MRRC MAGAZINE by Muhammad Zulhilmi

MRRC MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

MUHAMMAD ZULHILMI BIN MOHD JOHAN SUPERVISOR : ASST. PROF. TS. DR. ZEENAT BEGAM BINTI YUSOF IIUM | INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | MAAR PART 2

Copyright Copyright 2021 Master Design Thesis 1 Master Design Thesis 2 Department of Architecture Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design, KAED, IIUM First Printed 2021 All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in a review written for inclusion in magazines, newspaper or journals. Supervisor Asst. Prof. Ts. Dr. Zeenat Begam Binti Yusof Course Coordinator Asst. Prof. Dr. Zuraini Binti Denan Design, Layout and Creative Design Muhammad Zulhilmi Bin Mohd Johan

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

Acknowledgement Bismillahirrahmanirrahim, All praise be to Allah, Lords of the Words, I offer Him all praise and gratitude, and seek His assistance and forgiveness. I seek refuge in Allah from evils of our souls and the wickedness of our deeds. I thank Allah, the Exalted, for the completion of this Master design thesis. This is another milestone in the journey of my life all along, from Allah unending strengths and blessings. - Alhamdulillah Wa Syukru Lillah. Next in the forefront of my gratitude is my supervisor, Asst. Prof. Ts. Dr. Zeenat Begam Binti Yusof for her guidance and invaluable advice throughout the journey to complete the design thesis. His efficiency, suggestions, and constructive comments have a significant impact in shaping this research. It contributed to the success of this design thesis research. My honorable mention goes to my family members, I am forever indebted to my parents, my mother (Siti Zaharah Binti Kasmin) and my father (Mohd Johan Bin Ahmad), for their unconditional help physically, mentally, spritually, and financially, and also constant dua. No words can describe their love to me. I owe a lot to them as they set me on the path of life I found myself today. Their unwavering faith and confidence always motivated me. Not to forget my precious wife (Wan Balqis Binti Was Abd Aziz), who give me endless support in order to finish this design thesis. Thank you for your support throughout my study period. May Allah bless you and reward all of you with Jannah. Finally, sincere thanks to my friends especially Iqmal Azamli, Nur Aidurrah Syazwani, Mas Amelia, and others for their kindness and moral support prior and during my study. Thanks for the friendship and memories. Thank you.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

Abstract Ecotourism is one of the biggest industries in Malaysia. It is the combination between ecosystem and tourism, which often related among each other. Ecotourism is the main contributor to the economy iin Marine Park Islands in Malaysia, especially Perhentian Island. In this particular island, one of the main features that significantly affecting the economy level in the condition of coral reef. Scuba diving and snorkeling activities are relying to the health of coral reef to becomee successful activities in this island. Unfortunately, coral reefs in Perhentian Island are gradually deteriorating over the past several years due to climate change and irresponsible human activities. Coral reefs have become a main attraction for eco-tourists especially in Malaysia. Coral reef along Marine Parks Island in Malaysia covers 1.27 percent of world total coverage (Spalding et al., 2001). Rapid increasing number of tourist lead to tourism activities which could negatively impact the marine ecosystem, especially the living coral reefs (Nishihira, 1987; Wolanski, et al., 2009). The idea of having rehabilitation area, research facilities, and ecotourism functions offshore is to allow the coral development processes to be done effectively as well as to provide real exposure on coral rehabilitation for the researcher and tourists. This paper's objective is to identify and tackle solutions in the prospect of innovative design in terms of coral rehabilitation and research, improvement of facilities, and enhancement of knowledge and awareness of coral in Perhentian Kecil Island, Terengganu. Keywords: Deterioration, Aquaculture, Ecotourism, Offshore, Marine Ecosystem, Rehabilitation, Research, Perhentian Kecil Island, Terengganu.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

Table of Content Acknowledgement Abstract

i ii

Chapter 1 : Introduction Chapter 2 : Literature Review Chapter 3 : Case Study {s} Chapter 4 : Site Study Chapter 5 : Project Approach Chapter 6 : Design Brief Chapter 7 : Design Development Chapter 8 : Final Design Proposal Chapter 9 : Special Study Chapter 10 : Conclusion Chapter 11 : References Chapter 12 : Appendices

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

01 Background Issue Research Aim Research Objectives Significance Research Research Methodology

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF DESIGN THESIS

Although the ecotourism of Perhentian Kecil Island is becoming a priority along with the cultural and commercial aspects, the requirements of the ecosystem must also be fulfilled. Throughout Perhentian Island, the main ecosystem can be divided into two, which are marine ecosystem and terrestrial ecosystem. Marine ecosystem is related with the life underwater including aquatic life such as coral reefs and fishes, while terrestrial ecosystem is related with the life at the forest including trees and waterfalls. In this thesis, the main focus is about the study on coral reefs which also affecting the life quality of the fishes at that area. There are lots of coral patches along the beaches in Perhentian Kecil Island. This deterioration problem will significantly reduce the condition of fishes, indirectly give bad impact towards economy of the localities. The 2008 'Status of Coral Reefs of the World' report stated that the world has effectively lost 19% of the original area of coral reefs and that 15% are seriously threatened with loss within the next 10 - 20 years, with a further 20% under threat of loss in the next 20 - 4- years. In 2011, 'Reefs of Risk Revisited' stated that more than 60% of the world's reefs are under immediate and direct threat from one or more local sources. Almost all of the islands around Malaysia has coral patches, which is currently deteriorating gradually. The results from all 220 surveys were compiled to provide an overview of the status of coral reefs around Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia, most sites are on islands that are gazetted as Marine Parks and are important tourism destinations, many with high visitor numbers (e.g. Tioman, Redang, Payar). In Sabah and Sarawak, the impact of tourism is more varied, with some areas (e.g. Semporna) having high numbers of visitors and others (e.g. Lahad Datu) having none. The condition of reefs and the impacts noted reflect these variations in the local economy where tourist numbers are high, impacts are often related to physical damage by divers, snorkelers and boats and the result of pollution from sources such as sewage. It also means that where tourist numbers are low, impacts are often related to fishing pressures, particularly fish bombing, which is still common in Sabah (Reef Check Malaysia, 2018). This scenario shows that the negative impacts towards coral reef condition in Malaysian beaches especially Perhentian Kecil Island are mainly caused by the human activities will could only be tackled by providing knowledge and awareness into their conciousness. Aquaculture is a very important sector for Malaysia in maintaining marine ecosystem condition especially when the condition of coral reefs are significantly deteriorating. Therefore, the initiative to increase the health rate coral reefs is very important in order to ensure good condition of marine life especially the coral fishes.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

