Bartlett B-PRO AD RC4 LITH PORTFOLIO 2019-2020

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B-PRO AD// RC4 TUTORS: Manuel Jimenez Garcia Gilles Retsin Kevin Saey Sonia Magdziarz Mollie Claypool Vicente Soler

TEAM Mukul Gupta Razan Jawad Sinem Gorucu Shuyan Yang

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CONTENTS 01 INTRODUCTION 08 10 12 18 30 36

Positions Context Housing Crisis Gentrification Intentional Communities 3D printing

02 PROPOSAL 44 46 47

Proposal Value ecosystem Policies

03 SPATIAL GENERATION 54 58 60 62 66

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Typologies: research Redefining spatial distribution Data collection: platform Data sorting algorithm Spatial generation

04 DESIGN SYSTEMS 76 77 78 80 82 86 90 94 96 102 112 122 128 138 142 154 158 162 164

Why automate form-work?

Why use Concrete?

Construction system Industrial robot Printing material Designing print-head Casting experiments Form-work constraints and design Library of parts Form-work details Reinforcement details Printing simulation Facade system Assemblage experiments Parts and voxel units Defining spaces Serialization Construction platform

05 COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS 182 190 204 210 228

Space generation algorithm Wave function collapse Boundary conditions Generative typologies Triangulated customization

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07 PROTO-LITH EXPLORATION

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08 PRE-LITH EXPLORATION

06 AUTOMATED LIVING SYSTEMS Space sharing platform Studio+workshop platform Printing factory

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248 256 264

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INTRODUCTION, CONTEXT + RESEARCH

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01

7

Initial positions Decommodification of housing Housing is a fundamental human right. Ownership is not.

A move towards a profit-agnostic housing system.

While the economic middle class is being forced out of city centers due to sky-rocketing housing prices, increasingly housing is viewed by the rich as a commodity to invest in, while occupying multi-room private castles . This is obviously problematic and aggravating the housing crisis. To avert this we propose an occupation only policy, where housing can only be owned if all designated living areas are being occupied by the owner. For those who find unable to own housing we propose the universal housing system.

Design algorithm can automate this process for construction of the new housing, where space is designated customized to users occupancy.

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Architecture without Architects 2.0 Architecture doesn’t need to exist as a process dependent on architects, but rather it can exist as a product of a more democratic machine-user interaction.

In an un-self-conscious culture, the architecture process adapts to the conditions of its occupants through gradual changes over a period spanning generations, However, when the designer in a self-conscious culture creates a form, they finds themselves unsuccessful, because the preconceived ideas an architect bases their design on do not correspond to the inherent components of the problem, and therefore lead to arbitrariness and lack of understanding (Alexander, 1964). The architect must then postrationalize and justify these often-arbitrary decisions. Christopher Alexander’s ratiocination draws this correlation between vernacular buildings such as igloos, which self-correct and evolve over many generations and single-authored designs, this inference can also be extended towards Data and AI-driven architecture, where authorship of design is contentious, designs can evolve over various iterations and self-correct if provided with enough data.

A

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We propose a user-algorithm interface. The interface collects user data, anonymizing identity yet retaining individual Characteristics for customization. The inherent design logic/ Algorithm should also be available to the larger Design community as an open-source code to develop and utilize anonymous User data.

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Housing Crisis

The way we the architectural profession engages with space making is being continuously challenged due to the crisis at multiple fronts at those of labour, housing shortage and increasing automation.

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The idea of abode has been commodified and made inaccessible to a large part of the society. It is undeniable that right to home is one of the most basic of human needs. We are then forced to engage with questions of providing quality safe habitable spaces for those who increasingly find themselves unable to sustain in the current neo-liberal paradigm,

Automation

The current Architectural entanglement with hyper-capitalist tendencies, evident through the rise of starchitects and digitalformalism in the late 20th century, is indifferent to the structuring of domestic spaces. This has led to the stagnation of housing design, where most of the housing that gets built is built for generating profit rather than to house people.

More than any museums, offices or theatres, a city is made of chunks of domesticity. It thus provides incredible untapped opportunities for the design discourse to utilise digital technologies to experiment and evolve.

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The architectural process can be transformed through rapid automation, and by re-imagining construction process through the lens of automated design and construction. This would eliminate the need to post-rationalize structures. This idea of architectural structures emerging from the construction process and as an integral part of the architectural language has been explored with this design project.

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Housing Crisis ! Damn High Rents!

Londoners pay the highest rent in Europe and fourth highest in the world.

Our cities face a housing crisis, this crisis is extremely evident in London. Londoners pay the highest rent in Europe. The average Londoner pays 60% of their income towards their rent. While the economic middle class is being forced out of city centers due to sky-rocketing housing prices, increasingly housing is viewed by the ultra-wealthy as a commodity to invest in, while occupying multi-room mansions .

+ £175 + £140 + £115 + £100

Average one room rent in a shared property for one week.

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https://housing.London.ac.uk/housing-guide/area-guide/average-rents

Housing Crisis! Unfordable! Preposterous!

Average London tenants pay 60% Of their income on rent The chasm between income and rent prices has driven wedge between the classes, leading to force migration noticeably visible along the line of economic class.

+ 60% + 45% + 30%

Percentage of gross income of ÂŁ22,500 that would go to median rent of a 2bedroom flat.

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+ 75%

https://housing.London.ac.uk/housing-guide/area-guide/average-rents

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London rent prices London rent prices represented as topological graph, shows the highly inflated prices as one moves closer to London, compared to an almost flat price representation to the sudden spikes.

https://scherabon.com/ - The Atlas of Gentrification, Herwig Scherabon,

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Main Reason for moving from Last Home (2014, 286 respondents) Previous home was too small To move closer to employment or other facilities To move to a better environement To live independently To move close to friends/family To move to a cheaper accomodation To move to live with partner 0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Main Reason for wanting to move (2014, 286 respondents) Current home is too smal Move to a safer area To have a home with a garden To move to a cheaper accomodation

To be closer to employment or other facilities To move to live with partner 0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

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To live with a partner

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Lights out London : The ghost town of the rich Buy-to-Leave?! Buy-to-Live! “...The richest people in the world are buying property here as an investment...”

- Paul Dimoldenberg, leader of the Labor opposition London homes have ceased to be places to live and has become a store of global money. This is obviously problematic and aggravating the housing crisis, essentially pushing the middle class out of inner city. Creating ghost towns such as One Hyde park and the Heygate regeneration in which case the original residents were literally moved out of the city center to make way for commodified housing. This also leads to empty houses being left dormant which has an adverse affect on the neighborhood.

ONE HYDE PARK Warrick Page, The New York Times

REFERENCES: Goldfarb, M. 2013, ‘London’s Great Exodus- New York Times’,October 12 Engel, M. 2016, ‘how London got hooked on gentrification’,The Guardian, October 12 Lyall,S. 2013, ‘A Slice of London So Exclusive Even the Owners Are Visitors’,The New York Times, April 1

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Heygate regeneration Councils continue to peddle property rights to profit seeking developers, this expression of neo-liberal commodification of homes has led to mass displacement of people from their homes, at times due to increasing prices and at other times due to more nefarious plans such as Heygate regeneration project which displaced people forcefully in name of development.

Through LITH we express our disdain in no uncertain terms for commodification of living spaces. Architecture is for living in and not a commodity.

Z+ x-

Y+ Outside City

Center

Towards City

Center

Y-

Comparison Before/After

e nett 4B e nett

aiso

ed m

Z-

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lat

aiso

ed m

ed f

Average price after

3B

Z-

2B

Z+

Compensation payment 4 bed maisonette 3 bed maisonette 2 bed flat Bed flat

lat ed f

Distance to City Center Y- From Heygate Y+ From tenants new home

x+ 1B

Social rented flats X+ Before X- After

https://scherabon.com/ - The Atlas of Gentrification, Herwig Scherabon,

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Gentrification Westminster

165% Kensigton & Chelsea

169% Hackney

173% More

Less

Percentage increase in property prices from 2004 to 2017 Even when the neo-liberal expression is not as nefarious, middle class masses are still being forced out of their conventional neighborhoods through the process of gentrification.

We can witness this process most prominently in areas such as Hackney, undergoing gentrification and hipsterification, hackney has seen a 173% property price increase. With 10.8 coffee shops for every 10,000 people one of the highest in London it becomes an obvious playground for decommodification experiments.

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Is it worth it?

PROS

CONS

Median Area Income goes up

Property costs goes up

As a more affluent class moves in to the neighborhood the median income of the whole area goes up which prompts growth in expenditure and investment in utilities and upkeep.

As more people are attracted towards an area, the property values shoot up, causing a portion of the original residents to be hard-pressed to keep up with their rents.

Social conflict goes up

Due to increased investment in local businesses, unemployment goes down as new jobs are generated.

As different economic classes come in close contact, conflict is often ignited.

For example: the protest over an expensive breakfast store in early 2019 in Hackney.

Ownership rates go up

Displacement of poor and vulnerable

The number of houses owned vs rented goes up.

The most vulnerable are forced to be unwillingly displaced due to inability to keep up with this rise.

Taxes and government investment

Local character and culture

The taxes earned from a neighborhood increase which in turn return in form of higher investment from government towards utilities, upkeep and cultural expenditure.

Gentrification often leads to reduction in social diversity as a mostly homogeneous economically upperclass demographic slowly replaces a culturally diverse population.

Vacant properties and crime-rate As an area grows in popularity the number of vacant properties goes down, this results in a higher density.

Crime rates also go down as the demographic of an area transforms.

