Remembrance: A Muslim Cemetery

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Level 6 BA Hons Architecture Mufaddal Nagree K1130963

Contents Thesis statement Construction project: building for the community Element study: Kingston Cemetery Field trip photography Typology study: Fatimid Architecture Woodland Cemetery Element study: Woodland Cemetery Site Process Thesis proposal

Remembrance : A Muslim Cemetery Built in the 1900s Woodland Cemetery, Stockholm, was a radical project in Sweden at the time and the sole cultural ideas were built on a notion of equality and inclusion; a notion of death being mutual and non-denominational; and the introduction of cremation - a result of lack of space for graves. Gunnar Asplund and Sigurd Lewerentz also explored the period of Modernism through the Swedish movement of Romanticism in the process – the notion of the human engaging with the landscape; which is what the cemetery is all about.

However though, the architects may have slightly failed in designing an inclusive and ‘equal’ scheme. Due to pressure faced by then very strong Christian Protestant authorities, all chapels ended up East-West orientated and having an altar and a cross.

Today Stockholm has grown into a diverse and cosmopolitan city due to the liberal Swedish political policies. In an ever-growing immigrant population, the fastest growing religion in Sweden is Islam. Therefore, to adhere to the original ideas of Asplund and Lewerentz and translating them into a contemporary context, the thesis project is a Muslim Cemetery extension proposal. It addresses the potential of a UNESCO world heritage site acting as a bridge between societies in Sweden; where social tension between the Swedes and immigrants, Muslims in particular, is known. Consequently, it is an opportunity to have a cross-cultural discussion and an education about values, rituals and the mutual; life and death.

Almhojden; meditation grove ‘hill of remembrance’; Woodland Cemetery; Stockholm

By Sigurd Lewerentz

The Woodland Playground Building Woodland Chapel

Section AA Construction project: building for the community As part of the thesis project this year, studio 3.2 were interested in the design and construction of the woodland chapel by architect Gunnar Asplund and how it can be translated into a building project that reflects on a communal engagement with architecture. The design is based on the idea of a play shelter for children at St John’s School and mostly dictated by the availability of materials, feasibility of construction and the availability of time. The school children were key participants who made the paper mache dome to give them a sense of ownership over their own project.

The Woodland Playground Building Woodland Chapel

Section AA

Playground The thesis project reflects on a similar notion; the potential ofThe a localWoodland Muslim community engaging with Swedish architecture.

Building Woodland Chapel

All process images are by Radhesh B, Sam C & Jamie S. Drawings are not to scale.

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Proposed Plan

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Process: Marking and levelling site

Process: Floor, walls, columns, dome

Process: Connection details, roof

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Dressed stone; thin mortar Rag stone; thick mortar

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Element study: Kingston Cemetery A set of detail drawings setting a method of site investigation and analysis of various subject matters. The study represents surfaces, rendering, mortar pointing and traces of materials, and how weather and time affects these in context. The subject matter forms part of the material strategy for the thesis project.

Drawings not to scale.

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Thick mortar joint; pier and brick wall

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Steel plate against brick wall

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Field trip photography Malmo Cemetery by Lewerentz: Landscape, buildings, texture

Bispebjerg Cemetery: Materials, ‘Exterior room’, courtyard, column in front of entrance

Textures top-bottom; left-right: Baegsvard Church City Library, Stockholm St Klippan Church Malmo Crematorium Old cemetery church Entrance sculpture, Woodland Cemetery Boundary wall, Woodland Chapel Boundary wall, Woodland Cemetery Pine and lion-head fountain, Woodland Cemetery

City Library Stockholm by Asplund Curved corners, horizontal light, plaster

City Library Stockholm by Asplund Colours and textures

Islam in Sweden The first Muslim residents in Sweden were the Tatars (having Turkish origins) who migrated from Finland and Estonia in the 1940s. Since then Muslim population has been ever-growing and this naturally lead to the need of congregational mosques and cemeteries to accommodate for an estimated population of 200,000.