ISSUE [S] [ DETERIORATION OF CORAL REEFS ] Generally, the core issue of this thesis is deterioration of coral reefs. The issues of this thesis has been categorized by two main categories, which are physical issue and environmental issue. "The world has effectively lost 19% of the original area of coral reefs and that 15% are seriously threatened with loss within the next 10-20 years, with a further 20% under threat of loss in the next 20 - 40 years" (Status of Coral Reefs of the World, 2008). Coral reefs' health condition is decreasing gradually from time to time, mainly because of human activities and construction. 95% of Malaysia's coral reefs are under destruction due to human activities and almost half are categorized as critical by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (Hanifah, 2016). Coral reefs health status has been declining due to human intervention, climate change, and acidification (Wilkinson, 2008). The life quality of coral reefs are also affected by the high rate of exposure towards sedimentation from construction activities (Reef Check Malaysia, 2008). Natural and anthropogenic factors are affecting coral reefs and their ecosystems, with overfishing, blast fishing, poison fishing and trawling considered the major threats in Malaysia (Arai, 2014). PHYSICAL ISSUE : ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS Architecturally, there are many things to be considered in designing a complex facility in an uncommon area such as in the middle of the sea. The specific location of the building, the composition of the spaces, the height limit, how the design will be responding to the surrounding site context, and the connection of the target user to access to the

building. The spatial components or requirement also need to be focused on in order to serve the real functions of the building better. In Malaysia, there are no marine research center which focuses on coral reefs. Plus, existing basic facilities are not enough for the researchers to conduct the research effectively, such as accommodation and accessibility. Natural surrounding factors such as topography condition and site characteristics should also be taken into consideration. ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION ASPECTS

ISSUE

As for the environmental aspects, the main factors are the coral rehabilitation and research processes itself. The procedures should consider the surrounding factor so that it will not negatively affecting the natural habitat or the existing condition of the coral reefs. The design should enhance and improve the coral reef condition for the research center to serve its main purpose so that the protection of marine ecosystem can be ensured. Other than that, lacking of knowledge about corals is also one of the main problems with contribute to the needs of this marine research center to be built, especially on the types of the corals, their characteristics, behavior, and their necessities to survive the degrading condition. Without proper knowledge of corals, the public will not aware on the importance of having a healthy coral reefs towards the ecosystem. Some example of unawareness of the public towards coral reefs are excessive construction, over fishing, pollutions, and physical impact during snorkeling and scuba diving.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

[1] RESEARCH AIM To propose a marine rehabilitation and research center in Perhentian Kecil Island which will become a new initiative towards rehabilitating threatened aquatic life in Perhentian Kecil Island. This marine rehabilitation centre will be a comprehensive facility which undergoes biological studies to understand deeply on how to improve marine life quality while educating people on the importance of preserving marine ecosystem towards social, economical, and environmental aspects of Perhentian Kecil Island. To rehabilitate damaged coral reefs. To provide research facilities for coral reef rehabilitation. To educate and create awareness of the condition of marine ecosystem.

[2] RESEARCH OBJECTIVES To create a designated space to rehabilitate damaged coral reefs. To create a designated space to provide facilities for coral reef rehabilitation and research purposes. To create a designated space to educate and create public awareness towards the condition of coral reefs.

[3] RESEARCH QUESTIONS What architectural solution that helps in rehabilitating damaged coral reefs? What are the space requirements needed in conducting coral reef rehabilitation and research? What are the architectural interventions to educate and aware the public about coral reefs?

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

[4] LIMITATION The studies of development may have difficulties on the implementation of innovative features because of the site profile. Meanwhile, the construction on the profile may need a modern and complex construction system and consideration of extreme environment such as heavy storm and seawater corrosion. The designer might have difficulties to get exact data on the site profile such as topography and sea depth, and also the population of coral reefs at the particular site.

[5] SCOPE OF RESEARCH 1. The research will be covered at Pasir Panjang Beach, Perhentian Kecil Island. 2. The study will be analyzed the condition, health rate, and abundancy of coral reefs at the proposed site to determine the significance of the project particularly at that area. 3. The data will be collected by the interview with coral expertise and NGOs that involve in the study of coral reefs in Malaysia.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

[5] WHY A] WHY CORAL REEF

[1] WHAT To propose a marine rehabilitation and research center for coral reefs to improve the condition of coral reefs and coral fishes. [ to ensure good condition of local marine ecosystem ]

[2] WHERE Pasir Panjang Beach, Perhentian Kecil Island

[3] WHO Researchers Tourists Localities Students Diving Operators [ CLIENT : Jabatan Taman Laut Malaysia, JTLM ] Collaborators : PMRS, Perhentian Island Reef Check Malaysia