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Employment goes up

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Stages of Gentrification

0 Lack of Rent Control Laws/Legislation

1 First wave of Creatives Artists harmlessly moves into vacant properties of low-income neighbourhood.

2 They Keep Coming More of them comes with the assistance of real estate agents for renovation and resale.

3 The Media & Attention Media turns the area into an attention spot; results in escalation of property values.

4 Hipsterification of the street The social and economic fabric of the area changes in parallel to the demography.

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Stages of covetous Gentrification

0 Lack of Rent Control Laws/Legislation

1 Risk taker investments Private investors start buying vacant properties and lands in a low-income neighborhood.

2 Promise of fancy life Investors start building new developments for middle-class.

The demographical shift starts.

3 The Media & Attention Media turns the area into an attention spot; results in escalation of property values.

The social and economic fabric of the area changes in parallel to the demography.

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4 Hipsterification of the street

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Artist as a gentrifying agent “Artists do often move into low-income communities of color, and bring with them gentrified aesthetics and commodities like $4 coffee. But the trope also hides nuance. Artists indeed participate in gentrification, but they are not its sole cause.” Peter Moskowitz (2016) “Sharon Zukin, indicates in Loft Living: Culture and Capital in Urban Change (1982), a landmark study on artists and gentrification published in the 1980s, found that most manufacturers would have stayed in SoHo were it not for city-sponsored re-zonings and law tweaks that allowed artists to create live/work spaces, and the tax breaks that incentivized the conversion of industrial spaces into residential ones.”

“Artists in 2017 are still so closely associated with gentrification because they often participate in it. But gentrification is so common, so widespread these days, that artists—once the first-wave “pioneers” of neighborhoods—are often no longer needed. Cities are skipping the first few phases of gentrification, and going straight to the top-down development part.”

Two mirrored graphics shows a correlation between home prices and employment rates in arts and entertainment in Los Angeles.

https://scherabon.com/ - The Atlas of Gentrification, Herwig Scherabon,

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“Hackney Wick artists are protesting to save their studios

While artists move into low-income communities in search for cheap studios, they are often the instigators of gentrification as they attract a particular character of upper-class urban dwelling individual through their art and culture. Unfortunately for artists gentrification often leads to the rent going up and shutting down of warehouses which they utilize for studios. For example: In hackney, there were wide-spread protest to stop the shutting down of Vittoria Wharf, a community studio where artists both lived and worked together.

Lith hopes to acknowledge the need of the artists and provide cheap studio for them while keeping the needs of the residents in mind.

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‘It’s not about individual artists being relocated, it’s about making the case for why this community is important to this area, and to London generally; these are the breeding grounds for the artists of tomorrow’.

-Nima Teranchi

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Hackney, London Hackney is one of the fastest gentrifying neighborhoods of London. Due to factors that such as the redevelopment projects that accompanied the 2012 Olympics, the influx of artists looking for cheap studios between 2004 and 2009 and formation of large artistic community and the eventual hipsterification of Hackney due to the aforementioned conditions. Hackney thus becomes an interesting case study site to work on as it embodies much of the issues we wish to tackle.

10.8

Coffee shops per 10,000 people

ÂŁ58

Cultural spending per person, 2017

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Hackney: Tenure over Time (%) 2008 2003 1991 1981

Owner occupied

20 %

Privately rented

40 %

RSL

60 %

80 %

100 %

Local authority

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0%

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Hackney, London

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51.555037, -0.072052

A derilict town house north of Shadwale lane.

Run down Hackney town houses provide an interesting site for LITH as it faces all the major issues, we are attempting to resolve. The house would under ordinary circumstances see redevelopment and an affluent family moving in, while slowly displacing the original local residents.

Hackney also has a robust art culture due to an abundance of artists and art studios around the neighborhood, but these studios face the same issues as the residents.

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39 Farleigh road Hackney, London

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Hackney, London

60-100 40-59 20-39 9 -19 0-9

Percentage change in population for Hackney

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Length of Living Time in Current Home in Hackney (2014) Hackney Overall Owned Socially Rented Privately Rented

0-1 year

20 %

1-2 years

40 %

2-3 years

3-5 years

60 %

5-10 years

80 %

100 %

10-20 years 20+ years

Aide wilde, http://aidaprints.com/

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0%

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The Collective : Co-living

THE COLLECTIVE: OLD OAK Warrick Page, The New York Times

‘One of the consequences is the common phenomenon of house sharing due to high rental prices. Although house sharing is the starting point for the search of new housing typologies, the purpose is not to increase its viability, but to delineate a shift to collective living as the most efficient and affordable way to accommodate a large number of people. The shift from house sharing to collective living is not new. It appears, most importantly, with historical transformations of domestic space. The most significant cases are the cooperative housekeeping movement in England from the 1840s to the 1920s and the communal living projects in the Soviet Union from the 1910s to the 1930s. In both cases, overcrowded shared houses caused an informal collective living. Efforts to formalize collective living then led to new typologies of domestic space. Arguably, collective living emerges at historical moments of housing crisis and economic oppression from domestic coexistence found in house sharing. This historical tendency and its possibility in metropolitan London is the motivation of this dissertation to revisit collective living as a design problem.

Collective living is not a stable but dynamic form of living; it is a procedure and a tendency. Its ambition is to create a common life between inhabitants through the collectivization of domestic tasks and activities. Domestic labor becomes not an individual but a collective responsibility.

This research explores how this will affect domestic life. It searches for housing typologies capable of supporting this transformation, and questions the urban role of collective housing by asking how domestic collective space can extend into the urban.’

-AA Projective cities,2017, ‘Domestic Conflicts: Collective Living in London’, June 21

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WeLive: subscription living

WELIVE

So while we consider these existing platforms as proof of concept for the willingness of the community to share spaces, we also recognize the shortfall of these systems. These system work within the neo-liberal economic system even supported by it, we aim to propose a structure that can stand against it to bring about fair distribution of living spaces for the community.

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Collective living platform such as Welive and the collective offer space sharing coliving operations. while they pretend to offer solutions for the housing crisis,They end up worsening the same problem they claim to solve. Due to the focus audience of these systems being upper middle-class metropolitan workforce which necessitates flexible living, these systems have an averse effect on market prices of housing and makes it harder for those with limited means, who still desire long term residency .

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Intentional Communities Early 1980’S Denmark introduces a new policy to tackle housing shortage : 1% of all new housing are communal living spaces.

5-15 families would typically live together in shared houses. For most it was a choice that allowed them to live closer to the city in affordable houses. Many continue to live in such houses for their lives.

Unlike contemporary startups, which typically create apartment “communities” in trendy neighborhoods catering towards wealthy post-college, single individuals, these housing focused on middle-class profit-agnostic, community-based co-living.

HOUSE KOLLONTAI Architect : Sier van Rhijn

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One shared house Due to the rise of sharing culture, a larger part of the population is now comfortable sharing. Spaces in Lith are divided on a spectrum, we looked at the services and spaces that people are comfortable sharing. We question the ideas of how much space we require to live and need to feel ownership of against how much of the space in a generic house can actually be shared.

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One Shared House 2030 by Space10, is a Playful Online research project that aims to get insights on the future of co-living through a collaborative Online survey. The survey seeks to understand how people would like to live together and what services and amenities people would be willing to share. The project seeks to inform better design decisions when creating housing for the future by taking into account people’s preferences and concerns before ever beginning to draw the blueprints for the future of domesticity. The project has enabled space10 to draw various inferences within the framework of co-living such as that most people would prefer to live tight-knit communities of 4-10 people from varied backgrounds and ages. Even so, there’s an obvious embedded bias in a project, that the data is probably gathered from people who are already interested in co-living.

But nevertheless, One shared house survey establishes a precedence of how initial data can be utilized to establish intentionality for future projects.

Http://onesharedhouse2030.com/ ONE SHARED HOUSE 2030 anton & irene + SPACE10 , 2017.

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Community concerns Density “… the reason why I don’t like it is because I feel like they’re building on top of us, there’s no space, you don’t see many trees around, it’s just buildings, concrete jungle.”

Discrimination “…they’ll have like, they’ll have like events and it’ll be exclusively to people, like just exclusive people and the people in the borough will not have access to those things, I think that’s weird. I think that’s weird.”

Cultural Capital “I think because a lot, a lot of things have been developed in Hackney with just no little, little amount of things like Grime for example, like, I don’t know if people class some people classify Bow as Hackney, I don’t know if they do, but like Grime is basically like a genre that is made out of like, like nothing like, it’s just like loads of things into one and like you can create it with no equipment, nothing and it just goes to show you can make something really authentic and really organic from yourself and be honest to yourself and not have to be pretentious and say, “oh yeah I’m rich, I got this and that”, you can wear anything you want and yeah I think that’s good. I feel like a lot of people come to Hackney because we create those resources out of nothing, because we’re-a lot of people have been broke but they wanna excel and they wanna turn some-the nothing into something sort of- d’ya get me… so I think that’s good.”

Crime “I feel better just by coming out and not seeing like gangs.”

Deprivation “Like, before, people in Hackney would find it very difficult to network with people that are above like the middle class level but now as upper middle class people are moving into Hackney the chance for our development as like a working class background is is is doubled, tripled.”

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n to

“Gentrification has been happening here the

whole time. It has slowly eroded away the Hackney that I spent most of my life living in to the point that it really is not the same. The bohemian vibe has gone, the pubs have changed, there is an air of snobbery.

-Francesca Perry and Guardian readers

The Communication of Gentrification

There is a sense that the newcomers had not come to share space bu rather to colonise it and absorb their culture and space(s) in the pro The people talk about being excluded from certain venues or events, said that, “they’ve kinda just did their own thing” and, “What they’ doing now is these secret”.

