ON PLURALITY
MURIEL MULIER INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT POSTGRAD HOUSING & URBANISM TERM 2 2020 TUTOR: LAWRENCE BARTH
MURIEL MULIER
2
ON PLURALITY
Indicated with a dotted perimeter are drawings by the author.
INTRODUCTION
Defining with certainty a pinned down long-term
Thirdly, coming back to an open, inclusive city, the
rigourness in design is impossible, it’s the task of
new models of associations and co-operations, as
architects and urbanists to have a sense of open-
an alternative way of living, asks for multiplicity in
endedness in the design on each scale.
shared space. Taking an interest in health ecologies,
Unanticipated and inevitable climatic, social, cooperatives provide opportunities for the broadening of care, ageing in place and mutual aid consciousness.
impossible to control in the disciplines of architecture
Central to responding to these three current trends, that
and urbanism. New ways of working should anticipate
should not contradict each other, is the aim of healthy
and acknowledge the dynamics of contemporary cities.
and inclusive living. From within the home to a collection
The challenge consists of cultivating urbanism in its
of assemblies of blocks, shared space is not simply
pluralism to answer to the complexity of cities with an
singular, but plural.
inclusive multiplicity.
This paper aims to discuss how open-endedness can
Firstly, we discuss in this essay the notion of plurality
be determined by plurality and multiplicity, events and
and multiplicity by Stan Allan and Robert Venturi, what
the appearance and more popular use of cooperations?
3
technological, programmatic and economic changes are
can multiplicity bring to the city to make it more open? Richard Sennett, as he calls himself Venturi’s urbanite, To illustrate multiplicity, projects studied during Design encourages planners and architects to contribute to an
Workshops, lectures and site visits are explored. This
ideal ‘open’ city, where the whole is greater than the sum
questions how multiplicity can be seen in drawings.
of its parts. Are plurality or multiplicity bringing more complexity? Should ’inside-outside’ be a contradiction? Secondly, architecture has always been much about the event that takes place as about the space itself. Looking into the definition of an ‘event’ we ask ourself, how ‘eventualzing’ can open up the fixed and traditional so that a multiplicity can emerge. Koolhaas and Tschumi bring different reasoning to the table and through their projects the importance of the program in relation to the event is different.
MURIEL MULIER
1. MORE IS LESS
oppressive monumentality” of Communist architecture
we can see a trend in the selected European projects
and counteract this with a nuanced monumentality of the
towards cheap, ordinary construction materials to foster
new civic landscape. What used to be a highly regulated
flexible, open and ambitious spaces. Offices that are
space has now become de-regulated by various design
building upon this attitude are for example, Fala, Bruther,
methods. The pavement allows for an infinite number of
51N4E, Assemble and Muoto. They acknowledge that an
group configurations and freedom of flows.2
architect or urbanist could leave the interpretation to the
The Skanderberg square’s design strategy enables
user, by constraining up to a certain point that a future-
something that no one can expect to happen, since the
proof use will be qualitative.1
water flows with its own rhythm of day and season.
4
In the selected projects for the MiesEU awards of 2019
Figure 1: Rythms of flows, multiple uses of the square are generated through the use of the water. Skanderberg square, Tirana.
It is an approach that lies in the use of ordinary materials
Perhaps we should be more ambitious and emphasise
and simple spaces and structures. This is conform to
those rhythms, where multiple actors can benefit from
the idea of an architecture accessible for all, serving the
the same space and place, their differences aside. Not
needs of daily life and option for social bonding. This
everything will happen at the same time, of course,
approach is illustrated in the project of Skanderberg
but there should be a certain flexibility and ease to
square in Tirana, by 51N4E. The architects deal with “the
let different activities happen at different times and in
1 Blasi, Ivan, and Anna Sala Giralt. 2019. EU Mies Award 19: European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture, Mies van Der Rohe Award, p.13.
different seasons. 2
Ibidem, p. 408.
5 Figure 2: Inside-outside permeability is no longer a contradiction. Old street, Peabody estate design workshop term 1 and the permeable groundfloor of ZIN, a hybrid repurpose of the WTC towers by 51N4E architects in ‘the North Quarter’ of Brussels.