[3] HOW Design Marine Research Center : provide a decent rehabilitation and research area for the researchers to conduct the study of coral reefs with proper equipments and facilities while providing knowledge and awareness for the public about coral reefs

Coral reefs are generally deteriorating mainly caused by human activities and natural phenomena such as coral bleaching and acidification Initiatives to provide proper research center is needed to help the coral reefs to survive through time B] WHY PERHENTIAN ISLAND Perhentian Island as one of the Marine Park Island, is well known of its tourism activities related to coral reefs such as scuba diving and snorkeling. However, excessive conduct of this activities without proper guidance can give bad impact towards coral reefs, hence reducing the main economy of Perhentian Island. C] WHY PASIR PANJANG BEACH This beach is considered one of the most popular beach in Perhentian Island with the highest tourist population, which makes this is the most suitable area to construct a coral research center. This site is also nearby Batu Nisan, as one of the coral reef area famous of the scuba diving activities. D] WHY MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER A center that can facilitate the researchers to conduct research with proper equipment. so that the procedure can be more efficient in management and results.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

SIGNIFICANCE RESEARCH Based on the current condition of coral reefs as one of main contributors of tourism sector and good marine ecosystem, it is very important to give more attention for the development of rehabilitation and research of this sea creature. However, the most crucial aspect related to the development of coral reefs life quality is to identify strategies on how to increase the population of coral reef and to ensure the coral reef's long life span so that the tourism sector can be maintained. The increment of the number of tourist directly and indirectly contributes to the deterioration of coral reefs due to the uncontrolled tourism. The lack of awareness and knowledge about the importance of marine ecosystem tend to be the main cause of the problem which resulted in coral reef deterioration in Perhentian Island..

OVERVIEW

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY There are two methods used in this research where every objectives has its distinctive target and outcome.

QUANTITATIVE METHOD A) Interview method Short interview session with coral expertise. The interview session were recorded and analyzed.

QUALITATIVE METHOD A) Site study method Site study is a process of understanding the context and the study area. Site study is meant to understand more on the condition of the coral reefs towards the marine ecosystem and tourism sector.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

02 Marine Parks in Terengganu Development in Perhentian Kecil Island Biodiversity in Perhentian Kecil Island Coral Reef Status in Malaysia Coral Reef Status in Perhentian Island Survivability of Coral Reefs Marine Research Center : General Requirements

LITERATURE REVIEW

MARINE PARKS IN TERENGGANU

Marine Park is a sea zoned area for a distance of two nautical miles from the lowest sea level, except in Kapas Island in Terengganu, Kuraman Island, Rusukan Besar Island and Rusukan Kecil Island in Labuan. These areas are zoned for a distance of 1 nautical mile from the lowest sea level. Marine Park is established to protect and conserve various habitat and aquatic marine life. From 2014, there are 42 marine parks that had been gazetted in Malaysia. Perhentian Kecil Island and Perhentian Besar Island are 2 of 13 gazetted island in Terengganu. Only Redang Island and Perhentian Island receive tourists among these 13 islands (Marine Environment and Resource Foundation, 2009).

known islands, which are Perhentian Besar (the largest island), Perhentian Kecil (smaller island), Rawa, Serenggeh, Susu Dara Besar, and Susu Dara Kecil (Department of Marine Malaysia, 2014). Generally, This island is located in the South China Sea, which is about 10.8 nautical miles (20 kilometres) from Kuala Besut Jetty on the mainland and can be reached by 45 minutes boat ride from there. The best time for the tourists to come to this island is from March to November because of the closure of the resorts during monsoon season, which starts from November to February (Tourism Malaysia, 2004).

PERHENTIAN ISLAND

As one of thirteen famous gazetted island as Marine Parks Island in Terengganu, Perhentian Island comprises of several

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

DEVELOPMENT IN PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

Perhentian Kecil Island plays important role in providing stability to economy of Perhentian Island because of the business run there especially scuba diving and snorkeling. There are also lots of accommodation in Perhentian Kecil Island for the locals and tourists. There are three main location of attraction in this island, which are Coral Bay, Fishermen Village, and Long Beach. (Tourism Terengganu, 2015). Fishermen Village which also known as Kampung Pasir Hantu, is the only settlement in Perhentian Island. The locals are responsible towards the growth of the tourism sector by involving in the tourism operating activities such as lodging, boating, and entrepreneur. Unfortunately, these activities not only benefit the ecotourism, but also bring negative impacts to the environment and the society, especially in terms of utilities issues and overcrowding of tourists in this island (Masitah M., 2014). Coral Bay and Long Beach are tourist destination for vacations and very popular of the sandy beaches and corals. Massive number of tourist at these beaches caused the depletion of the biodiversity resources of the area from the threats include excessive coastal development, threatened species capture, pollution, over exploitation for seafood, and destructive fishing (Marine Environment and Resources Foundation, 2009).