“They’ll have like, they’ll have like events an

it’ll be exclusively to people, like just exclusiv people and the people in the borough will not have access to those things, I think that’s weir think that’s weird.

-Kimberley Brown

The Communication of Gentrification There is a sense that the newcomers had not come to share space but rather to colonise it and absorb their culture and space(s) in the process.

The people talk about being excluded from certain venues or events, it was said that, “they’ve kinda just did their own thing” and, “What they’re doing now is these secret”.

“They’ll have like, they’ll have like events and

it’ll be exclusively to people, like just exclusive people and the people in the borough will not have access to those things, I think that’s weird. I think that’s weird.

-Kimberley Brown

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he

'It has slowly eroded the place away': your stories of gentrification

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3D printing formwork research

Smart sab, ETH zurich The construction method utilized for the construction of smart slab utilizes 3d-printed form-work for casting of concrete in geometrically complex shapes. The 3D printed form-work overcomes the geometric limitations of traditional form-work fabrication methods. 3D printed has the benefits of offering geometric variations at no additional production costs.

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Block Research Group,Unreinforced concrete floor, ETH zurich The research develops and investigates the potential of a 3D-printed floor system consisting of a rib-stiffened funicular vault using discrete, prefabricated components.

The tiled slabs rely on diaphragms to stiffen thin vaults, Lith utilizes similar diaphragms to reinforce planar parts either vertical or horizontal.

A variety of composites can be used according to the structural and aesthetic demands of the end product. From facade systems to columns and structural building elements, this case study promises revolutionary changes to the construction site of the future.

Printcast, ADRC4 Bartlett B-pro Printcast utilizes fully automated structural optimization, it starts by analyzing stress states and generating structural outputs which are more optimized than traditional structures resulting in lighter and more efficient structures.

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AiBuild concrete form-work This project investigates AiBuild’s ongoing development on 3D printing custom molds. Main advantages for using 3D printed form-work in construction are increased design flexibility and zero material waste. Thanks to its light and robust structure, this technique can reduce labor intensive work.

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3D printing research

Filamentrics, Bartlett 2014 Filamentrics investigates 3-D printed lattice structures using industrial robots and develop computational methodology capable of organizing matter in space in response to structure recovering hierarchy, higher resolutions and differentiation.

Curvoxel, Bartlett 2015 CurVoxels has developed customized 3D spatial printing extruder which can exude 4~6mm diameter thickness.

The industrial robot drags extruded plastic from the extruder in the air where it is cooled down.

Spatial Curves project, to maximize the possibility of the fabrication of lightweight Space Frame structures, through 3D printing that uses lightweight composites, which are plastics, proposed an integrated structure fabrication method.

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Infinte voxels , Bartlett 2017 The project uses additive manufacturing utilizing carbon reinforced PLA for spatial printing based on discrete design principles.

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Voxatile, Bartlett 2016 Voxatile attempts to bridge the gap between continuity and discreteness, by utilizing carbon reinforced PLA spatial extrusion.

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PROPOSAL, PITCH AND POLICY Diverging from a deterministic view of architecture, We realise that housing and gentrification are complex issues that require us as citizens to hold policy makers accountable. With this position we propose LITH policy changes along with a design proposal.

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Proposal

A user owned structure, that manages a spatialsharing platform and a localized automated fdm printing farm, funded by the local council, Utilized to generate a kit-of-part of printed form-works

These kit-of-part library can combine and recombine to form seemingly infinite combinations.

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community community

Where spaces and utilities which are being underutilized, Can be shared as studios with the local artistic community.

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Which can be assembled and cast to produce an intentional community

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Value Ecosystem The costs for spaces are split between users and the community, as the initial investment towards the printing farm creates socio-cultural values and help diversify the borough.

Council

Land

Intentional Community

Mobile Factory Automated`Construction System £

£

Investment

Citizens

£ Slow Ownership

£

Monthly rent sized payments £ Collaborative Consumption

£

Pay-as-you-go

Other users

£

LITH

£

Pay-as-you-go

£

£

Accommodation

Amenities

Policy making While the economic middle class is being forced out of city centers due to sky-rocketing housing prices, increasingly housing is viewed by the rich as a commodity to invest in, This is obviously problematic and aggravating the housing crisis. To avert this we propose an occupation only policy, where housing can only be owned if all designated living areas are being occupied by the owner.

Design algorithm can automate this process for construction of the new housing, where space is designated customized to users occupancy.

We propose a citizen-driven profit-agnostic framework, enabling long-term space sharing and contracts with diminishing rent-sized payment allowing slow-ownership of the occupied space.

Community Benefit Agreements

Polity

Platform

Platform - user Long-term Space sharing

Agreements between platform and the pollitic, towards community socio-culture benefits.

Residents are incentivised to occupy spaces for a long period by allowing customization of private spaces and slow-ownership.

user - Platform - community Collaborative Community

user - ownership Slow-ownership

Sharing spaces with the community facilitates collaboration and social bonds, while simultaneously sharing the weight of increasing land prices.

User

Community allowing residents to gain ownership through rent-sized payments that diminish over time.

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Polity - Platform - user

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Slow Ownership In a regular rent driven structure, the resident pays monthly for occupying the space only.

In the proposed LITH structure the user has the opportunity to slowly own their own space This ensures that benefits reach those members of the community who are long term residents and are at risk of being priced out of a neighborhood.

£ £

Total cost of land, as borrowed from council.

Cost of Land, if split between all the residents of the community.

£ Cost of Land, for each resident.

£

Breakdown of Monthly payment Subscription

Ownership

LITH takes a small portion of the monthly payment and spends it towards ownership of the land. After a set period of time, the resident would not require to pay rent anymore, furthermore if they wish to move after they have finished the slow ownership period they would be able to sell back the share of their space back to LITH .

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Policy making

COMMUNITY BENEFIT AGREEMENTS “Community benefits agreements (CBAs) are legal contracts signed by a developer and community groups. They spell out the benefits a developer promises to provide to the community as part of a development. CBAs give community groups a voice in shaping projects and the legal authority to enforce developers’ promises.”

TENANT OPTION TO PURCHASE “Tenant option to purchase (TOP) is a tool for residents facing eviction because the property owner intends to sell the property, demolish it, or convert to another use. Cities can pass a TOP policy to require that any housing unit undergoing such changes is offered to residents first before being sold, demolished or re-rented on the private market. The benefits of TOP policies are that they create legal rights for individuals and families faced with displacement, they can ensure housing stability for existing tenants by giving them an option to return to their original homes after being relocated, and they can increase living standards that benefit the existing tenants.”

“Research shows that short-term rentals correlate with fewer regular rental units (each unit that gets converted to a shortterm rental, takes one away from renters), increased rents, and higher property values, which all lead to displacement.

Councils could regulate and tax the short-term rental operators, many of whom work through AirBnB. Councils could also limit the number of days per year a room or apartment can be rented short-term, require a local contact person be licensed for short-term rentals and fine offenders, and require that only apartments occupied by a permanent resident who is leaving temporarily may be rented short-term.”

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REGULATING AND TAXING SHORT-TERM RENTALS

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SPATIAL CONFIGURATION PLATFORM Platforms are not just technical architecture but can also function as institutional form-work. Centralized like states, they embody characteristics which can be utilized to structure societies , economies and culture.

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Andy Warhol’s silver factory Private Shared

Private

LOFT

Andy warhol’s fourth floor loft in new york, represents a dynamic collectivework environment, embodying an a typical typology.

Initially zoned with movable hinged standing plywood panels to create office and work spaces.

Indirect flexibility

A loft embodies the idea of a ploy-valent space. Instead of direct architectural flexibility where the architecture itself is dynamic and moves, a loft is based on the idea that space can have different functions and usage dependent upon the whim and needs of the users who occupy that space. These functional changes may be helped through more direct means of flexibility such as panels for space division but this occurs at a local scale and not at an architectural scale.

LITH believes that this poly-valence is essential for a flexible space where multiple users can make use of a single space at different points of time during the day.

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Semi-shared Shared

Ensamble studio’s Ca’nterra House

“ The transfer from drawing to built mass gives way to the translation of given matter to digital data through the architectural reading of a geological discovery.

The discovered space has industrial logic as former Mares stone quarry, artistic potential as sublime cavern carved by hand, and mineral nature as extract of the stony landscape on the island of Menorca. Finding this excavated space in the guts of the earth and reinventing its use implies writing a new story that can rescue it from its abandonment. “ -https://www.ensamble.info/canterra-house-in-menorca

BARTLETT . AD . RC4 . LITH .

The ca’nterra house allows us to re-assert the possibility of re-defining spatial functionality based upon occupancy. The cave-like open-plan nature of the quarry allows different spaces to take on varying meanings and functions. Each space is defined by its atmosphere, volume and aesthetic rather than a predefined function.

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Private Shared

Vittoria Wharf warehouse

Private Semi-shared Shared

In the last ten years, many post-industrial buildings in the Hackney Wick area has been transformed into live-work units for city creatives. Most of these warehouse buildings have been divided to accommodate a mixture of creatives in a communal environment. These spaces has also became the performance stages as well; hosting public and private events. However, many of the artists have been worried about the increasing rents.

The loft typology is also widely visible in the architectural spaces of hackney, the largest artist community of Europe, not untouched by the effects of gentrification. This spatial model forms the central typology for LITH.

LITH

https://www.huckmag.com/art-and-culture/photography-2/black-and-white-photos-of-pregentrification-hackney

BARTLETT . AD . RC4 . LITH .

“Cities and places within them have always changed,” Martinson says. “My grandparents came from Holland and Russia to make new lives. Many of the factories I documented [during the ’70s] lay empty for 15-20 years. But some are now loft apartments, or have been taken over by the digital industry.”