MURIEL MULIER
Venturi mentions new attitudes towards inside-outside
Richard Sennett agrees with Venturi that those who
relationships as manifestations of contradictions. What
inhabit a city should be able to develop skills to manage
is originally seen as a contradiction, the ‘inside’ on the
its complexity.5 He distinguishes between five open
one hand and the ‘outside’ on the other, can rather have
forms to make urban places complex in a positive way.
a continuity between them.
One of these is the notion of ‘multiple forms’. Multiplicity makes a city more ‘open’ when it can connect the ‘ville’ (the overall city) with the ‘cité’ (the consciousness and
rather than the easy unity through
character of a place). An open ‘ville’ marked by its five
exclusion.”3
open forms would allow the ‘cité’ to become complex.6
6
“It is the difficult unity through inclusion
Ideally, there would be synchronic spaces, where Vectors through the plinths of figure 4, both embedded in
different things happen at the same time. These would
central city fabrics, can provide this continuity. In design
contribute to an ethically open city that would encourage
workshop term 1, we investigated how the typology of
differences. Similarly, Stan Allen argues in the chapter
a tower and plinth can be used for multiple uses (see
Urbanism in plural in ‘Practice’, that “we will need to
figure 3). The plinth as an element can be inconsistent
cultivate all the unanticipated new strategies and working
with the element of the tower on top of it, as is the case
methods that the complexity of the contemporary city
in the Rokade tower by Arons and Gelauff in Groningen,
demands in the plural”.7
with its extensive horizontal plinth. However, the cross section of the Rokade imposes constraints to the spatial qualities on the groundfloor. Venturi states that the whole is difficult to achieve, and we should acknowledge that the difficult whole includes multiplicity and diversity of elements that are perhaps in an inconsistent relationship.4 It is a hierarchy of subelements that acts as a binder to a the whole.
3 Venturi, Robert. 1977. Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, The Museum of Modern Art Papers on Architecture, 2d ed (New York : Boston: Museum of Modern Art ; distributed by New York Graphic Society), p. 88. 4 Ibidem.
5 Sennett, Richard. 2018. Building and Dwelling: Ethics for the City(London: Allen Lane, an imprint of Penguin Books), p. 16. 6 Ibidem, p.240. 7 Allen, Stan. 2009. Practice: Architecture, Technique + Representation, Expanded 2nd ed (London ; New York: Routledge), p. 188.
Figure 3: Permeability in the plinth, sequence of openness and closeness.
7
Figure 4: Learning from the precedents of the Rokade and the Skydome tower. Both projects are comparable in shifting plinths and the notion of freedom in the plan generated through the structural and spatial relationship.
MURIEL MULIER
The city, however, is not all about poetic propositions
lie that could bring a transformation beyond the program.
where ideally everything can happen at once.
Programs tend to be strict and too narrow. It is only
Turbulences, uncertainties as climate change, pandemics
there where programs collide in disjunctions that events
and social segregations, for example, create ruptures
and the unpredictable can happen. Because these
and disjunctions. Stan Allen sees the city as a problem
disjunctions are mostly not visible in a plan or section,
of ‘organised complexity’, a term borrowed from Jane
more complex drawing techniques can facilitate this.
Jacobs. She argues that it is wrong to think that problems But how can we generate multiple forms? Is this embedded
that they can be easily solved by techniques of probability
in the nature of the form? For example, the form of Aldo
or statistical mechanics. Cities, just like life sciences,
Rossi’s Ossuary in Modena used here in these drawings
present quantities all varying simultaneously but in a
(see figure 5) as the starting point for a speculative
subtle way also interconnected.8 ‘Organised complexity’
experiment. Treated with a set of formal manipulations,
is a dynamic system in which small variables interact in
Stephano Corbo wants to show the relationship between
complex formations and can create the unexpected. The
assemblage and form in architecture. “The outcome
open-endedness, I would argue, that is what we would
is an assemblage that is multiple made up of many
be looking for. But which forms behaves like this? Rossi
heterogeneous terms.”9
8
in the city have a nature of disorganised complexity and
had argued that form in itself is dynamic, with a memory of the slow evolution of the city, embedded within. As an illustration, the forms used in the Rokade and Skydome lift the residential from the ground and engage in a subtle way with the existing care centre and the thoroughfare close by, in the case of the Rokade. The waterfront at the IJ river, is also embedded in the form in the case of the Skydome. The cross form of the Rokade provides the advantage of bringing an intimacy in the air, since each unit has a soft corner that gives multidirectional orientations. It is in this form that opportunities 8 Jacobs, Jane. 1992. The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Vintage Books ed (New York: Vintage Books), p.433.
