to understanding Roman suburbia: examples from Italia and Lusitania

SESSION 6: EARLY URBANISATION IN THE ROMAN NORTHWEST Session organisers: John Creighton (University of Reading) and Colin Haselgrove (University of Leicester) The foundations of urban development have been a recurrent theme at RAC since its inception. This session focuses on the evidence from new fieldwork integrated with past studies on six classic but diverse sites in a broad sweep from south to north across Western Europe; from the reaction to the early classical settlement at Massalia at the iconic site of Entremont (near Aix-en-Provence), through Manching (Bavaria) and Mont Beuvray (Burgundy), to the classic British sites of Silchester, Bagendon and Stanwick.

All of the contributors has been involved in international collaborations over the years, working within diverse academic traditions and consequent viewpoints, but strong common threads and interests emerge in the changing nature of power and identity within a society in flux.

This session will be an opportunity to hear the results of campaigns of work approaching publication. Some of these have involved large scale geophysical campaigns (Entremont, Bagendon, Silchester), others long detailed seasons of research-focused excavation (Manching, Mont Beuvray, Silchester, Stanwick), and many have also incorporated dealing with a legacy of generations of earlier work.

Speakers: Ian Armit (University of Bradford), Understanding space and movement in the Iron Age oppida of southern France: integrated survey at Entremont and Le Castellan, Istres.

Susanne Sievers (Römisch-Germanische Kommission, Frankfurt), Urbanisation before the Romans: the example of Manching.

Vincent Guichard (Centre archéologique européen du Mont-Beuvray), Bibracte-Mont Beuvray : archaeological evidence of early romanization of the capital of a civitas foederata.

John Creighton (University of Reading), The Iron Age and Julio-Claudian oppidum at Silchester: enclosures, burials and oysters.

Tom Moore (Durham University), The Birth of a Capital? Bagendon 'oppidum' and the Iron Age-Roman transition in western England.

Colin Haselgrove (University of Leicester), The Late Iron Age royal site at Stanwick, North Yorks: rewriting the Iron Age to Roman transition in central Britain.

BEYOND THE FRONTIER, BEYOND THE FIND: THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF ROME AND ROMAN-BARBARIAN INTERACTION Session organisers: Thomas Grane (University of Copenhagen), Nina Lau (Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Schloss Gottorf, Schleswig), Fraser Hunter (National Museum of Scotland), Ulrich Voß (Römisch-Germanische Kommission, Frankfurt) New work on Roman objects from beyond the limes, for example the “Corpus der römischen Funde im europäischen Barbaricum (CRFB)” project, which is now nearing completion for Germany, provide an important corrective to previous studies (e.g.

Eggers 1951), which were based almost exclusively on burial data; now settlement and stray find evidence are available to researchers as well. But there is more to research than catalogues – what do all these data mean? Specifically, what impact did contact with the Roman world have on indigenous societies? What drove changes in contacts – Roman policy, or indigenous action? How did different kinds of exchange – such as mobility of people, trade, diplomacy, movement of ideas, etc – affect dealings between the Roman and non-Roman worlds? What similarities and differences were caused in different areas?

The contributions in these two sessions are intended to consider ideas, not just objects – to go beyond a focus purely on imports, and look at the social impact of Rome beyond the frontier, considering either a geographical area or a linking theme. We feel discussion needs to move forward to a wider perspective than the differences of individual objector area-history. It is only by looking for big pictures, beyond the individual, generally regional comfort zones of individual researchers, that commonalities and differences in the impact of the Roman world can be drawn out.

PART 1 SESSION 7: NORTH AND SOUTH – CLUSTERS OF ROMANOGERMANIC INTERACTION IN THE EARLY EMPIRE As the Roman Empire expanded North towards the rivers Rhine and Danube, the Germanic Iron Age societies were forced in one way or the other to respond to the presence of this military, political and economic super power.

This session aims to explore how this may be reflected in the archaeological material in different regions of Germania in the time around the birth of Christ. The questions that will be examined are central to the understanding of how and why the Germanic Iron Age societies develop. At this point in time, the societies underwent a landmark change, as the need arose to visualize status with markers symbolizing power through supraregional contacts or alliances, wealth and military capacity. This change shows itself both in supra-regional similarities indicating pan-Germanic tendencies, and regional differences showing local ways of responding to the new impulses.

