REVISTA MEDIEVAL 21

Page 1


AÑo VIII arqueología, historia y viajes sobre el mundo MEDIEVAL 43

NÚMERO 43 / Bimestral

La Batalla de Agincourt

LA BATALLA DE Agincourt

www.revistamedieval.com

Otro Mundo Medieval

La Mujer Vikinga 5,95 €

Arte

La Miniatura Altomedieval Románico

La transición del Románico al Gótico

• El Tesoro de Orrius • Los cristianos de Al-Andalús


680$5,2 "(&/%" /05*$*"4 $0$*/" (&/&"-0(ยก" -*#304 .ยฌ4*$" $*/&

1&3'*-&4 #&%" &- 7&/&3"#-& 6/" '635*7" '*(63" 4"+0/" *."(*/"3*0 .&%*&7" &- 4*.#0-*4.0 "/*."&/ -" &%"% .&%*" "-(6/04 &+&.1-04 %&- 7"-5"3*0 $*6%"%&4 1"53*.0/*0 $ยฆ3%0#" -" +0:" %& "- "/%"-64

(ย /&30 -" .*40(*/*" &/ -" &%"% .&%*" "1309*."$*ยฆ/ " 6/ $"5ย -0(0 %& -04 %&'&$504 '&.&/*/04 "326&0-0(ยก" &- .0/"45&3*0 %& 4"/5" ."3ยก" %& .03&36&-"

0'*$*04 -" 13045*56$*ยฆ/ &/ -" &%"% .&%*" -"4 13045*565"4 &/ &- 3&*/0 %& $"45*--" 4*(-0 9***

+645*$*" 1016-"3 -04 '6303&4 1016-"3&4 &/ -" #"+" &%"% .&%*" $"45*--04 -" "-$";"#" %& .ย 3*%" 6/ &$0 %& "- ย /%"-64 &/ -" )*41"/*" 30."/"

&405&3*4.0 .&%*&7" -" $ย #"-" 130'ย 5*$" %& "#3")". "#6-"'*" !215%/,/'ยถ! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


1&3'*-&4

% ('$ 9(1(5$%/(

(/ 81$ )857,9$ ),*85$ 6$-21$ 0,(175$6 <25. 6( &219(57Ì$ (1 812 '( /26 &(17526 '( (16(f$1=$ '( /$ &5,67,$1'$' /$ 7,1$ (1 (/ 021$67(5,2 '( -$552: 62%5(6$/Ì$ /$ ),*85$ 0É6 127$%/( '(/ (172512 &8/785$/ '( /$6 ,6/$6 %5,7É1,&$6 %('$ (/ 9(1(5$%/(

$OEHUWR $VOD 3URIHVRU HQ +LVWRULD

!215%/,/'¶! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


SJTUJBOJ[BEB *OHMBUF SSB B MP MBSHP EFM TJHMP 7** EFTEF "HVTU½O EF $BOUFSCVSZ IBTUB MB JOUFHSBDJÂO FO MB *HMF TJB SPNBOB FO MB TFHVOEB NJUBE EFM TJHMP ÈOJDBNFOUF MPT JSMBOEFTFT Z MPT DSJTUJBOPT EF (BMFT Z $PSOVBMMFT DPOUJOVBSPO DPO MPT QBSUJDVMBSJTNPT D¹MUJDPT IBTUB FM 4JO FNCBSHP MB SFPSHBOJ[BDJÂO EF MB *HMFTJB EF *OHMBUFSSB GVF SFBMJ[BEB FTFODJBMNFOUF QPS VO NPOKF HSJFHP MMBNBEP 5FPEPSP Z RVF B MB TB[ÂO DPOWPDÂ B VO DPODJMJP FO )FSUGPSE FO FM BÁP F JNQVMTÂ MB DSFBDJÂO EF MBT EJÂDFTJT EF -FJDFTUFS 8PS DFTUFS )FSFGPSE Z 4JOEOBDIFTUFS "M NJTNP UJFNQP #FOJUP #JTDPQ PSJVOEP EF /PSUIVNCSJB GVOEB EPT OVFWPT NPOBTUFSJPT CFOFEJDUJOPT 8FBSNPVOUI Z +BSSPX Z SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF JOUFSFTBEPT FO DPOGPSNBS VOB WBTU½TJNB CJCMJPUFDB Z QSPQBHBS TVT DPOPDJNJFOUPT Z TJO QFOTBSMP QSFQBSBSTF QBSB SFDJCJS B VOP EF TVT NJFNCSPT N²T QSFTUJHJP TPT #FEB FM 7FOFSBCMF "OUFT EF NPSJS #FEB FTDSJC½B B &HCFSUP OVFWP PCJTQP EF :PSL VOB MBSHB DBSUB EPDUSJOBM FO MB RVF TFÁB MBCB MPT QVOUPT QSJODJQBMFT EF VOB BDUJWJEBE QBTUPSBM NFUÂEJDB iBV NFOUBS FM OVNFSP EF TBDFSEPUFT QBSB FWBOHFMJ[BS MBT [POBT SVSBMFT USBEVDJS FM $SFEP Z FM 1BESF /VFTUSP BM TBKÂO SFPSHBOJ[BS MB KFSBSRV½B FDMFTJ²TUJDB SFDPOTUSVZFOEP VOB TFHVOEB NFUSÂ QPMJ FO :PSL Z DSFBS OVFWPT PCJTQBEPT B QBSUJS EF MPT NPOBTUFSJPT w &O FTUF NBSDP FT EPOEF FODPO USBNPT B OVFTUSP GVSUJWP NPOKF TBKÂO DPO MB TPSQSFTB EF TFS SFTDBUBEP QPS VO IJTQBOP QBSMBOUF Z MBJDP

