On plurality

ON PLURALITY

MURIEL MULIER INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT POSTGRAD HOUSING & URBANISM TERM 2 2020 TUTOR: LAWRENCE BARTH

MURIEL MULIER

2

ON PLURALITY

Indicated with a dotted perimeter are drawings by the author.

INTRODUCTION

Defining with certainty a pinned down long-term

Thirdly, coming back to an open, inclusive city, the

rigourness in design is impossible, it’s the task of

new models of associations and co-operations, as

architects and urbanists to have a sense of open-

an alternative way of living, asks for multiplicity in

endedness in the design on each scale.

shared space. Taking an interest in health ecologies,

Unanticipated and inevitable climatic, social, cooperatives provide opportunities for the broadening of care, ageing in place and mutual aid consciousness.

impossible to control in the disciplines of architecture

Central to responding to these three current trends, that

and urbanism. New ways of working should anticipate

should not contradict each other, is the aim of healthy

and acknowledge the dynamics of contemporary cities.

and inclusive living. From within the home to a collection

The challenge consists of cultivating urbanism in its

of assemblies of blocks, shared space is not simply

pluralism to answer to the complexity of cities with an

singular, but plural.

inclusive multiplicity.

This paper aims to discuss how open-endedness can

Firstly, we discuss in this essay the notion of plurality

be determined by plurality and multiplicity, events and

and multiplicity by Stan Allan and Robert Venturi, what

the appearance and more popular use of cooperations?

3

technological, programmatic and economic changes are

can multiplicity bring to the city to make it more open?

Richard Sennett, as he calls himself Venturi’s urbanite, To illustrate multiplicity, projects studied during Design encourages planners and architects to contribute to an

Workshops, lectures and site visits are explored. This

ideal ‘open’ city, where the whole is greater than the sum

questions how multiplicity can be seen in drawings.

of its parts. Are plurality or multiplicity bringing more complexity? Should ’inside-outside’ be a contradiction?

Secondly, architecture has always been much about the event that takes place as about the space itself. Looking into the definition of an ‘event’ we ask ourself, how ‘eventualzing’ can open up the fixed and traditional so that a multiplicity can emerge. Koolhaas and Tschumi bring different reasoning to the table and through their projects the importance of the program in relation to the event is different.

MURIEL MULIER

1. MORE IS LESS

oppressive monumentality” of Communist architecture

we can see a trend in the selected European projects

and counteract this with a nuanced monumentality of the

towards cheap, ordinary construction materials to foster

new civic landscape. What used to be a highly regulated

flexible, open and ambitious spaces. Offices that are

space has now become de-regulated by various design

building upon this attitude are for example, Fala, Bruther,

methods. The pavement allows for an infinite number of

51N4E, Assemble and Muoto. They acknowledge that an

group configurations and freedom of flows.2

architect or urbanist could leave the interpretation to the

The Skanderberg square’s design strategy enables

user, by constraining up to a certain point that a future-

something that no one can expect to happen, since the

proof use will be qualitative.1

water flows with its own rhythm of day and season.

4

In the selected projects for the MiesEU awards of 2019

Figure 1: Rythms of flows, multiple uses of the square are generated through the use of the water. Skanderberg square, Tirana.

It is an approach that lies in the use of ordinary materials

Perhaps we should be more ambitious and emphasise

and simple spaces and structures. This is conform to

those rhythms, where multiple actors can benefit from

the idea of an architecture accessible for all, serving the

the same space and place, their differences aside. Not

needs of daily life and option for social bonding. This

everything will happen at the same time, of course,

approach is illustrated in the project of Skanderberg

but there should be a certain flexibility and ease to

square in Tirana, by 51N4E. The architects deal with “the

let different activities happen at different times and in

1 Blasi, Ivan, and Anna Sala Giralt. 2019. EU Mies Award 19: European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture, Mies van Der Rohe Award, p.13.

different seasons.

2

Ibidem, p. 408.

5 Figure 2: Inside-outside permeability is no longer a contradiction. Old street, Peabody estate design workshop term 1 and the permeable groundfloor of ZIN, a hybrid repurpose of the WTC towers by 51N4E architects in ‘the North Quarter’ of Brussels.

MURIEL MULIER

Venturi mentions new attitudes towards inside-outside

Richard Sennett agrees with Venturi that those who

relationships as manifestations of contradictions. What

inhabit a city should be able to develop skills to manage

is originally seen as a contradiction, the ‘inside’ on the

its complexity.5 He distinguishes between five open

one hand and the ‘outside’ on the other, can rather have

forms to make urban places complex in a positive way.

a continuity between them.