An important factor for the level of response was the proximity of the local societies to the Romans and the direct or indirect effect of their presence at the Rhine and Danube and until AD 9, their presence in the regions between the Rhine and the Elbe.

Speakers: Peter Wells (University of Minnesota), Material culture as communication: objects, networks, and political formation beyond Rome's Rhine and Danube frontiers.

Balázs Komoróczy (Archaeological Institute of the Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Brno), Römer und Germanen im 1. Jh. N. Chr. - die ethnische und machtpolitische Neuordnung des mittleren Donauraumes Thomas Grasselt (Thüringisches Landesamt für Denkmalplege und Archäologie, Weimar), The Großromstedt Horizon and the Roman Empire.

Jan Schuster (University of Łodz), Lübsow/Lubieszewo – An elite centre from the 1st and 2nd century AD Thomas Grane (University of Copenhagen), Rome and southern Scandinavia in the 1st century AD Xenia Pauli Jensen (University of Copenhagen), Imitation and inspiration – Roman and Germanic weaponry in the 1st to 3rd century AD.

SESSION 8: GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION AND REMOTE SENSING OF ROMAN SITES: STATE-OF-THE-ART AND THE ROAD AHEAD Session organiser: Jorg Fassbinder (Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Munich) Large-scale high-resolution archaeological prospection harbours a great potential for the efficient mapping of buried cultural heritage, in particular of Roman sites. The application of remote sensing and non-invasive geophysical measurement methods has many times proven to have resulted in considerable new archaeological knowledge about the layout, organisation and extent of Roman sites, urban constructions as well as rural settlements, grave yards, military camps and defensive fortifications.

The recent development and application of novel measurement techniques and fast survey methods permits the generation of detailed images of archaeological structures hidden in the subsurface with unprecedented quality, defining a new state-of-the-art.

Combinations of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning, hyper-spectral scanning and aerial photography with high-definition ground penetrating radar measurements and large scale magnetic surveys permit the detection and investigation of individual sites and their surrounding archaeological landscape.

Integrative GIS based archaeological interpretation of the prospection data is used for the generation of maps and digital models of Roman buildings and constructions, forming the basis of the understanding of the site and archaeological analysis.

The purpose of the session is the communication and presentation of latest methodological and technological developments and concepts in the field of archaeological prospection of Roman sites, describing the state-of-the-art as well as outlining the road ahead.

Speakers:

Wolfgang Neubauer (University of Vienna) et al., The Roman town of Carnuntum - an outstanding example for long-term integrated archaeological prospection Geert Verhoeven (Ghent University) et al., Latest developments in remote sensing of Roman urban and rural sites in Austria Chris Gaffney (University of Birmingham) et al., Hidden Cityscapes: new approaches to old problems Jorg Fassbinder (Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Munich) et al., Towards a “magnetic atlas” of Roman military camps in Bavaria Roland Linck (Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Munich) et al., The potential of satellite remote sensing and geophysics in the prospection of the Roman town of Palmyra (Syria) C. Corsi (University of Évora) et al., P.S. Johnson (University of Évora), C. Meyer (Eastern Atlas), L. Verdonck (Ghent University), F. Vermeulen (Ghent University), Ammaia: An integrated geophysical survey of a Roman town and its suburbium in Lusitania

SESSION 9: CHILD HEALTH AND DEATH IN ROMAN ITALY AND BEYOND Session organisers: Maureen Carroll (University of Sheffield) and Emma-Jayne Graham (University of Leicester) In an article from 1988 Mark Golden asked ‘Did the ancients care when their children died?’ Since then, the general consensus appears to have been yes, but attempts to pin down the complexities of adult/infant relationships in the Roman world have often proved difficult. It is still unclear, for example, how people might have felt when a baby was born. Were they joyous, relieved or fearful? Were they concerned about the prospects for their new child? With perhaps as many as 8% of babies dying within the first month of life, it is tempting to assume that close bonds were rarely formed with the newest members of a family. In some respects this is supported by Roman textual sources which refer to infants in dismissive terms, or suggest that grief for the young is inappropriate and irrelevant, or point towards culturally ascribed notions of infants as ‘non-persons’ until they reached a particular age. Children may have been amongst the most frequently commemorated groups of Roman society, but the epigraphic corpus contains comparatively few references to those who lived only for a short while. Studies have now moved away from elite-centred sources to examine the material evidence for attitudes and representations of the very young in both life and death, with recent cemetery excavations documenting densities of newborns and infants across Italy and the Roman west. It is becoming clear that ancient parents shared complex emotional bonds with the youngest members of their family. Skeletal analysis suggests that a concerted effort was made to attend to the health of infants, and evidence for votive offerings connected with infants, childbirth and fertility indicates that the health of these babies and the capacity to have children was often at the forefront of parents’ minds. Of course, even with the assistance of the divine, not all parents succeeded in preventing an early death for their infants, but the evidence for the care they received during their short lives, for the manner in which their small bodies were treated and remembered in death, and the very fact that divine assistance was sought for their welfare should make us reconsider traditional ideas about the absence of any real emotional attachment with infants. The papers in this session will examine these issues from a number of different perspectives, drawing upon case studies from a range of contexts, in order to ask not only: ‘did the ancients care when their children died’, but ‘how much did they care when they were born’?

