RE-APPROPIATING THE POST-INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE THROUGH COMMUNITY LED-DEVELOPMENT

RE-APPROPIATING

THE POST-INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE THROUGH COMMUNITY LED-DEVELOPMENT

IN WICKER AREA, SHEFFIELD, UNITED KINGDOM

MUHAMMAD FUAD AL HUDA

MA URBAN DESIGN SHEFFIELD SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD

"According to our studio project our site area is consisting of a major part of Wicker Riverside Area,

A part of West Bar area and a very little corner of Castle Gate area. After exploring this site for one and half month along with analysing the related government policies and development strategies and analysing all possible organisations relevant to this site, we came with two alternative proposals for community led development strategies in this neighborhood.

"

CONTENTS \\ Background Project Methodology Position Context & Analysis Design Principles Spatial Design Strategy Urban Installation Critical Reection References

// BACKGROUND

5

Our project site is a strip of Sheffield City Centre within and intersecting the ring road. Through this urban strip we are sampling a range of post-industrial conditions in the city centre. Along the strip we have identified five sites that will become the focus of your design proposal. In each of these sites there are vacant areas and underused building.

Site four is coming at the edge of city centre towards North and just before the Wicker Arch bridge. This area has a combination of spaces of Wicker riverside area mainly occupied by Industrial buildings, West bar area with new office and student accommodations, and a corner of Castle gate area of commercial activities. Most of the industrial buildings are vacant here, hence creating a very unsafe, underused, spaces. Moreover, a large population of immigrant people in this area projects a lack of affordable housing and activity spaces in this neighborhood.

1

4

3 SHEFFIELD CITY CENTRE

2

METHODOLOGY \\ Site Exploring

Studio Brief

Overview of the site Overview of Community Led Development Overview of Community Land Trust

walking through the five sites

INTRODUCTION

Presentation

Presenting Situation, Ownership, Policies, and Partnership Program into Integrated mapping

Presentation

Presentation

Presenting of Group Design Principles on Intervention areas, Partnerships,Programs, and Spatial Arrangements

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Presenting of Group Design Strategies and Installation ideas

Presentation

Presenting Group Design Strategies

FINAL REVIEW

Workshop

Socialising and Introducting community led development to the public.

Seek the feedback from public of our group works.

ANALYSIS

Workshop

Forming the groups in accordance with site preference Identified the sites that will become the focus of design proposal

WORKSHOP

Workshop

DESIGN STRATEGIES Studio Review URBAN INSTALLATION

Workshop and tutorial with Mark Southcombe (Victoria Universty of Wellington).

Workshop

Workshop with Matt Hayman (City Council) regarding to land and building ownership, and future strategies of Sheffield City Council.

Getting feedbak from SSoA lecturers and Practitioners

Workshop

Work in groups and tutorials: approaching the Event - discuss potential time, location/s, target audiences, format, digital presence, budget.

Workshop and tutorial with Mark Parsons (Studio Polpo)

PA R T

NERS

HIPS

POTENTIAL AREA ANALYSIS

Potential development areas according to

Situation Mapping

PROG

Land Ownership Mapping

RAMS

Potential development areas according to SCC Policies and Submitted

Planning Applications Mapping

FUNDING ORGANISATIONS

S

Walkable route through the neighborhood • Connect the city centre to the neighborhood and beyond by pedestrian route.

•Improve the quality of the surrounding area •Activate the area •Promote walkability

IN

TE

RV

E

IAL PAT

IO NT

RE N A

ARRA

NGEMEN

TS

Potential development areas according to Potential Synergies Mapping

TENTIAL DEVELOPME OR PO NT AS F

CLT NETWORK

Housing Collective Activities

• Potential area along the riverside • Supported by some city scale strategies

Public Activities

Vibrant Riverside • Potential areas to b edeveloped as community and public places as well

Community Hub • Potential area beween existing vibrant commercial district and proposed housing areas

Economic Hub • Potential areas to be along the main road in the existing vacant buildings

DESIGN PROPOSAL

// POSITION

Potential development areas according to

• Potential area along the riverside • Supported by some city scale strategies

Public Plaza • Potential areas for public plaza between existing and proposedcommercial and institutional area