9 ‘Drawing Matter → SETS → Drawings of the Week → The San Cataldo Ossuary in the Age of Hyper-Objects’. [n.d.]. <https://www.drawingmatter.org/sets/drawing-week/san-cataldo-ossuary-age-hyper-objects/> [accessed 6 June 2020].
9
Figure 5: Formal exploration, what does multiplicity look like? Starting from Rossiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Ossuary in Modena.
MURIEL MULIER
2. HOW CAN PROGRAM DRIVE AN EVENT?
“The city is a conflation of both place as event and event as place.” 10 But what does the ‘event’ mean? The perception of the city is not one of incremental design, constructed over time. The city is rather a designing of the event in itself, or according to Tschumi architecture is in itself already an event. “(The city) can be on a clear rupture with its specificity - such as climate and natural events, trade, migration, war – articulated to the elsewhere and
10
have huge impacts.”11 A definition of an event has no consensual philosophical understanding in the field of what they exactly are. I would argue temporality and causality of events are its most important determinants. If we argue uses are more important than functions, with the goal that multiplicity of uses allows people to have an impact, we could imagine how to let events happen. Alexandre Theriot of Bruther architects stated in a lecture at the TUDelft,
“space is a frame that needs to be used in various ways and also in ways that are not predicted.”12 Similarly, we can see in one of their Parisian projects, the ‘Résidence pour des chercheurs’ in the ‘Cité universitaire’, that the open groundfloor acted as an ‘in between’ that could work as ‘unintended’ (see figure 6).
10 Fry, Tony. 2017. Remaking Cities: An Introduction to Urban Metrofitting(Bloomsbury Publishing Plc) https://doi. org/10.5040/9781474224192, p. 35. 11 Ibidem. 12 Alexandre Theriot public lecture of the Berlage institute, ‘Breaches / Autumn 2019 / The Berlage’. [n.d.]. <http://www.theberlage.nl/ events/details/2020_01_16_breaches> [accessed 1 June 2020].
11
Figure 6: RĂŠsidence pour des chercheurs in Paris, Bruther architects. Visited on study trip to Paris, February 2020.
12
MURIEL MULIER
The remarkable competition for Parc de la Vilette in 1982,
the institutional feeling. Incongruence with the program is
that still is influential in the field, was an opportunity to
exactly what creates those event structures, argues Kipnis.
speculate about the future of the city and the park in
The drawing on the right is Koolhaas’s entry for the Parc
the 21st century. The two significant entries by Tschumi
de la Vilette competition. The use of the bands or strips
and OMA, turn their back to architectural monuments or
support different programmatic events, yet they contribute
traditional typologies of streets and blocks, as was seen
to a summation that is more than the accumulation of the parts.
in Krier’s proposal for the first edition of the competition
“This tactic of layering creates the maximum length of
six years earlier. Both projects distinguish a diagrammatic
‘borders’ between the maximum number of programmatic
approach to program and event, where the park is an
components and will thereby guarantee the maximum
experiment in an urban lifestyle.
permeability of each programmatic band- though this
Its diagrammatic strategy as a consequence gives
interference- the maximum number of programmatic
architecture a change to integrate seamlessly into the
mutations.”14
project and the diagram brings a loose typology of the
Inspired by these bands, on the left hand side I tried to show
program, related to a geometric hierarchy. A tectonic
the complex nature of Pentonville, the context of design
confetti of small-scale elements, in the case of Koolhaas,
workshop term 2. Pentonville has a similar logic of armatures,
and a point grid, in the case of Tschumi, give both hierarchy
corridor and canal and infrastructure of the railway system.
and have organisational definitions. Kipnis ,writing about
Assemblies formed in the depth of the blocks aim to intensify
Koolhaas, argues that Koolhaas rearticulates the program
their position in the ‘bands’. An intensified landscape driven
and shows how it can generate an event structure.13 The
by its differences becomes complex, as Venturi and Sennett
diagram of the Utrecht Educatorium, for example, shows
would argue, mentioned in paragraph 1, but this can only
the freedom of movement by the use of inclined planes.
