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Universal History,
e'J" UJ.AI/ the
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, Willard:
Universal History :~
Keightley:
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Outline of History, 18 9.
C)~.IJ
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Colliar: Outline of General History, 1868
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-, Hudson:
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The
New
geography
and
the
New
Imperialism, 1870-1918(1977).
:~{,:Y Mckay:
Colonialism
in
if~L(jl~~/J.J0
the
French
.IJI
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Movement (1943)
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W. H. McNeill: A World History, 3rd, ed.1979)
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f the World, 2nd ed., 1987)
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Information its
on
the
geography
Implications
for
of
-9
VI -10 the
Transoceanic
Contact, 1991. Carter: Man and the Land, 1968. Edmonson: Neolithic Diffusion
Rates, 1961. :~
Elliot, Smith: The Diffusion
-11
of Culture, 1933.
Pery: The Primodial Ocean, 1935. Tayler: Environment and Nation, 1945.
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The
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Theory
of.
of
Authro pological
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Change
theory,
: The
-12 1968.
Methology
of Multi liner Evolution, 1955. :~
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Koepping: Adolf Bastian and the Psychic Unity of Mankind, 1983. Stockings: Race. Culture, and evolution, 1968.
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:~{::f C. H. Mead:
Movements
of
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LJ;.v!,,;,,)! in the
-19
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53 Century, 1936. Toulmin and Goodfield. The Discovery oJ Time, 1965. Nisbet, History oJ the Idea oJ Progress, 1980. Bowler. The Invention oJ Progress, 1989.
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The
American
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Western
in
Legal
Thought, 1990. Hulme,
Colonial
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Europe
and
the
Native Caribben 1492-1729 (1992) Gossett, Race: The History oJ an Idea in America, 1963.
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British
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-23
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W. A. Lewis, ed., Tropical Development, 1880-1913(1970)
Bowler, The Invention of Progress, 1989. Stocking, Victorian Anthropology,
1989.
History, Man and Reason, 1971.
Mandelbaum,
Spencer, The Man versus the state, 1969.
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Said, Orientalism, 1979.
Thapar,
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Social
-27
Inter pretations, 1978.
Ideology
and
Inter pretation
Indian
Early
of
History, 1982. B. Chandra,
Karl
Marx,
His
theories
of
Asian
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and Colonial Rub, 1981. The British Rub in India, 1979.
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Decolonizing
the
:~
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Theory of Nationalism, 1987.
Asad, Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter, 1975.
Temu and Swai. Historians and Africanist History, 1981.
Elliot Smith, The Diffusion
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Lowie, The History of Ethnological Theory, 1937. (;.1 L
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REFERENCES 1. See Ram Gopal, Indian Muslims (London. 1959). Ch. 11 for an Indian nationalist view, and R. Dutt, India
123