“Immigration always brought new energy and ideas. The empty houses and cheap rents in the ’70s and ’80s created the space for artists, radicals and diversity. That’s changed and it’s only people with money that can afford to move to Hackney. So… it’s a mixed blessing.”

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Redefining spatial distribution Due to the rise of sharing culture, a larger part of the population is now comfortable sharing. Spaces in Lith are divided on a spectrum, we looked at the services and spaces that people are comfortable sharing. We question the ideas of how much space we require to live and need to feel ownership of against how much of the space in a generic house can actually be shared.

We concede that users are perhaps more interested in reduced costs and convenience over fostering social relations. It is also true though that access to Higher quality good and services is desirable over ownership.

For economic viability , conservation of space, convenience and general improvement of quality of life, We propose a payas-you-use system, where sharing amenities reduce the cost of amenities being used. The economic benefits of sharing these services provide incentive for people to share common spaces hence reducing the chances of any one individual being unable to access a given amenity at any time.

By letting the users customize their spaces the system allows co-living as a long-term comfortable solution to housing.

LITH

LITH re-imagines the conventional functional distribution of space. Instead of space divided along the lines of function, we imagine spaces as ambivalent and inherently flexible and dependent upon the user to give it meaning and function. It is then divided along the lines of ownership, access and shareability.

PRIVATE

Kitchen Workspaces Library Game room/Music room Shared storage

SEMI-SHARED

Living room Laundry space Studio spaces Workshops

SHARED

BARTLETT . AD . RC4 . LITH .

Conventional

Bedroom Washroom Personal storage Private workspace Kitchenette

LITH

For example while conventional space distribution would render spaces such as Living room, studio spaces and workshops as separate spaces, LITH identifies this as wasteful since the use time of these spaces seldom overlap and these spaces are instead treated as a single Shared space.

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Platform

Platforms are not just technical architecture but can also function as institutional form-work. Centralized like states, they embody characteristics which can be utilized to structure societies , economies and culture.

Login to the LITH platform.

Fill in preference data.

LITH

and usage schedule.

Set initial requirements.

The platform offers all citizens right to essential housing. It collects userdata on the type of accommodation that each user would like to inhabit, their requirements and common habits regarding utilization of available amenities within the housing system.

In the current digital age crowdsourcing has been successfully utilized for many human intrinsic intuit tasks such as image-labeling, market prediction and opinion mining.

This Intellectual currency of the users is crowd-sourced via play embedded within the architecture of the platform. The housing system can then react dynamical to the changing needs and maintain general happiness . The data collected is essential to improve the current and future iterations of the system.

BARTLETT . AD . RC4 . LITH .

The Lith platform constantly engages with the occupants as it is the underlying system that manages collective collaboration within the co-live.

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Sharing space Bedroom Bedroom (2x) Kitchenette Most people are unwilling or uncomfortable with sharing these spaces with people outside their personal friends and families.

Assume an Individual who has just purchased a subscription to the LITH housing platform, they then fill in the data for the kinds of space that they require.

Bathroom Kitchen Study Workspaces People are willing to share these spaces with people who are temporary residents in situations such as AirBnBs or with cohabitants of communal living spaces.

Bodil Graae Housing No. : LITH001

Kitchen Workspaces Living

These spaces are the ones we speculate might have the capacity to be shared with a larger community for building neighborhood culture and artist communities.

LITH

2 Spaces required:

Sharing Score:

Registered On: 17/06/2020

Similar data is collected from all residents before the construction process even begins. This data is run through a sorting and optimization algorithm , that produces the optimum space required to allow all residents to co-exist with the minimum number of different space, Allowing each space to be more spacious.

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Sorting algorithm For-each space the sorting algorithm sorts through the list of user defined requirements to check at which point during a generic week a space would be in demand the most, the algorithm does this by parsing each period in a day to check for overlap in requirements, it then reserves the appropriate number of spaces in a new list to be instantiated as voxel space.

For example: Here the user-requirement schedule of the users is checked for the requirements of kitchen and the algorithm finds that 10 AM on the weekend all 5 users require a kitchen for these particular individuals, the LITH algorithm then accommodates so that at this moment non of the users would be inconvenienced, it is also aware if the users are willing to share spaces and generates the least amount of space required to service all residents.

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5 users require kitchen on 10 AM -11 AM on the weekend. a Kitchen can be shared by 2 users.

The algorithm generates 3 kitchens. for this set of users.

LITH

PRIVATE SPACES

LIVING SPACES

All users require private spaces, while 2 require a double room , 3 users require single rooms.

At most only 4 users require the living room at any time .A Living room can be shared between 2 users and hence the algorithm generates 2 living rooms.

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At most only 4 users require the workspaces at any time .A workspace can be shared between 4 users and hence the algorithm generates 1 workspace.

The algorithm also collects data on when the users would be inactive in the community which allows it to determine the most appropriate time for shared spaces to be shared by the artist and the neighborhood community.

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2x

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Typology Users have the freedom to chose how much of the space they would be willing to share while living with Lith.

They can customize their living space such that they would not have to share any spaces apart from the living room, or perhaps they can customize it so that all parts of their spaces are shared except their bedroom.

Affordability Subscription-only more

LITH

Slow ownership Less

Lith builds upon a loft-mezzanine typology, where the shared spaces exist as large double height public lofts and private, semi-shared spaces are generated around it.

Private

Private

Semiprivate

Public loft

Private

Semiprivate

Lith printing farm

Private

Public loft

Semiprivate

Community space BARTLETT . AD . RC4 . LITH .

Semiprivate

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Connections Conventional spatial connections, give priority to spaces based on their individual functions, while LITh algorithm distinguishes between these on a granular level the spatial configuration is based primarily on access and users requirement based on their use schedule.

Urban EntranceUrban Entrance

Shared

Shared

Shared space/ Shared space/ Living room Living room

Shared

Shared

Shared KitchenShared Kitchen

Semi-shared

Semi-shared

Dinning Area

Semi-shared

Semi-shared

Shared Toilet Shared Toilet

Semi-shared

Semi-shared

Dinning Area

Bedroom

Bedroom

Private

Private

Toilet

Toilet

Private

Private

Laundry

Laundry

Shared

Shared

Storage

Storage

Private

Private

Shared StorageShared Storage

Shared

Shared

Study/ Work space Study/ Work space

Semi-shared

Semi-shared

Stairs

Stairs

Shared

Shared

Corridors

Corridors

Shared

Shared

LITH

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The loft typology is an archetype of indirect flexibility of space, where the function of a space exists dynamically as a product of its occupants. these spaces are generally supported by movable dividers to break down and reconfigure spaces if required. here we can see the 3D abstract representation of the idea of mezzanine+Loft typology in voxel space. The horizontal distinction between mezzanines and the loft helps draw architectural boundaries between shared and private spaces. The semi-shared spaces can exist at either level.

BARTLETT . AD . RC4 . LITH .

S

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Spatial configuration graphs A spatial configuration graph is an abstraction, a justified graph of the connections each space makes with its adjacent spaces. These graphs can be helpful when defining spaces via the hierarchy of usage. Since LITH defines spaces based on user access, these graphs help us configure the spaces such that the axis of movement is always from the most shared to the most private.

The configuration graph for a generic LITH community involves centralized shared nodes, connected to semi-shared spaces at the same level and connected to private spaces a step beyond.

Bedroom

Bedroom

Private

Private

Washroom

Washroom

Semi-shared

Semi-shared

Kitchen

Kitchen

Shared

Shared

Workspaces

Workspaces

Workshops

Workshops

Living room

Living room

LITH

Private

Private

Private

semi-shared

Shared

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semi-shared

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LITH

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DESIGN SYSTEMS LITH first and foremost is a design system. The system however is an amalgamation of multiple structures that work in conjunction. It includes platforms for generation of space, management of space sharing and helping the construction. It also includes automated systems of construction and automated systems for design of spaces.

LITH

BARTLETT . AD . RC4 . LITH .

04

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Think form-work ‘... Although reinforced concrete has been used for over a hundred years and with increasing interest during the last decades, few of its properties and potentialities have been fully exploited so far. Apart from the unconquerable inertia of our own minds, which do not seem to be able to adopt freely any new ideas, the main cause of this delay is a trivial technicality; The need to prepare wooden frames.’ -Robert H. - Think Form-work- reduce cost. structure magazine 2007 The conventional way of creating form-work for non-standard, concrete components is very labor intensive and until today, can be more than 50% of the cost of casting concrete. This research addresses this very topic by proposing a sustainable, 3D printed form-work for casting, combining the advancements of computation and digital fabrication with the traditional way of constructing large cast components.

46.7% Form-work labor

21.8%

Concrete materials

7.8% Concrete Labor

9%

6%

Form-work Materials

8.7%

Reinforcement Labor

LITH

Reinforcement Material

Concrete and its Reinforced variants Concrete has a long history of being associated with social housing and social housing programs. It was the chief material for post-war British housing and the soviet social housing.

Along with these cultural associations concrete is also the most commonly available and utilized construction material today.

Ferrock

Ashcrete

Lith however is not just a concrete project, it is essentially questioning the inefficiency of conventional formwork and can thus utilize any castable material. Ferrock is Carbon negative material manufactured from metallurgical by-products. It has a smaller ecological footprint and is structurally stronger than regular concrete.

Ashcrete is another concrete alternative that lith can build with, it has similar properties as regular concrete but instead of cement, a mixture of flyash, lime and cement can be utilized to reduce the carbon footprint of the material.

BARTLETT . AD . RC4 . LITH .

Casting materials

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Construction process Lith, utilizes an automated construction system, to print, assemble and cast.