Speakers: Emma-Jayne Graham (University of Leicester), Child health and divine assistance: terracotta infant votives in pre- and early Roman Italy Ton Derks (VU University Amsterdam), Ex-votos of babies and young children in sanctuaries in Roman Gaul Rebecca Gowland (Durham University) and Rebecca Redfern (Museum of London), Growing up in Roman Britain. A bioarchaeological approach Lindsay Powell (Durham University), Childhood health and care in Roman London: the isotopic and palaeopathological evidence Christian Laes (Universiteit Antwerpen), The youngest children in Latin epigraphy Maureen Carroll (University of Sheffield), Mother and infant in Roman funerary commemoration

BEYOND THE FRONTIER, BEYOND THE FIND: THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF ROME AND ROMAN-BARBARIAN INTERACTION PART 2 SESSION 10: ADOPTION, ADAPTION, IMITATION OF MATERIAL AND IDEAS: ROMANO‐GERMANIC CONNECTIONS DURING THE ROMAN IRON AGE Analyses of Roman imports in the Germanic Barbaricum show a long research tradition.

In the beginning these scientific discussions primarily focused on typological and chronological aspects of Roman metal and glass vessels as well as coins, found mainly in Germanic graves, settlements and hoards. The results of these analyses were used for building and developing important chronological systems for the Roman Iron Age in the Barbaricum.

This phase was followed by more or less theoretical discussions on the routes and ways of influx of the Roman goods into the Barbaricum as results of trading, looting activities or diplomatic gifts.

Recent archaeological research projects on Roman import take a much broader spectrum of find categories into focus: especially small finds, weaponry and ceramics. These objects as well as the adopted techniques and technologies in Germanic workshops, pictorial representations and the connection between Latin inscriptions and Germanic runes show a much more differentiated view on Roman elements in the Germanic material culture.

The latter is on the one hand a result of intensive research into North-European war booty offerings, on the other an outcome of analyses of Germanic settlements with nonferrous metal working and other workshops with a huge amount of Roman objects used as scrap metal.

It becomes apparent that a distinction between Roman and Germanic objects is not as clear as previously assumed: Roman objects and also Roman technology were adopted, imitated and also developed further by Germanic workshops. Thus, many „apparent“ Roman finds can today be stated as objects produced in the Germanic Barbaricum based on Roman role models. But this mixture between Roman and Germanic elements is not limited on shapes, forms and types or the technology of their manufacture.

The application of Roman motives in Germanic art and the influences of Latin writing on the first runic inscriptions clarify the significance of transfer, acceptance and transformations of visual contents and the ideas they express.

The thematic session proposes to present lectures on current research, problems and discussions concerning these Roman-Germanic cultural interactions. These kinds of research are the basis for theoretical discussions on Roman-Germanic connections and reciprocal influences concerning material culture and ideas in the Roman Iron Age. Speakers: Claus v. Carnap-Bornheim (Archäologisches Landesmuseum Schloss Gottorf, Schleswig), Introduction 2: New finds and facts – The social impact of Rome from a Southern Scandinavian and Baltic area perspective Andreas Rau (Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Schloss Gottorf, Schleswig), On the occurence of Late Antique silver vessels in Hacksilber hoards in the Barbaricum

Matthias Becker (Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Halle (Saale)), Golden neck ring, golden fibula, splendid belt – On the adaption and the interpretation of symbols Lisbeth Imer (University of Copenhagen), Maturus fecit ‐ Nithijo tawide ‐ Inscriptions on weapons in the Late Roman Iron Age Ruth Blankenfeldt (Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Schloss Gottorf, Schleswig), Roman influences in Germanic art David Wigg-Wolf (Römisch-Germanische Kommission), Towards the Middle Ages: the (non-) adoption of coinage