-KPIWME HI 7ER &IHE IR 7YRHIVPERH ERXIW 1SRO[IEVQSYXL

-" 7*%" %& #&%" &- 7&/&3"#-& i:P #FEB TJFSWP EF $SJTUP Z QSFT C½UFSP EFM NPOBTUFSJP EF MPT CFB U½TJNPT TBO 1FESP Z TBO 1BCMP 2VF OBD½ FO FM NJTNP UFSSJUPSJP EF EJDIPT NPOBTUFSJPT Z RVF B MPT BÁPT NJT QBESFT NF IBO QVFTUP CBKP MB EJSFDDJÂO EFM SFWFSFOE½TJ NP BCBE #FOFEJDUP Z EFTQV¹T EF CBKP $PMPSJEP QBSB TFS FEVDBEP %FTEF FOUPODFT UPEB NJ WJEB IB USBOTDVSSJEP EFOUSP EFM DMBVT USP EFM NPOBTUFSJP NFEJUBOEP TPCSF MBT 4BHSBEBT &TDSJUVSBT BVORVF TJFNQSF IF HVBSEBEP MB PCTFSWBODJB EF MB EJTDJQMJOB SF !215%/,/'¶! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


!215%/,/'¶! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


)-!').!2)/ -%$)%6!,

6

(/ ,0%2/,602 1,0$/ (1 /$ ('$' 0(',$

$

$/*8126 (-(03/26 '(/ 9$/7$5,2 (JTFMB $PSPOBEP 4DIXJOEU 6OJWFSTJEBE /BDJPOBM EFM 4VS

&- '"4$*/"/5& .6/%0 .&%*&7"- "53"& 103 .¬-5*1-&4 .05*704 &/53& -04 26& 4& %&45"$"/ "26&--04 7*/ $6-"%04 $0/ &- *."(*/"3*0 : -0 4*.#¦-*$0 26& %" #"/ '03." " -" .&/5"-*%"% %& )0.#3&4 : .6+&3&4 %& %*$)" 10$" -04 "/*."-&4 46 *.1035"/$*" : 4*( /*'*$"$*¦/ $0/'03."#"/ 6/0 %& -04 5¦1*$04 40#3& 4"-*&/5&4 &/ &45& "41&$50

M FTQ½SJUV NFEJFWBM QSFTFO UB VOB JODMJOBDJÂO IBDJB MB BCTUSBDDJÂO EFTDBOTBOEP TV WJTJÂO EFM NVOEP DPNP BmSNB +BDRVFT -F (PGG TPCSF SFMBDJPOFT BCTUSBDUBT &TUBT SF MBDJPOFT QFSNJU½BO FOUSFMB[BS FM NVOEP SFBM DPO FM NVOEP TJNCÂMJDP Z B ¹TUF DPO FM QBTBEP IJTUÂSJDP &O FTUF DPOUFY UP FM TJNCPMJTNP BÁBEF VO OVFWP WBMPS B VO PCKFUP P B VOB BDDJÂO TJO BUFO UBS QPS FMMP DPOUSB TVT WBMPSFT QSPQJPT F JONFEJBUPT P IJTUÂSJDPT 4F UJFOF DPO EFNBTJBEB GSFDVFODJB MB UFOEFODJB B QFOTBS RVF MB BENJTJÂO EF VO TFOUJEP TJNCÂMJDP EFCF JNQMJDBS FM SFDIB[P EFM TFOUJEP MJUFSBM P IJTUÂSJDP .²T BMM² EF FMMP TF QVFEF QFOTBS Z DPOTJEFSBS RVF MP TJNCÂMJDP OP FT FO BCTPMVUP FYDMV ZFOUF EF MP IJTUÂSJDP