Presently there are approximately 17 Mosques in Sweden of which 5 are in Stockholm and 50 cemeteries in total including 2 designated areas at the Woodland Cemetery. The Swedish State is supportive of Islamic culture and rituals and therefore does not hinder the burial process in any manner.

A common feature found in these mosques is the use of traditional Swedish building methods and combining them with the different typologies of mosques. Most noticeable is the use of copper for roofing.

left; top-bottom: Fittja Mosque, Stockholm; Katarina Church and Minaret of Stockholm right: Uppsala Mosque, Uppsala

Typology precedent study: Fatimid Architecture The Fatimid dynasty (909-1171 AD) were one of the most successful political manifestation of the medieval Islamic movements. Establishing themselves in North Africa, where they founded the cities of al-Mahidiya in Tunisia and al-Qahira (Cairo) in Egypt with a very tolerant attitude towards other residents of different faiths.

The designs of Fatimid mosques like that of al-Azhar or al-Hakim mosques in Cairo, elaborated upon the basic volumes supported by columns in rows (hypo-style) by emphasizing the axis of the Qibla with carved stucco ornament, by punctuating the mihrab aisle or the corners of the Qibla wall with domes, and by frequently using doubled columns as supports in some sections. The composition of mosque façades is an important design factor in Fatimid architecture, and is manifested through the symmetrical arrangement of portals and Minarets, decorated by a systematic program of ornament. The plan of Al Aqmar and Al Azhar is also an early example of the shifting of a mosque plan in order to accommodate and respect the pre-existing urban street grid. Some of these features are also evident in the Aswan necropolis (often known as the Fatimid Cemetery) in Aswan where some of the Fatimid governors are thought to be buried recognised by vaulted tombs and arched niches in the walls.

Courtyards were an important design feature, most evident in Al Hakim, which then started to become part of domestic architecture dating from the eleventh and twelfth-centuries. These were characterized by irregular plans of long rooms arranged around central courtyards for communal space.

Al Juyushi ‘chapel’, Cairo Photo by Fatimah Amer

Al Hakim Mosque, Cairo Photo by Taha Raja

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Al hakim mosque: courtyard, mouldings, ornament

top-bottom: Section of Al-hakim ‘nave’ towards the ‘Qibla’ Plans of Fatimid mosques showing volumes and assymetry

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Precedent study: Islamic Cemetery, Altach, Austria Horizontal plan arrangement facing Mecca, walls to enclose graves 1:500

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Islamic Cemetery, Altach The Cemetery serves the muslim community of Vorarlberg, Austria, which is over 8% of the population of the region. It makes a reference to the notion of a garden, and is expressed by board marked roseate concrete walls in an alpine setting, and consists of five rectangular grave-site enclosures, and a structure housing assembly and prayer rooms; all facing Mecca. The principal materials used were exposed reinforced concrete for the walls and oak wood for the ornamentation of the entrance facade and the interior of the prayer space. The promenade of the visitor starts through the congregation space with its wooden latticework in geometric Islamic patterns which are reminiscent of Fatimid ornament. The space includes ablution rooms and assembly rooms in a quiet and subtle atmosphere. The prayer room on the far side of the courtyard reprises the lattice-work theme with Kufic calligraphy in metal mesh on the Qibla wall.

left; top-bottom: Ornamental screen made from local oak Main prayer hall showing the shingled ‘Mihrab’ Form and colour of the building within a landscape right Site model of proposal All images from Aga Khan Award for Architecture

Woodland Cemetery

Satellite map: Woodland Cemetery in context and location of the Central Stockholm Mosque (in red) adjacent to Katarina Church in central Stockholm.

Woodland Cemetery Designed and built in the 1900s by Gunnar Asplund and Sigurd Lewerentz, Woodland Cemetery is a landscape and building project that expresses the language of the National Romanticism movement in Sweden. It was based on a set of ‘progressive’ ideas and thus the introduction of a crematorium and several non-Christian sections within the bounds of the cemetery, since there was lack of burial space in the city and the non-Christian population had begun to grow respectively.

The landscape strategy was based on an inventive ‘Romantic’ model where pathway grids derived from the existing landscape conditions. A designed experience was achieved by focusing on the idea of processional routes and the sequence of mourning to allow for mourners to have a comfortable and expressive experience.