Today (Bombay, 1970), pp. 456-9 and D. N. Pritt 'India', in Labour Monthly, xxiv (April 1942), for the Communist view. This view was reiterated by R. Palme Dutt, 'India and Pakistan', in Lahour monthly, xxviii (March 1946). 2. G. Adhikari, Pakistan and Indian National Unity (Bombay, 1943) and also R. Palme Dutt, 'Notes of the Month', Labour Monthly, xxiv (September 1942). 3. Y. Gankovsky and L. Gordon-Polanskaya, A History of Pakistan (Lahore, n.d.). 4. Edward Mortimer, Faith and Power: The Politics of Islam (London, 1982). 5. H. A. Alavi, 'The State in Post-Colonial Societies', New Left Review 74 July-August 1972, reprinted in Kathleen Gough and H. Sharma (eds), Imperialism and Revolution in South Asia (1973), and in H. Goulbourne, Politics and the State in the Third World (London, 1979). 6. B. T. McCully, English Education and the Origins of Indian Nationalism (Williamsburg, 1940), and Apama Basu. The Growth of Education and Political Development in India 1897-1920 (Delhi, 1974). 7. Francis Robinson, Separatism Among Indian Muslims: The Politics of the UP, Muslims 1860-1923 (Cambridge, 1974), p. 46. 8. For an analysis of the role of the bureaucratic-military oligarchy in Pakistan see Hamza Alavi, 'Class and State in Pakistan', in R. N. Gardezi and J. Rashid (eds), Pakistan: The Roots of Dictatorship: 'The Political Economy of a Praetorian State (London, 1983). Within the bureaucracy, controlled by the CSP cadres, has been
124
largely under-mined. Punjabs dominate both the military as well as the civil bureacracy. 9. Abdul Hamid, Muslim Separatism in India (Lahore, 1967). 10. McKim Marriott, Caste Ranking and Community Structure in Five Regions of India and Pakistan (Poona, 1960). 11. Aparna Basu, The Growth of Education. P. 151. 12. Report of the Court of Inquiry... into the Punjab Disturbances, 1953. (Munir Report) Lahore: Government of West Pakistan Press, 1954). P. 219. 13. Zia-ul-Hassan Faruqi, The Deoband School and the Demand Pakistan (London, 1963); Barbara Metcalf, Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband 1860-1900 (Princeton, 1982),passim. 14. David Gilmartin, 'Religious Leadership and the Pakistan Movement in the Punjab', in Modern Asian Studies, Vol. xiii, No.3 (1979): Barbara Metcalf (ed.), Moral Conduct and Authority (London, 1984)- articles by David Gilmartin and Richard Eaton. 15. For an account of political factions dominated by landlords and pirs, see Harnza Alavi, 'Politics¡ of Dependence: A Village in West Punjab', South Asian Review, vol. iv, no. 4 (January 1971). 16.Iftikhar Ahmad, Pakistan General Elections 1970 (Lahore, 1976). 17. Clarence Maloney, Peoples of South Asia (New York, 1974),p. 506. 18. David Kopf, The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind (Princeton, 1979).
125
19. Christian
W.
Troll, Sayyied Ahmad Khan: A Reinterpreation of Muslim Theology (Karachi, 1979), p. 18 and n. 75. 20. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Rah-e-Sunnat dar Radd-e-Bid' at, Tasanif-e-Ahmadiya vol. I(Aligarh, 1883). 21. Mohammad Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (Lahore; 19"58reprint). 22. Ibid. p. 173. 23. Ibid. p. 174. 24. Ibid. pp. 175-6. 25. K. K. Aziz, Party Politics in Pakistan 1947-58 (Islamabad, 1976). pp. 143-4. 26. Francis Robinson, Separatism, passim, 27. Ibid. pp. 173-5. 28. Ibid. p. 252. 29. Azim Husain, Fazl-l-Husain: A Political Biography (Bombay, 1946).pp. 315-16. 30. Mohammad Iqbal, Letters of Iqbal to Jinnah (Lahore, 1963). pp. 28-32. 31. Dow to Wavell, 20 September 1945, Fortnightly Reports-Sind, LIP & 115-261, Jan-Dec. 1945, India Office Records. 32. Jamil-ud-Din Ahmad (ed.), Speeches and Writings of Mr. Jinnah, vol. I, (6th edition, Lahore, 1960),p. 43. 33. Ayesha Jalal, The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 95-6. 34. G. W. Choudhury (ed.), Documents and Speeches on the Constitution of Pakistan (Dacca, 1967),pp. 21-2. 35. E. I. J. Resenthal, Islam and the Modern National State (Cambridge, 1965). pp. 245.
126
36. S. Sibte Hassan, Naveed-e-Fikr, (Urdu) (Karachi, 1983). 37. Rounaq Jhena. Pakistan: A Failure in National Integration (London, 1972). pp. 25-7. 38. G. W. Choudhury, Documents and Speeches. P. 25. 39. Ibid. p. 30. 40. Ibid. p. 31.
