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-~, Reference 1. For a discussion of colonialism's influence on cultural
production and for the demonstration of the complicity of knowledge and power see Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge, The British in India (Delhi: OUP, 1997) and Nick Dirks, ed. Colonialism and Culture (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. 1992).
so 2. Bernard S. Cohno, 'Law and the Colonial State' in Cohn, Colonialism and its Forms of knowledge, pp. 60-
S. 3. Nick B. Dirks, 'From Little King to Landlord: Colonial Discourse and Colonial Rule' in Dirks, Colonialism and Culture. The paradox of change and continuity has been addressed by Dirks in the institutional framework of law in Tamil Nadu, where colonial legislation helped sustained the colonial structure of landholding and did not completely eradicate the cultural tradition of gift of land, which assumed the form of alienation. 4. Mustafa Kamal Pasha, Colonial Political Economy, Recruitment
and
Underdevelopment
in the Punjab
(Karachi: OUP, 1998) p. 163. 5. Andrew 1. Major, Return to Empire, Punjab under the Sikhs and British
in the Mid Nineteenth
Century
(Karachi: OUP, 1996) pp. 152-3. 6. Ibid., p. 184. 7. Ibid., p. 190. 8. Pasha, pp. 26-7. 9. Ibid., pp. 35-8. 10.N. G. Barrier, The Punjab Alienation of Land Bill of 1900 (Duke University: Program in Comparative Studies on Southern Asia, 1996) p. 7. 11. Satya M. Rai, Legislative Politics and Freedom Struggle in the Punjab 1897-1947 (New Delhi: Indian Council of Historical Research, 1984) p. 11. 12. Loyld Rudolph and Susanne Rudolph, The Modernity of Tradition, Political Development of India (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1999) p. 255. 13. Prakash Tandon, Punjabi Century 1857-1957 (New York 1961) qtd. in Barrier, p. 8. 14. Pasha, p. 164. 15. Bernard S. Cohn, The Anthropologist among the Historians and Other Essays (New Delhi: OUP, 1990) p.468.
51
16. Himadri
Banerjee, Agrarian Society of the Punjab
1849-1901 (Delhi: Manohar, 1982) pp. 77-8.
17. Ibid., pp. 78-9. 18. Major, p. 161. 19. Banerjee, p. 80. 20. Major, p. 157. 21. Banerjee, p. 81. 22. Ibid., pp. 83-5. 23. Major, p. 163.. 24. Banerjee, p. 142. 25. Ibid., p. 143. 26. Ibid., p. 145. 27. Ibid., p. 147. 28. Ibid., p. 148. 29. Ibid., pp. 149-55. 30. Ibid., pp. 157-8. 31. Barrier, pp. 9-12. 32. Qouted in Pasha, p. 172. 33. Barrier, p. 13. 34. Pasha, p. 174. 35. Ibid., p. 175. 36. Barrier, pp. 18-9. 37. Ibid., p. 47. 38. Pasha, p. 175. 39. Quoted in Pasha, p. 176. 40. Ian Talbot, Punjab and the Raj 1849-1947 (New Delhi: Manohar, 1988) p. 57. 41. Ibid., pp. 83-4.
53
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on Indian
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Allahabad, 1963.
H. M oeheed, Guru N anak and the Sikh Religion Oxford, 1968.
,;JJ' Irfan
Habib,
The
Monothesitic (mimeo)
Historical
Movements
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to
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the
of
the
Popular
15th-17th
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1'1965/.}")!
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India, University of Delhi, November, 1965.
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-74
Historical Congress, Varnasi session, 1969, Patna,
1970,pp. 139-61 Irfran Habib, "The Historical Background of the Popular
-75
monothestie Movement." (Mimeio) 1965. Madhee Tandon, "Historical Analysis of Kabir's Poetry unpublished. Nehru
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Notes & References 1. R. Miliband, 'Marx and the State', in R. Miliband and J. Saville (eds). Socialist Register 1965. 2. Hamza Alavi, 'Indian Capitalism and Foreign Imperialism', New Left Review 37, June 1966. 3. C. P. Bhambhri, Bureaucracy and Politics in India, Delhi 1971. 4. This 'middleman' role of Politicians has been analysed in numerous studies, cf. F. G. Bailey, Politics and social Change-Orissa 1959, London 1963. 5. Hamza Alavi, 'The Army and the Bureaucracy in Pakistan Politics', in A. Abdal Malek (ed): Armee et Nations dans les Trois Continents (forth coming). Written in 1966, this article was privately circulated.
141
6. Tariq Ali, The Struggle in Bangladesh', New Left Review 68 (July-August 1971), Foot note 21, P. 43. 7. Hamza Alavi & Amir Khusro, 'Pakistan: The Burden of USA id', New University thought, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Autumn 1962) reprinted in R. 1. Rhodes (ed) Imperialism and Underdevelopment, J 970. 8. Nicos Poulantzas, :Capitalism and the Sate', New Left Review 58, Nov-Dec. 1969, p. 74 9. Paul Baran, The Political Economy of Growth, New York, 1957 pp. 220-1. 10. This development was analysed in: Hamza Alavi, 'Imperialism, Old and New', in R. Miliband and J. Saville (eds), Socialist Register 1964. 11. The Time, London, 23 December, 1971.
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