This process simplifies the current paradigm for creating form-works, as the production of the end design is linked with the method of production and design of parts.

Due to the automated nature of production this process results in massive cost and time saving, accompanied by reduction of human labor required to produce traditional formworks.

PRINT

LITH

ASSEMBLE

CAST

BARTLETT . AD . RC4 . LITH .

Each LITH community has a printing farm that enables its production

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Robot-arm extents The robot arm is a permanent fixture for the LITH housing community, it provides firstly the initial construction factory for both form-works and reinforcement and then later functions as a digital artisanal and artistic medium of production of large-scale 3d printed goods.

It is hence essential to understand the extents of this device, as the size of the possible form-work must remain within the printing extents and since the robot itself remains grounded within the community it cannot move along rails. The robot occupies 2 voxels measuring 1600mm x 1600mm each and the same voxel fits snuggly within the robots printing extents.

Each form-work is enclosed within a cubic voxel with sides measuring 1600mm, within the extents of an industrial robot apparatus.

The industrial arm sits in its resting state inside a 2x4 Voxel space.

LITH

The voxel sits inside the extents of a stationary Industrial arm at 1600 mm x 1600mm‌

BARTLETT . AD . RC4 . LITH .

Attached to an industrial robot is a FDM extruder end effector.

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Printing material After analyzing a variety of printing materials we concluded that our 3d printing end effector, utilizes PETG for its strength, recyclability and post-printing hydrophobic properties.

ABS

PLA

TPE

TPU

NYLON

PETG

1.04 g/cm3

1.24 g/cm3

1.20g/cm3

1.21g/cm3

1.061.14g/cm3

1.23 g/cm3

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DENSITY

STRENGTH

COST

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NOZZLE TEMPERATURE

PRINTING

LITH

PETG When it comes to producing flexible and durable objects, PETG filament is gaining popularity among filament producers and the 3D printing community. In short it combines the benefits of PLA (easy to print with the benefits of ABS (strong, durable and temperature resistant).

50 MPa

Hydrophobic

100% Recyclable

Strength

Printed with :

PETG

Temperature resistant Both minimal shrinkage and warping make it great for printing large objects.

Chemical resistance Great chemical resistance, with good water, acidic and alkali resistance.

Sustainability It can be recyclable for many other use. It is different from many other plastics because its polymer chains are readily recovered for future use.

Part ID: LITH01-A003

Ingredients: Polyethylene Terephthalate, ( glycol modified ).

Printed On: 17/06/2020

BARTLETT . AD . RC4 . LITH .

Tough PETG is very strong. It’s not brittle. It also has a high impact resistance, similar to that of polycarbonate.

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Printing material Recyclability and sourcing

PETG is entirely 100% recyclable, we propose that any material that enter the LITH ecosystem can be recycled continuously to reduce the amount of material required and the cost of procurement of new material. PETG can also be extracted from common water bottles collected from ocean waste collection barges, thus helping reduce the plastic contaminants from the oceans of the world.

Shred Then we thoroughly clean it and shred them into tiny plastic flakes.

Melt These flakes are then filtered from all contaminants, melted and extruded into clean, 1.75 or 2.85 mm string.

Spool The freshly recycled re-filament is then winded onto spools to be used for the next time.

LITH

Plastic recycle PETG can be extracted from recycled plastic salvaged from bottles floating in oceans that have been collected by cleaning operations.

Plastic mold

Print The fully recycled filament is ready to be printed into whatever we design.

BARTLETT . AD . RC4 . LITH .

The plastic mold utilized for construction of LITH can be re-utilized multiple times, when they are damaged or are no longer required, they can be sent off tobe recycled creating zero plastic waste in the process.

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EXTRUDER DESIGN Extruder system Its bracket and the nozzle are made of aluminum while the heartbreak and gears are stainless steel. Arduino connects the computer with the pins 2 and 3 of the robot to synchronize the extruder motor with the robot’s moves. The bracket is designed for ABB and Kuka robots.

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LITH

01 Steel nozzle 02 M6 heat-sink,drilled with 3mm hole 03 Stainless steel tube 20mm 04 M6 to M7 heat-sink drilled with 3mm hole 05 J heat-sink 06 Copper tube 6mm 07 Aluminum plate 90*80*20mm 08 Pneumatic push fittings 6mm 09 Stepper motor 10 Feeding system 11 Heating surface of feeding system 12 Fun 5V 13 Screw M4 30mm 14 Action camera for 4k video 30 fps 15 Aluminum bracket for both KUKA and ABB robots 16 PVC pipe 6mm 17 Pneumatic push fittings 6mm

Stepper motor driver Control

Input data

Solid state relay

Arduino UNO

Stepper motor

Nozzle

Melt filament

Hot End

Extrude the filament

Check temperature

Thermo-couple K-type sensor

Adaptive feedback

Temperature

The whole system can be divided into two parts: TEMPERATURE CONTROL and PRINTING SPEED. An arduino is used to control these two systems.

Firstly, the arduino gives the signal to stepper motor driver to control the Nema 17 stepper motor. The motor, along with the extruder then push the filament which is guided to the hot end to melt. The filament then exits through the nozzle to be deposited where desired.

The function of the PID controller is heating up the nozzle to melt the filament. the temperature of the nozzle is checked by a K-type thermocouple sensor and the sensor give the data to PID, which then decides when to stop the hot end from heating anymore. The copper tubes near the nozzle also aid in the cooling process through conduction.

Manual change of printing speed and temperature

Extruder speed

Extruder

MK8 extruder

Printhead design

Robot speed

The printing speed can be adjusted manually via adjustments of the controller.

First, the printer pauses and then the user sets the speed manually.

Pins 2 and 3, which are connected to the Arduino, stops the extruder when the printer stops moving.

BARTLETT . AD . RC4 . LITH .

Control

PID Controller

Printing speed control + PC code

+

Temperature control

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EXTRUDER DESIGN Extruder system tests

The printed end-effector is tested and works successfully. The robot arm is controlled utilizing a grasshopper script that maps out the tool-path of each form-work and relays that to the robot arm.

The tool-path can be manipulated to generate undulations and create patterns on the form-work surface, which in-turn results embedded ornamentation on the end parts. This ornamentation is distinct from the classical nature of ornamentation as rather than an super-imposed image for aesthetic it derives from the method of formation.

Image. tests of printhead and printhead with a small robot arm.

LITH

Image. Nozzle for the printhead.

BARTLETT . AD . RC4 . LITH .

Image. the process of milling the nozzle.

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Casting test

A 1:20 scale model of an early iteration of LITH was utilized to test the discrete form-work in principle. Various blocks were produced with different variations of casting Mix for surface finish, strength and uniform casting.

LITH

BARTLETT . AD . RC4 . LITH .

These early tests gave us valuable insight on mold making, after these tests we added, bolts on the lips of the mold, realized that curved internal creases would make for cleaner casts and that internal surfaces would require reinforcement for larger structures.

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Material test Less desirable

01

More desirable

02

03

04

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Here, the initial material test for concrete as a casting material can be seen. We witnessed that concrete while can be made lighter by utilizing foam, results in terrible finish and weakened strength.

We also realized that adding plasticizer to the mix slows down the curing process but results in much cleaner finish with less faults and reaches all the edges of the molds.

LITH

Less desirable

02

03 04

05

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cement + Sand water foam fiber ballast plasticizer

Various, mixes with varying portions of cement, aggregate, sand were tested for strength and finish. Add mixtures such as foam, ballast and plasticizers were tested for better strength to weight ratio, better castability and increased strength.

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01

More desirable

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Cross-section

30 째

45 째

60 째

While designing the cross-section and the form-work the print angle was an important consideration, the angle could not be horizontal for large distances as that would cause sagging and misprinting.

1600 mm

A rhombic cross-section allows us to maintain a 45 째 printing angle along all axis which makes the printing of the form-works consistent and would not require constant supervision once the printing process have been optimized.

1600 mm The size of each individual form-work had to be such that it could be handled by at-most two human workers and at the same time work at an architectural scale so that generating a structure is not tedious through the assembly of such parts.. We settled at 1600 m3 cubic voxel as the size.

LITH

BARTLETT . AD . RC4 . LITH .

3-d printed form-works enable the system to adopt a system which is not constrained by economy of scale, producing a single specific mold requires the same input, energy and cost as varying formworks. The requirement for similar part is based on tectonics and the ability to connect and form coherent aggregations. But at the same time different structures in a neighborhood empowered by the same printing factory can utilize different form-work cross-sections.

Within this work of research we have further detailed and evolved a library based upon a single cross-section.

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Initial studies: Proto-LITH libraries These libraries were early attempt to rationalize a library for 3D printed form-work, They all work around treating the meta-part as the basic unit of design.

LITH

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Mold design: Constraints During the process of designing form-works, we realized that the simplest and cleanest de-molding procedure occurs when the mold around a single object is split along its seams into 8 parts.

Initially we treated molds as sub-parts of a metapart and the initial part libraries were based on this concept.

To enable easy de-molding the form-work is split into 8 parts.

LITH

Initially we treat the meta-part, the combination of these 8 form-work as the basic unit for LITH system.

We then brainstorm to generate a process where similar or higher complexity can be achieved via a more simplified system.

BARTLETT . AD . RC4 . LITH .

However the combinatorial logic for such system gets too complex, without resulting in equivalent complexity and flexibility of forms.

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Mold design: Constraints While this solved the initial constraints of de-molding we realized that it resulted in a large library that was hard to control and had limited complexity for the amount of parts it required.

We realized that focusing on each individual form-work piece and rationalizing the connection logic for each part can result in all the possible connection that we were able to generate when treating the meta-part as the basic unit for LITH.