enrich the experience. Complexity is often addressed in
Simple use of the circulatory system, multidirectional
several layers, how to be at once intimidate, precise and
vectors create opportunities, places to gather after a
specific but at the same time flexible and open-ended. This
lecture or performance. Similar, King’s place by Dixon
is a continuous question during the design process. There
Jones has this capacity to foster unanticipated behaviour.
is a balance needed between extreme convergence and
These infrastructural devices, event structure, go beyond
divergence.
the function of the library, museum or hospital; beyond 13 Jeffrey Kipnis, A question of qualities: essays in architecture, chapter 5, Recent Koolhaas, (Cambridge: The MIT), p. 127.
14 Koolhaas, Rem, and Bruce Mau. 1995. Small, Medium, Large, Extra-Large: Office for Metropolitan Arcitecture(Rotterdam: 010),p. 923.
13 Figure 7: Crossing of vectors are best visible in isometric drawings. Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s place by Dixon Jones in Islington and the Utrecht Auditorium by OMA.
Figure 8: OMA scheme for Parc de la Vilette shows the layering of the park in bands, sometimes opening vistas and crossing bands by promenades, front view projection.
14
MURIEL MULIER
If we accept there are elements beyond the control of
He does talk about a structure that can enable a kind of
the designer, those city’s plural elements – imagined for
freedom, but is is not the program that drives this. For
more than a single design- become more powerful. “By
Tschumi architecture in itself is already an event. In his
incorporating the city’s plural elements.. urban design
Manhattan transcripts in 1981, the tripade of events,
becomes more democratic, participatory, open-ended
movements and spaces are seen as contradictions in
and infinite.”, argues Ryan Brent in ‘The Largest Art’.15
themselves, not needed to form a concise synthesis.
Modernist urban design projects required the greatest
Tschumi argues further that sequences can be intensified
reconversion of plural to unitary space yet seen. College
though compression, insertion and transference. Can
campuses or big hospitals are such unitary sites, often
these cinematic theoretical explorations be translated in
own by one party. The Rockerfeller centre, for example,
architecture? In Tschumi’s project for ‘Parc de la Vilette’,
was also such reconversion from plural space to unitary
the point grid creates a complexity and intensity because
space, but those actions require great amounts of money
of its superimposition of layers of points, lines and grids.
and more often power. Even unitary sites, like Central
The follies act as disjunctions, shocks or turning points.17
Park, might still have elements from its plural past. In
Following Foucault, Tschumi proposes that the future
Koolhaas ‘Bigness’ concept, he recommends to ‘retreat’
of architecture lies in such turning points or events,
not from unitary sites, but from plural ones, since plural
since those have neither origin nor end, opposed to the
qualities are not that easily available for design control
modernist propositions as form follows function.18
in the millions of individual parcels that compose the
Temporality, as stated before, is one of the determinants
city. We can ask ourselves if ‘Bigness’ should abandon
that generates events. Due to the lack of space, a
this plurality that is inherit in cities?
schoolyard in Enschede (Netherlands) introduced a
Tschumi, on the other hand, disconnects the notion of
shared playground that can be converted into a drop-
event from the program.
off lane or a running track. The run track is part of the
“Function does not follow form, form does not follow function-or fiction for that matter-
urban campus, but with fluctuations in time, it can also be part of the domain of local children, after school hours.19
however, they certainly interact.”16
15 Ryan, Brent D. 2017. The Largest Art: A Measured Manifesto for a Plural Urbanism(Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England: The MIT Press),Chapter 1, p. 2. 16 Tschumi, Bernard. 1996. Architecture and Disjunction, Disjunction (Essays Written between 1984 and 1991) (London: The MIT Press), p. 254.
17 Allen, Stan. 2009. Practice: Architecture, Technique + Representation, Expanded 2nd ed (London ; New York: Routledge), p.184. 18 Tschumi, Bernard. 1996. Architecture and Disjunction, Disjunction (Essays Written between 1984 and 1991) (London: The MIT Press), p. 256. 19 Boomen, Tijs van den, Eric Frijters, Sandra van Assen, Marco Broekman, Guido van Eijck, and others (eds.). 2017. Urban Challenges, Resilient Solutions: Design Thinking for the Future of Urban Regions(Haarlem: TrancityxValiz), p.100-105.