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~J'.P' â&#x20AC;¢ : JI -r!' '.7.1,,/ Ideology
of
Pakistan,
Radio
Pakistan
,
-1
Publication,
1971, p. II
Ideology
of
Pakistan,
In:
Ideology
of
Pakistan
Radio Pakistan Publication, 1971,p. 2. 5 -"j _"~I : ~ 18'17-"j
_"~'-Ji';':J~ :)111 '" 1.J} ...,
-3 -4 -5
Ideology of Pakistan, Lahore, 1976, p. 23
:.i"
-6
Report of the Court of Inquiry, Lahore, 1954,p. 202
Press in Chains, Karachi 1986, p. 34, 35. :jl)/P
-8
Pakistan, The Emerging Islamic State, Lahore, 1866,p.l00 36 -"j
-oj'id'
-9
36 -"j _"~I
-10
.
-11
...,
:)lIII.J} ,
Jinnah: Studies in Interpretation, Karachi, 1981, p. 255-256.
159 M aking of Pakistan, Karachi, 1966, p. 100, 101. 97 -i./ '.,i'I.lP
-13
.,1999 O'.lJj '~I)_'..tJ~
-14
_"~I
-Ji
:0:; _~I Muslim
Community
of
the
Indo-Pakistan
-15 -16'
Sub-continent,
Karachi, 1977, p. 95. 93 -i./ '"~I'~
_(Vi _(-I_J-I
-17 -18
Muslim Rule in India and Pakistan, Karachi, 1991,p. 338, 342.
-if.,i'l The
Culture
of
Pakistan,
In:
Making
of
-19
Pakistan,
by R. Symond, Karachi, 1966, p.197.
Indus
Saga
and
the
Making
193-i./ -J.,i'l
-20
: ~I
-21
of
j?J'1
Pakistan.
OUP
Karachi, 1996, p. 8. 8 -i./ _~I
-22
.IV _J-I -J
-23
Pakistan Studies, Karachi, 1989,p. 23.
:0'). aJ' -24 The
Territorial
Lahore 1997,p. 21.
basis
of
Pakistan
Nationhood,
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REFERENCES 1. India Office Record, Home Peries, Mise. Vol: 132 pp. 187-90. 2. Ibid., Vol. 158 pp. 335-434. 3. Postons., Lt T, Personal Obernation on Sind p. 286.
4. India Office Record-op. cit., Vol. 333, pp. 393, 602. 5. Mill and Wilson, History of British India Vol. VI, p. 126. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. p. 127-28. 8. Ibid. p. 129. 9. Ibid.
Despatches. Minutes and Correspondence of the Marquis of Wallesley. Vol. I, pp.
10. Montgomery, 286-287.
Martia,
180 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. Vol. I, p. 306-09. 15. Parliamentary Papers A. Burness & others on a Mission to Sind A. C. 1835-37, Reports Commercial p. 9.
16. Selections from the Records of the Commissioner in Sind S. File 203, p. 500. 17. Motgomery. Op. cit. Vol. I, p. 518-10. 18. Selections op. cit. S. Fole 203. Pp. 501-10. 19. Ibid. 20'. Ibid. 21. Ibid.
22. Journal Sind Historical Society, Karachi Vol. III No. 4, p. 79. 23. Selections op.cit S. File 203, p. 501-10. 24. Ibid. 25. Ibid. 26. Ibid. p. 420-25. 27. Ibid. 18. Ibid. 29. Ibid.
30. India Office Records op. cit. vol. 470, p. 285-301. 31. Ibid. 32. Ibid. 33. Ibid. Vol. 333, p. 393-602. 34. Ibid. 35. Ibid.
181
36. Ibid. 37. Ibid. 38. Ibid. 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid. 41. Ibid. 42. Ibid. 43. Ibid. 44. Ibid. 45. Ibid. 46. Ibid. 47. Ibid. 48. Ibid. Vol. 474. P. 147-170. 49. Ibid. 50. Ibid. 51. Ibid. 52. Ibid. 53. Ibid. Vol. 333. P. 393-601 54. Ibid. 55. Ibid. 56. Ibid. 57. Ibid. 58. Ibid. 59. Ibid. 60. Ibid.
182
61. Ibid. Vol. 474, p. 147-70. 62. Ibid. 63. Ibid. Vol. 333. p, 393-602. 64. Ibid. 65. Ibid. Vol. 474, p. 203-207. 66. Selection, op. cit. S. File 203. P. 520-25. 67. Ibid.
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