SESSION 11: COMPUTER APPLICATIONS AND 3D MODELING IN ROMAN ARCHAEOLOGY Session organizers: Reinhard Förtsch and Mantha Zarmakoupi (Universität zu Köln) As a result of the growing number of available computer applications in data documentation, organization and analysis, the field of Roman archaeology has experienced rapid developments in the last twenty years. The plethora of computer applications prompts methodological approaches for their instrumental integration in archaeological research as well as the creation of interfaces between different systems of data organization and presentation. Papers in this session will, on the one hand, present recent case studies of 3D computer applications in the field of Roman archaeology and, on the other, tackle key questions that are now posed by such applications, problems and solutions. The presentation of the case studies will focus on problem-solving questions that tackle the underpinning mechanisms of a wide range of 3D computer applications in service of the organization and implementation of the projects discussed. The discussion of the broader issues will address 3D models as research templates, the sustainability and reusability of 3D models, real-time applications of 3D modeling in virtual museums, the merge of 3D data with 3D modeling and GIS applications, questions posed by GIS with 4D geo-spatial infrastructure, the problematic of 2D/3D/4D database interfaces as well as spatial analysis of GIS databases and 3D modeling. Rather than focusing on the technical minutiae of computer applications in Roman archaeology, this session aims to present the problematic raised by current developments in 3D computer applications.

Speakers: Armin Müller/Ulrike Wulf-Rheidt (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Berlin, Architekturreferat), Vom 3D- Modell zur Visualisierung Claus Daniel Herrmann/Janine Lehmann (Universität zu Köln), Colonia 3D – Situation and perspectives of 3D modeling Gerd Graßhoff (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), Das digital Pantheon Projekt Florian Seiler (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Berlin )/ Sebastian Vogel (Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften/Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Berlin)/Michael Märker (Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften/ Universität Tübingen), From landscape reconstruction to spatial prediction. The pre-AD 79 Sarno River plain in 2D and 3D Chris Johanson (UCLA Department of Classics), Immersive coordinates: a landscape of critical cartography Sofia Pescarin (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per le Tecnologie Applicate ai Beni Culturali, VHLab), Reconstructing Roman landscapes: interpretation and virtual reality

SESSION 12: ROMAN PORTS, HARBOURS AND WATERFRONTS: CURRENT STUDY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Session Organisers: Adam Rogers (University of Leicester) and Christoph Rummel (Römisch-Germanische Kommission, Frankfurt) Ports and harbours have long been a popular and important area of archaeological investigation in Roman studies. Traditionally, there have been two main approaches to their study: exploring construction methods and technologies of individual installations or examining the relationship between different ports and harbours in view of trade patterns and economic factors. In this, it was generally assumed that we know what ports and harbours were; they are familiar to us and so have not generally attracted attention from as wide a number of perspectives as have been applied to other areas of Roman studies. A case in point is that known port or harbour installations themselves have only rarely been studied in the context of the buildings and settlements around them – although these must have had a direct bearing on their character and development.

In recent years, there have been several new approaches to the study of ports and harbours – particularly so in the Mediterranean, but also across continental Europe. A number of current projects are looking not just at the archaeology of harbour and port installations, but at their wider social, spatial, settlement and economic context. More attention is now being placed on the social archaeology of ports and harbours. In looking at buildings and objects associated with ports and harbours, such research examines the lives, actions, movements, diet and experiences of people across the Roman world, as well as reconstructing the cultural and social significance of the installations themselves.

The session at hand will, therefore, present the work of some current projects, highlighting how they bring new perspectives to our understanding of ports and harbours. It will examine work on the installations themselves, associated material culture, their wider settlement contexts and aspects of social life within port and harbour settlements. In addition, the structure of the session will compare and contrast such approaches to sites in the north-western provinces of the Empire with the Mediterranean sphere, in order to identify commonalities or highlight differing patterns. Finally, the session will also offer thoughts on future areas of investigation of the important archaeological resource that is Roman ports and harbours.

Chair: Janet Delaine (University of Oxford) Speakers: Christina Wawrzinek (Landesmuseum Oldenburg), Römische Binnenhäfen in Europa.

Adam Rogers (University of Leicester), The social archaeology of ports and harbours: with a focus on Romano-British material.