LITH

Lateral constraints.

Face constraints.

The LITH form-work needs to resolve its connections and constraints for 6 directions, 3 faces and 3 sides only. while the diagonal connections need to be analyzed for creation of complex units they are not required for the resolution of cast-able formwork.

After we established that each mold is going to be treated as the unit of design, we begun to investigate further constraints on the mold.

All designed molds are thus arms reaching out from this vertex.

Apart from making an efficient library, having parts that do-not follow this logic is also doesn’t work due to difficulty of demolding process. If for example three straight parts all end up on the opposite ends of the mold, it would be impossible to extract the mold from the cast part.

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We recognized that for the most efficient library each mold needs to be tethered to the molds central vertex.

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Part library Based of the aforementioned constraints and development, the following library was developed as one of the possible libraries that can be utilized for our proposal. The printing factory allows multiple libraries to exist and be built from the same factory situated in a neighborhood.

Each Part in the library fits inside a voxel 1600 x 1600 in size,

LITH

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Part Orientations Each form-work once printed can be utilized in 24 different orientations. This enables LITH to generate extreme complexity in its algorithmic generation.

Each form-work also exists as its mirror image, this mirror image however requires a different print since mirror images are not equal when symmetry is broken.

Along with the main library of parts there’s also a second library of flat , volume filling parts, these parts can either exist on their own or replace parts of the form-work to form half- solid parts.

These parts form the basic wall and floor and can exist in the same orientations as the other parts.

LITH

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Part connection Here, we show all the possible part-to-part connections for some of the members of the library.

The simplest part is a straight section, it forms 9 possible connections with the rest of the library and 2 additional possible connection with itself

The L-shaped part form 9 connections with the rest of the library and 1 connection to itself, this part generates a different set for its mirrored image.

LITH

The 3-armed flat part makes 9 connections with the rest of the library and another connection with its mirrored self.

BARTLETT . AD . RC4 . LITH .

The > part makes 7 connections and makes another connections with its mirrored part.

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Solid parts Along with the main library of parts there’s also a second library of flat , volume filling parts, these parts can either exist on their own or replace parts of the form-work to form half- solid parts.

These parts form the basic wall and floor and can exist in the same orientations as the other parts.

This library only contains 5 flat parts, but these parts can connect with other parts of the library to generate semi-solid parts.

The 3D printed form-work for the parts.

These form-works can be assembled to generate semi-flexible partitions, which can be assembled and disassembled based on changing functionality and spatial requirement.

LITH

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The flat library with the general library allows the generation of complex wall systems.

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Mold library

The mold library of the parts ready to be printed.

All molds can be split into 3 flat surfaces, this enables easier printing and disassembly for more complex parts. Each part has the point part on its vertex, as this allows two dis-connected diagonal parts to be connected in the larger aggregation.

LITH

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Mold Detail

Each form-work can be further split into flatter parts for easier printing and disassembly this allows us to simplify the library even further as most of the library is generated by re-orienting the same surface part in 3 possible directions. further more, many of these parts are symmetrical along multiple axis.

For example the following part allows for the same surface sub-part to be printed and connected to form the form-work.

The same surface part is rotated and moved to form the part of the larger formwork. It would still be required to print 3 of the sub-parts to finish casting the formwork.

LITH

When different parts require the same sub-parts it is possible to print fewer parts by re-using the surfaces which can be used from pre-printed parts.

B’

A

The part labellled A can be utilized at multiple instances.

A

A

A

A

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Mold to part

exploded view of the mold explains the de-molding process.

1. The cast part

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2. The mold on

3. Exploded mold

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No scaffolding The molds support the form-work sans scaffolding.

The printed form-works are self-supporting and require no additional scaffolding, reducing the production chain of traditional casting methods.

CAST PART

MOLDS

FORM-WORK

The highlighted areas are areas which require support

Exploded molds, combination of which result in assemblage on the left.

The highlighted areas are parts of the form-work which function as supporting scaffolding.

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Form-work as partition

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The printed form-work can be assembled to form a light-weight hollow partition that can be disassembled and reassembled to reconfigure spaces.

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Form-work as partition

Formworks can be utilized as temperory partitions and dividers which can break the large central open loft space into smaller chunks transformed according to the requirements of the users at any hour.

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FORM-WORK TEST A 1:10 scale prototype of initial LITH form-work.

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The casting process of the lith scale form-work base.

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Structural Reinforcement : Initial studies These initial studies for structure we attempted first, a composite system of laser cut steel plates with regular rebars and then a system based entirely on steel plates , where in the first system the diagonal reinforcement occurs through rebars, while horizontal and vertical members are supported through steel plates and in the second system all loads are handled via steel plates.

This however results in large amount of steel waste as laser cutting or water-jet cutting is a subtractive process, while this material is recyclable it would still consume energy.

This would also require special fabrication factory and we reasoned that the reinforcement system has to be able to be assembled via regular industrial robots.

Exploded view of initial reinforcement system study that utilizes a combination of steel plates and rebars.

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Parts of the initial studies for reinforcement that utilized interlocking steel plates only to reinforce form-work of LITH.

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STRUCTURAL REFERENCES Automated bent steel tube aggregation, inspired by Metaform and wirevoxel

METAFORM + WIREVOXEL Bartlett RC4 projects utilizing discrete assembly or steel bars, utilized as a reinforcement system for LITH.

When looking at inspiration for reinforcement systems that can be assembled robotic-ally, we were inspired by RC4 projects metaform and wirevoxel, these system utilize regular rebars which can be bent and assembled through industrial robots, as these machines already form an intrinsic part of the LITH ecosystem we found this to be a perfect fit.

Taking these as base, we edited and tuned the idea to fit the LITH parts.

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

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Lith parts while utilize the same formwork for different situtations can be reinforced with variation depending upon the stress they take .

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN The final structural design of LITH utilizes discrete rebars to reinforce.

The discrete bars are bent in three distinct orientations and then weld/fastened together to generate a network with higher density rebars existing where additional structure is required.

Part of the structure extends out of the mold such that it could be fastened to the next mold.

The ends are secured using 3D printed caps.

Which can be finished through casting.

3D printed Form-work

Network lattice of robotically assembled reinforcement bars

3D printed spacers that fit along the form-work

3D printed end caps Image: Structural system for LITH. Exploded isometric

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Bent steel reinforcement lattice

Butterfly bolts and nuts

Image: Structural system for LITH. Elevation detail.

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3D printed form-work

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Robot simulation The robotic tool-path for the 3d-printed mold is simulated in Grasshopper with robot plugin in Rhino.

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The factory would need to produce at least 3 more molds to be able to successfully cast. A singular design unit of LITH cannot be cast independently.

However it can be used as a space division panel.

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Image. A simulated form-work of a single printed mold.

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Printing simulation Experiments with the tool-path produce textures, articulated as digital ornamentation.

Printing simulation

These expressions of ornamentation are a different from the conventional understanding of ornamentation as they are not patterns applied on top of a structure but patterns that emerge from the process of making the structure.

These ornamentations can be viewed as scars of a digital production process, that enhance the architectural quality of the artifacts.

Casting simulation

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Patterns + ornament

Regular printed form-work.

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Form-work with pattern.

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Close-up of the generated patterns

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Patterns + ornament

Regular printed form-work.

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Form-work with pattern.

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Close-up of the generated patterns

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Facade

The Shed, Hudson yard by Diller Scofidio + Renfro

imbeded clamp Air Inlet

Section Covered with :

Center for Gerontology, Germany

ETFE

FACADE: LITH00

Ingredients: Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene.

image. ETFE section Beijing National Aquatics Center, PTW architects

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image. 3D section of ETFE facade bubbles.

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Facade

LITH utilizes ETFE membranes to enclose its spaces, since the generative algorithm can produce facades surfaces with undulations and non-planar conditions, we required a solution which could work with multiple planes. ETFE membranes are flexible polymer membranes that can enflate to control insulation and light . These membranes offer the solution to LITH facades.

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Assemblage experiments The parts assemble and coalesce into non-recurrent configurations. As we investigate these assemblages and their corresponding exploded individual parts, it can be observed that the complexity of the orientation of parts can rapidly escalate with the size of the aggregation.

Parts are engineered to assemble along multiple axis of rotation and as mirror images. They turn and flip constantly to assemble and give form to enclosed spaces.

image. 01 Manual exploration of aggregations + exploded view

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image. 02 Manual exploration of aggregations + exploded view

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Assemblage experiments These are manual aggregation possible with parts of LITH. This wall prototype, mimic the trellis which can be found in architecture of most countries closer to the equator, as they provide light while limiting direct solar glare and reduce solar heat gains.

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Assemblage experiments The aggregation experiments with assembling a structure around 2 voxel wide horizontal surface.

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Assemblage experiments LITH parts can be assembled to generate stepped aggregations, This can be utilized to generate terraces and balconies.

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Assemblage experiments LITH parts utilized to generate vertical partitions.

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Space as voxels All LITH spaces are measure in voxel units, the generative algorithm generates parts around these voxel spaces.

The voxel based space sizes can be customized by users according to their needs and requirements.

3X3

3X2 2X3

3X1

2X2

1X3

2X1 1X2

1X1

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Different users would require varied amount of space, while single users may require 6 voxel unit of space to live comfortably, a couple might request for 9 voxel units of space. Each voxel space is equivalent to 2.56 sqm. of space.

SINGLE USER

FAMILY

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COUPLE

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Space as voxels

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Parts of shared and private space are measured in Voxel-units. A single bed occupies two voxels, a shared kitchen occupies 9.

