Aqueous Amelioration - Design Report

Aqueous Amelioration

water | i

ii | thread i

Aqueous Amelioration Sustaining & Reviving the Parish of S達o Miguel, Lisbon

Design Report Murdo McDermid

Anti-austerity march during 2013 feild-trip iv | thread i

Abstract With Lisbon’s increasing depopulation and ever growing number of vacant, abandoned buildings falling into disrepair, driven heavily by austerity measures taken as part of the European Bailout Scheme (with Portugal due to exit the scheme in May 2014, leaving Cyprus and Greece the only Eurozone states still under ‘assistance’ from the IMF) Aqueous Amelioration aims to provide particularly heavily affected areas of the city with the means for greater self-sustainability and self-sufficiency, and a decreased reliance on state governed infrastructure.

The end goal of the project being to lessen the often debilitating impact of sweeping bureaucratic decisions typically out-with the hands of the everyday inhabitant and present a progressive, less environmentally impactful way to live in the future.

It is important to note that the project by no mean purports to be a panacea for the hardships of austerity, rather serving as an example and a precedent of ways in which the city and its inhabitants can take control of and maintain crucial aspects of their everyday life, and in the process, rejuvenate areas of their community and the culturally rooted communal everyday.

Bricolage map of Lisbon showing a number of aspects including ferry lines, parish boundaries, flight paths and geological data. vi | thread i

Prologue The city of Lisbon, until 2012, was officially split into 53 distinct civil parishes (freguesias), which are secondary local administrative units, of which the residents tend to identify with quite strongly. Each parish is administered by a junta de freguesia drawn from a publicly elected four-year-term assembleia de freguesia. The project focuses on the parish of SĂŁo Miguel, which now sits within the Santa Maria Maior, one of the 24 new freguesias. It can be noted that the parish has no direct connection to the historic Ă guas Livres Aqueduct, meaning that the residents would have originally had to walk a fair distance to collect fresh water. Presumably this water was connected to a wider spanning mains system in later years.

The utilitarian aim of the project is to provide the identified parish (and potentially other parishes in the future) with an autonomous water system, including the harvesting of rainwater through series of interconnected roof structures and ground-planes to its reuse in grey-water systems such as laundry and even a supply of potable water for use in times of seasonal dry-spells, where residents will struggle for water to bath and drink at certain times of the day.

Essentially the projects seeks to provide the people of Lisbon with a more stable and self-sustainable system than the one that is currently provided by the city of Lisbon, which has been identified to fall short on a number of levels, including the drainage and processing of excess water run-off, sewage transportation and consistent supply of water through summer months. The project also makes use of a number of the parish’s abandoned buildings to house these proposed systems, thus creating a project which is as sensitive to the existing historic fabric as possible whilst containing inherent sustainability.

Contents Map 001

031

Large scale water

Indexing

Containing

Shifting Boundaries

Shifting people

Topographies

Generator

Proposal

Narrative

Generator

Proposal

Narrative

Generator

Proposal

Narrative

Thread i: Theme - Water

Thread ii: City - Parish

Displacement

053

065

099

137

Thread iii: Ecology - Reuse

Reservoir

Laundry & Drying

Dwelling

Fire Strategy

Connecting

Index of proposals

Reservoir

Laundry & Drying

Dwelling

In a series of three proposals sited within the parish of SĂŁo Miguel, the reservoir forms the first point in this proposed network of architectures.

The reservoir constitutes the physical origin of sustainable water collection and distribution for the parish along with telling a story in admiration of water’s might and journey through the urban landscape.

The second point in the network of proposals is formed by a community washing and drying facility with provision for traditional and modern modes of washing.

The third proposal focuses on temporary dwelling within SĂŁo Miguel by way of a hostel, a way to dwell in a more communal and sustainable manner, without each building having the need for in-house washing and cooking facilities.

1 | thread i

Thread i: Theme - Water Water as a theme and as a objects is the most basic and fundamental component for this network of architectures to operate. Beginning at a nation-wide scale, the proposal work with water all the way down to the human.

Key words: Contain Displace Network Climate Environment

water | 2

Hydrogeological maps of Portugal In studying the hydrological data for Portugal, provided by the European Academies Science Advisory Council (easac), it can be seen that the country comprises of four main hydrological unities, (fig. 1.) defined by climactic and geological conditions.

Within these unities there are 62 aquifer systems, out of which 22 are porous, 21 karstic and 19 are a mixture of porous and fissured unities. (fig. 2) In what concerns the geographical extension the porous ones cover 60 % of a total area of the aquifers (18,000 km2) What can be seen for the city of Lisbon is that it is not sited on a place of porous rock, meaning that the residents cannot benefit from such practices as well drilling.

This limits the water supply of Lisbon to sources far afield, out-with the city such as large, state controlled reservoirs, or renewable sources such as rainwater collection such as is proposed within this project.

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Figure 1. Main Hydrogeological Unities Tagus - Sado Basin Meridional Unit Western Unit Hercynian Unit

Figure 2. Groundwater Origin (%) 0-25 25-50 50-75 75-100 water | 4

Águas Livres Aqueduct Constructed in the 18th century, the now defunct Águas Livres Aqueduct provided fresh water to the city of Lisbon until its decommissioning in 1973. Over this period, and still today, the aqueduct was enveloped by the constant growth of the city into its current metropolitan typology, at times becoming almost invisible amongst the residence and commerce.

Subtle clues reveal the aqueduct in its urban context, for instance a now disused, unassuming, service entrance on the edge of a modern car park, at other times the aqueduct can be seen to soar free of the city, such as at the Alcantara valley where it stands at 65m tall at its highest point.

In its present state the aqueduct serves as a constant reminder of Lisbon’s long standing connections with water, from the days of its first known inhabitants, the Lusitanians, who praised a number of water Gods, to the ever present Tagus, which allowed the city of Lisbon to thrive on shipping goods.

The parish of São Miguel is visible in the bottom right of the map, denoted by the satellite image. It should be noted that the parish had no direct connection to the aqueduct, meaning that the residents would have originally had to walk a distance to collect fresh water.

Presumably this water was connecting to a wider spanning mains system in later years.

5 | thread i

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Climate data Following climate data is, of course, of fundamental importance to project which relies on the storage and distribution of water across a network. Such data can aide in scheduling how many days/weeks/seasons a year certain proposals can operate for and in terms of design can help with sizing of storage tanks and collection surfaces.

Comparing Lisbon with the previously studied city of Edinburgh helps gain an understanding and perspective of just how much rain falls each year, with Lisbon actually averaging significantly more rainfall on average. However unlike Edinburgh, Lisbon’s precipitation follows a steeply altering trajectory with almost no rainfall in the summer months. This being an example of how a proposal would need to adjust operations to store extra volumes of water over this period and/or alter the manner in which it is distributed, for example, only releasing water at high pressure times of the day to boost in inhabitants showers where the mains supply simply does not satisfy the demand.

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Edinburgh

Lisbon

Totals and averages:

Totals and averages:

Annual average high temperature: Annual average low temperature: Average temperature: Average annual precipitation: Days per year with precipitation: Average annual hours of sunshine:

12.2 °C 4.8 °C 8.5 °C 668 mm 191 d.

1286 h.

Annual average high temperature: Annual average low temperature: Average temperature: Average annual precipitation: Days per year with precipitation: Average annual hours of sunshine:

20.8 °C 12.8 °C 16.8 °C 753 mm 82 d.