6OB EF MBT EJmDVMUBEFT B TPSUFBS BM NPNFOUP EF FYQMPSBS FM NVOEP TJNCÂMJDP BTPDJBEP B MPT BOJNBMFT FT FM EF MB GVTJÂO EF EJGFSFOUFT WFSUJFOUFT Z USBEJDJPOFT EBEP RVF MB TJNCPMPH½B NFEJFWBM FT FM SFTVMUBEP EF MB NJYUVSB EF WBSJPT TJTUFNBT EF WBMPSFT Z NPEPT EF TFOTJCJMJEBE BOUFSJPSFT IBDJFO EP EJG½DJM JEFOUJmDBS VO TPMP OÈDMFP EF PSJ HFO " FTUP EFCFNPT BHSFHBSMF RVF OVFTUSB TFOTJCJMJEBE NPEFSOB oUBO EJGFSFOUF B MB NFEJFWBM DPOTUJUVZF VO PCTU²DVMP QBSB IB MMBS MB MÂHJDB Z FM TJHOJmDBEP EFM T½NCPMP &T QPS FMMP RVF FM BO²MJTJT EF MB TJNCPMPH½B FT TJFNQSF VO BO²MJTJT BCJFSUP RVF TVCSBZB NBUJDFT Z WFSEBEFT TJFNQSF QBSDJBMFT QSP QJBT EF VO NVOEP UBM EJG½DJM EF BTJS N²YJNF DVBOEP TF USBUB EF VO BSDP UFNQPSBM Z FTQB DJBM UBO FYUFOTP Z FYUFOEJEP &T OFDFTBSJP QVFT BDPUBS DJSDVOTDSJCJS FM BO²MJTJT B VO MVHBS Z UJFNQP EFUFSNJOBEP !215%/,/'¶! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


!215%/,/'¶! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


#)5$!$%3 0!42)-/.)/

&Ð5'2%$ /$ -2<$ '( $/ $1'$/86 7H[WR 'LHJR )XHQWHV 3HULRGLVWD )RWRV &HGLGDV SRU HO &RQVRUFLR GH 7XULVPR GH &yUGRED

&O FM TVS EF &TQBÁB KVOUP B VO NFBO ESP EFM S½P (VBEBMRVJWJS TF FODVFOUSB MB DJVEBE EF $ÂSEPCB &T VOB DJVEBE MMFOB EF IJTUPSJB FO MB RVF IBO DPOWJWJEP EJ WFSTBT DVMUVSBT Z SFMJHJPOFT RVF IBO EF KBEP TV IVFMMB FO MB DVMUVSB Z FO BMHVOPT EF MPT FEJmDJPT N²T CFMMPT EFM QB½T &T VOB DJVEBE MMFOB EF IJTUPSJB RVF WBMF MB QFOB EFTDVCSJS FTQFDJBMNFOUF TV DBTDP BOUJHVP EFDMBSBEP $FOUSP )JTUÂSJDP &O QMFOP DFOUSP EF MB DJVEBE FODPOUSBNPT MB .F[RVJUB SPEFBEB QPS MPT CBSSJPT KVE½P Z ²SBCF FOPSNFT QBUJPT MMFOPT EF nPSFT Z MB IVFMMB EF TVT EPT QFS½PEPT EF N²YJNP FTQMFOEPS FM ²SBCF Z FM SPNBOP

!215%/,/'¶! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


!215%/,/'¶! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


'ยฒ.%2/

/$

0,62*,1,$

(1 /$ ('$' 0(',$ $352;,0$&,ร 1 $ 81 &$7ร /2*2 '( /26 '()(&726 )(0(1,126 1JMBS $BCBOFT +JNยนOF[ .FEJFWBMJTUB 6OJWFSTJEBE EF $ยฒEJ[

/$ 08-(5 )8( 9,67$ 325 (/ +20%5( 0(',(9$/ &202 81 6(5 ',)(5(17( ( ,1)(5,25 < 6,(035( &202 &8/3$%/( 181&$ &202 9ร &7,0$ยซ

VTDBS MBT SBยฝDFT EF FTUB EJGFSFODJB Z EF FTUF PEJP P EF FTUF NJFEP DPMFDUJ WP OP FT VOB UBSFB GยฒDJM "VORVF OP QPEFNPT EF DJS B DJFODJB DJFSUB DVBOEP TVSHJFSPO FTUBT JEFBT TJ QPEFNPT UFTUJmDBS DVยฒO EP GVFSPO DPEJmDBEBT Z UFPSJ[BEBT "Tยฝ DSFFNPT RVF MB TVQVFTUB JOGFSJPSJEBE GFNFOJOB FYQSFTBEB FO IFDIPT Z QFS DJCJEB FO MB DPODJFODJB TPDJBM IBMMร SPQBKF UFร SJDP FO MB DMBTJmDBDJร O "SJT UPUยนMJDB EF VOB IVNBOJEBE DPNQVFTUB QPS IPNCSFT FTQยฝSJUV Z GPSNB Z NV KFSFT NBESFT Z NBUFSJB "TJNJTNP FT FO FM %F HFOFSBUJPOF BOJNBMJVN Z FO MB .FUBGยฝTJDB PCSBT BNCBT EFM JMVTUSF mMร TPGP EPOEF TVSHF MB JNBHFO EF MB NVKFS DPNP VO WBSร O EFGPSNB EP P NVUJMBEP 1VOUP EF WJTUB ยนTUF RVF TFSยฒ BEPQUBEP Z EFTBSSPMMBEP QPS OVNF SPTPT BVUPSFT (BMFOP QPS FKFNQMP TJ HVF MB USBEJDJร O BSJTUPUยนMJDB EF MB NVKFS DPNP TFS JNQFSGFDUP 1FSP FM GBDVMUBUJWP WB NยฒT BMMยฒ BM FTUSVDUVSBS FTUF QFOTB NJFOUP EFOUSP EFM DPODFQUP HMPCBM EFM