15 Figure 9: Sequence of spaces in the depth of the block, in Pentonville layers of movement are included in a stepped section, building upon the existing topography. The notion of layering movements in points, lines and grids can be learned from Tschumi’s ‘Parc de la Vilette’.
Figure 10: A place to play, skimpy spatial standards and tight budgets for schoolyards force designers to be creative. Shared space fluctuates in time. Buro Sant en Co, Enschede, 2007.
MURIEL MULIER
16
3. APPLIED TO A CARE LANDSCAPE. OPEN COOPERATIVES AND THE ROLE OF SHARED SPACE.
Programs that are complex because of their scope, in
Here, Sennett’s idealistic argument towards more ‘open
particular research laboratories and hospitals, have
cities’ that would tolerate difference and promote equality
a functional problem from the start, argues Robert
in a complex molecule of experiences is applicable.
Venturi.20 In this paragraph we will apply the previous
In wealthy societies with developed public health and
concepts of plurality on healthcare buildings and ‘healthy’
healthcare systems, the provision of housing for an
housing conditions. I believe that housing should not be
ageing population is a challenge.
considered as a category for a specific group of people
Within the medical field developments in genetics,
of any race, gender or age. Today, there is a shift from
biotechnologies and AI provide opportunities for health
business or state-led housing to community housing that
monitoring. There are some ethical challenges that also
can help to build more resilience into the places we live in.
concern architecture and urban design.
“ ‘Healthy housing’ embraces overarching
Trends in cooperative and collective living take an interest
principles of inclusivity, accessibility,
in providing healthy and inclusive living models.
adaptability, sustainability and value for
With new forms of collective housing, the home has
money, demonstrating a holistic approach to
become a combination of individual and shared spaces
space design. As Parker Morris21 suggested,
that enrich neighbourhoods and give it more purpose
space in the home is about focusing on
by providing more opportunities for community life. The
what is needed socially, environmentally
COVID19 pandemic has already shown how mutual aid and
and economically within the home while
collective consciousness are still embedded in society.
ensuring that there is enough flexibility
Moreover the awareness of the social and economic
for the home to be adapted by future
impact of sharing space grows. In previous movements in
generations.”22
the 20th century, cooperative living has shown qualities of the commons while guaranteeing a certain respect
20 Venturi, Robert. 1977. Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, The Museum of Modern Art Papers on Architecture, 2d ed (New York : Boston: Museum of Modern Art ; distributed by New York Graphic Society), p. 19. 21 Parker Morris’s report from 1961, Homes for Today and Tomorrow, still keeps a benchmark for healthy housing in the UK. 22 Barton, Hugh, Susan Thompson, Marcus Grant, and Sarah Burgess (eds.). 2015. The Routledge Handbook of Planning for Health and Well-Being: Shaping a Sustainable and Healthy Future, Routledge Handbooks (London ; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group), p.414.
of privacy for the individual. Traditionally, the nuclear family was confined to its designated members. Today, the notion of friendship blurs the barriers where the new family should start or end. If we look beyond a strategy of quantitative efficiency other values become appreciated.
The new notion of the family allows easier mutual support and, therefore, the cooperative structure might be the ideal domestic arrangement. The collage of Fred Scott, a student at the AA in 197523, depicts also this blurring of the family barriers. One of the paintings of the Dutch painter Jan Steen * is combined with Le Corbusier’s drawing for the interior of a mass production Artisans’s dwelling project, included in ‘Vers une architecture’.
17
23 Fred Scott, Interior, 1975. Paper montage and ink on paper, 270 × 270 mm. Courtesy the artist and Betts Project.
* “A household from Jan Steen” is an old expression in the Dutch language that refers to a chaotic household where there are no rules and order is lacking. The 17th century painter Jan Steen has often depicted his own extended family in his paintings. Figure 11: Collage by Fred Scott, student at the AA in 1975, this project wanted to break open the rigid stereotype of the house precisely tailored to the nuclear family, as was the standard in the 60’s with the Parker Morris report for example.
MURIEL MULIER
From within the home to a collection of assemblies of blocks, shared space is not simply singular, but plural. If bio-economy is no longer only part of the private domain, it opens a proliferation for a multiplicity of shared spaces
18
allowing new partnerships.