Vibrant Riverside • Potential areas to b edeveloped as community and public places as well

Green Corridor • Potential areas connecting the proposed community and public places • To be connected with the proposed walkable route and with the city centre

SITE EXPLORATION WALKING PHOTOGRAPHING INTERVIEWING SURVEYING

RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATIONS

SHEFFIELD BME SOCIAL ENTERPRIZES

ARTWORK ORGANISATIONS

NETWORK

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT SITE AREA SITUATION MAPPING LAND OWNERSHIP MAPPING CITY PLANNING POLICIES MAPPING POTENTIAL SYNERGIES MAPPING IDENTIFICATION OF UNUSED AND UNDERUSED BUILDINGS AND LANDS

POTENTIAL PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM

CLT Program source: National Community Land Trust Network (http://www.communitylandtrusts.org.uk/what-is-a-clt/about-clts)

LAND OWNERSHIP MAPPING

CONTEXT & ANALYSIS \\

PEDESTRIAN

CHURCH

BRIGDE

RIVERSIDE PARK

SITUATION MAPPING

Situation & Land Ownership Mapping John Aizlewood was the largest LQGLYLGXDO VKDUHKROGHU LQ WKH 6KHIĂ€HOG Brick Company and The mill remained under the control of the Aizlewood family until 1962 when the business was sold to Associated British Foods. In 1969 the milling machinery was removed and the building was sold to Harrogate-based farmers and food merchants, George Morrell & Sons Ltd.

FACTORY

FACTORY

RESIDENTIAL

FREE HOUSE

OWNRSHIP

AIZLEWOODS MILL

ZKK GYM

POOL HALL

PLAZA

OFFICE

Aizlewood's Mill was built in 1861 on the site of the former nursery JDUGHQV RI 6KHIÀHOG &DVWOH DQG DORQJVLGH 6KHIÀHOG V ÀUVW UDLOZD\ WKH 0DQFKHVWHU 6KHIÀHOG DQG Lincolnshire which carried grain from WKH FRUQÀHOGV RI /LQFROQVKLUH 6KHIÀHOG V ÀUVW UDLOZD\ VWDWLRQ ZDV adjacent to Aizlewood's Mill's original FDU SDUN ,W ZDV RQH RI WKH ÀUVW PLOOV LQ Britain to use the iron roller reduction method of milling. The grain would be carried across a bridge from the UDLOZD\ JRRGV \DUG LQWR WKH WRS à RRU of the building before descending by gravity though the various milling processes.

OFFICE PLAZA

BUS STATION

OFFICE/BUSINESS

RIVERSIDE PEDESTRIAN

WAVERLEY HOUSE Plaza with the bus station provides convinient for rest,leisure and outsider connection for the workers, residents;There are some young people skating here also.

Good pedestrian area for the workers,residents and visitors.

Being used buildings

[SOCIAL COHENSION]

Leisure

Commercial

[SOCIAL CONNECTION]

Leisure High-quality pedestrian

[TRAFFIC CONNECTION]

Vacant building

Semi - vacant building

Park/green area

Plaza

Culture

2IĂ€FH %XVLQHVV

Residential

Commercial

Culture

Transportation

%XV\ WUDIĂ€F way

Bus station

&URZHG WUDIĂ€F DUHD

ROYAL EXCHANGE BUILDINGS 7KH ÀYH VWRUH\ SURSHUW\ ZKLFK ZDV built in 1900 for an animal breeder and vet, includes seven commercial units, occupied as three shops, and 22 apartments. The building was originally built by Flockton,Gibbs & Flockton for Blonk Street-based vet and animal breeder John Henry Bryers, on vacant land he owned.

The Royal Exchange Buildings LQFOXGHG WZR EHGURRP Ă DWV D house and surgery for the vet and a house for the groom, as well as shops.

OLD TOWN HALL

Crowed pedestrian in the after work time

[LAND USE ]

The site currently has a four storey concrete framed building and a single storey brick built workshop upon it along with a car park.