NBDSPDPTNPT NJDSPDPTNPT DPOTUJUV ZยนOEPTF FM HยนOFSP GFNFOJOP NยฒT JN QFSGFDUP RVF FM NBTDVMJOP FO SB[ร O B TV QSPQJB DPOTUJUVDJร O *EFB ยนTUB RVF BQB SFDFSยฒ QMBTNBEB FO MB NBZPS QBSUF EF MPT USBUBEPT EF NFEJDJOB NFEJFWBMFT : EFOUSP EFM ยฒNCJUP SFMJHJPTP EFT UBDBNPT MB #JCMJB 6O UFYUP DMBWF FT 1SPWFSCJPT "RVยฝ TF EFTDSJCF B MB NVKFS DPNP QBSMBOUF Z FSSBOUF JODBQB[ EF FTUBS RVJFUB Z TVT QJFT OVODB QBSBO FO DBTB ZB TFB FO MBT DBMMFT P FO MBT QMB[BT 7FNPT DFOTV SBEPT MPT EFGFDUPT RVF TF DJUBO DPO UBO UB GSFDVFODJB FO MB MJUFSBUVSB NJTร HJOB -B IJTUPSJB EF MBT NVKFSFT EF 4BMPNร O 3FZFT MPT NVDIPT DPNFO UBSJPT OFHBUJWPT TPCSF MB NVKFS FO 1SP WFSCJPT &DMFTJยฒTUJDP Z PUSPT MJCSPT EFM "OUJHVP 5FTUBNFOUP MB BDUJUVE EF 4BO 1BCMP TPCSF UPEP FO $PSJOUJPT BQPZBSPO VOB QPTUVSB BOUJGFNJOJT UB 5BNCJยนO DPOWJFOF UFOFS FO DVFOUB MPT GSFDVFOUFT FKFNQMPT EF NJTPHJOJB RVF TF FODVFOUSBO FO MB (MPTTB PSEJ OBSJB MB QSJODJQBM HMPTB CยฝCMJDB VTBEB

FO MB &EBE .FEJB : OP QPEFNPT PMWJ EBS B 4BOUP 5PNยฒT EF "RVJOP RVJFO FO TV 4VNNB 5IFPMร HJDB SFDPHF UPEB FTUB USBEJDJร O Z BQPSUB B MBT UFPSยฝBT m MPTร mDBT TFร BMBEBT FM NBUJ[ SFMJHJPTP DPO FM RVF IBO MMFHBEP IBTUB OPTPUSPT : FT RVF MB BTDยนUJDB EF MB DPOUJOFODJB FSB BNFOB[BEB QPS MB QSFTFODJB EF MBT NVKFSFT -B DFSDBOยฝB EF ยนTUBT FSB VO FTUยฝNVMP QBSB MB MMBNBEB EF MB DBSOF &M HยนOFSP GFNFOJOP FTDPOEยฝB CBKP MB QFST QFDUJWB EF MPT FDMFTJยฒTUJDPT FM HFSNFO EF MB QFSEJDJร O 1BSB BQPZBS FTUPT BSHV NFOUPT SFNJUJFSPO B VO WBTUP BSTFOBM EF UFPSยฝBT BOUJGFNJOJTUBT RVF IBCยฝBO EJGVO EJEP MPT BTDFUBT Z MPT QSJNFSPT 1BESFT EF MB *HMFTJB B USBWยนT EF VO DPNQFOEJP EF PCSBT BQPMPHยนUJDBT " NFOVEP BMV EJFSPO B &WB FM DBOBM QPS FM RVF FM NBM MMFHร BM IPNCSF : FO DPOTFDVFODJB FM QSJNFS DPOUBDUP EF MB NVKFS DPO MB TFEVDDJร O FM FOHBร P MB SFCFMJร O Z MB NBMEBE 'SFOUF B ยนTUB TJUVBSPO B .BSยฝB FODBSOBDJร O EF MB QVSF[B MB JOPDFODJB MB BCOFHBDJร O Z MB CFOFWPMFODJB &TUB JNBHFO BSUJmDJBM F JODPNQMFUB !215%/,/'ยถ! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


"326&0-0(ยก"

(/

021$67(5,2 '(

6$17$ 0$5ร $ '( 025(58(/$ ย SJLB -ร QF[ (ร NF[ o &EVBSEP " 4ยฒODIF[ 'FSSF[VFMP )JTUPSJBEPSFT

(/ (67$'2 $&78$/ '(/ &(12%,2 5( '8&,'2 $ 81 &21-8172 '( 58,1$6 12 ,03,'( 48( 6,*$ 6,(1'2 81$ '( /$6 0ร 6 %(//$6 (9,'(1&,$6 '( /$ 35(6(1&,$ (1 /$ 3(1ร 168/$ ,%e5, &$ '( /$ 27525$ (63/(1'2526$ 25'(1 &,67(5&,(16(