Christoph Rummel (Römisch-Germanische Kommission), Roman harbours on the Rhine and Danube. A socio-economic perspective.

Simon Keay (University of Southampton), The Portus project.

David Stone (Florida State University), Variation in port towns: A re-assessment of Africa Proconsularis.

Thomas Schmidts (Museum für Antike Schiffahrt, Mainz), Current research on Roman harbours in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Damian Robinson (University of Oxford), The maritime landscapes of Roman ports.

SESSION 13: ROMANIZATION, ACCULTURATION, IDENTITY AND RESISTANCE IN ASIA MINOR, THE LEVANTE AND CYPRUS Session organisers: Marko Kiessel and Sebastian Ristow (Universität zu Köln) This session examines the process of cultural change initiated by the expansion of Roman power, and the eventual cultural continuities in selected regions of the Eastern Mediterranean. It also discusses the cultural identity of the people, the relation between the ”local“ (e.g. Anatolian/Greek) and the “translocal/imperial“. The latter affected, to some extent even created, the local by the development of new streets, garrisons, administrative districts, colonies, as well as through Roman citizenship and the imperial cult.

A widely accepted general theory of Romanization suggests a self-Romanization of the local elites, thus protecting and expanding their previous social, political and economic position, whereas the non-elites would have imitated the self-romanized elites. However, the critics of this theory argued that the Roman conquest might have shifted the elites, and that there is only little evidence for the non-elites.

In contrast to the literary (Greek) sources, to which we owe the clearest evidence for local identities, our focus is on the archaeological evidence. Amongst the diverse archaeological findings are: Architecture such as the temple dedicated to Augustus at Ancyra (Galatia), which – being of a Greek type and displaying the Res Gestae in Greek and Latin – demonstrates a hybrid of the local and translocal; portraits which might display an imitation of imperial trends and might be a mirror of both personal and cultural identity; inscriptions which might prove onomastic changes or continuities; coinage which might emphasize local distinctiveness.

These monuments and artefacts might bear traces of the translocal or of the continuity/revival of the local. But what is their meaning regarding “culture“ and “cultural identity“? Do they demonstrate the Romanization of the local or the acculturation of both (hybridity), or even a conscious local resistance? Scholars have questioned the significance of artefacts and argued they had probably been accepted more easily than ideas and values. Therefore it was suggested that attention be paid rather to their way of usage, as there is evidence of Roman objects which had been used according to non-Roman traditions.

Regarding the “self-awareness“ of the people of their “cultural identity“, we may consider the thoughts of O. van Nijf concerning Pisidian Termessos (in Whitmarsh 2010): the Termessians might not have cared when asked what their overarching identity was: Roman, Greek or Anatolian. Because they were all of these at the same time: Anatolian, Greek and Roman.

Chair: Sebastian Ristow (Universität zu Köln) Speakers: Engelbert Winter/Michael Blömer (Westfälische Wilhems-Universität Münster), Kulturelle Austauschprozesse in der römischen Kommagene im Spiegel der jüngsten archäologischen Forschungen.

Lutgarde Vandeput (British Institute at Ankara), ‘Becoming Roman, staying Pisidian’: attitudes towards the Roman empire in Pisidia.

Suna GĂźven (Middle East Technical University, Ankara), Acculturation and native identity in Galatia.

Georg Breitner (Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe Rheinland-Pfalz, Trier), Alte Kulte in neuem Gewand. Zeugnisse restaurativer Baupolitik in der rĂśmischen Provinz Syrien.

Marko Kiessel, Continuity and change in Roman Cyprus.

SESSION 14: CRAFTS IN THE SECONDARY AGGLOMERATIONS OF WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE : DIVERSITY, PLACES OF EXERCISES, DISPLACEMENTS OF ACTIVITIES, LOCAL CONSUMPTION AND MARKETS. Session organisers: Raymond Brulet and Jean-Paul Petit The participants intend to present a global approach to crafts activities in secondary agglomerations (vici) and the spatial identification of zones, in order to observe interconnections between different zones, their development, their possible displacement, and even their disappearance or abandonment.

The first question is one of understanding the differences in places of crafts exercise : What is the difference between domestic activities and functional zonings?

According to the nature of the remains, the function of places, zones or districts can been identified according to a varying degree of certainty: direct identification has been based on the recognition of specific structures; indirect identification has essentially been based on the location of refuse, or of specific tools concentrated in a particular place.