The buildings were designed to be embedded in this journey and experience in the landscape and not as separate entities. There exists a notion of economy of means where structural efficency didn’t appear to be raw and honest and instead the timber, brick or concrete was either painted, rendered or plastered.

Portico; Woodland Crematorium; Woodland Cemetery; Stockholm

By Gunnar Asplund

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Existing contour study (not to scale)

Existing tree study

Isometric (not to scale)

Evergreen Spruce Pinaceae

Found in the Northern temperate and boreal(taiga) regions Evergreen Spruce Pinaceae Average height 20 to 60m Avg. height 20m

Norfolk Araucariaceae Araucariaceae Norfolk Native to Norfolk Island Average height height 60m 60m Avg.

By Mufaddal N, Taina Z, Sam C & Aman D

Birch Betulaceae Birch Betulaceae Found in Northern hemisphere, temperare and boreal climates Average height 18 to 35m Avg. height 18-35m

Aspen Populus tremula

Found in Northern Europe and Asia Aspen Populus tremula Average height 20m Avg. height 20m

Scots Pine Pinus Sylvestris Pine Pinus Sylvestris Found in Europe and Asia Average height 35m Avg. height 35m

Landscape moments: top; left-right: Seven Springs Way; contrast of Birch and Pine trees ‘Remembrance’ hill; Weeping Elm trees bottom; left-right: Graves and Pine trees at sunset Boundary wall by Lewerentz; raw limestone mainly quarried from the bounds of the site

Main buildings: left; top-bottom: Woodland Chapel by Asplund Chapel of Resurrection by Lewerentz right; top-bottom: Staff building (now Visitor’s Centre)

by Asplund Woodland Crematorium and its three chapels; Holy, Faith and Cross

by Asplund

Precedent study

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Chapel of Resurrection by Lewerentz: Form, layout, textures, tectonic strategy of rendered and plastered brick building

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Element study: Woodland Cemetery PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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Site plan showing pathways, contours and selected elements 1:10000

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An extension to the Kingston Cemetery study which also includes other projects by Lewerentz and Asplund aside from the cemetery. By maintaining a sense of coherence in choice of subject matter, this study includes render, cladding, mortar and pointing. It is about materials and surfaces that are submissive to nature, which reinforces the ethos of the Woodland Cemetery as a whole. This study also reinforces the idea of using brick as a modulor for building.

Column, Woodland Chapel, Asplund PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT Painted timber columns; flaking 1:20 column

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1:5 detail section

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lion head fountain

weathered render

architectural articulation

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT Gateway, Woodland Cemetery, Lewerentz Weathering on render; textures 1:20

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Boundary Wall, Woodland Chapel, Lewerentz Weathering; render submissive to nature 1:20

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weathered render; ‘submissive’ to nature, creating organic textures over time

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT Exterior room, Woodland Crematorium Clay based mortar; colour matching to stone work 1:50

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Different sizes of stone finish to break monotone of facade

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Column; Woodland Crematorium, Asplund Mortar connecting with paving

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Clay based mortar meets the pointing on paving which is subject to weathering

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Retaining Wall, Woodland Cemetery, Lewerentz Turf; soil growing into gaps of dry-stone wall.

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Turf on retaining walls growing into spaces between dry stone wall construction; ‘natural mortar’

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Use of pattern and thickness of mortar to identify elements of building; in this case the altar

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Ventilation gap; maintaining the ‘no bricks cut’ theme

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Heavy, rough thick mortar; no bricks cut.

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St Peter’s Church, Klippan, Lewerentz

Public Library, Stockholm, Asplund Render shaped to imitate stone-work 1:20

Stone shaped, pigmented render

Contrasting ‘foot’ running accross perimeter of building creating a shadow gap

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Site The site was chosen based on its longitudinal shape with an entrance from the South, not so far away from the main entrance, reminiscent of the idea of a processional route.