2781 h.

water | 8

Light index The aim of the city-light index is to understand and to take into account “space, light and material scale: the specific mechanisms of place in relation to culture”.

This visual collection of qualitative properties of natural light in selected interiors encountered in Lisbon, and subsequent documentation, ordering and construction of a taxonomy of light, became a calibration of the existing ‘built scale’ of the city, and a source and reference point for future invention.

While much field practice in relation to the city currently focuses on the exterior, the street, the public realm, the space of mingling, the freely engaged with, in this fieldwork, fragments of interiors, an experiential field where qualities of light contribute significantly to the distinctiveness of situations were engaged with. Initially three significant examples of Rasmussen’s three types of Daylight were identified: the bright open hall, the room with a skylight and, most typical of all, the room with light entering from the side.

Further to this, and pacifically as a precursor to the following propositional design work, the initially The bright open hall identified light condition were refined to includes situation of interaction with courtyard spaces and water.

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The room with a skylight

The room with light entering from the side

Light on water

Light in a courtyard

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Archive drawings A great wealth of original measured drawings of some of the key buildings and structures that formed the overall aqueduct and reservoir system that supplied clean water to the city of Lisbon, up until as recently as 1973, affords valuable insight into traditional regional methods of water storage and displacement. What is also clear from these drawings, is just how important the water infrastructure was to the city of Lisbon, with large amounts of skill and effort put into the heavily embellished stonework that adorned these public water towers, reservoirs and fountains.

Provided by Lisbon’s ‘Museu da Cidade’,

Águas Livres Aqueduct spanning the Alcantara valley 11 | thread i

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Water tower elevation 13 | thread i

Water tower section water | 14

Elevation of Fountain at Largo do Rato 15 | thread i

Elevation of Reservatório da Mãe d’Água das Amoreiras water | 16

Section of Reservatório da Mãe d’Água das Amoreiras 17 | thread i

Plan of Reservatório da Mãe d’Água das Amoreiras water | 18

Indexing Lisbon’s water network When considering the plausibility of proposing a independent micro water systems within the larger context of Lisbon we must note that whilst the ability to control ones own water supply is potentially beneficial we must be mindful that certain elements, such as the mass supply of water for emergency hydrants, is essential. This is a reliance on a grid, a network, so as well as being independent from the network it is important not to become isolated from it. To this end it would be more favourable to plug into a grid, to provide for oneself (an area/ community) whilst feeding any excess back into the network, thus maintaining mindfulness of the greater urban context.

Parish of SĂŁo Miguel: Proposed route of new water networks and points of potential infrastructure housing

19 | thread i

Index of fire hydrants around Lisbon

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Indexing Lisbon’s water network: continued What quickly became evident when walking the streets of Lisbon was the large number of public fountains and wells, now all decommissioned, which would have provided the residents with their only source of fresh, clean drinking water and no doubt would have provided a key social function as people gathered in squares to collect water for drinking and washing laundry. It was also noted that many of these fountains and wells were heavenly embellished indicating the importance of these objects.

Fountain water spout

21 | thread i

Index of fountains and wells around Lisbon

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Measuring infrastructure A number of field studies where carried out whilst in Lisbon concerned with the accurate measuring up of articles such as drinking fountains, door handles, tram tracks and drainage details. Together these help put together a picture of the infrastructural and human scale of the elements that make up Lisbon’s urban fabric.

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Various drainage details found around Lisbon

Fountain at Beco de São Miguel

Above: Door and stonework of ‘a Igreja de Santa Maria Maior’ Below: 19th water fountain | Largo de Sé water | 24

Scales of containment Considering containment as the fundamental function of these devices, separate from washing for example, allows one to fully understand and appreciate how objects can be design for efficient accommodation and egress of water.

Vessel sink with pop-up stopper

25 | thread i

Vessel sink with rubber plug and overflow

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Concrete dome water cistern and filter

27 | thread i

Concrete dome water cistern and filter with initial filtration basin

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Aqueous connectivity This 1:1000 model was constructed to demonstrate a number of potential routes, between the abandoned and vacant buildings within S達o Miguel, that could be taken by water solely using gravitational forces provided by the naturally steep topography of the Alfama

29 | thread i

water | 30

31 | thread ii

Thread ii: City - Parish Again begging at a large scale, coving Lisbon wide, the scale breaks down the wider city arriving at the parish of S達o Miguel Key words: City Parish Demographics Gradient Topography

parish | 32

Ajuda Alcântara Beato Benfica Campolide Carnide Lumiar Marvila Santa Maria Dos Olivais (Lisboa) São Domingos De Benfic Parque Das Nações São Vicente Arroios Campo De Ourique Belém Areeiro Estrela Misericórdia Santa Clara i Santa Maria Maior Santo António Avenidas Novas Alvalade Penha De França

New administrative boundaries as of November 2012 33 | thread ii

Lei n.º 56/2012 & Lei n.º 11-A/2013 The law passed in November of 2012 (Lei n.º 56/2012) reduced the official number of freguesias to 24 administrative units, with the administrative reorganisation being completed in September of 2013.

This restructuring of local government was carried out in favour of saving and effective service. However, there was significant opposition to these changes for a period of over two years from all opposing political parties and perhaps more importantly from the Associçáo Nacional de Freguesias (National association of parishes) who conducted a study concluding that overall these changes would only bring savings in the region of 6.5m Euro. Many polling stations also boycotted the vote in protest.

Despite these official changes, it appears to be the case that residents still organise themselves, at least socially, around the old boundaries, evidenced in articles such as parish community websites. Curiously, the administrative boundaries along the shore-front now reach out to cover sections of the Rio Tejo (Tagus River) where previously the boundaries reached only as far as the natural ground, even negating the constructed concrete edge.

parish | 34

Parishes of Lisbon prior to 2012

1.Ajuda 2.Alcântara 3.Alto do Pina 4. Alvalade 5.Ameixoeira 6.Anjos 7. Beato 8.Benfica 9. Campo Grande 10. Campolide 11. Carnide 12. Castelo 13.Charneca 14.Coração de Jesus 15. Encarnação 16.Graça 17. Lapa 18.Lumiar 19.Madalena 20.Mártires 21.Marvila 22.Mercês 23.Nossa Sra. de Fátima 24.Pena 25.Penha de França 26.Prazeres 27.Sacramento 28.Santa Catarina 29.Santa Engrácia 30. Santa Isabel 31.Santa Justa 32.Santa Maria de Belém 33.Santa Maria dos Olivais 34.Santiago 35.Sto. Condestável 36.Sto. Estevão 37.Santos-o-Velho 38.S. Cristovão e S. Lourenço 39. S. Domingos de Benfica 40.S. Francisco Xavier 41.S. João 42.S. João de Brito 43.S. João de Deus 44.S. Jorge de Arroios 45.S. José 46.S. Mamede 47.S. Miguel 48.S. Nicolau 49.S. Paulo 50. S. Sebastião da Pedreira 51.S. Vicente de Fora 52.Sé 53. Socorro

35 | thread ii

1981 1991 2001 2008

Facing page: City of Lisbon showing parish boundaries & route of historic aqueduct with location of SĂŁo Miguel parish mark at No. 47 Above-right: AML Municipalities with table showing mass depopulation of Lisbon between the periods1981-2008 according to census data