The workshop is occupied by an automotive garage and the four storey property is occupied by a variety of tenants with a mix of uses LQFOXGLQJ RIĂ€FH DQG OLJKW LQGXVWU\

Corridor Industry

Parking Main public spaces

It was built 200 years ago and was once a grand and imposing law court, The Old Town Hall in 6KHIĂ€HOG ZKLFK KRXVHG the city's crown and high court until the 1990s, has lain dormant since 1996 - but its public gallery, benches and dock are still intact.

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P

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( T H E

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S H E F F I E L D

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P L A N

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9

9

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( 2 0 1 8

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2 0 3 4

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)

SHEFFIELD DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK (SDF) (2009 - 2026)

Timeline of Policies

2040

COHESION POLICY (2014 - 2020)

// CONTEXT & ANALYSIS 1990

Timeline of Master Plans

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

WICKER ACTION PLAN (2007 - 2017) 2015)

- Targets all regions and cities in the European Union in order to support job creation, economic growth, sustainable development, and improve citizens’ quality of life.

- Contains information about CLLD.

- Talks about the importance of Urban Design - Outlines the key principles of Urban Design such as making connections, landscaping and managing investments.

NATIONAL POLICIES a

b COHESION POLICY

URBAN DESIGN COMPENDIUM

Wicker Riverside

SOCIAL POLICIES

ECONOMICAL POLICIES

West Bar

Economic aspects from all the policies propose for a better connection of Sheffield with external world.

Providing better infrastructure to promote economic development so jobs can be created in the city.

Secondly adequate facilities should be provided for health and educational sectors because its what makes the city economically active.

Cohesion policy which talks about Community Led Local Development focuses to promote community ownership and assist multi level governance.

b

Conservation of Sheffield heritage

a

Assist multi level governance

b Active Ground floor uses

Promote Community ownership

c Needs of disadvantaged people

e

c Good quality of life

c b

a

Economic development promoted

d

d

d

c

c

d

c Infrastructure inmproves to attract investment

Safe environment minimizing opportunity for crime

Tourism opportunities exploited

Rail and Road links of sheffield improved Facilities provided for health and educational needs

c Connecting city through better transport and digital networks

e c

Conservation & re use of historic buildings

To have an economy that matches best cities of Europe

e

Tourism opportunities exploited

Transforming housing markets Urban areas that work good and work well

d

Developing sheffield as a major regional centre

e

SOCIAL POLICIES

Promoting health and well being

ECONOMIC POLICIES e

Everyone to be able to fulfill their potential

REGIONAL POLICIES c

e Making Sheffield a fairer place

a

Stimulating economic growth and job creation

LOCAL POLICIES d

UNITARY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Build community capacity and stimulate innovation e Resilience to climate change

e Space for Physical activity

Environmentally the policies propose for Sheffield to be the forefront of Sustainable Design & Technology.

Secondly they want to provide more open green spaces in the city and make the city a cleaner space and a better environment.

e

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES

d

e Unitary Development Plan (UDF) aims to make Sheffield a regional centre and is used to guide decisions on planning applications

c

d

Managing energy and resources Tackling Climate change

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES

e THE SHEFFIELD PLAN URBAN DESIGN COMPENDIUM

2020

2010

2000

Better Environment c

Making the best use of water, land & food resources

Forefront of Sustainable design & technology

SHEFFIELD DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK

c

c

e

e

Responding to changing city and retail patterns

Cohesion Policy (2004 - 2020)

Castlegate For the social policies, the policies aim to conserve Sheffield’s historical heritage.

2030

Provide Green and Open Area Sheffield’s Character conserved

Engages with planning & transportation policy, economic development, promotion of toursim, the property market and sustainability

Pollution and Traffic reduced Sustainable use of natural resources Sustainable communities should be active and safe

Provides overall spatial strategy for the framework Shows - City’s spatial development, different land uses, environmental protection, places in city that will be connected

The Sheffield Plan will ultimately replace both the Core Strategy, and the Unitary Development Plan (UDP)

S C C POLICIES AND P L A N N I N G A P P L I C AT I O N S

1990

Castle Gate MP (2005 - 2-15)

-

West Bar IPG (2005 - 2-15)

(2005

Wicker Action Plan (2007 - 2017)

IPG

Unitary Development Plan (Urban Design Planning 1998 - 2038)

BAR

C AST L E G AT E M P ( 2 0 0 5 - 2 0 1 5 )