!215%/,/'ยถ! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


FDMBSBEP FO .POV NFOUP /BDJPOBM FT DVBO UP NFOPT TPSQSFOEFOUF JODMVTP JOEJHOBOUF RVF IBTUB OP QBTBTF B TFS QSPQJFEBE EF MB +VOUB EF $BTUJMMB Z -FÂO %VSBOUF FTF UJFNQP BMHVOBT FT UBODJBT EFM NPOBTUFSJP GVFSPO VUJMJ[BEBT QBSB BMCFSHBS HBOBEP MP RVF JNQMJDB VO EFQMPSBCMF FTUBEP EF DPOTFSWBDJÂO 1PS PUSP MBEP QS²DUJDBNFOUF EFTEF MB EFT BNPSUJ[BDJÂO EF .FOEJ[²CBM FM FYQPMJP Z MB SFVUJMJ[BDJÂO EF BMHVOPT NBUFSJBMFT IB TJEP DPOTUBOUF QPS MP RVF EFTEF FM QVOUP EF WJTUB BSRVFPMÂHJDP IBZ RVF UP NBS BMHVOBT QSFDBVDJPOFT &O DVBMRVJFS DBTP FM NPOBTUFSJP EF 4BOUB .BS½B EF .PSFSVFMB TF IBMMB VCJDBEP B QPDP NFOPT EF LJMÂNFUSPT EF MB MPDBMJEBE ;BNPSBOB EF (SBOKB EF .PSFSVFMB EFKBOEP FM S½P &TMB BM PFTUF 4PCSF FM UFSSFOP TF QPOFO EF NBOJmFTUP EPT JEFBT RVF TJO EVEB MPT NPOKFT DJT UFSDJFOTFT EFM .FEJPFWP UFO½BO FO TVT NFOUFT MB TPMFEBE Z MB IVNFEBE &TUB M½OFB EFTBSSPMMBEB QPS MB QSPGFTPSB .B S½B -VJTB #VFOP %PN½OHVF[ FO TV UFTJT EPDUPSBM TF QVFEF BQSFDJBS B WVFMBQMV NB WJTJUBOEP MBT SVJOBT EFM NPOBTUFSJP QVFT MB IVNFEBE QFOFUSB IBTUB MPT IVF TPT Z FM TJMFODJP FT FNCSJBHBEPS 4PCSF FM PSJHFO EFM ZBDJNJFOUP OPT WPMWFNPT B SFNJUJS B #VFOP %PN½OHVF[ QVFT FO SFMBDJÂO B MBT GVFOUFT BmSNB RVF UPEBT MBT OPUJDJBT BDFSDB EFM PSJHFO EFM NPOBTUFSJP iQBSFDFO EFTUJOBEBT B TFS DPOUSBEJDUPSJBTw 1PS FMMP DVBMRVJFS BQSPYJNBDJÂO B 4BOUB .BS½B EF .PSFSVF MB EFCF IBDFSTF DPO NVDIP DVJEBEP QVFT DJFSUB QBSUF EF MB CJCMJPHSBG½B FYJTUFOUF TF IBMMB TVQFSBEB Z BMHVOBT JEFBT EFT FDIBEBT 1PS FKFNQMP USBEJDJPOBMNFOUF TF IB EFGFOEJEP MB JEFB EF RVF MB BCBE½B SFQSFTFOUB FM QSJNFS BTFOUBNJFOUP EFM $½TUFS FO MB 1FO½OTVMB *C¹SJDB DPODFQUP RVF FO MB BDUVBMJEBE QBSFDF EFTFDIBEP P BM NFOPT FO SFWJTJÂO 4FB DPNP GVFSF MB QSFTFODJB EFM NP OBTUFSJP UJFOF VOB HSBO FOUJEBE UBOUP FT QBDJBM DPNP DSPOPMÂHJDBNFOUF "VORVF BNCPT DPODFQUPT TFS²O EFTBSSPMMBEPT N²T BEFMBOUF VOB N½OJNB DPOUFYUVBMJ[BDJÂO QFSNJUF IBCMBS EF VOB ¹QPDB EPSBEB FO USF MPT TJHMPT 9** Z 9*** FO MB DVBM TF EP DVNFOUB VO HSBO OÈNFSP EF QPTFTJPOFT EJTQFSTBT QFSUFOFDJFOUFT BM NPOBTUFSJP FO [POBT DPOPDJEBT FO MB BDUVBMJEBE DPNP -FÂO 7BMMBEPMJE 4BMBNBODB 1PSUVHBM Z FWJEFOUFNFOUF ;BNPSB " MP MBSHP EFM QSFTFOUF BSU½DVMP TF JO !215%/,/'¶! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