Over the last decade, a massive physical infrastructural development has been done in Perhentian Island, especially in Perhentian Kecil Island. Main infrastructures consist of a jetty, schools, clinics, police station, and post office. Just like other islands, Perhentian Kecil Island uses generators as an electricity source since 1994. Water treatment plan is situated in Perhentian Besar Island and the piped water is connected to Perhentian Kecil Island for water supply. Generally, there are 30 chalets, 10 diver shops, more than 20 souvenir shops, several restaurants, and food stalls in Perhentian Kecil Island. These total number of infrastructures is higher compared to other marine parks in Malaysia (Mashitah M., 2014). These developments give pressure to this marine park because of the pollution from irresponsible actions such as wastage discharges from chalets, beach littering, rubbish from restaurants, and boats anchoring on the coral reefs.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

BIODIVERSITY IN PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

Perhentian Kecil Island is well-known of its famous terrestrial and marine ecosystem. Sadly, there are no food grown by plantation and seafood from the island anymore and everything is imported from the land (William B., 2014). It shows that the sustainability on food sources had been move away from the island, unlike previous situation where the crops and the seafood supplies were abundant to cater the tourists and locals. Under terrestrial ecosystem category, there were several exotic mammals existed in Perhentian Kecil Island. The listed mammals were Long Tailed Macaque, Dusky Leaf Monkey, civet, domestic cat, rodents, squirrels, and bats. Other than mammals, Perhentian Kecil Island also consist of several rare bird species such as white-bellied sea eagle, edible-nest swiftlet, emerald dove, white-rumped sharma, purple-throated sunbird, and olive-backed sunbird. Not just that, a high number of reptile were recorded in Perhentian Kecil Island. The most common reptile found were tree frog, green crested lizard, four clawed gecko, long-tailed sun skink, reticulated python, and common wolf snake (William B.,2014). This various species of jungle inhabitant give uniqueness to the biodiversity. For marine ecosystem, the most common creature found along the beaches are turtles, coral reefs and coral fishes. Recently, there

is a big number of coral species that are still available, although the condition is gradually worse (Reef Check Malaysia, 2018). There are four turtle species found in the State of Terengganu, known as Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), and Green and Hawksbill turtles, and only two species, Green and Hawksbill turtles, nest and reside in the waters of Perhentian Islands Marine Park (Chan, 2006). There are six species of coral reefs that commonly found at Perhentian Island beaches, known as Acropora Speciosa, Acropora Aspera, Montipora Digitata, Montipora Foliosa, Stylophora Pistillata, and Seriatopora Hystrix. There are some initiatives from the State of Govenrment to rehabilitate these species of coral reefs by providing a nursing ground at certain spots along Perhentian Island beaches which should be continued at other places around the island e.g Keke Bay (Tourism Terengganu, 2015). Not just that, several species of coral fishes such as Clownfish, Black Tip Reef Shark, Teira Batfish, Zebra Lionfish, and Giant Pufferfish also quite easy to be spotted at coral reefs in Perhentian Kecil Island. The health condition of coral reefs will affect the ecosystem as it act as natural habitat of these marine life.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

CORAL REEFS STATUS IN MALAYSIA

The 2008 'Status of Coral Reefs of the World' report stated that the world has effectively lost 19% of the original area of coral reefs and that 15% are seriously threatened with loss within the next 10 - 20 years, with a further 20% under threat of loss in the next 20 - 4- years. In 2011, 'Reefs of Risk Revisited' stated that more than 60% of the world's reefs are under immediate and direct threat from one or more local sources. Almost all of the islands around Malaysia has coral patches, which is currently deteriorating gradually. The results from all 220 surveys were compiled to provide an overview of the status of coral reefs around Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia, most sites are on islands that are gazetted as Marine Parks and are important tourism destinations, many with high visitor numbers (e.g. Tioman, Redang, Payar). In Sabah and Sarawak, the impact of tourism is more varied, with some areas (e.g. Semporna) having high numbers of visitors and others (e.g. Lahad Datu) having none. The condition of reefs and the impacts noted reflect these variations in the local economy where tourist numbers are high, impacts are often related to physical damage by divers, snorkelers and boats and the result of pollution from sources such as sewage. It also means that where tourist numbers are low, impacts are often related to fishing pressures, particularly fish bombing, which is still common in Sabah (Reef Check Malaysia, 2018).

IN PERHENTIAN ISLAND

The Perhentian islands are located some 20km from Kuala Besut off the East coast of Terengganu, Malaysia. The islands have one village with a population of approximately 2,300, most of who work in tourism, the main industry on the islands. The islands are gazetted as a Marine Park (since 1994). A popular tourist destination, particularly among backpackers, there are over 40 resorts, mainly small, family run chalets with a couple of large resorts, and over 20 dive operators, spread around the two main islands. Diving and snorkelling are the main tourist activities. Growth in tourism has been rapid on the islands, and resort development continues. There is no grid-supplied electricity, nor centralised sewage treatment; groundwater supplies are limited in Perhentian and fresh water is supplied from the mainland (Reef Check Malaysia, 2018).

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

SURVIVABILITY OF CORAL REEFS

Coral reefs are very fragile and sensitive to its surroundings. Any immediate changes around it can easily affecting its health condition. Not just that, the necessities of coral reefs for it to survive are also crucial. The necessities are ample amount of sunlight, appropriate surrounding temperature, suitable water features. and absence of any kind of pollution. It helps the researchers to design the coral sanctuary better. To allow maximum penetration of light to reach coral reefs, the sea water must be clear. There are condition that the sea water is full with planktons and algae, causing the low penetration of light. Warm water is the best for coral reefs. The best temperature for coral reefs is between 20 - 32 degree celcius. Other than that, suitable depth of sea water is good for coral reefs to inhabit. Preferred depth is between 45m to 55m from sea surface. It is to allow abundant of sunlight to reach coral reefs. Pollution such as sedimentation from construction and climate change can easily give bad impact to the health condition of coral reefs. There are three main types of restoration of coral reefs, known as structural restoration, which involves the construction of artificial reefs, biological restoration, which involves the increasing of the amount of living corals, and physical restoration (Reef Check Malaysia, 2018).