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These translate into chunks of spaces, for example a private space, A semishared kitchen or part of the shared common loft.

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LITH chunks Shared Living room Gallery space Art studios 6 x 7 x 4 Voxel spaces Multiple users

Semi-shared Kitchen 4 x 5 x 2 Voxel spaces 3 users

Private 4 x 4 x 2 Voxel Spaces Single user

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LITH plan set

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LITH generates around the basic voxel based spaces allocated to residents based on their requirements. While all private spaces are mezzanine levels that are generated over an open loft space that can vary in functionality based upon the need of the user. while this change is facilitated by a platform, the actual transformation of the space remains straightforward and manual.

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Functional distribution

An aggregation can be dissected to elucidate Its functions, where the private spaces, as mezzanines, hang over Semi-shared spaces, which are generated around The central large loft shared common space.

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Private spaces 4 users

Shared spaces Living room Gallery space Art studios Production space Printing factory

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Semi-Shared spaces 2 Kitchen 1 Workshop 1 Workspaces

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Serialization The following aggregation is color coded to represent the varying parts of the library. Each different part of the library can be identified within the generative algorithm. Parts with the same color ID are interchangeable. Formworks required to cast parts in the layers below can be utilized to generate parts with the same ID in layers above.

Within each generated aggregation each part is serialized, ID’ed and tagged with a code, Enabling the assembly process to re-use molds from the layers below as the building grows.

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x635

x150

x302

x70

x105

x90

x10

x52

Scan the QR code Print ID:

x260

x20

x250

x12

x125

x16

PartA023 Housing No. : LITH001

Printed On: 17/06/2020

x115

x40

x95

x18

x60

x10

The tags help guide the team to precisely place the form-work in the correct orientation it is intended for, this could be enhanced utilizing AR as a construction aid.

The number of parts within the aggregation on the left. The number of formworks required would be considerably less as formworks can be utilized in multiple instances,

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Scan to orient part

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Construction Platform Through the LITH automated construction platform, designer can easily check the print status of each form-work in the print factory. While the printing process after the digital generation of parts is fully automated, The designer can still assign and manage new printing tasks here.

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Construction Platform When a printing task has been completed, a human worker uses the device to scan the QR code embedded within the print. The system then lets the human know of the automatically assigned location and orientation of the part, and the form-work can then be processed and sent to the corresponding voxel location it is currently required at.

The platform can then inform the construction aid when the same form-work is required elsewhere.

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Construction Platform On the other hand, designer can can track the build status of different building in different location.

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Construction Process

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Construction Process

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Construction Process

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COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS While conventional digital tools are authored by computer scientist, architects must play a proactive role in designing the algorithms and code allowing a greater degree of control and balance towards the resolution of the design intentions.

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Computational methodology The computational methodology is split into layers of interaction and intervention at different points in the process.

User

Spatial generation

01

02

04

collect user space requirement data

Generate space use schedule.

Datatization of initial constraints and datavisualization, to empower data-informed formation of intentions is the first proposed step. Users Input their schedules and space requirement. This data is owned by the users through the decentralized platform.

Multiple user data is parsed to generate a single data stack.

Generate spaces as voxels based on the schedule, optimized for the design typology.

03 Optimize space requirement

06 Heuristics + Part customization data from users.

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Optimization and sorting algorithm sorts user data to generate the most cost effective space sharing configuration.

Part aggregation

Post Design

05

08

Generate parts encapsulating the spaces utilizing WFC.

Simulate space usage

Part aggregation generated spaces.

around

the

The final generated spaces are run through simulation of the residents to test for fitness.

06

09

Heuristics + Customize parts utilizing triangulating algorithm

Automate data management for the construction process

Generated parts can be edited, changed and cutomized by users.

The construction sequence is calculated so that molds which can re-used are known to the construction system.

Boundary conditions Parts are generated while responding to external boundary conditions.

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Hill Climbing Optimization Hill climbing is a mathematical optimization technique which belongs to the family of local search. It is an iterative algorithm that starts with an arbitrary solution to a problem, then attempts to find a better solution by making an incremental change to the solution.

1. Design space

2. Arbitary starting point

First a design space is defined by setting the constraints of the problem. In this case finding the optimal spatial configuration for space sharing,

The solution begins through an arbitary generation of spaces that have been decided through an initial sorting algorithm.

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4. Local optimization

The algorithm makes incremental changes which shift the design towards the final goal.

The algorithm quits and delivers result when it has reached a local peak, where the solution cannot get any better without chaning the configuration drastically.

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3. Incremental change

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Hill Climbing Optimization score Shared Private

closer further

Private Shared -1 +1

+1 -2

+1 -2

-2 0

Each space is allowed to move one incremental step each cycle and is given a score based on if it is closer or further away from any other space, depending upon the function, share-ability and user preference of the space. For example: here we have a simplified explanation of the algorithm at work.

3

2

TE PRIVA

1

2 ED

SHAR

ED

SHAR

TE PRIVA

TE PRIVA

The initial arbitrary generation, generates 2 private spaces unevenly far away from the shared space.

3

The algorithm tries to move the shared space, by one voxel towards the private space further away from it, this results in +1 increase in score towards that space but -2 decrease due to it being further away from the first space.

TE PRIVA

2

1 SHAR

The algorithm then backtracks as it only validates changes when the net score is positive.

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TE PRIVA

1 ED

E

T PRIVA

TE PRIVA

ED

E

T PRIVA

SHAR

The algorithm then attempts to move the private space towards the shared space, which results in a net positive score increase and the change is validated, this process repeats till algorithm does-not result in any increase in score for 1500 cycles. This is the exit clause for the algorithm.

The algorithm gives priority to those residents who score higher on their willingness to share spaces. The algorithm thus gives the spaces moving closer to shared spaces to those residents a higher positive score,

2

2

E

T PRIVA

TE PRIVA

ING: 3

SHAR

ING: 3

SHAR

2 ED

SHAR

TE PRIVA

ING: 0

SHAR

Here the algorithm starts with all three private spaces at the same distance from the shared space.

TE PRIVA : 3

1

1

TE PRIVA

ING: 3

SHAR

ING

SHAR

ED

SHAR TE PRIVA

ING: 0

SHAR

The algorithm moves the shared spaces closer to the private spaces which have users with higher sharing score as the net score is positive even though the space moving away from the private space with less sharing score is still negative.

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Hill Climbing Optimization

The algorithm also penalizes the score for spaces that fall outside of the defined boundary, this assures that the algorithm tries to fit inside the boundary but would break the boundary if it ensures a better overall score.

Score all spaces negatively if they exist outside of the generation boundary.

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This ensures that the hill climbing optimization shifts most spaces within the boundary unless a configuration has a better score even with part of the space outside the boundary.

The generation is then inverted and LITH parts can generate within these voxels.

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After the optimization has ended, the spaces now exist in the most efficient and locally optimized state.

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Space generation

LITH algorithm generates structures in the negative spaces around spaces optimized for platform enabled co-living space sharing. The algorithm gives granule control over site boundaries, specific parts and provides post-generation heuristics to add or remove specific parts.

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Wave function collapse Adjacency Constraint Solving Algorithm

The Wave Function Collapse (WFC) algorithm is a procedural generative algorithm inspired by quantum mechanics. Where the result space exists in a state of superimposition of multiple possibilities and collapse into an observable stable state once the algorithm begins assigning solutions to each unobserved tile.

The algorithm is utilized to produce procedurally generated non-repeating tiling textures in game development.

1. The Parts are defined by their connections in the algorithm.

2. Design Space exists in a state of super-position.

3. Design states are reduced by introducing spacespecific constraints such as Visible density , walkability, enclosure etc.

4. The system propagates and settles to a collapsed state.

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Sample:

Generation:

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Wave function collapse The wave function collapse is a constraint solving algorithm, it is then essential to establish nonambiguous constraints on how the LITH parts connect.

To better understand the 3D constraints, imagine each part is encircled within a voxel, each face of this voxel carries information in the form of a grid of 9 faces.

This information here is represented as an unwrapped cube.

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To generate an aggregation the algorithm must resolve the constraints so that only faces with exactly matching faces are generated together. But the library allows for more than one correct configuration for each case, this is where the reducing entropy of wave function collapse comes in, where multiple solutions can exist simultaneously till the possibility collapse into a stable state.

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Each face of the voxel has a specific signature that is specific to the number and configuration of the grid faces the part occupies. This difference is represented here as differernt hues.

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Aggregation generation

LITH algorithm generates structures in the negative spaces around spaces optimized for platform enabled co-living space sharing. The algorithm gives granule control over site boundaries, specific parts and provides post-generation heuristics to add or remove specific parts.

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Agregation generation: Initial studies

LITH parts organized as a solid chunk without spatial generation.

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LITH parts organized as a solid chunk with manual generation of flat spaces.

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Agregation generation: with spatial generation LITH algotrithmic generation with spatial generation implemented and enabled. The generation boundary extents are cuboidal.

The spaces generated are non-uniform and are customized according to user requirements.

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Boundary conditions The algorithm generation after boundary constraints have been implemented. The algorithm can now generate parts within any geometric condition for a 3D outer boundary.

Here the boundary is a sphere, the generated parts only generate within this external boundary.

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To generate inside this trapezoidal boundary , the algorithm doesn’t consider any voxel space outside of the set boundary condition.

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Urban conditions

P: Pernancy

M4: Boundary Distancing (m) (m)

I(nfill): Rededicating the vacant gap lands.

C(onsolidation): Combining several

adjacent properties into one larger parcel.

R(econstruction): Re-building on a plot

where the previous structure is demolished.