Amadora 163.878 181.774 175.872 172.110 Cascais 141.498 153.294 170.683 188.244 Lisbon 807.937 663.394 564.657 489.562 Loures 276.467 322.158 199.059 195.035 Mafra 43.899 43.731 54.358 70.867 Odivelas - - 133.847 153.584 Oeiras 149.328 151.342 162.128 172.021 Sintra 226.428 260.951 363.749 445.872 Vila Franca de Xira 88.193 103.571 122.908 142.163 North bank 1.897.628 1.880.215 1.947.261 2.029.458 Alcochete 11.246 10.169 13.010 17.464 Almada 147.690 151.783 160.825 166.103 Azambuja 19.768 19.568 20.837 Barreiro 88.052 85.768 79.012 77.893 Moita 53.240 65.086 67.449 71.596 Montijo 36.849 36.038 39.168 41.432 Palmela 36.933 43.857 53.353 62.820 Seixal 86.169 116.912 150.271 175.837 Sesimbra 23.103 27.246 37.567 52.371 SetĂşbal 98.366 103.634 113.934 124.459 South bank 601.416 660.061 735.426 789.975 AML 2.502.044 2.540.276 2.682.687 2.819.433 PORTUGAL 9.833.000 9.867.100 10.356.100 10.267.250 parish | 36

37 | thread ii

Census data The following pages show a series of maps visualizing respective data from Lisbon’s most recently published census data. When compared with data from previous years, much is revealed about the morphological and sociological nature of the city. Of particular interest to this project, it allows one to identify which parish would be best suited and most in need of rejuvenation projects and can inform on the best practice to do so based on ages and nature of the residents. For example we see that the parish of São Miguel has the seventh highest relative percentage of vacant buildings of the 53 parishes and the third oldest average aged buildings despite aspects such as its prominent location within the city.

parish | 38

Total number of buildings

1991

2001

No. Rank No. Rank

1Km No.

(Blocks)

[1 - 3] [3 - 5] [5 - 8] [8 - 12] [12 - 17] [17 - 23] [23 - 32] [32 - 47] [47 - 79] [79 - 290]

39 | thread ii

(370) (341) (445) (545) (479) (401) (379) (249) (142) (44)

Ajunda 3177 Alcantara 1949 Alto de Pina 652 Alvalade 591 Ameixoeira 929 Anjos 1009 Beato 2030 Benfica

3216 Campo Grande 627 Campolide 3797 Carnide 1831 Castelo 773 Charneca 1466 Coracao de Jesus 558 Encarnacao 503 Graca 817 Lapa 1073 Lumiar 3456 Madalena 76 Martires 50 Marvila 3016 Merces 803 Nossa Senhora de Fatima 1296 Pena 694 Penha de Franca 1468 Prazeres 1463 Sacramento 165 Santa Catarina 727 Santa Engracia 763 Santa Isabel 1085 Santa Justa 182 Santa Maria de Belem 2280 Santa Maria dos Olivais 3184 Santiago 133 Santo Condestavel 2719 Santo Estevao 411 Santos-o-Velho 957 S. Cristovao e S. Lourenco 229 S. Domingos de Benfica 1671 S. Francisco Xavier 1059 S. Joao 1796 S. Joao de Brito 1374 S. Joao de Deus 843 S. Jorge de Arroios 1652 S. Jose 585 S. Mamede 643 S. Miguel 356 S. Nicolau 203 S. Paulo 506 S. Sebastiao da Pedreira 571 S. Vicente de Fora 629 Se 193 Socorro 454

5 3090 10 1575 32 571 36 633 25 987 23 1000 9 1867 3 2826 35 627 1 2276 11 1843 51 587 16 876 39 532 41 464 27 704 21 1008 2 2088 52 74 53 60 6 1753 28 884 19 1184 31 797 15 1321 17 1087 49 130 30 652 29 657 20 833 48 148 8 1901 4 3055 51 168 7 2554 43 538 24 695 45 209 13 1657 22 1032 12 1453 18 1247 26 819 14 1568 37 529 33 581 44 303 46 242 40 474 38 532 34 572 47 190 42 588

1 12 37 32 22 21 8 3 33 5 9 51 24 38 42 28 20 6 52 53 10 23 17 27 15 19 50 31 30 25 49 7 2 48 4 43 29 46 11 19 14 16 16 13 40 35 44 45 41 39 36 47 34

Average age of buildings

1991

2001

Avg. Rank Avg.Rank

1Km Age

(Blocks)

[6 - 20] (318) [20 - 25] (105) [25 - 30] (288) [30 - 35] (134) [35 - 40] (402) [40 - 45] (218) [45 - 50] (489) [50 - 60] (260) [60 - 75] (536) [>=75] (405)

Ajunda 52.5 Alcantara 60.6 Alto de Pina 42.0 Alvalade 37.8 Ameixoeira 24.3 Anjos 61.6 Beato 54.1 Benfica

37.3 Campo Grande 37.7 Campolide 44.5 Carnide 27.9 Castelo 88.8 Charneca 26.2 Coracao de Jesus 62.1 Encarnacao 79.1 Graca 76.2 Lapa 61.0 Lumiar 26.4 Madalena 89.5 Martires 69.4 Marvila 38.7 Merces 76.6 Nossa Senhora de Fatima 47.1 Pena 82.7 Penha de Franca 57.2 Prazeres 66.2 Sacramento 83.3 Santa Catarina 57.5 Santa Engracia 66.0 Santa Isabel 71.5 Santa Justa 88.0 Santa Maria de Belem 55.9 Santa Maria dos Olivais 36.8 Santiago 82.3 Santo Condestavel 62.5 Santo Estevao 89.8 Santos-o-Velho 82.1 S. Cristovao e S. Lourenco 89.1 S. Domingos de Benfica 28.4 S. Francisco Xavier 28.1 S. Joao 51.4 S. Joao de Brito 33.4 S. Joao de Deus 45.0 S. Jorge de Arroios 56.7 S. Jose 81.2 S. Mamede 65.5 S. Miguel 90.0 S. Nicolau 90.7 S. Paulo 79.8 S. Sebastiao da Pedreira 50.8 S. Vicente de Fora 68.1 Se 90.4 Socorro 72.2

35 30 41 43 53 28 34 45 44 40 50 7 52 27 16 18 29 51 5 21 42 17 38 11 31 23 10 9 24 20 8 33 46 12 26 4 13 6 48 49 36 47 39 32 14 25 3 1 15 37 22 2 19

58.5 56.0 48.2 45.7 29.5 65.3 60.7 34.3 46.3 54.4 44.7 58.0 52.0 64.5 89.3 70.9 59.2 27.0 88.4 78.3 41.7 58.6 49.3 77.2 60.9 72.3 41.7 73.8 63.6 65.5 69.3 57.7 40.3 90.1 70.5 77.7 69.9 70.8 43.1 35.1 53.8 42.7 50.8 55.5 72.3 65.6 87.9 69.7 71.2 53.4 53.6 55.2 47.6

27 30 40 43 52 20 24 51 42 33 44 28 37 21 2 12 25 53 4 5 47 26 39 7 23 10 48 8 22 19 17 29 49 1 14 6 15 13 45 50 34 46 38 31 9 18 3 16 11 36 35 32 41

parish | 40

Number of vacant buildings

2007 No. Rank % Rank

1Km No.