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

MARINE RESEARCH CENTRE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Designing a marine research centre required the architect to provide special consideration on the spaces especially related to research facilities such as laboratories and treatment ponds. Generally, a marine research centre should consist of an analytical laboratory, toxicology or pathology laboratory, hatchery laboratory, demonstration or

field laboratory, services building, and administrative building (BFRS, 1983). Assuming the example of general spaces mentioned are implied to the building design, basic requirements for each classification levels of marine research centre according to the spaces designated are stated as below (the lower the level, the higher the priority):

BASIC REQUIREMENTS (BFRS, 1983) LEVEL

CHARACTERISTICS

AREAS

Completely sterilizable, tlled or sealed surfaces, pipework can be dismantled, sterilized, high level of power, light, drainage. Limited access to lower category areas. Possible climatic control.

Coral reef sample, starter preparation room, microbiology preparation room.

Easily cleanable, tiled, sealed surfaces, moderately high level of power, light, drainage.

Sample intake areas, wet laboratories, coral, zooplankton culture areas, toilets.

Standard laboratory specification. Good level of services. Controlled ventilation/climate. Easily cleanable, not necessarily sealed, though specific areas could be so.

Special equipment laboratory, hatchery laboratory.

As above, without specification. Power, light.

General laboratory areas.

Standard office specification. Power, light.

General office areas, class, seminar rooms.

Field laboratory standard, semi-open areas, reasonably cleanable, sealed floor, good drains, power, water supplies. Simpler construction standards possible.

Demonstration lab, hatchery spawning area, feeds preparation, workshops.

Basic covered space, power, light, optionally lockable, earth or low grade concrete or gravel floor.

Stores, open tank spaces.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

03 LIVING CORAL BIOBANK, AUSTRALIA THE CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM SCIENCE RESEARCH FACILITIY, USA CRAM FOUNDATION, SPAIN

CASE STUDY [S]

REHABILITATION CENTER (CORAL) LIVING CORAL BIOBANK, AUSTRALIA

- The biobank and laboratories are placed at ground floor to prioritize main function of the building, which is for research purposes. - Huge space acts as exhibition area which located at the top floor. - Main design is to imitate coral reef structures with curvature design (biomimicry). - Atrium in the middle of the building to provide grand experience and to enhance ventilation among floors. - Breathable wall structure to allow natural light and natural ventilation.

- Located in North Queensland, Australia. - Aims to secure the long-term future and biodiversity of corals. - To provide facilities to keep and nurture over 800 species of corals. - Minimize energy consumption and solar gain with next generation renewable energy design. - Consists of laboratories, exhibition areas, auditorium, and classrooms.

6 5

3 1 8

2 9

1 10

1. Biobank 2. Research Laboratories 3. Viewing Platforms 4. Aquarium 5. Life Supports 6. Temporary Exhibition 7. Permanent Exhibition 8. Mechanical Plant 9. Coral Equipment Services 10. Domestic Tank 11. Water Storm Tank

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

REHABILITATION CENTER (CORAL) THE CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM SCIENCE RESEARCH FACILITIY, USA

- Located at John U. Lloyd Beach State Park, USA. - 86,000 sqft. - Focuses on study of Florida's marine science research and environmental sustainability of coral reefs. - This coral reef research centre aims to: Assess the health ofcoral reefs Study effects of climate changes on reefs

3. Rehabilitate the corals in nurseries for reintroduction to ocean 4.Investigate the flow of water in and around the reefs 5.Determine the effects of pollution that may destroy the reefs - Consists of research facilities, dive shops, restaurants, hotels, gift shops, boar tours, cruises, and business of coral reefs.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

REHABILITATION CENTER (ANIMAL) CRAM FOUNDATION, SPAIN

- The spaces are divided into two main parts, which are pools and hospitalization area. Recovering turtles and dolphins are being put into the treatment tanks and the sick one are treated inside the laboratories and room care. - The whole building is using concrete as main material for structure with modern contemporary design. - Located at Barcelona, Spain. - An organization dedicated to the protection of the environment and the species that inhabit it. - As a clinic and rescue of endangered marine species, accompanied by social awareness campaigns of the marine environment and its problems. - Consists of : 1. extension of indoor and outdoor on the surface of more than 10,000 sqm for the purpose of healing and caring for the marine life. 2. A building for post mortem studies, autopsies, and research program. - Equipped with operating theatres, X-rays, ultrasound and other medical apparatus that allows precise diagnoses to be made.

10 8 7 6 5

15 C D

B E

1. Room Care 2. Pre-operating Theatre 3. Operating Theatre 4. Hospitalization 5. Hospitalization 6. Electro 7. X-Ray 8. Laboratory 9. Ward House 10. Dressing 11. Kitchen 12. Garage 13. Point Guard 14. Warehouse 15. Outdoor Patio

A. Public Clininc Building B. Public Turtles Tanks C. Public Turtles Pool D. Public Birds Tanks E. Public Dolphins Pool

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

04 Site Analysis & Site Synthesis Macro Micro Site Profile

SITE STUDY

MACRO ANALYSIS

OF PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

Site Location : Pasir Panjang Beach Mukim : Besut Area : 25 acres Population : 500 people [ most of them are tourists ]

[ NEIGHBORHOOD ]

A S

Pasir Panjang Beach, Perhentian Kecil Island is located in the South China Sea, adjacent to Perhentian Besar Island, 25km away Kelantan coast, and 21km away from Terengganu coast. Perhentian Island has been gazetted as Marine Park Island since 2014.

Pasir Panjang Beach has a potential to be a successful eco tourism destination with abundant of potential coral patches area. There are also proposal on the initiative by the Government to provide coral nursing area at Teluk Keke, Perhentian Besar Island, which can be supported by this design project.