The Sheffield Plan (2018 - 2038)

WEST

The Sheffield Plan (2018 - 2038)

Sheffield City Centre Policies & Submitted Application Mapping

S S

CONTEXT & ANALYSIS \\

Potential Synergies Mapping

E

E E

S

E

S

Partnerships Scheme Diagram

E NATIONAL ORGANISATIONS

SHEFFIELD BME

S

E

nd La

ECONOMICAL ASPECTS

SOCIAL ASPECTS

NETWORK

Initia ted a

unch

As a member of Cohesion Strategy Group, they work for promotion of cohesion by bringing young people from different geographical and ethnic communities together to help break down prejudice and misunderstanding.

ed

sheffield

CLT

Potential Users of The Housing t $PNNVOJUZ $PIFTJPO CZ QSPWJEJOH educational framework t.PUIFS CBCZ (SPVQ t$PNNVOJUZ SBEJP

Sheffield Community Land Trust Initiate the Program

Potential International Funding

Potential National Funding

Potential Regional Funding

E

S

E

Brought by Community

Land Gifted

Advising Land Owners to joining the CLT

Potential Local Funding

CLT OWNS LAND

E

S

S

SHEFFIELD BME

Advising in Capacity building and finance

E S

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY CULTURAL FUN DAY ( ANNUAL EVENT )

NETWORK

REGIONAL ORGANISATIONS

E

E

S

E

Advising, Funding, Colaborating to organise community workshops

Sub-Contractor/ Custom-Build Facilitator

E

Architect/ Project Manager

CLT OWNS BOTH LAND & HOMES

BHM EXHIBITION ( ANNUAL EVENT )

£

S

£

S S E S E

E

E

CLT REMAINS LONG-TERM STEWARD OF HOMES AND ASSETS

E S E ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

Design proposals for spatial strategies by MAUD Project 3 and hosting Event for commu nicating with the community

Design review panel to provide expert advice on the quality of designs to the architects, planners, designers and clients

S

LOCAL ORGANISATIONS

THE SHEFFIELD RIVERLUTION FESTIVAL

E

LAND DEVELOPED

E

E

E

The preliminary aspect of the Wicker area is it’s identiy in the city of Sheffield.

cia l

As pe

Identity

Main Issues

Character

Unused Spaces

Network

Connection between River Sides Opputunities Threats

High Cost of Property

Lack of Social Cohesion

Unsafety

Proximity to City Centre

+ Affordable restaurants

Close to Motor Way

ct

Social Cohesion

Located close to the cleaner part of River Don Wicker has a lot of potential to be environmentally clean

Safety Threats Housing Shortage Ethnic Conflicts

Weaknesses

Infrastructure

High Cost of Property Accesibility Lack of funding

High Speed Rail 2

Abundance of unused buildings and industrial buildings in a housing potential area

+

Strengths

Opputunities Economic Diveristy

+

YOUNG RESIDENTS

Weaknesses

Close to River Existing green Sapce Lack of Green Pollution Space Opputunities Green Buffer Flood Risk

Threats Sustainable Energy Climate Change

Flood Risk Poor Local Connections

To make a place affordable to live and work with comfortable leisure activities as well.

Potential of park spaces

sheffield

CLT

Strengths

Threats

Potential Stakeholder

Wicker being the identity of Sheffield for more than a century has a lot of potential for development and to be a economically and sustainabilly viable space

+

ic A spe

+

Land Ownership

om

+

Safety

Eco n

+

Sustainable Development Innovative land Management

Potentials

Located near the cleaner part of the river

Opputunities Entrepreneurship

Strengths Weaknesses

River-side space

We have filtered the data collected from Preliminary site findings, mappings and SWOT Analysis to identify certain issues that we are going to solve with our interventions and strategies.

Lack of connection between River sides

Ph ysi cal Asp ect

So

Skilled Work Force

Weaknesses

t

ct

Analysis Mapping

ec

Strengths

En vir on me nta lA sp

// CONTEXT & ANALYSIS

To develop community led development program for Sheffield CLT with suggestion of potential development projects and partnerships.