[1 - 2] [2 - 3] [3 - 4] [4 - 5] [5 - 6] [6 - 7] [7 - 8] [8 - 11] [11 - 16] [16 - 37]

41 | thread ii

(Blocks) (548) (316) (195) (129) (91) (55) (47) (60) (31) (17)

Ajunda 145 12 4.7 39 Alcantara 60 31 3.8 43 Alto de Pina 40 37 7.0 33 Alvalade 29 42 4.6 40 Ameixoeira 36 40 3.6 44 Anjos 71 26 7.1 32 Beato 151 9 8.1 29 Benfica

109 19 3.9 42 Campo Grande 14 53 2.2 49 Campolide 107 20 4.7 38 Carnide 38 39 2.1 50 Castelo 19 51 16.8 16 Charneca 15 52 1.7 53 Coracao de Jesus 58 32 10.9 26 Encarnacao 22 49 4.7 37 Graca 172 5 24.4 12 Lapa 174 4 17.3 15 Lumiar 40 38 1.9 51 Madalena 29 43 39.2 4 Martires 26 47 43.3 2 Marvila 204 3 11.6 25 Merces 69 28 7.8 30 Nossa Senhora de Fatima 103 21 8.7 27 Pena 121 15 15.2 20 Penha de Franca 25 48 1.9 52 Prazeres 298 1 27.4 10 Sacramento 21 50 16.2 18 Santa Catarina 44 35 6.7 34 Santa Engracia 85 25 12.9 24 Santa Isabel 133 14 16.0 19 Santa Justa 86 24 58.1 1 Santa Maria de Belem 159 7 8.4 28 Santa Maria dos Olivais 119 17 3.9 41 Santiago 48 33 28.6 8 Santo Condestavel 70 27 2.7 48 Santo Estevao 153 8 42.7 3 Santos-o-Velho 116 18 16.7 17 S. Cristovao e S. Lourenco 31 41 14.8 21 S. Domingos de Benfica 225 2 13.6 22 S. Francisco Xavier 29 44 2.8 47 S. Joao 46 34 3.2 46 S. Joao de Brito 166 6 13.3 23 S. Joao de Deus 27 46 3.3 45 S. Jorge de Arroios 89 22 5.7 35 S. Jose 147 11 27.8 9 S. Mamede 139 13 23.9 13 S. Miguel 89 23 29.4 7 S. Nicolau 66 29 27.3 11 S. Paulo 149 10 31.4 6 S. Sebastiao da Pedreira 121 16 22.7 14 S. Vicente de Fora 29 45 5.1 36 Se 61 30 32.1 5 Socorro 42 36 7.1 31

Concentration of residential buildings

1Km

%

(Blocks)

[2 - 50] (101) [50 - 80] (191) [80 - 95] (369) [95 - 100] (219) [=100] (479)

1991

2001

No. %

No

%

Ajunda 3156 99.3 3056 98.9 Alcantara 1938 99.4 1552 98.5 Alto de Pina 649 99.5 560 98.1 Alvalade 566 95.8 613 96.8 Ameixoeira 927 99.8 982 99.5 Anjos 976 96.7 971 97.1 Beato 2003 98.7 1856 99.4 Benfica

3186 99.1 2814 99.6 Campo Grande 613 97.8 596 95.1 Campolide 3744 98.6 2250 98.9 Carnide 1820 99.4 1818 98.6 Castelo 134 100 110 97.3 Charneca 1463 99.8 876 100 Coracao de Jesus 470 84.2 472 88.7 Encarnacao 474 94.2 427 92.0 Graca 810 99.1 688 97.7 Lapa 1050 97.9 987 97.9 Lumiar 3427 99.2 2079 99.6 Madalena 67 88.2 57 77.0 Martires 28 56.0 30 50.0 Marvila 2996 99.3 1733 98.9 Merces 794 98.9 877 99.2 Nossa Senhora de Fatima 1212 93.5 1097 92.7 Pena 663 95.5 773 97.0 Penha de Franca 1462 99.6 1315 99.5 Prazeres 1430 97.7 1073 98.7 Sacramento 145 87.9 98 75.4 Santa Catarina 704 96.8 638 97.9 Santa Engracia 718 94.1 643 97.9 Santa Isabel 1069 98.5 813 97.6 Santa Justa 141 77.5 108 73.0 Santa Maria de Belem 2237 98.1 1867 98.2 Santa Maria dos Olivais 3150 98.9 3024 99.0 Santiago 125 94.0 165 98.2 Santo Condestavel 2694 99.1 2536 99.3 Santo Estevao 393 95.6 347 96.9 Santos-o-Velho 937 97.9 684 98.4 S. Cristovao e S. Lourenco 223 97.4 200 95.7 S. Domingos de Benfica 1658 99.2 1645 99.3 S. Francisco Xavier 1046 98.8 1028 99.6 S. Joao 1775 99.4 1438 99.0 S. Joao de Brito 1356 98.7 1234 99.0 S. Joao de Deus 824 97.7 805 98.3 S. Jorge de Arroios 1559 94.4 1511 96.4 S. Jose 547 93.5 496 93.8 S. Mamede 584 90.8 535 92.1 S. Miguel 388 94.9 295 97.4 S. Nicolau 119 58.6 154 63.6 S. Paulo 445 87.9 453 95.6 S. Sebastiao da Pedreira 470 82.3 456 85.7 S. Vicente de Fora 618 98.3 564 98.6 Se 175 90.7 186 97.9 Socorro 421 92.7 573 97.4

parish | 42

Total number of residents

1991

2001

No. Rank No. Rank

1Km No.

(Blocks)

[0 - 10] [10 -30] [30 - 40] [40 - 50] [50 - 100] [100 - 170] [170 - 260] [260 - 380] [380 - 580] [580 - 1650]

43 | thread ii

(245) (463) (183) (138) (638) (482) (454) (323) (237) (169)

Ajunda 22404 Alcantara 18510 Alto de Pina 12654 Alvalade 10996 Ameixoeira 10605 Anjos 12490 Beato 17494 Benfica

47099 Campo Grande 12146 Campolide 20972 Carnide 14768 Castelo 773 Charneca 9572 Coracao de Jesus 5379 Encarnacao 3072 Graca 8604 Lapa 10656 Lumiar 35390 Madalena 526 Martires 401 Marvila 47827 Merces 6039 Nossa Senhora de Fatima 18611 Pena 7045 Penha de Franca 17885 Prazeres 10068 Sacramento 1167 Santa Catarina 5153 Santa Engracia 7626 Santa Isabel 9249 Santa Justa 1152 Santa Maria de Belem 12092 Santa Maria dos Olivais 51367 Santiago 1226 Santo Condestavel 22186 Santo Estevao 3192 Santos-o-Velho 5534 S. Cristovao e S. Lourenco 2442 S. Domingos de Benfica 35125 S. Francisco Xavier 8665 S. Joao 21960 S. Joao de Brito 17143 S. Joao de Deus 13309 S. Jorge de Arroios 23051 S. Jose 4430 S. Mamede 7072 S. Miguel 2613 S. Nicolau 1148 S. Paulo 4676 S. Sebastiao da Pedreira 7842 S. Vicente de Fora 5453 Se 1926 Socorro 4309