One of these is the notion of ‘multiple forms’. Multiplicity makes a city more ‘open’ when it can connect the ‘ville’ (the overall city) with the ‘cité’ (the consciousness and

rather than the easy unity through

character of a place). An open ‘ville’ marked by its five

exclusion.”3

open forms would allow the ‘cité’ to become complex.6

6

“It is the difficult unity through inclusion

Ideally, there would be synchronic spaces, where Vectors through the plinths of figure 4, both embedded in

different things happen at the same time. These would

central city fabrics, can provide this continuity. In design

contribute to an ethically open city that would encourage

workshop term 1, we investigated how the typology of

differences. Similarly, Stan Allen argues in the chapter

a tower and plinth can be used for multiple uses (see

Urbanism in plural in ‘Practice’, that “we will need to

figure 3). The plinth as an element can be inconsistent

cultivate all the unanticipated new strategies and working

with the element of the tower on top of it, as is the case

methods that the complexity of the contemporary city

in the Rokade tower by Arons and Gelauff in Groningen,

demands in the plural”.7

with its extensive horizontal plinth. However, the cross section of the Rokade imposes constraints to the spatial qualities on the groundfloor. Venturi states that the whole is difficult to achieve, and we should acknowledge that the difficult whole includes multiplicity and diversity of elements that are perhaps in an inconsistent relationship.4 It is a hierarchy of subelements that acts as a binder to a the whole.

3 Venturi, Robert. 1977. Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, The Museum of Modern Art Papers on Architecture, 2d ed (New York : Boston: Museum of Modern Art ; distributed by New York Graphic Society), p. 88.

4 Ibidem.

5 Sennett, Richard. 2018. Building and Dwelling: Ethics for the City(London: Allen Lane, an imprint of Penguin Books), p. 16.

6 Ibidem, p.240.

7 Allen, Stan. 2009. Practice: Architecture, Technique + Representation, Expanded 2nd ed (London ; New York: Routledge), p. 188.

Figure 3: Permeability in the plinth, sequence of openness and closeness.

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Figure 4: Learning from the precedents of the Rokade and the Skydome tower. Both projects are comparable in shifting plinths and the notion of freedom in the plan generated through the structural and spatial relationship.

MURIEL MULIER

The city, however, is not all about poetic propositions

lie that could bring a transformation beyond the program.

where ideally everything can happen at once.

Programs tend to be strict and too narrow. It is only

Turbulences, uncertainties as climate change, pandemics

there where programs collide in disjunctions that events

and social segregations, for example, create ruptures

and the unpredictable can happen. Because these

and disjunctions. Stan Allen sees the city as a problem

disjunctions are mostly not visible in a plan or section,

of ‘organised complexity’, a term borrowed from Jane

more complex drawing techniques can facilitate this.

Jacobs. She argues that it is wrong to think that problems But how can we generate multiple forms? Is this embedded

that they can be easily solved by techniques of probability

in the nature of the form? For example, the form of Aldo

or statistical mechanics. Cities, just like life sciences,

Rossi’s Ossuary in Modena used here in these drawings

present quantities all varying simultaneously but in a

(see figure 5) as the starting point for a speculative

subtle way also interconnected.8 ‘Organised complexity’

experiment. Treated with a set of formal manipulations,

is a dynamic system in which small variables interact in

Stephano Corbo wants to show the relationship between

complex formations and can create the unexpected. The

assemblage and form in architecture. “The outcome

open-endedness, I would argue, that is what we would

is an assemblage that is multiple made up of many

be looking for. But which forms behaves like this? Rossi

heterogeneous terms.”9

8

in the city have a nature of disorganised complexity and

had argued that form in itself is dynamic, with a memory of the slow evolution of the city, embedded within.

As an illustration, the forms used in the Rokade and Skydome lift the residential from the ground and engage in a subtle way with the existing care centre and the thoroughfare close by, in the case of the Rokade. The waterfront at the IJ river, is also embedded in the form in the case of the Skydome. The cross form of the Rokade provides the advantage of bringing an intimacy in the air, since each unit has a soft corner that gives multidirectional orientations. It is in this form that opportunities 8 Jacobs, Jane. 1992. The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Vintage Books ed (New York: Vintage Books), p.433.