M1: Plot Area (m2)

M2: Adjacency Relation:

P(arti Wall) / F(ree Facade)

M5: Maximum Height (m)

M6: BCR - Building Coverage Ratio (%) %

M3: Boundarial Heights (m)

M7: FSI - Floor Space Index (%) %

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Contextualisation

d

c

b a

e

c a

b

c b

d a

P: M1: M2: M3: M4: M5: M6: M7:

R 360 m2 aF, bF a9, b6 a0, b0, c4, d3, e2 10 m 0.6 1.5

P: M1: M2: M3: M4: M5: M6: M7:

R 300 m2 aP, bP, cP a4, b3, c13 a0, b0, c0 15 m 1.0 3.5

P: M1: M2: M3: M4: M5: M6: M7:

I 285 m2 cP c11 a11, b35, c0, d4 10 m 0.7 2.0

a

k j

i

b

h g

c e

f

a

b

d

c

d

P: M1: M2: M3: M4: M5: M6: M7:

C+R 1450 m2 aF, cF, eP, gP, kP a12, c15,e11, g9, k10 a0, b16, c0, d7, e0, f8, g0, h5, i5, j30, k0 20 m 0.6 3.2

P: M1: M2: M3: M4: M5: M6: M7:

I 400 m2 10 m 0.8 2.0

P: M1: M2: M3: M4: M5: M6: M7:

C+R 1550 m2 aP, bP, cP, dP a5, b5, c6, d9 a0, b0, c0, d0 30 m 0.6 4.0

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The relation of the housing to the larger urban context.

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M6: M7:

0.6 3.2

Urban boundary generation

P: M1: M2: M3: M4: M5: M6: M7:

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C+R 1550 m2 aP, bP, cP, dP a5, b5, c6, d9 a0, b0, c0, d0 30 m 0.6 4.0

C+R 1450 m2 aF, cF, eP, gP, kP a12, c15,e11, g9, k10 a0, b16, c0, d7, e0, f8, g0, h5, i5, j30, k0 20 m 0.6 3.2

P: M1: M2: M3: M4: M5: M6: M7:

C+R 1550 m2 aP, bP, cP, dP a5, b5, c6, d9 a0, b0, c0, d0 30 m 0.6 4.0

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P: M1: M2: M3: M4: M5: M6: M7:

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Typology explorations

The original LITH typology, which is an amalgamation of the LOFT, the artist warehouse, and the mezzanine.

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Typology explorations

The following typology combines the postwar housing typology such as Alexandra road estate and the Brunswick house with the lith typology.

A large central warehouse shared space exists on the ground-floor, while larger duplex apartments cascade over this space, to generate a stepped house, with terraces for all apartments.

Alexandra road estate

diagramtic section : spatial division

APARTMENT

SEMISHARED SPACE

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APARTMENT

SHARED SPACE

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Typology explorations The LITH ecosystem can be utilized to generate a tower typology where each level is customized according to varying user requirements.

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Typology explorations

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Triangulated customization: Initial studies

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Triangulated customization: Initial studies

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Triangulated customization

The process of 3D printed form-works does-not strictly follow an economy of scale, which means that the relationship between mass-production of similar form-works and the savings in cost are non-linear. Though 3D printed form-works can be re-utilized more than once and hence it makes sense for them to be part of a discrete system it still allows the possibility of a few personalized elements.

During the pre-construction process, users are provided with opportunity to customize certain parts of the community by giving them customization points, this allows the generation of specific on of parts that the users may generate into furniture or other architectural elements.

The original geometry is populated with points. The residents may switch the number of points or the various positions of the points.

LITH

The residents can then manipulate these points till they are satisfied, this data is then stored with the aggregation algorithm and the printer produces the specific mold when it is required.

Algorithmic process

1. Select the geometry for triangulation in the generated assemblage.

2. Generate points along the surface of the selected geometry.

3. Generate the triangulations by connecting the points.

4. Edit the position, elevation, number of and distance from surface of the generated points to shape the desired geometry.

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The algorithm for part customization takes the existing parts from the LITH library and generates triangulations on its surface to produce one of parts.

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Triangulated customization

Chunks of LITH aggregations with customized parts cast in a different material to highlight the unique parts.

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Generation outputs from The customization algorithm from the same LITH part.

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Triangulated customization

The customized parts pulled out to generate seating areas.

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Triangulated customization

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Triangulated customization

Selecting the areas to triangulate.

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LIVING SYSTEMS LITH is not merely an automation of design and construction systems but a system of automated living as well. How residents interact with their built environment is influenced by the structures that the LITH platform introduces.

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Collaborative consumption Regarding sharing spaces and utilities Inside a LITH housing, Both utilities and spaces exist as shared entities., where Users participate in collaborative consumption. users or the residents interact with these spaces through their device, either via a platform or via sensors for a more seamless integration.

UNLOCK.

PRIVATE STORAGE. Private storage can exist either in private spaces or shared spaces, those private storage that exists as part of the housing within shared spaces are locked and can be accessed only through a QR code lock and key.

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USE. SHARE.

Utilities such as kitchen and workshop spaces can either be accessed by first booking it via the living platform or by interacting with QR codes on these utilities.

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UTILITIES.

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Visual cues, sensors and a sharing platform Residents are enabled to move in and out of shared spaces seamlessly, due to visual light based cues which intuitively inform the residents if a space is free to be utilized or has already been booked to be used privately.

While the platform allows user to pre-book spaces, users are also allowed to walk in to free spaces to start using them whenever.

Residents

A space with dim lights is free to be utilized, a colder light may signal a privately booked space, while a warmer yellow light would signal that the space is open to be shared.

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FREE SPACE

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UTILIZED PRIVATELY

SHARED

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Visual cues, sensors and a sharing platform

Artists

The sharing platform is also available to local artist who either live within the LITH housing community or in the neighborhood. These artists face the same issues as the residents where they can no longer afford the rent for studios in gentrifying neighborhoods. LITH therefor provides these artists with studio-space. The LITH shared space loft, which is utilized by residents as living space, communal space etc can be utilized by these artists as studios. The large central space is also provided with gantry to move about larger art pieces that the artists might create. The artists also have access to the robotic industrial arm to utilize .

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Loft as an art space

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Loft as an art workshop

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Visual cues, sensors and a sharing platform Unoccupied/ open to be booked Single user only Space sharing turned on Residents Community/ neighborhood members/ artists

The simulation of the floor-plan shows how the space sharing platform works in real-time.

While no place is being utilized the visual cues are all turned off.

As the first residents book a kitchen through the platform, the light already turns on as they make their way to it.

Another space is being occupied by an artist occupying the central living space as a studio.

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The artist shares his work space for a collaboration with other artists. The light turns a warm yellow denoting the multi-user shared nature of the space.

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Print factory Platform

Access the print factory through the Lith platform to begin the creation process.

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Users may print a preexisting design or upload their own design to be printed.

Users shuffle through various designs, for different types of furniture.

They then specify color and material of the chosen printing specimen.

The user is then informed how long the print would take, after which the users processes the payment and simply waits for the print to finish .

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Print 3D printed factoryfurniture Platform

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Any 3D printed furnitre designed to work with an industrial robot arm can be printed at LITH.

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Chair design by Nagami.

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3D printed furniture

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PROTO-LITH EXPLORATIONS

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Gantry system DIRECT FLEXIBILITY The lith gantry was the conception of direct flexibility within the LITH system.

Slim rail tracks, embedded within the structure could support a small family of LITH gantries.

This gantry and its brethren can then carry furniture, storage and artworks such as canvases and sculptures around the community.

They would also aid in changing the nature of the space by introducing the vertical dimension along with the temporal dimension.

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Artwork and storage is pulled up, freeing the space below.

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Gantry lowers artiist’s storage and artwork, allowing the artist to work.

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PROTO-LITH EXPLORATIONS This tree structure was concieved before a library was established.

While each part can be broken into individual molds and voxel space, they don’t all belong to the same family.

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The ieda for serialization and QR code for managing data during the construction process also evolved during this study.

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We tried to discover parts which are re-used at multiple instances over the design.

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PROTO-LITH EXPLORATIONS The library was post-rationalized from the tree structure being split into voxel units.

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The voxels used are not symmetric along all axis and hence are required to change orientations depending upon whether they are being utilized to generate horizontal or vertical members.

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PROTO-LITH EXPLORATIONS Early library exploration with parts that only work in 2 dimensional aggregations.

Early exploration of the idea that parts can be used for multiple metaparts.

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Early experiments with generating multiple metaparts from the same set of sub-parts.

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The parts are enclosed within elongated cuboidal voxels.

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Each part in the library is composed of 8 subparts which are the moulds themselves.

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PROTO-LITH EXPLORATIONS Early library exploration to attempt embedding complexity within the parts.

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Early aggregation experiments attempting to generate variation in density with a vertical membrane.

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PROTO-LITH EXPLORATIONS Exploration of various cross-section for the LITH library took place.

These cross-sections remain as plausible expansions to the system

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PROTO-LITH EXPLORATIONS Exploration of various cross-section for the LITH library took place.

These cross-sections remain as plausible expansions to the system

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APPENDIX: PRE-LITH

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PRE-LITH EXPLORATIONS Pre-lith, we were exploring how we could generate megalithic structures that could fit together like Japanese wood puzzles. Inspired from prehistoric Megalithic structures and basalt mines.

These aggregations were produced from 2 basic units.

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PRE-LITH PRE-LITH EXPLORATIONS EXPLORATIONS

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Scalability and Flexibility

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Discrete Elements, 5 Componenets

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CODING WORKSHOPS

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CODING WORKSHOPS

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CODING WORKSHOPS

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ANIMATION WORKSHOPS

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ANIMATION WORKSHOPS

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