A S

[ CIRCULATION ]

Pasir Panjang Beach, Perhentian Kecil Island can be access by water by 20 min only by boat ride from Kuala Besut jetty. Pasir Panjang Beach has no access option other than water taxi from the land as the island is far away in the middle of the ocean. Pasir panjang Beach also does not have other mean of transportation for the localities to move around the island because of the absence of vehicular road. [ CONTEXT ]

A S

Pasir Panjang Beach is a strategic beach for tourism sector as it has tourism sector swith lots of chalets, scuba diving centers, restaurants, and stalls. Pasir Panjang Beach can be part of the tourism destination as to link the existing turism area, hence it will boost the Perhentian Kecil Island economy.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

MiCRO ANALYSIS OF PASIR PANJANG BEACH

State Regional Plan : Premiere Ecotourism Destination Plan Location : 200m from Pasir Panjang Beach seashore Land owner : State Government

[ POTENTIAL CORAL AREA ]

A S

Coral patches are mainly near to the seashore. Shallow water of o to 10 meter is suitable for coral to live in order to facilitate them to get food from natural sunlight. The proposed site is situated at the potential coral area.

Building design should consider the penetration of natural sunlight to allow the corals to live within the building. Small building footprint should be implemented and coral platforms underwater should be included for better monitoring.

A S

[ TOPOGRAPHY ]

The topography of the proposed site is slightly sloppy from the seashore towards in the middle of the ocean. The site is located at 200m from the seashore. This area is prone to have population of corals. The site has strategic location, offer various passive design strategies, good connection to the coral reefs, and provide opportunities for design exploration in innovation and passive design.

[ WATER LEVEL ]

A S

The minimum sea level is 6 meter height. Minimum of low tide level is 8 meter, which happened most of the time throughout the year, while highest tide level is 10 meter, which is commonly happened during monsoon season from November until March every year. The consideration of the water levels are important to determine the level of floors of the building so that each floors will serve its purposes properly.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

SITE PROFILE Site Area : 9.3 acres Land use zoning : -

[ CIRCULATION ]

A S

Perhentian Kecil Island is located in the South China Sea, adjacent to Perhentian Besar Island, 25km away Kelantan coast, and 21km away from Terengganu coast. Perhentian Island has been gazetted as Marine Park Island since 2014. Perhentian Kecil Island has a potential to be a successful eco tourism as an island with abundant of potential coral patches area. There are also proposal on the initiative by the Government to provide coral nursing area at Perhentian Besar Island, which can be supported by this design project.

A S

[ CLIMATE ]

The site receives ample amount of sunlight, strong wind from North East to South West, and 360 degree view.

The building should be designed in the sense that receiving lots of sunlight by providing many open spaces, allowing the wind to flow throughout the building, and the building form that can utilize maximum view.

[ CONTEXT ]

A S

There is no immediate context to the site as it is located in the middle of the sea, but the consideration of the surrounding environment can influence the building scheme of the project. The building services such as utility parts will play important role in connecting the building to the context. For example, the utilisation of seawater as main water supply, and the sea wave to generate electricity show the connection to the immediate surrounding environment.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

05 Design Philosophy Design Concept Application

PROJECT APPROACH

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

Diploastrea heliopora - to imitate the nature of the coral in terms of its biological structure and characteristics (permeability and structural strength) - the building acts as an embracement of damaged coral reefs - the building should also included with architectural features which benefits the coral - the concept of education transparent is implemented in the building program, as the procedures and knowledge of rehabilitation coral is meant to be exposed visually and physically with controlled access

MOON CORAL The main structure and food collection system can be represented as the building features

REHABILITATION & RESEARCH Which type of coral to be rehabilitated and studied

CORAL BIODIVERSITY Single healthy coral generates and spreads into coral reef (multiple)

Hexagonal pattern provides the ideas of :

Radial geometry

Each side connects to Polyps in the center different building represent the main functions focus of the space

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

CONCEPT DESIGN

Diploastrea heliopora

CONCEPTUAL IDEAS

HEXAGONS Limestone skeleton

REPETITION

Polyp

A module of coral represents a space with function.

The series of modules create a healthy coral reef patch for further coral reef development

1. The skeleton acts as the 1. Lots of transparent main structure with walls and open spaces environmental friendly for better sunlight and features : strong and wind penetration. permeable 2. Water harvesting 2. The formation of skeleton feature. makes the main spaces 3. Good climatic (polyps) response for better controlled environment for coral adaptation.

To define design language To increase the population of oral patches at the area

1. The series of combination between the skeletons and polyps make a whole coral reefs structure : the whole building. 2. Each module has its main component : the rehabilitation and research area (polyp) and the supporting facilities (skeleton formation).

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

PHILOSOPHY + CONCEPT = ARCHITECTURE PRINCIPLES + ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS + DESIGN + ZONING

1.AXIS

2.HIERARHY

2 1 3.SYMMETRY

4.MODULAR

5.ZONING Open space zone

Underwater zone

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

06 Project Brief Client / Target User Building Programme Space Programme Schedule of Accommodation

DESIGN BRIEF

PROJECT BRIEF This project aims to address the issue of the deterioration of coral reefs at Perhentian Kecil Island, due to coral reef deterioration caused by human activities and natural phenomena which are currently significantly occurring. The design intervention starts from the intent for the architecture to be a building design which providing research facilities for coral reefs and complementing with each other while adapting well with its natural habitat.

The nature of complexity of the project shall be : a) Designing proper spaces for the researchers from the entrance towards the research facilities such as coral husbandry, laboratories, and offices. b) The integration between tourist programmes and rehabilitation and research purposes, interactive educational activities, underwater spaces and innovative approaches of maintaining coral reefs.

