سہہ ماہی تاریخ 5 by Muhammad Mohiudin Shah

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1. S.Gopal, Indians in Russia in the 17thand 18thcenturies,

English translation with introduction and notes of a selection of Russian document (Calcutta, 1938):idem, Indians in Centra] Asia, . 16thand 17thcenturies, Presidential Address, Medieval India Section of the Indian History Congress, 52nd Session,.(New Delhi, 1992); Stephen F. Dale, 'Indo-Russian Trade in the Eighteenth Century' in Sugata Bose (ed.),South Asia and World Capitalism (Delhi, 1990), pp.140-156;idem, 'Indian Merchants in Iran.' paper presented at

74 the Conference to political Economies of the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires, Istanbul, June, 1992;Jos Gommans 'Mughal India and Central Asia in the Eighteenth Century: An Introduction to a Wider Perspective', Itinerario, 15,1,1991)pp. 51-70. 2. W. Barthold, Turkistan Down to the Mongol Invasion, English translation by H. A. R. Gibb (London, 1928),p. 83;Irfan Habib, An Atlas of the Mughal Empire. (Delhi, 1982),Sheets 4B and 5B and Notes, pp.1l-12and 15-16,Mohan Lal, Travels in the Punjab, Afghanistan and Turkistan to Balkh, Bokhara,and Herat (Patiala, 1971),Chapter VII, pp. 373-462.

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4. O. D. Chekhovich, Bukhavrskye Document, XIV Veka (Persian documents with Russian translations and note, Tashkent, 1965), pp. 40 and 51,and also pp. 91and 109fortujjar-i-Hind and Hindi; idem, Samarkandskye Document, XV-XVI Veka (Moscow,1974) pp. 67, 72, 125,244 and 247;Fakhr at-Din 'Ali bin Husayn Wa'is Kashif'i, Rashhat 'ayn-al-Hayat, ed. by Ali Asghar

75 muiniyan (Tehran) pp. 743see also Mir Muhammad Yusuf bin Khwaja Baqa, Tadhkira Muqim Khani, Firdausi Library, Dushambe, Ms. No. 521,f. 34a. •.-i ;. l .. 0\ . f-. ,, 0\ .. ~ .....J./.j~.!.>.' --!/ (t-' ,)J <JlV -...,/ J 1983fL)'ff:.JV

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IfJ.I ~~".?._? J -?/ -Fase, 409

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6. Anthony Jenkinson, Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia, edited by. Delmar Morgan and C. H. Coote, 2 vols. (London, 1886)2, pp. 87-88.

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184a~d~}'f 9. Ludovico di Varthema, Itinerary, Engligh translation by John Jones and a discourse by R. C. Temple (London, 1928), p. 79.See also K. M. Ashraf, Life and conditions of the people of Hindustan (Delhi, 1970),p.145,and W. H.Moreland, India at the Death of Akbar (Delhi, 1962),p. 209. Moreland questioned the veracity of Varthema's evidence, principally because, as he concluded in the 1920s,Varthema has no support from any other account See also Jean Aubin. 'Deux Chretiens au Yemen Tahiride', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, 3,1,April, 1993,pp. 36-52for an evaluation

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16. Gopal, Indians in Central Asia, p. 12. 17. Zahir ud-Din Muhammad Babur, Babur-nama, English tr. A. S. Beveridge (London, 1969), p. 202; Gopal, Indians in Russia, Document, No. 71,p. 68.

op. cit)

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78 26. R. S.Sharma, 'General Asia and Early Indian Cavalry, C.20 B. C.-1200A. D.',in A Guha (ed.) Central Asia: Movement of Peoples and Ideas from Times Prehistoric to Modern (Delhi, 1970),pp.174-181. 27. Simon Digby, War Horse and Elephant in the Delhi Sultanate, (Oxford 1971),pp. 35-36

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'Mughal India and Central Asia' pp. 55-56. 40. Jenkinson, Early Voyages, p. 87; see also Ashraf, Life and Conditions, p. 147.

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48. ' Sanjay Subrahmanyam, 'The Portuguese, Thatta and the External Trade of Sind, 1515-1635',Revista de Culture (1991),pp. 48-58.

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80 49. Ya, G. Gulyamov (ed.) Istoriya Uzbekistana, (Tashkent, 1967) 1,p. 537quoted in Gopal, Indians in Central Asia, p. 6 50. Andre Wink, AI-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol, I, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th-11thCenturies Leiden, 1991),pp. 45-64. 51. A. M. Peterov has briefly discussed the rationale and historical reasons of the shift from hand to sea routes in his 'Foreign Trade of Russia and Britain in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries', Modern Asian Studies, 21,4, (1987),pp. 625-637. 52. Moreland, India at the Death of Akbar, p. 205-207. 53. E. H. Aitken, Gazetter of the Province of Sind (~arachi, 1979),p.1I6

54. Calvin H. Allen Jr, 'The Indian Merchant Community of Masqat', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 40, 4, 1(1981)pp. 39-53. 55. Mersrovb Jacobs Seth, The Armenians in Indian (Calcutta, 1937),pp.122-126,282-283,and 604-606:Gopal, Armenian Traders in India in the Seventeenth Century', in Guha (ed.) Central Asia, pp. 200-213. 56. Seth, The Armanians, p. 231. 57. Mehdi Keyvani, Artisans and Guild life in the Later Safavid Period, Contribution to the School and Economic History of Persia (Berllin, 1982),p. 215.

58. Sanjay Subrahmanyam, 'Iranians Abroad: Intra-Asian

8t Elite Migration and Early Modern State Formation', Journal of Asian Studies, 51,2,(1992); pp. 340-363.

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92. Compare H. W. Van Santen "De Verenigde Oost-Indische Compangie in Gujara en Hindustan..1720-1660", Ph. D. thesis, Leiden University, 1982,cited in Ashin Dasgupta, 'Indian Merchants and the Western Indian Ocean: the Early Seventeenth Century', Modern Asian Studies, 19,3 (1985),pp. 441-449; Subrahmanyam,

'Iranians Abroad'.

93. Alam, Crisis of Empire, pp. 8_9, 203. 94. for a different l-'.

interpretation

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~~ f

to tf'i~e, se~ M. N. Pearson, 'Political Participation

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lIldi~'"The I~dian Eco~omic and Social History Review, 11,2 )'

(1972),l:,p:1l3-131:idem, 'Merchangs and States', in James D. Tracy, (ed). The Political Economy of Merchant Empires (Cambridge, 1991),pp. 41-116.See also the review by Andre Wink, The International pp.106-1l2.

History Review, XV.I, February 1993.

85 95. For a recent discussion on 'Hindu merchants adaptability and the intrinsic stability of their organisation',.see C. A. Bayly, 'Pre-Colonial Indian Merchants and Rationality; ir Mushirul Hasan and Narayani Gupta (eds.),India's Colonial Encounter: Essays in Memory Of Eric Strokes (Delhi, 1993),pp. 2-24. 96. For Jagirdari and Jagir crisis, see Satish Chandra, Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court 1707-1740(Aligarh, 1959) Introduction; review in idem, Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis and the Village (Delhi, 1982)pp. 61-75; M. Athar Ali, The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb (Bombay, 1966).For agrarian crisis, see Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of Mughal India (1556-1707)(Bombay, 1963)pp. 317-351. 97. Compare C. A. Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870(Cambridge 1983);Andre Wink, Land and

Sovereignity in India; Socieity and Politics under the

Eighteenth Century Maratha Swarajya (Cambridge (1986);

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