Wicker area has a lot of potential because of it’s proximity to city centre and it’s future plans

PA R T

NERS

HIPS

POTENTIAL AREA ANALYSIS

Potential development areas according to

DESIGN PRINCIPLES \\

Situation Mapping Potential development areas according to

PROG

Land Ownership Mapping

RAMS

Potential development areas according to SCC Policies and Submitted

Planning Applications Mapping

FUNDING ORGANISATIONS

S PA

Walkable route through the neighborhood • Connect the city centre to the neighborhood and beyond by pedestrian route.

•Improve the quality of the surrounding area •Activate the area •Promote walkability

IN

R TE

VE

IO NT

N ARRA L A I T

R N A

GEMENTS

Potential development areas according to Potential Synergies Mapping

TENTIAL DEVELOPME OR PO NT F S EA

CLT NETWORK

Housing Collective Activities

• Potential area along the riverside • Supported by some city scale strategies

Public Activities

Vibrant Riverside • Potential areas to b edeveloped as community and public places as well

Community Hub • Potential area beween existing vibrant commercial district and proposed housing areas

Economic Hub • Potential areas to be along the main road in the existing vacant buildings

• Potential area along the riverside • Supported by some city scale strategies

Public Plaza • Potential areas for public plaza between existing and proposedcommercial and institutional area

Vibrant Riverside • Potential areas to b edeveloped as community and public places as well

Green Corridor • Potential areas connecting the proposed community and public places • To be connected with the proposed walkable route and with the city centre

RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATIONS

SHEFFIELD BME SOCIAL ENTERPRIZES NETWORK

ARTWORK ORGANISATIONS

2IÀFH Business/housing Business Pedestrian

SPATIAL DESIGN STRATEGIES

Wicker Riverside Action Plan 2007-2017

SPATIAL DESIGN STRATEGIES

// SPATIAL DESIGN STRATEGIES

Partnership Programs

SPATIAL DESIGN STRATEGIES \\

Partnership Programs

Proposed Image

// URBAN INSTALLATION

EVENT LOCATION - 1

River Don Footbridge, Wicker, Nurser y St, Sheffield S3 EVENT TIMINGS

10:00 - 13:00

EVENT DETAILS

TARGET AUDIENCE

- The posters will be printed on Foam

- Young working individuals opposite

Board for strong support.

- The boards will be tied to the bridge

to our intervention site.

- People who use the bridge on

railing using rope for stablity

regular basis i.e., passerby’s and nearby residents

DOCUMENTATION

1

- Feedback from public will be collected on post it notes - Images and videos will be recorded with permission from public

Upper Don Walk Bridge EVENT LOCATION - 2

Corner of Wicker & Willey Street, 50 Wicker, Sheffield S3 8JB EVENT TIMINGS

14:00 - 17:00

2 Lady's Bridge Corner

EVENT DETAILS

TARGET AUDIENCE

- The posters will be printed on Foam Board for strong support.

- The boards will be tied to the poles using rope for stablity

- People using the restaurants on Wicker lane and residents and owners of businesses in Wicker area.

DOCUMENTATION - Feedback from public will be collected on post it notes - Images and videos will be recorded with permission from public

- People who travel through WIcker Lane on daily basis i.e., passerby’s and nearby residents

TOOLS

ADVERTISEMENT TOOLS

INSTALLATION TOOLS

Exhibition: “A Walk into the Future. Exploring community-led development in Sheffield City Centre” at Sheffield Railway Station until June 13

Billboard of Community Led-Dev

URBAN INSTALLATION \\

v

images source : https://sheffieldcommunitylandtrust.wordpress.com

Studio & Group Pamphlet

synthesis in

COME TALK TO US AND LEARN MORE ABOUT MAKING YOUR OWN HOME IN WICKER!!!

Where?

Date 17.05.2016

Tuesday

Thumbs Up & Thumbs Down

Wicker

Can Wicker be developed by the community in to a cohesive neighborhood and as a gateway to City Centre in the future?

When?

Post it Comments (to gather public's opinions)

River Don Footbridge, Wicker, Nurser y St, Sheffield S3

10:00 - 13:00 Corner of Wicker & Willey Street, 50 Wicker, Sheffield S3 8JB

14:00 - 17:00

FEEDBACK

20

around participants with broad background

Most of participants felt that the strategies and interventions will be helpful to activating the vacant spaces in Wicker All of the participant agreed that Community-led Development can be able to Wicker community demands.