7 17958 7 12 14443 13 18 10253 20 22 9620 24 24 9644 23 19 9738 22 14 14241 14 3 41368 2 20 11148 17 10 15927 11 16 18989 6 51 587 51 26 10509 19 37 4319 35 43 3182 41 29 6960 29 23 8670 25 4 37693 4 52 380 52 53 341 53 2 38767 3 34 5093 34 11 15291 12 33 6068 30 13 13722 15 25 8492 26 49 880 48 38 4081 37 31 5860 33 27 7270 28 50 700 50 21 9756 21 1 46410 1 48 857 49 8 17553 8 42 2047 43 35 4013 38 45 1612 45 5 33678 5 28 8101 27 9 17073 10 15 13449 16 17 10782 18 6 17404 9 40 3278 40 32 6004 31 44 1777 44 47 1175 46 39 3521 39 30 5871 32 36 4267 36 46 1160 47 41 2675 42

Concentration of elderly residents (64+)

1Km %

(Blocks)

[0 - 8] [8 - 14] [14 - 19] [19 - 23] [23 - 26] [26 - 28] [28 - 34] [34 - 42] [42 - 61] [61 - 100]

(245) (321) (313) (325) (312) (227) (710) (462) (205) (80)

1991

2001

No. %

No

%

Ajunda 3987 17.8 4582 25.5 Alcantara 4308 23.3 4188 29.0 Alto de Pina 2211 17.5 2308 22.5 Alvalade 3155 28.7 3393 35.3 Ameixoeira 861 8.1 1240 12.9 Anjos 3183 25.5 2809 28.8 Beato 2931 16.8 3298 23.2 Benfica

6267 13.3 8750 21.2 Campo Grande 3320 27.3 3185 28.6 Campolide 4023 19.2 3814 23.9 Carnide 1534 10.4 2559 13.5 Castelo 212 27.4 180 30.7 Charneca 720 7.5 1320 12.6 Coracao de Jesus 1343 25.0 1187 27.5 Encarnacao 846 27.5 849 26.7 Graca 2050 23.8 2062 29.6 Lapa 2561 24.0 2422 27.9 Lumiar 3501 9.9 4753 12.6 Madalena 169 32.1 103 27.1 Martires 124 30.9 80 25.3 Marvila 3951 8.3 5312 13.7 Merces 1529 25.3 1385 27.2 Nossa Senhora de Fatima 4445 23.9 4159 27.2 Pena 1743 24.7 1661 27.4 Penha de Franca 4461 24.9 4071 29.7 Prazeres 2289 22.7 2087 24.6 Sacramento 292 25.0 215 24.4 Santa Catarina 1267 24.6 1161 28.4 Santa Engracia 1676 22.0 1606 27.4 Santa Isabel 2147 23.2 2056 28.3 Santa Justa 323 28.0 227 32.8 Santa Maria de Belem 2786 23.0 2800 28.7 Santa Maria dos Olivais 7073 13.8 11244 24.2 Santiago 293 23.9 271 31.6 Santo Condestavel 5096 23.0 4977 28.4 Santo Estevao 821 25.7 626 30.6 Santos-o-Velho 1364 24.6 1129 28.1 S. Cristovao e S. Lourenco 578 23.7 445 27.6 S. Domingos de Benfica 5049 14.4 7013 20.8 S. Francisco Xavier 1312 15.1 1581 19.5 S. Joao 4502 20.5 4566 26.7 S. Joao de Brito 4288 25.0 4499 33.5 S. Joao de Deus 4005 30.1 3572 33.1 S. Jorge de Arroios 6211 26.9 5222 30.0 S. Jose 1133 25.6 975 29.7 S. Mamede 1828 25.8 1677 27.9 S. Miguel 510 19.5 463 26.1 S. Nicolau 453 30.0 382 32.5 S. Paulo 1051 22.5 871 24.7 S. Sebastiao da Pedreira 2085 26.6 1718 29.3 S. Vicente de Fora 1258 23.1 1213 28.4 Se 453 23.5 345 29.7 Socorro 1004 23.3 694 25.9

parish | 44

Contours and gradients of Lisbon The topography of the Parish of S達o Miguel is extremely complex and forms a very steep gradient over a relatively area of ground, each contour marking a five meter difference in height. This steep landscape lends itself well to the formation of water network in terms of moving water around the site with minimal mechanical intervention, instead relying on gravity and storage points located strategically in the landscape.

Sketch of vessels feeding into a topographically driven network

45 | thread ii

Topographical map of the Parish of S達o Miguel, Lisbon parish | 46

Contours and gradients of Lisbon Drawing up a section through the Parish of S達o Miguel as existing allowed for a greater understanding of how the complex topography works in relation to the existing buildings on the site. Thus making it possibly to make an informed decision when deciding where to place certain parts of the proposed water infrastructure.

Unfortunately, this complex topography and numerous flights of stairs also means, that many regions of the Alfama would be almost impossible to navigate if one were a wheelchair user or of limited mobility. Also to note, that despite the mainly car-free environment, with its many unique handrails, narrow streets and other tactile objects, the complexity and unpredictability of paving conditions and gradients would most likely make the Alfama a nightmare for the visually impaired.

Parish of S達o Miguel, Lisbon, running down to the shore, as existing 47 | thread ii

parish | 48

Transferring technique Prior to visiting Lisbon, a technique of layering certain information found in historic maps was established. Upon selecting and isolating certain aspects of interest common to a number of the maps, including private land boundaries, public buildings and space, royal municipal boundaries and rail networks, a bricolage was created which allowed the identification of areas of land that where highly contested as Edinburgh grew and developed as a city.

Rail infrastructure: 1856 + 1891

The same maps were used to identify area of ‘public’ land and how this has developed and shifted throughout time.

The boundary lines including Royalty of Edinburgh, parish & municipal boundaries, city rail links and private spaces with named deeds apparent on historical maps initially seemed quite interesting, however became less important as the focus became more centred on the theme on ‘common ground’, which showed strongest presence in the comparisons between boundary shifts in public land and unnamed private property over the period of maps investigated.

Royalty of the City: 1821

Parish boundaries: 1821 49 | thread ii

Unnamed private and public land boundaries: 1804, 1821, 1831, 1891 parish | 50

Layering Lisbon Using the technique of isolation and layering of certain pertinent aspects revealed through the examination of city maps, such as was carried out in Edinburgh, a similar technique was carried out with the maps of Lisbon covering the Parish of S達o Miguel. Unlike the maps of Edinburgh these maps were all of the same moment in time, the most up-to-date maps available and instead focused on delaminating specific layers of information in order to better understand the typology of the Parish.

Existing water network

Abandoned buildings within parish

The maps were used to look at areas of interest within out project, namely the existing water network of Lisbon the abandoned and commercial buildings within the parish and the map also allowed for the grouping of buildings by interconnected roofscapes in order to understand how rainfall might be collected and channelled round the parish.

Commercial buildings within parish

Connected roofscapes 51 | thread ii

Composite of all maps parish | 52

53 | thread iii

Thread iii: Ecology - Reuse Expanding on water as a basic theme, object or element, ecology and reuse sets out to explore how best to make use of the water available using as little energy input as possible.