It gave an opportunity to use the existing wall as a means of extension to the Woodland Cemetery with convenient access from the motorway and railway from the North and West sides. The level-change on the East gave an opportunity for a sunken, subtle and quiet proposal.

left-right: View upon entry to site from the South Satellite map indicating bounds of site and Woodland Cemetery

left; top-bottom: Existing flower shop View from Northern-most point towards the South right; top-bottom View of trees and level change Boundary wall by Lewerentz

Test model 1:100 showing tectonic qualities

Interior model 1:20 testing deep window reveals, screens and carpet.

The carpet is an important gesture in Muslim buildings due to the notion of cleanliness. In order to compromise between Swedish and Eastern culture a subtle texture of the carpet was chosen; nothing too strong.

Examples of previous proposals for the chapel

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Examples of previous proposals for ‘Diner’

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Ornamental relief; cast in pigmented plaster; design derived from earlier Fatimid studies; used as texture within niches of the proposal.

Ornamental screen; cast in pigmented plaster; design derived from earlier Fatimid studies; pattern embedded in window screens on S. West facing facade.

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1. New crematorium by J. Celsing 2. Woodland Crematorium 3. Woodland Chapel 4. Visitor’s Centre 5. Workshop 6. Chapel of Resurrection 7. Muslim Cemetery proposal

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Site plan; pathways and contours 1:2500

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Site plan; trees 1:2500

Dining after an Islamic funeral; sitting down around a platter

‘Janazah’ prayer; approximately 10-minute prayer whilst standing

Proposal The Muslim Cemetery serves as a combination of both Muslim and Swedish values; a compromise between religion and local tradition. The flower shop and dining building are gestures of mutual funeral traditions. Upon entry from the South, the visitor experiences the contrast of Birch and Pine trees, to enter an open landscape defined by surrounding Pines and grave ‘rooms’ marked by deciduous trees. The Western-most road for the hearse follows the irregular line of the existing contour which then transforms into a defined grid of pathways facing Mecca, into the existing Woodland Cemetery.

At the North-end of the site the visitor can start to see the form of the chapel tucked into the line of pines with a heavy portico, slightly detached from the building, to call out, draw attention and define the main entrance. The ‘exterior room’ courtyard serves as a place for gathering whilst the deceased body is being prepared; a space for tense emotions. As the ten-minute ‘Janazah’ (funeral) prayer is over one experiences a processional route back to the landscape, and on return to the building the same courtyard becomes a more relaxed space, one of contemplation and relief that their loved ones have gone to a better place. To ‘celebrate’ this loss the visitor experiences the subtle offset of the dining building with the external courtyard defined as relaxed garden-like space with loose stone paving and a fountain.

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1. Flower shop 2. ‘Chapel’ fit into Mecca grid at Northern-most side to allow for processional route from the South 3. ‘Diner’ offset to lean towards orientation of existing wall 4. Graves with half enclosed walls to create room-like spaces

Lewerentz wall Proposal wall: rendered brick

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Site plan landscape strategy 1:1000

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Flower shop proposal 1:100

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The proposal derived from the footprint of the existing flower shop and tweaked according to the grid facing Mecca on the site plan. The L-shaped plan helps to separate private and public and creates a small entrance canopy reinforcing the idea of an ‘exterior room’ where more flowers would be displayed in summer months.

The primary construction contrasts from other proposals but the approach to finishing is the same - applying a liquid based material on the surface; where the timber-board cladding is painted both inside and out, and an exposed zig-zag timber roof structure. left-right: 1:100 model to test light Visualisation in context

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11. Loose stone paved ‘private garden’ 12. Brick bench 13. Ground floor accessible dining space 14. Kitchen 15. Storage 16. Staircase and plant room 17. WC’s 18. Boundary wall 19. Pine trees 20. Steps leading to existing cemetery 21. Lewerentz wall

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1. ‘Masjid’ - Main prayer space: carpeted, curved corners, niches, screened from S. West and exit to landscape for ‘Janazah’ (funeral) procession 2. Ablution and cloak room, niches for shoes 3. Lobby; doors flushed into niches 4. Portico to mark main entrance 5. ‘Exterior room’ (stone paved courtyard) with external ablution space for warm weather 6. Preparation room for the body 7. Mourner’s room 8. Deciduous tree to mark circle of life and death 9. Fountain 10. Small-scale plantation