Most of interventions and ideas got a multiple thumbs up signs.

The residents are mostly concerned about the safety reasons, particularly drug addicted group and lack of children play area.

Social cohesion is also important aspect regarding community engagement program on behalf of Sheffield City Council came up in many conversation.

// REFLECTION Re-appropriating the post-industrial landscape through community-led development is an excellence experience I have learned. The project was observed and produced ideas of spatial design strategies in the most vibrant hub of Sheffield, UK. On the six weeks project, our studio collaborates with Sheffield CLT and Studio Polpo to produced some very interesting ideas for community-led developments in Sheffield City Centre. The site chosen for the project is a strip across Sheffield City Centre, containing a wealth of vacant areas and underused buildings. The project has been divided into five groups, with each group focusing on one portion of the strip. Over the six weeks, we collectively engage with this urban strip in Sheffield City Centre to propose strategies, tactics and roadmaps for community-led development within the area. Our attention focuses on underused spaces and takes into account existing and potential initiatives that would share aims and objectives with proposals. Finally, at the end of the project we consist a public installation, with the aim of illustrating and displaying our suggestions regarding selected site. Our works, in the .form of a billboard and a pamphlet, has been set up in different parts of the city and an extract of the two was exhibited around the city We are quite difficult to understanding the framework of community led-development through Community Land Trust at the beginning. Eventually our group focuses on precedent studies and collecting the resources regarding Community Land Trust in the first week, then discussed it during the group meetings, while working on the brief. Aside from group discussion, workshops were held in the studio was very helpful insight and understanding regarding of community-led development and Community Land Trust. Similarly to our site investigation for last project in Berlin, our explorations were include on our own experiences of the site (subjective mapping), visible and implied social structures and organisations (social mapping) and physical aspects of the site, including its built fabric, type of open spaces, typologies of buildings, materials as well as ecology (physical mapping). Each member on the group take charge in each aspect such as Situation, Land Ownership, Policies and Potential Partnership. At this stage, it was difficult to understand the work of other members, if we do not strive to integrate our work with each other and built scenario for the design principles. I also realise there are still many weaknesses in our design strategies of construct and collaborate by community-led development in Spatial Design Strategies. I felt very satisfied working in the group, it makes us easily to share our ideas and correlate with their ideas, and .also they are very responsive to provide some input to our ideas and make a strong improvement, even though our group was divided According to our studio project our site area is consisting of a major part of Wicker Riverside Area, a part of West Bar area and a very little corner of Castle Gate area. After exploring this site for one and half month along with analysing the related government policies and development strategies and analysing all possible organisations relevant to this site, we came with two alternative proposals for community led development strategies in .this neighbourhood We tried to make a comparison of these two proposals. So here we start our proposal one where we structured our billboard in analysing the site, .potential intervention areas, and then the spatial strategies along with interventions and the sectional view through the site Reflects on the Re-appropriating the post-industrial landscape through community-led development I have learned urban design project that integrates knowledge of the social, political, economic and professional contexts that influence the production of the built environment and I also have gained the interesting knowledge approaches in the urban design, participative urban design, sociology of urban design, sustainability in urban design and regulatory requirements; and formulate the design response which is appropriate to the site, the physical and social context. This project also provided me more in-depth knowledge to design strategies of community-led development, which will be beneficial in my future partici.pation practice and involving communities participation

REFFERENCE \\ Bristol Community Land Trust, 2016. Developing Aordable Housing and Community Asset Around Bristol. URL http://www.bristolclt.org.uk/ (accessed 4.22.16) Community Land Trust Fund, 2013. Community Land Trust Fund. URL http://www.cltfund.org.uk/ (accessed 4.21.16).

East London Community Land Trust, 2013. URL http://www.eastlondonclt.co.uk/ (accessed 4.22.16).

National CLT Network, 2013a. National CLT Network URL http://www.communitylandtrusts.org.uk/home (accessed 4.17.16).

National CLT Network, 2013b. See It and Believe It. URL http://www.communitylandtrusts.org.uk/See-it-and-Believe-it (accessed 4.17.16).