Key words: Topography Runoff Channels Collection Displacement

reuse | 54

Critical datums relating to the storage and distribution of water relative to the parish of S達o Miguel 55 | thread iii

[50.8m] Highest Surface Ground Level [53.9m > Sea Level]

[42.3m] Water Storage Level Within Reservoir

[27.9m] Ground Level of Laundry Building

[21.9m] Critical Height For Sufficient Water Pressure

[18.8m] Water Provision Level for Hostel Dwelling

[0.0m] Lowest Surface Ground Level [3.1m > Sea Level]

reuse | 56

Striated model exploring ground water runoff over gradient [Scale 1:200] 57 | thread iii

reuse | 58

Striated model exploring ground water runoff over gradient [Scale 1:200] 59 | thread iii

reuse | 60

Roof Plan showing proposed interconnected guttering to increase rainwater collection 61 | thread iii

Massing model showing potential for rainwater harvesting using gradient of roofscapes leading Down to Laundry [Scale 1:200] reuse | 62

Section of the Ă guas Livres Aqueduct

63 | proposal

Reservoir Contain Displace Collect Filter Store Gradient

reservoir | 64

Introduction In a series of three proposals sited within the parish of São Miguel, the reservoir forms the first point in this proposed network of architectures. The reservoir constitutes the physical origin of sustainable water collection and distribution for the parish along with telling a story in admiration of water’s might and journey through the urban landscape.

65 | proposal

Location Plan [Inner Radius (Bakery) 2 minute walk through Alfama (200m) | Middle Radius - 3 minute walk through Alfama (240m)| Outer Radius - 4 minute walk through Alfama (300m)] reservoir | 66

Existing Existing plan of building to become the reservoir. The building is situated in a relatively high position running along a ridge at the edge of the parish. This elevated position makes the building well suited for providing adequate natural water pressure to serve the parish.

67 | proposal

A

A

reservoir | 68

Existing axonometric 69 | proposal

A_Existing section reservoir | 70

Collecting water As well as providing a public viewing platform, the roof of the Reservoir also serves to collect water for storage in the reservoir itself. The shadow gap running around the walking platform, along with the natural gaps between the timbers allows water collection into a channel drain beneath, which then goes onto be filtered and stored in various stages.

71 | proposal

Edging detail allowing water collection from reservoir roof surface reservoir | 72

First flush Situated in both the reservoir and the laundry, the adjacent filtration system deals with the initial intake of rainwater, removing larger debris and silt before the water reaches the first storage tank. By removing debris at this stage, the life of the pump and its filter, which bring water to the next filtration device, are greatly prolonged.

73 | proposal

Rainwater collection system [RainHarvest Systems LLC] reservoir | 74

Creating drinking water Using a combination of micron filter bags and UV light, this filter draws water from the first stage storage tank producing potable water at a rate of 113 litres per minute. This water is then stored in the reservoir for use by the inhabitants of the parish.

75 | proposal

High capacity filter system detail - Above: Plan - Below: Section [RainHarvest Systems LLC] reservoir | 76

Potable water storage Once water has been filtered to a potable level it is stored in GRP tanks within the reservoir building.

Storing the water in these tanks is a necessity for hygiene reasons, as the GRP keeps out 100% of light to avoid the growth of algae and other microorganisms and allowing the storage of water for prolonged periods of time.

As the tanks are produced in three standard units sizes, they can be combined in a large number of configurations to fit around elements such as the lightwells in the reservoir.

Contain 77 | proposal

3.0m 2.5m 2.0m 1.5m 1.0m 0.5m 0.0m

Panel sizing chart

Example configurations

reservoir | 78

Rainwater storage system [ryowo] 79 | proposal

Contain

Connection details reservoir | 80

Sectional model Sectional plaster cast of Reservoir housing showing large preliminary, underground storage tank for water after ‘first flush’.

81 | proposal

reservoir | 82

Finding form Development sketches and modelling allowed for rapid design decision making. This example illustrates the reservoir development where the tank originally intended to have the circulation within its volume. This was ultimately decided against as it was found that cutting into the mass of the water tank removed from its overall presence as a dense, heavy, latently powerful block.

Development sketches

83 | proposal

Development cast

reservoir | 84

A

3

1 2

85 | proposal

A

Ground plan of Reservoir 1. Entrance Way + External Reflecting Pools 2. Purification System 3. Internal Reflecting Pool 4. Miradouro 5. Entrance trapdoor to storage tanks

reservoir | 86

4

4

5

A

87 | proposal

Roof plan of Reservoir 1. Entrance Way + External Reflecting Pools 2. Purification System 3. Internal Reflecting Pool 4. Miradouro 5. Entrance trapdoor to storage tanks

reservoir | 88

A_Long section through reservoir 89 | proposal

reservoir | 90

Narrative As one approaches the reservoir, situated at the upper edge of S達o Miguel, the visitor is greeted with a visually permeable structure of stacked timbers, forming the entrance passage to the main reservoir building, freely allowing the flow of light and air through its construction. These timbers extend out into the small public space, in front of the adjoining church, creating an informal seating area and marking a softer, more gradual entrance for the visitor. As one enters through the timber structure they are flanked either side by shallow reflecting pools, situated to play off the slits of light entering though the stacked and slatted roof covering. There is also a small public drinking fountain situated within the thickness of the interconnected filtration room, supplied by a small diversion from the main water supply heading out towards the parish.

002

001

Visualization key 91 | proposal

001_Entrance to reservoir through external reflecting pools reservoir | 92

Upon entering the main reservoir building, the visitor is presented with a further timber structure sitting just within the body of water of a further reflecting pool, axially aligned to the entrance, and reaching the same height datum as the entrance timbers. Atop this timber structure sits the large, dark, solid mass of the anodized steel enclosed reservoir tanks. Sitting this great mass on the timber lattice beneath, aims to impart a feeling of slight unease upon the visitor, with the intention of creating an experiential understanding of the intense, latent power stored within the water just above them.

The copper pipe at the end of the walkway, highlighted by a shard of light piercing through the tank above, brings water down from the roof to the reflecting pool, which in turn, trickles to the preliminary underground storage tank below.

A spiral circulation route leads the visitor on a two and a half times rotation around the storage tank emphasizing its mass, with the initial timber treads giving way to matching anodized steel open treads as the datum is crossed, adding a further level of tactility to the experience. Each tread cantilevers from the building wall, leaving a small gap between tread and tank, allowing the tank to be appreciated as an autonomous object.

002

001

Visualization key 93 | proposal

002_Interior reflecting pool underneath potable water reservoir reservoir | 94

As the visitor reaches the top of the circulation route they are lead onto a viewing platform, a miradouro.

Entering the miradouro at the relative far end of the building presents the visitor with only a hint at the full view available from such a heightened position in S達o Miguel. Walking forward to the front edge of the building gradually reveals more and more of the parish and its steep and complex topography that leads down to the Rio Tejo (Tagus river), the topography which will naturally carry and distribute the stored water throughout the parish, completing the journey from collection, to storage, to distribution.

003

Visualization key 95 | proposal

003_Miradouro overlooking the gradated roofs and landscape of the parish of S達o Miguel reservoir | 96

Typical scene in Lisbon, hanging washing above public streets

97 | proposal

Laundry & Drying Contain Displace Wash Reuse Community Environment

L&D | 98

Introduction The second point in the network of proposals is formed by a community washing and drying facility with provision for traditional and modern modes of washing.