!215%/,/'¶! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


/&)#)/3

(1 (/ 75$16&8562 '(/ 6,*/2 ;,,, &$67(//$12 7(Ð/2*26 -85,6 7$6 < (6&5,725(6 '(%$7,(521 /$ &8(67,Ð1 '( /$ 35267,78 &,Ð1 *(1(5É1'26( 326785$6 48( ,%$1 '(6'( /$ 5(35(6,Ð1 $ /$ 72/(5$1&,$

'DYLG :DLPDQ 8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO GHO 6XU

4VSWXMXYXEW IR FEySW TSV %PFIVXS (YVIVS +EPIVuE 1YWIS &VIQIR /YRWXLEPPI

mOFT EF MB BOUJHÊFEBE 4BO "HVTU½O TF USBOTGPSNB FO FM FNFSHFOUF EJTDVSTJWP EF MB EJDPUPN½B DVFSQP o BMNB RVF TJSWF EF PSEFO FO FM NVOEP DSJTUJBOP 1BSB "HVTU½O MB TFYVBMJEBE QPTFF VO imO WJSUVPTPw RVF FT MB QSPDSFBDJÂO Z VO imO BCFSSBOUFw RVF FT MB CÈTRVFEB EFM QMBDFS QPS FM QMBDFS NJTNP 4J CJFO TF WF DPO NBMPT PKPT B MBT QSPTUJUVUBT Z TF DSFB FO UPS OP B EJDIB DVFTUJÂO UPEP VO EJTDVSTP EFTEF FM QPEFS NJTNP EF MB *HMFTJB TF MBT UPMFSB QPS FOUFOEFSMBT DPNP NBM OFDFTBSJP BQBDJ HVBEPS FO MB SFQSFTJÂO EFM EFTFP "IPSB CJFO MB QSPIJCJDJÂO EF UPEB QS²D UJDB TFYVBM SFMBDJPOBEB DPO FM DVFSQP Z OP WJODVMBEB B MB GVODJÂO SFQSPEVDUJWB DPOEJ DJPOB MB FNFSHFODJB EF MBT QS²DUJDBT BNB UPSJBT iBCFSSBOUFTw iJNQVSBTw iDPOUSB o OBUVSBw DFOTVSBEBT DPNP JOEJHOBT QPS MB TPMB SB[ÂO EF TV BDUP QVFT OP BTQJSBO TJOP BM HPDF EF MB DBSOF %F FTUB GPSNB MB JOT UJUVDJÂO NBUSJNPOJBM TF DPOTUJUVZF DPNP FM MVHBS SFTFSWBEP QBSB MB QS²DUJDB TFYVBM %FOUSP EF MBT GVFOUFT RVF TF IBO VUJMJ [BEP QBSB FTUF USBCBKP DBCS½B NFODJPOBSTF i-B 7JEB EF 4BOUB .BS½B &HJQD½BDBw PCSB MJUFSBSJB NPSBMJ[BEPSB RVF QFSUFOFDF BM H¹ OFSP IBHJPHS²mDP Z OBSSB VOB WJEB FKFN QMBS MB EF .BS½B &HJQD½BDB &TUB QPOF EF NBOJmFTUP MPT FTUSBHPT RVF QPE½B QSPWPDBS FO MPT E¹CJMFT IPNCSFT VOB CFMMB NVKFS &M FKFNQMP EF FTUB NVKFS FT EPCMF BEFN²T EF TV BSSFQFOUJNJFOUP mOBM RVF DPOTUJUVZF FM BTQFDUP QPTJUJWP IBMMBNPT FM PUSP MBEP EF MB !215%/,/'¶! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


/26

)8525(6 3238/$5(6

(1 /$ %$-$ ('$' 0(',$

!215%/,/'¶! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


+645*$*" 1016-"3 (17(1'(026 325 )8525(6 3238/$5(6 $48( //26 /(9$17$0,(1726 (1 48( /26 &$03(6, 126 &20321Ì$1 /$ 0$<25 3$57( '( /26 ()(& 7,926 68%/(9$'26 < (1 /26 48( /$6 &$86$6 '( /$ 5(98(/7$ $)(&7$%$1 62%5( 72'2 (1 35,1&,3,2 $/ 081'2 &$03(6,12 $OHMDQGUD 'XSUH\ +LVWRULDGRUD

!215%/,/'¶! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


$"45*--04

$/&$=$%$ /$

'( 0e5,'$ 81 (&2 '( $/ É1'$/86 (1 /$ +,63$1,$ 520$1$ $OIRQVR 5RPHUR (VFULWRU

*VIRXI QIVMHMSREP HI PE EPGE^EFE HI 1qVMHE E QY] TSGSW QIXVSW HI PEW SWGYVEW EKYEW HIP +YEHMERE !215%/,/'¶! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


/$ 0,/(1$5,$ $/&$=$%$ '( 0e5,'$ &2167,78<( 812 '( /26 32&26 (-(0 3/26 '( )257$/(=$ (5, *,'$ 12 6ร /2 3$5$ 352 7(*(56( '( /$6 $*5(6,2 1(6 (;7(5,25(6 6,12 7$0 %,e1 '( /$ +267,/,'$' '( $48e//26 $ 48,(1(6 $ 35,25, 7(1ร $ /$ 2%/,*$ &,ร 1 '( '()(1'(5