Figure 12: Elderly home in Losone, Switserland by Inches Gelata architects. The distributed organisation of clustered living, allows for shrinkage and expansion of your shared space.
As an illustration, we can see that a pluralisation of shared
The specific organisation of individual units drives the quality
space provides more possibilities when the hierarchy is
of the shared space, compared to the project of Zwicky Süd,
more diverse, as is the case, for example, in Blok A in
by Kraftwerk. Here, the shared space is more compact and
‘Mehr als Wohnen’.
less distributed than ‘Mehr als Wohnen’ (see figure 13). This de-centralised organisation of shared space can also be seen in the Losone project by Inches Gelata architects (see figure 12).
19 Figure 13: Comparison of shared space of two cooperatives. Mehr als Wohnen takes a more distributed approach to shared space than Zwicky-SĂźd.
MURIEL MULIER
Well-being can be translated into space, addressed on different scales, from within the home towards the city (see Figure 14). We should rethink, for example, the extension of the home towards places where you share knowledge, where a charity event could happen or first line care is provided. Linking these spatial qualities to different degrees of care (like first, second to third line) could be
20
compared to the wider services beyond the NHS, such as housing, schools, and the voluntary sector, that also play an important role to cohesive and open communities (see right figure 14). Nowadays there is a need for more intrusive care, which enables remote monitoring at home, instead of in institutionalised environment. On the other hand, besides mutual aid, the COVID19 pandemic has also made the politics of space for a quality of the built environment incredibly visible. “Building for health is not just about the healthcare system but the entire city and the built environment, the access to resources, and the type of livelihood made possible based on [such] access.” argues Malkit Shoshan, area head of the art, design and public domain program at the Harvard Graduate school of Design.24 Inclusivity becomes a pressing question, since I believe the answer lies not in unitary design. 24 ‘A Radical Transformation in Building and Designing for Health Is Underway—but Not Everyone Will Benefit Equally’. 2020. Harvard Graduate School of Design<https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/2020/04/ the-pandemic-may-instigate-a-radical-transformation-in-building-and-designing-for-health-but-not-everyone-will-benefit-equally/> [accessed 22 May 2020].
21 Figure 14: Scaling up of the notion of well-being (applied to design workshop term 2, in Pentonville) and the proliferation of the functions of the NHS.
MURIEL MULIER
CONCLUSION
Rythms in architecture and urbanism need open-ended interpretations, achieving more through inclusion rather than exclusion, as Venturi argues. Attitudes to ‘inside-outside’ relationships in plinth and tower typologies demonstrate the difficulty to achieve a whole. An inconsistent relationship between elements should be allowed, since complexity of the city demands plurality. Both Richard Sennett and Stan Allen go further into this notion of plurality. ‘Multiple forms’ can happen as long as the form allows for it. ‘Eventualizing’ can go beyond the program and create the opportunity to have unanticipated activities. This unintendedness and temporality are important determinants. Where Koolhaas rearticulates the program, Tschumi disconnects the event from the program. In 22
both their proposals for ‘Parc de la Vilette’ their complexity consisted of several layers. In both cases we could also notice this balance between specificity and open-endedness. My application to the care landscape explores the broadening of care that becomes part of everyday life, allowing new partnerships. Cooperatives, as an alternative living form, contribute to the more ‘open’ cities Sennett is looking for. Through a comparison of two cooperatives in Zürich, the arrangements of sharing space should be diversified and adaptable. Finally, we can conclude that an integrated care landscape should be inclusive, not only in the domestic space, but also in the genre of healthcare buildings and research laboratory buildings.
23
Figure 15: Cross-overs of the bio-economy.
MURIEL MULIER
BIBLIOGRAPHY References: ‘A Radical Transformation in Building and Designing for Health Is Underway—but Not Everyone Will Benefit Equally’. 2020. Harvard Graduate School of Design<https://www.gsd. harvard.edu/2020/04/the-pandemic-may-instigate-a-radicaltransformation-in-building-and-designing-for-health-but-noteveryone-will-benefit-equally/> [accessed 22 May 2020].
‘Breaches / Autumn 2019 / The Berlage’. [n.d.]. <http://www. theberlage.nl/events/details/2020_01_16_breaches> [accessed 1 June 2020].