99 | proposal

Location Plan [Inner Radius (Bakery) 1 minute walk through Alfama (89m) | Middle Radius - 1 minute walk through Alfama (67m) | Outer Radius - 3 minute walk through Alfama (240m)] L&D | 100

Existing Existing plan of buildings to become laundry and drying facilities are situated around a small, vehicle free, public square. This makes them ideal for the transfer of small goods and laundry between structures.

101 | proposal

A

B B

A

L&D | 102

A_Long section through existing building to become Laundry

103 | proposal

L&D | 104

Opening/Aperture Cross section between existing buildings to form laundry and drying facilities. The section serves as an exploration of aperture sizes relative to the adjacent opening, allowing one to make measured designed decisions to connect the two structures.

105 | proposal

38.71m (8.91m)

38m (8.20m) 37.42 (7.62m)

36.71m (6.91m)

35.7m (5.90m)

34.99m (5.19m) 34.42m (4.62m)

33.7m (3.9m)

32.74m (2.94m)

31.99m (2.19m) 31.44m (1.64m)

29.8m (0.0m)

B_Heights shown relative to sea level and immediate ground level L&D | 106

Sizing for use As the proposal very much focuses on the community aspect of life in the parish, objects of the everyday, relative to each proposition, are used to influence and sizing and spacial configuration. For the laundry, standard European linen dimensions over a full range of bedding sizes. As these are objects that play a direct functional role in the daily operations of the proposal, and are also objects of a very human scale, they give clues as to how one uses a space and how a space can be best augment for a specific function.

This is particularly pertinent as we are dealing with existing fabric of variable stability and stages of disrepair.

Keeping in mind that the fabric of S達o Miguel cannot always provide a loading function in its current state, we are looking to much of the intervening structure, the proposed architecture, to provide a buttressing, pinning and reinforcing function where required, without aiming to restore, or even necessarily rebuild, rather to enjoy the contrast between the natural decay, which in some ways has become epitomic of Lisbon, especially in the Alfalma, and the solid, clearly defined contemporary structure.

Duvet Cover

Flat Sheet Pillow

Single

Standard European linen dimensions

107 | proposal

Double

King

Super King

L&D | 108

Generative detail Designed as a generator for the project, this downpipe/ water channel served to establish a initial language for the succeeding architectures.

The basic function of this detail serves to bring precipitation that lands on the roof of the laundry and connecting buildings inside the structure rather than let it fall to the ground and go to waste establishing an attitude to sustainability. It also established a language of channels and of water displacement in and around the architecture.

iii iv

i

ii

Key:

Exploded axonometric of detail 109 | proposal

I. Existing aggregate wall Ii. New anodised steel water channel Iii. New anodised steel internal downpipe Iv. Timber trim

i

ii

iii

Key:

Section of detail in situ

i. Insect + debris mesh ii. Water circulation pipe for solar heat exchanger iii. Anodised steel hood serves to calm Incoming flow of water L&D | 110

Detailing for sustainability Considering the often sporadic levels of precipitation in Lisbon it was important that every opportunity was considered when attempting to collect and store water, with this opening design to collect and channel water from the building’s façade.

Plan and section of proposed Laundry window showing slot drain and channel 111 | proposal

Render of water entering through slot drain L&D | 112

Air circulation In order for the Drying facility to make full use of the naturally warm and airy environment of Lisbon the proposed roof opens in section on a counterweight.

These openings aim to provide adequate airing and when fully open lines flush with proposed wall lining of traditional Portuguese basket weaving

113 | proposal

L&D | 114

Tactile seating Within the laundry, provision is made for seating for people simply waiting on their laundry but also as an extension to the public square outside. This seating is slightly heated by the same solar heat exchangers that heat the water in the GRP tanks for washing, giving the impression to the user, that the seat is emitting heat from water stored within the steal

115 | proposal

Pipe to heat exchanger

Section of seating

Plan of seating L&D | 116

Sectional plaster cast of Laundry housing with water channels and washing pool cast into volume

117 | proposal

Sectional plaster cast of Laundry housing showing large topographical shift around building

L&D | 118

A

5

4 3

2 C

1

A

119 | proposal

Plans of Laundry & Drying 1. Wash House/Laundry 2. Traditional Wash Racks + Pools 3. Heated Seats 4. Modern Washers 5. Additional Rainwater Inlets 6. Dry House B

6

C

B

L&D | 120

A_Long section through Laundry

121 | proposal

L&D | 122

B_Long section through drying facility

123 | proposal

L&D | 124

C_Cross section through Laundry & Drying facilities

125 | proposal

L&D | 126

Narrative Connected to the main water network but taking water, when possible, from the reservoir, as well as having its own dedicated storage tanks fed by water runoff from the many rooftops of the S達o Miguel, the laundry offers a sustainable alternative to a practice that typically relies on huge volumes of water drawn from the main water grid.

001

002 003

Visualization key 127 | proposal

001_Detail of water inlets for additional rainwater collection L&D | 128

The laundry follows the same material language as the reservoir, with the water tanks being enclosed within an anodized steel outer skin. In the case of the laundry, the steel serves to evoke the industrial nature of the task being carried out and sits in stark contrast to the timber elements that have been used very sparingly. These timber elements appear as tactile devices on elements such as the handrails, the traditional washboards and the seating, heated gently by the same water that heats the water or washing. This slightly heated seating serves as an indicator to the user of the water within the tanks around them.

The building has been designed in mind of collecting as much water-fall as possible from the outside environment. The narrow channel running around the perimeter of the laundry carries water runoff from the building’s façades, collected by the drainage slots cast into the windowsills, to open vessels set outside the laundry’s entrance. This water is intended for use in such activities as washing down the small communal square in which the laundry and many residential buildings face onto.

001

002 003

Visualization key 129 | proposal

002_Interior of wash house/laundry showing traditional washing rack along-side machine washing L&D | 130

Via a pulley system, clean washing is sent across to the drying facilities contained within the adjacent building. The pulley system is fully manually operated, keeping the building as sustainable as possible and is designed to carry small loads in the traditionally woven Portuguese baskets.

001

002 003

Visualization key 131 | proposal

003_Washing being pulleyed up to send to drying house L&D | 132

The drying facility makes use almost exclusively of natural materials and techniques in its construction in order to sit in tune with the natural process of openair drying seen all over Lisbon. With the walls and counterweighted roof lined in the same woven reed as the baskets and the louvres/drying racks of timber, the natural light passes through the weaving when the roof is closed and emphasis its texture when the light is allowed to fully enter.

For the drying to take place, the timber racks, which form louvres when fully engaged at roof level, are pulleyed up and down into an appropriate position.

To aide in the drying process the roof sections, counterweighted on blocks situated within wall channels, open fully and become one with the wall lining, allowing for maximum air and sun permeation into the building.

004

Visualization key 133 | proposal

004_Drying room showing roof sections opening and louvres in various positions L&D | 134

Looking across the Alfama from behind Castelo de S達o Jorge

135 | proposal

Dwelling Dwell Network Temporary

Dwelling | 136

Introduction The third proposal focuses on temporary dwelling within S達o Miguel by way of a hostel, a way to dwell in a more communal and sustainable manner, without each building having the need for in-house washing and cooking facilities.