FTEF MVFHP OP EFCF IBCFS NVDIBT QFSTPOBT RVF JHOPSFO FM QBTBEP HMPSJPTP EF .ยนSJEB BOUBร P MMB NBEB $PMPOJB "VHVTUB &NFSJUB Z RVF GVFSB PSHVMMPTB DBQJUBM EF MB EJร DFTJT IJTQยฒOJDB UBSEPSSPNBOB QSJNFSB DJVEBE EF MB QFOยฝOTVMB *CยนSJDB Z OPWFOB VSCF EFM *NQFSJP 4VT BCVOEBOUFT WFTUJHJPT SPNB OPT CFMMPT F JNQPOFOUFT BUSBFO DBEB Bร P VO TJOGยฝO EF WJTJUBOUFT EFTFPTPT EF BQSFOEFS RVF MB DJVEBE GVOEBDJร O DFTBSJBOB TFHร O MBT ร MUJNBT JOWFTUJHBDJPOFT GVF FTDPHJEB QPS FM FNQFSBEPS "VHVTUP B $ DPNP BTFOUB NJFOUP EFmOJUJWP EF MPT WFUFSBOPT EF MBT SF DJยนO DPODMVJEBT (VFSSBT $ยฒOUBCSBT ร MUJNP EF MB MBSHB TFSJF EF DPOnJDUPT RVF KBMPOBSBO MB DPORVJTUB SPNBOB EF MB QFOยฝOTVMB 4FNFKBOUF EJTUJODJร O JNQMJDBCB QBSB &NยนSJUB MB DPODFTJร O EFM FTUBUVT KVSยฝEJDP EF $PMPOJB B MB TB[ร O FM NยฒT FMFWBEP EFOUSP EFM EFSFDIP UFSSJUPSJBM SPNBOP ZB RVF OP FO WBOP TJUVBCB B TVT NPSBEPSFT FO FM NJTNP QMBOP KVSยฝEJDP RVF MPT EF MB $JVEBE &UFSOB $PO TFDVFODJB EJSFDUB EF UBO FYDFMTB QSFCFOEB VOJEB B MB GFSBDJEBE Z SJRVF[B EF MB DPNBSDB DJSDVOEBOUF B MB QPTUSF NBHOJmDBEB QPS MBT Nร MUJQMFT QPTJCJMJEBEFT JOIFSFOUFT B MB QPTF TJร O EF VOB FYDFMFOUF SFE EF DBM[BEBT GVF FM SยฒQJEP EFTQFHVF EF MB DJVEBE DPNP DBCF[B OP Tร MP EF TV DPNBSDB TJOP UBNCJยนO EF UPEB MB -VTJUBOJB SFHJร O QSFSSPNBOB DPJODJEFOUF B HSBOEFT SBTHPT DPO MPT BDUVBMFT 1PSUVHBM Z &YUSFNBEVSB QPTUFSJPSNFOUF FMFWBEB B MB DBUFHPSยฝB EF QSPWJODJB SPNBOB FO UJFNQPT EF %JPDMFDJBOP /P UBSEBSยฝB QPS UBOUP FO FN QF[BS B NPOVNFOUBMJ[BSTF MB QSร TQFSB VSCT EPUยฒOEPTF EF VOB MBSHB MJTUB EF HSBOEJPTBT SFBMJ[BDJPOFT BSRVJUFDUร OJDBT UยฝQJDBNFOUF SP NBOBT BMHVOBT EF MBT DVBMFT oFT FM DBTP EFM BOmUFBUSP P FM EFM DFMFCยนSSJNP UFBUSPย QVF EFO DPOUFNQMBSTF UPEBWยฝB FO CVFO FTUBEP EF DPOTFSWBDJร O &M SFTVMUBEP TFSยฝB VOB VSCF !215%/,/'ยถ! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


!215%/,/'¶! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


&405&3*4.0 .&%*&7"-

/$

&ร %$/$ 352)(7,&$

'( $%5$+$0 $%8/$),$ &SOFTU #FOESJTT )JTUPSJBEPS

$%5$+$0 %(1 $%8/$),$ (/ (;321(17( 0ร ;,02 '( /$ &ร %$/$ 352 )e7,&$ (63$f2/$ 1$&,ร (1 =$5$*2=$ (1 < 3$6ร 68 35,0(5$ -89(178' (1 78'(/$ '21'( 5(&,%,ร ,16758&&,ร 1 %ร %/,&$ < 7$/0ร ',&$ '( 68 3$'5(