In some cases, craft activities are connected to each other. Can we then define precisely the idea of a functional zone, and see how it might be applied, in the economic sense, to the Roman system of western Europe ?

Finally, the various comparative studies allow us to understand this economic phenomenon and to throw new light on the production economy of a given site or region on a wider level.

Studies applied to Bliesbruck, Gaul and Italy have allowed the gathering of data related to these questions, twenty years after the Bliesbruck-Rheinheim and Bitche Conference.

Speakers: Jean-Paul Petit (Parc archéologique européen, Bliesbruck), Habiter et travailler sous un même toit à Bliesbruck et dans les vici de la Gaule du Nord-Est. Réflexions sur la nature et l’importance des activités économiques et sur la place des artisans-commerçants dans la société.

Raymond Brulet and Erika Weinkauf (Université catholique de Louvain), Vici in northwestern Gaul and ceramic production.

Sara Santoro (Università "G.d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara), Vici in Northern Italy: their economic functions and the relation with the town network.

Christian Cribellier (Ministère de la Culture – UMR 7041 ArScAn), Artisanat et commerce dans les agglomérations secondaires du Centre de la Gaule (Drevant, Argentomagus, Beaune-la-Rolande, Orléans, Pithiviers-le-Vieil et d’autres agglomérations carnutes…).

Sonia Antonelli (CAAM-Chieti University), Maria Cristina Mancini (CAAM-Chieti University), Oliva Menozzi (DSC-Chieti University), Maria Carla Somma (DSC-Chieti University), Marzia Tornese (CAAM-Chieti University), Minor settlements in Central Adriatic Italy.

Wolfgang Czysz (Bayer. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege), Die Töpfer im Vicus - vom Handwerksbetrieb zum monostrukturierten Industriestandort.

SESSION 15: MATERIALISING DIASPORAS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE: CULTURAL RESISTANCE, THE PIONEERING SPIRIT AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION Session Organisers: Günther Schörner (Universität Wien), Thomas Schierl and Felix Teichner (Römisch-Germanische Kommission, Frankfurt) This session will focus on the materiality of diaspora in the ancient world. It will explore artefacts created and employed by diasporic communities within the Roman world, as they engaged with a differentially composed host material culture or cultures. We will suggest that this approach usefully allows archaeologists to foreground artefact classes that earlier generations of scholars may have dismissed as marginal or ephemeral, and to re-examine these bodies of material in a novel way.

Material culture plays a fundamental role in structuring relations with others, and in objectifying social relations. We suggest that diasporic groups may have been employed material culture in strategic ways, building shared identities - according to categories such as ethnicity, gender and class – which were conceptualised in and through difference to host society. In this sense, diasporic communities in the Roman world actively employed material culture in ways that enabled them to think through and resolve issues of identity stress.

Diasporic groups may experience a wide range of possible relationships with their host communities: whilst many may be conceived as marginal or subaltern, others may enjoy social autonomy, and some may even come to dominate their hosts. Diaspora theory can help Roman archaeologists to visualise these different social possibilities, and to look beyond unilinear models such as acculturation in order to explore the variety of ways in which diasporic communities maintained, modified and adapted their material culture as they interacted with their host societies in the Roman world. In this way, the emergent character of disaporic groups themselves can be better understood, and the social complexity of the Roman Empire can more effectively be appreciated.

In this session, we envisage that the materiality of diaspora will be addressed through papers relating to slavery, women in military contexts, the material culture of Roman coloniae, the role of mementos (that is, transitional objects) in human displacement contexts, and also religious practice and performance.

Speakers: Session organisers: Introduction J. Webster (Newcastle University), The material world of the forced migrant: slavery and identity in the Roman world E. Greene (University of Western Ontario), The social lives of Roman auxiliary soldiers and the maintenance of tribal bonds G. Schörner (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen), Religious diasporas in Rome and Roman Germany: looking for a material perspective Th.Schierl/F.Teichner (Römisch-Germanische Kommission, Frankfurt), Rex Suebis secuti clientes: Vannius and his people in Pannonia G. Grabherr (Universität Innsbruck), Fibulas as marker for ethnic diasporas M. Garcia Morcillo, (University of Wales Trinity Saint David), Epigraphic habit in mining districts: marginal trends and local identities

M. van Driel-Murray (University of Amsterdam), Women and the formation of expatriate communities in the frontier zone