137 | proposal

Location Plan [Inner Radius - 1 minute walk through Alfama (67m) | Middle Radius (Bakery) 2 minute walk through Alfama (150m) | Outer Radius - 4 minute walk through Alfama (300m)] Dwelling | 138

Existing Existing plan and section of building to become hostel-dwelling. This site is unique to the other in that only a small corner of the structures is exposed, the rest conjoined to neighbouring buildings, meaning careful though must go into a lighting strategy for getting maximum light into the building’s plan

A

A

Existing ground floor plan 139 | proposal

A_Existing section Dwelling | 140

Timber geometry Throughout the three propositions, as much effort as possible was made to used standardised dimensioned components both for economy of scale and design. Originally sized as a riser, this allowed for stair to become floor to become wall to become seat and many other combinations. This opens up a dialogue between different building elements and permits certain a certain level of control over the users perception of space. Using large volumes of standardised components can also lead to an economy of scale, making projects less expensive and smoother to construct.

141 | proposal

Dwelling | 142

Cast model Plaster cast of the Hostel-Dwelling emphasises the cut away entrance space revealing the space for the timber atrium.

143 | proposal

Dwelling | 144

A

4 2 1

3

145 | proposal

A

Ground floor plan 1. Entrance/Atrium 2. Reception 3. Larder for day food 4. WC + showers for guests 5. Male dormitory 6. Female dormitory 7. Miradouro with BBQ pits

Dwelling | 146

A

5

147 | proposal

A

First floor plan 1. Entrance/Atrium 2. Reception 3. Larder for day food 4. WC + showers for guests 5. Male dormitory 6. Female dormitory 7. Miradouro with BBQ pits

Dwelling | 148

A

A 6

149 | proposal

Second floor plan 1. Entrance/Atrium 2. Reception 3. Larder for day food 4. WC + showers for guests 5. Male dormitory 6. Female dormitory 7. Miradouro with BBQ pits

Dwelling | 150

A

A

7

151 | proposal

Roof plan 1. Entrance/Atrium 2. Reception 3. Larder for day food 4. WC + showers for guests 5. Male dormitory 6. Female dormitory 7. Miradouro with BBQ pits

Dwelling | 152

A_Long Section of Hostel - Dwelling

153 | proposal

Dwelling | 154

Dwelling Using the standard sized timbers already seen in the reservoir building, the dwelling features a large entrance/atrium space witch serves to bring light deeper into the footprint of this very enclosed site, whilst also forming the walls, reception desk and circulation of the wraparound stair leading up though each floor and eventually up onto a miradouro/dining terrace.

001

Visualization key 155 | proposal

001_Atrium/Lightwell of Hostel-Dwelling Dwelling | 156

Due to factors such as large variances in seasonal rainfall in Lisbon, it would be unfeasible to suggest that all residents of S達o Miguel do away with their washing machines and solely rely on communal washing facilities operated using precipitation, and in any case, some residents may not work along the same sleep-wake schedule as laundry opening times.

With this in mind we see how the hostel forms an integral part of this architectural network, with temporary residents to S達o Miguel making use of the laundry facilities to lessen their luggage as well as the hostel itself using the facilities for its linen. It is proposed that this would be the case for a number of hostels and similar establishments in and around the area.

002

Visualization key 157 | proposal

002_First Floor Dormitory Looking Out Over Atrium/Lightwell Dwelling | 158

The miradouro, in the case of the hostel serves as both a viewing space and as a dining space with BBQ pits for guest use and a similar water fountain to that found at the reservoir. At an earlier stage in the project’s creation it was proposed that a bakery would be located on a nearby site. This bakery would provide daily breakfasts to the hostel guests, strengthening the communal network and lessening the need for kitchen facilities. The hostel also features a larder for daily food storage by guests. The miradouro also features furniture composed of the standard sized timbers featured in this design and throughout the other points of the network in a effort to create as holistic a design as possible.

003

Visualization key 159 | proposal

003_Miradouro Overlooking Roofscape of The Parish of S達o Miguel Parish Out Towards the Rio Tejo (Tagus River) Dwelling | 160

Fire strategy Fire evacuation in the Alfama of Lisbon presents a number of particularly challenging scenarios that require special consideration. The first of these consideration being the physical size of the construction. The Alfama is home, almost exclusively, to remarkable small and complexly intertwined dwellings as a result of its natural urban growth.

These tight spaces could foreseeably create a crush if too many people were trying to exit such space in a panic. The second yet still related issue is the tight nature of the streets, with the buildings taking up most of the available space leaving labyrinthine corridors for the pedestrians and potential evacuees.

As is the nature of communal life in Lisbon, the Alfama and SĂŁo Miguel are peppered with little public squares for congregating and hanging washing etc.

With two of the three proposal being situated on one of these public squares ‘largos’ and the third, the dwelling, on an unusually wide street due to its position on the edge of the Alfama. These largos will of course serve as an ideal rally point in case of fair. Having rally points is of particular importance to these proposals as they are all designed as public spaces and thus have to account for each user.

Dwelling 161

Laundry and drying facilities

Reservoir

162

163

Conclusion The project’s initial spectrum, to ‘sustain/revive the parish’, the Parish of São Miguel dealt on a physical level with the meeting and relationship of the geological hydrology and the constraints of the city’s severe, complicated and complex topography and on a micro-socio level with the residents who inhabit it.

The horizontal expansion that we have seen in many cities, including Lisbon is symptomatic of the modern city and runs hand in hand with mankind’s aim, generally speaking, to dominate and master the surface of the earth and, rather fruitlessly and vainly, it’s elements. Conceivably, an alternative, a way forward, from such horizontal practice is to create an architecture that interact with the ground, one with a perpendicular attitude to the architecture that has gone before it.

Through the mode of the network, with various nodes all preforming an independent function but equally reliant on the function of the next and the whole, it can be seen that such a structure holds together not only the physical fabric of the parish through restructuring the abandoned buildings, but also sets about to rejuvenate the community network of the inhabitants and visitors, with the long term goal of establishing new life, promoting a certain level of homogenization with the old and perhaps a new, more sustainable way of life in a rapidly depopulating part of Europe.

164

165

Bibliography Books: Frascari, Marco (1984)‘The tell-the-tale detail’ in; Fisher, Anthony (ed),VIA 7: The Building of Architecture, MITPR Publishing, pp. 23-37 David Harvey (2003) The right to the city: International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27: 939–941.

Essays: Georg Simmel, The Metropolis and Mental Life, 1903 Georg Simmel, The Ruin, 1911 Caroline Bos , Phenomenology And Topography Of The Megacity: AD Magazine, 2012 André Breton, First Manifesto of Surrealism, 1924: Translated by A. S. Kline © 2010

Coursework: Murdo McDermid and Douglas Walker, Building within a dense urban fabric: ATR Contextual Study 2013

Websites: Lenders give Lisbon blessing to quit bailout programme, Financial Times, 3rd May, 2014 http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/beecf7bc-d21511e3-97a6-00144feabdc0.html#axzz30ecEVNrR Associçáo Nacional de Freguesias, 4th May, 2014 http://www.anafre.pt/noticias/Lei%20no%2056-2012_8nov.pdf Extinção de Freguesias, Online24, 4th May, 2014 http://www.online24.pt/extincao-de-freguesias/ SMC Tanks, 12th February, 2014 http://www.ryowo.com/english/Company.php UV Steralizers, 13th February, 2014 http://www.rainharvest.com/filtration/post-filtration/uv-sterilizers.asp Climate Lisbon - Portugal, 23rd January, 2014 http://www.climatedata.eu/

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Aqueous Amelioration Design Report Murdo McDermid

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