M NPSJS ยนTUF DPOUBCB "CVMBmB EJFDJPDIP Bร PT Z EPT Bร PT NยฒT UBSEF FN QSFOEJร WJBKF B 1BMFTUJ OB (SFDJB F *UBMJB QBSB SFUPSOBS B &TQBร B IBDJB EPOEF QBTร VOPT Bร PT EFEJDBEP QPS FOUFSP B MB NยฝTUJDB &O #BSDFMPOB Z (FSPOB FOUSร FO DPOUBDUP DPO VO HSVQP EF DBCBMJTUBT RVF DSFยฝBO QPEFS BDDFEFS B MPT NJTUFSJPT NยฒT QSPGVOEPT EF MB DPTNPHPOยฝB Z MB UFPMPHยฝB NยฝTUJDB QPS MPT NยนUPEPT DBCB MยฝTUJDPT CBTBEPT FO FM WBMPS OVNยนSJDP EF MBT MFUSBT HFNBUSยฝB Z FO TV QFSNVUB DJร O OPUBSJLร O &O FTUF UJFNQP MFZร MB (VยฝB EF MPT 1FSQMFKPT EF .BJNร OJ EFT RVF DPOTJEFSBCB PCSB DBCBMยฝTUJDB Z QVOUP EF QBSUJEB EF TV QSPQJB NยฝTUJDB &M 4FGFS :FUTJSBI &M MJCSP EF MB $SFB DJร O MF JOUSPEVKP FO FM NยนUPEP EF MB DยฒCBMB QSยฒDUJDB " MPT USFJOUB Z VO Bร PT GVF BSSFCBUBEP QPS FM FTQยฝSJUV QSPGยนUJDP FO #BSDFMPOB Z B QBSUJS EF FOUPODFT TF EFEJDร B FOTFร BS TV EPDUSJOB DPO QPDP ยนYJUP %FTEF $BUBMVร B WJBKร B $BTUJ MMB FYQMJDBOEP Z FOTFร BOEP MB PCSB EF .BJNร OJEFT TVT FOTFร BO[BT FKFSDJFSPO

)P TVMQIV XI\XS IR SVKERM^EV PE ,EPENj TSV XIQEW ] RS TSV WY SVHIR IR IP 8EPQYH JYI IP HIP VEFMRS 1SMWqW 1EMQzRMHIW EYXSV HIP =EH LE.E^EOE S 1MWLRq 8SVj

HSBO JOnVFODJB TPCSF :PTFG (JLBUJMMB Z .PTIF C 4JNร O EF #VSHPT EPT EF MPT QSJODJQBMFT DBCBMJTUBT DBTUFMMBOPT FOUSF Z %VSBOUF BMHร O UJFNQP WJBKร QPS &TQBร B Z 'SBODJB FOTFร BOEP TV OVFWB EPDUSJOB QFSP FO TF MBO [ร B MB BWFOUVSB EF PUSP WJBKF QPS *UBMJB Z (SFDJB 'VF FOUPODFT DVBOEP DPNFO[ร B FTDSJCJS UFYUPT QSPGยนUJDPT RVF mSNBCB DPO FM OPNCSF EF 3B[JFM

46 %0$53*/" -B EPDUSJOB EF "CVMBmB FOTFร B FM SF UPSOP EFM BMNB B TV VOJEBE PSJHJOBSJB DPO %JPT 4F QSFDJTB VOB QVSJmDBDJร O FTQJSJUVBM RVF FMJNJOF MP TFOTJCMF Z VO WFIยฝDVMP RVF FMFWF FM BMNB B %JPT FM BMGBCFUP IFCSFP RVF FODJFSSB FM OPN CSF EF %JPT $PNP FM OPNCSF EF %JPT DPOUJFOF FM TFOUJEP EF UPEP DVBOUP FYJTUF MB NF EJUBDJร O TPCSF ยนM FT FM DBNJOP IBDJB FM ยนYUBTJT QSPGยนUJDP FO RVF FM NยฝTUJDP MPHSB BMDBO[BS MPT TFDSFUPT RVF EJTQPOFO FM BMNB QBSB FM ยนYUBTJT NยฝTUJDP -B FUBQB QSFMJNJOBS DPOTJTUF FO MB DPNCJOBDJร O Z QFSNVUBDJร O EF MBT WFJOUJEร T MFUSBT EFM BMGBCFUP IFCSFP MB FTDSJUVSB Z MB NFEJUBDJร O TPCSF MP FT DSJUP BDPNQBร BEBT EF FKFSDJDJPT SFT QJSBUPSJPT Z EFUFSNJOBEBT QPTUVSB EFM DVFSQP RVF SFDVFSEBO BM ZPHB "CVMBmB SFDPNJFOEB VO DVJEBEP FTQFDJBM QBSB OP DBNCJBS MBT WPDBMFT Z DPOTPOBOUFT EFM MVHBS RVF MFT DPSSFT QPOEF QVFT FTUP QVFEF QFSUVSCBS MB DPSSFTQPOEFODJB EF MBT MFUSBT DPO MPT ร SHBOPT EFM DVFSQP DPO FM SFTVMUBEP EF !215%/,/'ยถ! ()34/2)! 9 6)!*%3 3/"2% %, -5.$/ -%$)%6!,


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.