Fry, Tony. 2017. Remaking Cities: An Introduction to Urban Metrofitting(Bloomsbury Publishing Plc) https://doi. org/10.5040/9781474224192.
Jacobs, Jane. 1992. The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Vintage Books ed (New York: Vintage Books).
Jeffrey Kipnis, A question of qualities: essays in architecture, chapter 5, Recent Koolhaas, (Cambridge: The MIT).
24
‘Drawing Matter → SETS → Drawings of the Week → The San Cataldo Ossuary in the Age of Hyper-Objects’. [n.d.]. <https://www.drawingmatter.org/sets/drawing-week/sancataldo-ossuary-age-hyper-objects/> [accessed 6 June 2020].
Koolhaas, Rem, and Bruce Mau. 1995. Small, Medium, Large, Extra-Large: Office for Metropolitan Arcitecture(Rotterdam: 010).
Allen, Stan. 2009. Practice: Architecture, Technique + Representation, Expanded 2nd ed (London ; New York: Routledge).
Ryan, Brent D. 2017. The Largest Art: A Measured Manifesto for a Plural Urbanism(Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England: The MIT Press).
Barton, Hugh, Susan Thompson, Marcus Grant, and Sarah Burgess (eds.). 2015. The Routledge Handbook of Planning for Health and Well-Being: Shaping a Sustainable and Healthy Future, Routledge Handbooks (London ; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group).
Sennett, Richard. 2018. Building and Dwelling: Ethics for the City(London: Allen Lane, an imprint of Penguin Books).
Tschumi, Bernard. 1996. Architecture and Disjunction, Disjunction (Essays Written between 1984 and 1991) (London: The MIT Press). Blasi, Ivan, and Anna Sala Giralt. 2019. EU Mies Award 19: European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture, Mies van Der Rohe Award.
Boomen, Tijs van den, Eric Frijters, Sandra van Assen, Marco Broekman, Guido van Eijck, and others (eds.). 2017. Urban Challenges, Resilient Solutions: Design Thinking for the Future of Urban Regions(Haarlem: TrancityxValiz).
Fred Scott, Interior, 1975. Paper montage and ink on paper, 270 × 270 mm. Courtesy the artist and Betts Project.
Venturi, Robert. 1977. Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, The Museum of Modern Art Papers on Architecture, 2d ed (New York : Boston: Museum of Modern Art ; distributed by New York Graphic Society).
Figures: 1. https://www.google.com/ url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F4 43182419567531290%2F&psig=AOvVaw1d3IXTa4wLfEp6nqiZ AB3P&ust=1591901589662000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved= 0CA0QjhxqFwoTCPDXjdb19-kCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ + http:// wikimapia.org/11319776/Skanderbeg-Square . 2. Own drawing design workshop 2 term 1 + https:// www.51n4e.com/projects/espace-nord. 3.
Drawing by Carolina Gilardi, design workshop 1 term 1.
5. https://www.drawingmatter.org/sets/drawing-week/ san-cataldo-ossuary-age-hyper-objects 6. Pictures by Maxime Delvaux and Marvin Leuvret + https:// afasiaarchzine.com/2019/02/bruther-10/ and http://bruther.biz/ overview/new-generation-research-center-23/. 7. Own drawing design workshop term 2 + https://oma.eu/ projects/educatorium. 8. Own drawing design workshop term 2 + https://oma.eu/ projects/parc-de-la-villette. 9. Own drawing design workshop term 2 + https://www. architectural-review.com/buildings/parc-de-la-villette-in-parisfrance-by-bernard-tschumi/8630513.article. 10. https://www.santenco.nl/nl/portfolio_page/ voorzieningencluster-roombeek/. 11. https://www.drawingmatter.org/sets/drawing-week/ fred-scott/. 12. https://www.inchesgeleta.ch/en/concorsi/ en-centro-polivalente-per-anziani/. 13.
Own drawing design workshop term 2.
14. Own drawing design workshop term 2 + https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/ community-health-services-explained. 15.
Own drawing.
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4. Own drawing design workshop 2 term 1 + https://www. architectuur.nl/project/de-rokade-groningen/ + https://www. archdaily.com/257204/flashback-knsm-island-skydome-wielarets-architects/500f15da28ba0d49c6000005-flashback-knsmisland-skydome-wiel-arets-architects-photo.