[ POTENTIAL CLIENTS ] DEPARTMENT OF MARINE PARK MALAYSIA (JABATAN TAMAN LAUT MALAYSIA) JTLM is a department under Ministry of Water, Land, and Natural Resources, responsible to monitor the safety and the environment of marine parks which have been gazetted at Malacca Strait and South China Sea, Sulawesi and Sulu oceans which included in Malaysian waters. Reef Check Malaysia is part of the world wide Reef Check network. Established in 1997 in the USA, Reef Check now has Coordinators in over 95 countries worldwide. Reef Check was established by a group of scientists who developed a simple, rapid method of surveying coral reefs. It is the name both of the organisation and the survey methodology. PMRS is a marine conservation and research station base in Perhentian Island, Terengganu, Malaysia. PMRS works to assist in protecting the island's vulnerable coral reef ecosystem through reef assessment, restoration programs, and waste management.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

[ TARGET USERS ]

Researchers

Tourists

Localities

Scuba/snorkeling Operators

[ SPACE DEFINITION ]

TOURISM An area where can be accessible by all the target user of this project, especially tourist for them to experience and expose to coral reefs and underwater surrounding. This area consists of public amenities such as book store, cafeteria, underwater restaurant, and educational spaces such as interactive space, auditorium, coral adoption area, aquarium tube, and marine library.

RESEARCH AREA This area comprises of laboratories for multiple function which can contribute to the betterment of marine ecosystem such as marine biology lab, marine chemical lab, marine physical lab, nursing lab, and coral reef clinic. The laboratories are connected to its supporting spaces such as storages and maintenance rooms to work better.

REHABILITATION AREA Rehabilitation area mainly consists of coral husbandry for two types of coral (soft and hard). This area also consists of supporting facilities such as coral equipment room, and life support room. This is the place where the nurturing damaged coral reefs will happen with the innovative approach for corals to adapt itself out of its natural habitat.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

07 Schematic Design

DESIGN development

SCHEMATIC DESIGN [ SITE PLANNING ]

Axis were determine by the prevailing wind direction and the site typology. The orientation of building is facing south-west to response to Long Beach and to appreciate maximum sea view. Open building design to response to wind and solar direction.

The hexagonal shape are repeated to expand the functional spaces. The dispersion pattern of spaces from the center to the side differentiate the core space with its supporting spaces. Hexagonal layout are providing 360 degree view and looping pattern to simplify the circulation.

There are two main zones in this design scheme which are rehabilitation and research zone and tourism zone. Both zone have its own experiential area (tourism zone has underwater restaurant and research zone has underwater research laboratories).

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

08 Site planning Building form Floor plan Elevation / Section [ s ] Structure [ s ] Services diagram

FINAL DESIGN PROPOSAL

MASTER PLANNING An area where can be accessible by all the target user of this project, especially tourist for them to experience and expose to coral reefs and underwater surrounding. This area consists of public amenities such as book store, cafeteria, underwater restaurant, and educational spaces such as interactive space, auditorium, coral adoption area, aquarium tube, and marine library.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

An area where can be accessible by all the target user of this project, especially tourist for them to experience and expose to coral reefs and underwater surrounding. This area consists of public amenities such as book store, cafeteria, underwater restaurant, and educational spaces such as interactive space, auditorium, coral adoption area, aquarium tube, and marine library.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

[ 1 ] Identifying the core spaces

[ 2 ] Enhance accessibility

[ MASTERPLAN DESIGN PROCESS ] The Masterplan can be divided into the core spaces and supporting spaces. The core spaces consists of aquarium tube, coral adoption area, main cafeteria, creative educational area, and coral husbandry. These main areas located at the center of the building with their own function and zoning.

[ 3] Attract target user

[ 4] Connect core spaces with circulation

[ 5 ] Connect core spaces with supporting spaces

The core spaces are connected to the supporting spaces adjacent to it to facilitate the function of core spaces. It will ensure the workability of the function of core spaces by providing basic facilities. [ 6 ] Refine Design Form

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

[ SITE DIVISION ] Dividing the building into 4 parts based on the function and zoning ; [1] public facilities [2] residential area [3] administration [4] rehabilitation and research. The zoning is known as public, semi private, and private.

[ CONNECTING THE CORES ] Identifying the main focus of the building such as the main tourist attraction (aquarium tube and underwater restaurant) and connects them in order to associate and merge with the common spaces adjacent to it.

[ LINKAGES ] Designing a linkages that connects all the core spaces as to promote pedestrian to have smooth circulation throughout the research center. The pedestrian are in looping manner to ease the spaces connectivity, help during fire emergency, and to avoid any possibility of lost direction.

[ BUILDING FORM ] Basic shape form are used for all spaces to blend with surrounding, while responding towards the coral main concept which is hexagon, which facilitates in innovation purposes and complementation of coral reefs with the research center.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

[ BUILDING FORM STUDY ]

Analyses Building Form [s]

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

FINALISED BUILDING FORM

Designing the coral rehabilitation center with basic form in order to have maximum view and working space. The architectural elements implemented are hierarchy and repetition as its inspired by coral reef; Diploastrea Heliopora. Furthermore, coral nurturing zone needs proper spaces for the procedures and researchers need condusive working environment, hence hexagonal pattern of building arrangement can provide that without any hassle. . Analyses Building Form [s]