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Ground floor plans ‘Chapel’ and ‘Diner’ 1:200

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1. ‘Masjid’ - Main prayer space level 2: niches with ornamental relief, same pattern as screens 2. Concrete roof with parapet 3. Steel-framed roof lantern for preparation room 4. Dining space upper floor; sitting down around a platter; views to ‘private garden’ and Lewerentz wall within Pines and beyond 5. Platform lift to serve food on upper level 6. Conference room; can also be used as private dining room for family 7. Staircase with steel hand-railing 8. Offices with views to landscape

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Floor plans level 2 ‘Chapel’ and ‘Diner’ 1:200 DU C

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1. Wall enclosing graves 2. Smooth gravel-finished pathway 3. Chapel building: load-bearing 935mm brick walls, coloured render and plaster, ornamental reinforced plaster screens, steel framed windows, deep reveals 4. ‘Qibla’ - main wall facing Mecca: symbolic niche with ornamental relief, opening with view of pines, walls with horizontal score-lines in plaster, hanging ‘mishkat’ (lantern-like lamps) 5. Openings facing fountain and garden, deep reveals act as seats 6. Fountain with water source embedded in ornament 7. Dining building: same tectonic strategy as chapel.

8. Upper-floor dining space with views to chapel and landscape 9. Ground-floor accessible dining space 10. Lewerentz wall

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N. West facing sections ‘Chapel’ and ‘Diner’ 1:200 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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S. East facing elevations ‘Chapel’ and ‘Diner’ 1:200 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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S. West facing section ‘Chapel’ 1:200 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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1. Flying wall with openings of same window proportions as rest of chapel to frame views of deciduous tree and beyond 2. External ablution sink 3. Concrete beams to support roof 4. Permanent fixed table for dead body preparation

S. West facing section ‘Chapel’ 1:200 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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N. East facing section ‘Chapel’ 1:200

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N. East facing elevation ‘Chapel’ 1:200

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S. West facing elevation ‘Diner’ 1:200 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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S. West facing section ‘Diner’ 1:200 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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N. East facing elevation ‘Diner’ 1:200

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Extension proposal: Concrete and render applied on perforated wall to protect and stabilise edges Elevation 1:100

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Graves proposal: architectural tomb stones with copper flower holders.

Isometric 1:100

Landscape moments

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Structural diagram Isometric 1:250

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Detail section 1:50 1. Ground 2. 180mm gravel 3. 170mm sand screed 4. 50mm gravel finish 5. Reinforced concrete foundation footing with DPM and drain tile 6. 20mm carpet and 100mm screed with underfloor heating pipes 7. Reinforced concrete floor slab 8. 430mm load-bearing brick wall (Waalformat brick) 9. 50m cavity for services and 200mm rigid insulation 10. 210mm brick skin and 20mm render and DPC 11. Reinforced pre-cast fibre plaster ornamental screen fixed with dowels 12. Cavity closer and double-casement galvanised steel glazing unit 13. Reinforced concrete lintels to support opening and insulation 14. Heavy-duty wall ties 15. Reinforced concrete parapet 16. Reinforced concrete lintel with cast indent for shadow gap 17. Roof: Reinforced concrete slab supported by 440mm concrete beams, 200mm insulation, 50mm cavity, pitched screed, gravel finish and copper gutter 18. Niche with pre-cast reinforced plaster ornamental blocks stacked with dowels 19. 50mm stone paving 20. 150mm screed with servicing trench 21. 180mm gravel and 80mm insulation PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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8

9

10

4 3

20 21

2

7

1

5

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Section cutaways 1:20 left: Niche on main wall facing Mecca with ornamental relief right: Reinforced cast fibre-plaster screen slotting into openings

1:100 cast model of ‘Chapel’

1:10 plaster model of opening and laser cut screen

Exterior visualisation; 1:100 plaster model

Interior visualisation; 1:50 plaster model

Interior visualisation; 1:50 plaster model

Interior visualisation; 1:50 plaster model