[ FLOOR PLANS] NOT TO SCALE

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

[ FLOOR PLANS] NOT TO SCALE

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

[ FLOOR PLANS] NOT TO SCALE

[ ELEVATION [ S ] / SECTION [ S ] NOT TO SCALE

EAST ELEVATION

WEST ELEVATION

SOUTH ELEVATION

NORTH ELEVATION

SECTION A-A

SECTION B-B MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

STRUCTURE SYSTEM [ STRUCTURAL & CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM ] IBS (Industrialised Building System) A construction technique in which components are manufactured in a controlled environment (on or off site), transported, positioned and assembled into a structure with minimal additional site work (Hamid et al., 2008; CIDB, 2007; CIDB, 2005 and CIDB, 2003). It consists of precast component systems, fabricated steel structures, innovative mould systems, modular block systems and prefabricated timber structures as construction components (CIDB, 2003). [ STRUCTURE - LOAD DISTRIBUTION ] The load from the whole module structure were transferred and supported by the strong adhesive connection between the IBS concrete panels

Dolphin Mooring System works together with the components of steel plate and steel bracing to increase the strength

The live and dead load from the floor slab were transferred and supported by the Dolphin Mooring Support System (steel pipe pile infilled with concrete, grouted with underwater mortar)

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

MATERIALS & FINISHES Marine Concrete Structure Plasticisers - enhance concrete workability while maintaining low cement ratio Corrosion inhibitors - to inhibit active chloride action to reinforce and prolong the lifetime of steel Pore filling admixture - to fill the voids to reduce the rate of penetrability of water Surface Treatments Anti-washout admixture - necessary for construction underwater especially grouting

Underwater grouting might need anti-washout admixture to increase lifetime

Dolphin Mooring System

Steel Structures Zincalume steel - works exceptionally well for roof material to withstand severe marine environment - better corrosion resistance than galvanised steel Zincalume louvres and gutter are used to withstand rainwater and high humidity and also to prevent glaring

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

CONSTRUCTION DETAILINGS

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

SERVICES DIAGRAM

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

SERVICES DIAGRAM

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

09 Special Studies Modularity Concept Coral Nursing Stages

SPECIAL STUDIES

SPECIAL STUDIES [ 1 ]

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

SPECIAL STUDIES [ 2 ]

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

SPECIAL STUDIES [ 3 ] Underwater Construction [ Cofferdam ] What are the processes?

1. Pre-dredge to remove soil or soft sediments.

2. Drive temporary support piles and bracing frame on the support piles.

3. Set steel sheet piles and block between bracing frame and sheets, then excavate inside the grade while leaving cofferdam full of water.

4. Drive bearing piles and place rock fill as a levelling and support.

5. Place Tremie Concrete Seal.

6. Tremie Concrete Seal.

7. De-watering and construction of new structure.

8. Flood cofferdam, remove sheet pile, bracing and then backfill process.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

SPECIAL STUDIES [ 4 ] Unique Building Configuration Segmented and separated arrangement of modules allows maximum sun light penetration to enhance food production for coral reefs. Hexagonal modules allow the sunlight to penetrate in a bigger coverage.

IG NL

HEXAGON MODULE

SU CORAL PLATFORM

HEXAGON MODULE

CORAL PLATFORM

Hexagonal modules allow the sunlight to penetrate in a bigger coverage. Segmented and separated arrangement of modules allows maximum sun light penetration to enhance food production for coral reefs. The corals are the range of 6m to 8m in depth which is at the optimum depth for sunlight penetration for food collection. Hexagonal shape allows good connection between spaces with multiple directions of connection. The coral platform design follows the hexagonal pattern while elevating the recovering corals on top of it to get better sunlight to heal faster.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

CONCLUSION

The point of interest was to emphasis on the fact that the deterioration of coral reef is crucial and needed to be overcome as soon as possible, especially in Perhentian Kecil Island. The rehabilitation and research facilities should be properly provided as one of the initiatives to nurture back the damaged coral reefs and to increase the population of corals starting from around the island, and then spreading to the whole country beaches. Other than that, this marine research center should be provided in order to gain interest and knowledge of the tourists and the localities of the coral reefs and its importance to a balanced ecosystem. Marine Rehabilitation and Research Center (MRRC) was selected to be the design to Perhentian Kecil Island due to the fundamental fact that Perhentian Kecil Island is lacking in facilities in order to improve the life quality of existing coral reefs. Hence, this study focused on providing facilities to the researchers who are unable to conduct proper research because of the insufficient equipments and working space. Other than that, another focus is to embed awareness for the tourists by including interactive educational spaces which indirectly boosting the economy of local community of Perhentian Kecil Island.

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND

REFERENCES

Christine Anderson H., (2014) AMPHIBIOUS ARCHITECTURE LIVING WITH A RISING BAY. Climate Long Beach (Small Perhentian Island), 2020. Retrieved from https://www.meteoblue.com/ Coastal Curation: 10 Oceanic Research Facilities That Advocate Awareness. Retrieved from https://architizer.com/ Coral reefs in tourist haven Pulau Redang, Pulau Perhentian in rapid decline, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/ Definition of requirements of research laboratories. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/ How do Mooring Systems Work? Retrieved from https://www.rigzone.com/ NSU Oceanographic Center - Coral Reefs Research Guide: NSU Center of Excellence, 2020. Retrieved from https://nsufl.libguides.com/ Quick guide to hard corals. Retrieved from https://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/ Research Laboratory Layout, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.wbdg.org/ Sea Water Air Conditioning. Retrieved from https://www.makai.com/ Suzuki G., (2020) Enhancing coral larval supply and seedling production using a special bundle collection system “coral larval cradle” for large‐scale coral restoration. The Coral Reefs in Pulau Redang & Pulau Perhentian Need Help NOW After Survey Showed Them Dying. 2019. Retrieved from https://worldofbuzz.com/ Tourism Planning Research Group, 2015 Types of Mooring System http://dredgingengineering.com/ https://www.cidb.gov.my https://www.noaa.gov http://www.reefcheck.org.my

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APPENDICES

MARINE REHABILITATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, PERHENTIAN KECIL ISLAND