9 ‘Drawing Matter → SETS → Drawings of the Week → The San Cataldo Ossuary in the Age of Hyper-Objects’. [n.d.]. <https://www.drawingmatter.org/sets/drawing-week/san-cataldo-ossuary-age-hyper-objects/> [accessed 6 June 2020].

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Figure 5: Formal exploration, what does multiplicity look like? Starting from Rossiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Ossuary in Modena.

MURIEL MULIER

2. HOW CAN PROGRAM DRIVE AN EVENT?

“The city is a conflation of both place as event and event as place.” 10 But what does the ‘event’ mean? The perception of the city is not one of incremental design, constructed over time. The city is rather a designing of the event in itself, or according to Tschumi architecture is in itself already an event. “(The city) can be on a clear rupture with its specificity - such as climate and natural events, trade, migration, war – articulated to the elsewhere and

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have huge impacts.”11 A definition of an event has no consensual philosophical understanding in the field of what they exactly are. I would argue temporality and causality of events are its most important determinants.

If we argue uses are more important than functions, with the goal that multiplicity of uses allows people to have an impact, we could imagine how to let events happen.

Alexandre Theriot of Bruther architects stated in a lecture at the TUDelft,

“space is a frame that needs to be used in various ways and also in ways that are not predicted.”12 Similarly, we can see in one of their Parisian projects, the ‘Résidence pour des chercheurs’ in the ‘Cité universitaire’, that the open groundfloor acted as an ‘in between’ that could work as ‘unintended’ (see figure 6).

10 Fry, Tony. 2017. Remaking Cities: An Introduction to Urban Metrofitting(Bloomsbury Publishing Plc) https://doi. org/10.5040/9781474224192, p. 35.

11 Ibidem.

12 Alexandre Theriot public lecture of the Berlage institute, ‘Breaches / Autumn 2019 / The Berlage’. [n.d.]. <http://www.theberlage.nl/ events/details/2020_01_16_breaches> [accessed 1 June 2020].

11

Figure 6: RĂŠsidence pour des chercheurs in Paris, Bruther architects. Visited on study trip to Paris, February 2020.

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MURIEL MULIER

The remarkable competition for Parc de la Vilette in 1982,

the institutional feeling. Incongruence with the program is

that still is influential in the field, was an opportunity to

exactly what creates those event structures, argues Kipnis.

speculate about the future of the city and the park in

The drawing on the right is Koolhaas’s entry for the Parc

the 21st century. The two significant entries by Tschumi

de la Vilette competition. The use of the bands or strips

and OMA, turn their back to architectural monuments or

support different programmatic events, yet they contribute

traditional typologies of streets and blocks, as was seen

to a summation that is more than the accumulation of the parts.

in Krier’s proposal for the first edition of the competition

“This tactic of layering creates the maximum length of

six years earlier. Both projects distinguish a diagrammatic

‘borders’ between the maximum number of programmatic

approach to program and event, where the park is an

components and will thereby guarantee the maximum

experiment in an urban lifestyle.

permeability of each programmatic band- though this

Its diagrammatic strategy as a consequence gives

interference- the maximum number of programmatic

architecture a change to integrate seamlessly into the

mutations.”14

project and the diagram brings a loose typology of the

Inspired by these bands, on the left hand side I tried to show

program, related to a geometric hierarchy. A tectonic

the complex nature of Pentonville, the context of design

confetti of small-scale elements, in the case of Koolhaas,

workshop term 2. Pentonville has a similar logic of armatures,

and a point grid, in the case of Tschumi, give both hierarchy

corridor and canal and infrastructure of the railway system.

and have organisational definitions. Kipnis ,writing about

Assemblies formed in the depth of the blocks aim to intensify

Koolhaas, argues that Koolhaas rearticulates the program

their position in the ‘bands’. An intensified landscape driven

and shows how it can generate an event structure.13 The

by its differences becomes complex, as Venturi and Sennett

diagram of the Utrecht Educatorium, for example, shows

would argue, mentioned in paragraph 1, but this can only

the freedom of movement by the use of inclined planes.

enrich the experience. Complexity is often addressed in

Simple use of the circulatory system, multidirectional

several layers, how to be at once intimidate, precise and

vectors create opportunities, places to gather after a

specific but at the same time flexible and open-ended. This

lecture or performance. Similar, King’s place by Dixon

is a continuous question during the design process. There

Jones has this capacity to foster unanticipated behaviour.

is a balance needed between extreme convergence and

These infrastructural devices, event structure, go beyond

divergence.

the function of the library, museum or hospital; beyond 13 Jeffrey Kipnis, A question of qualities: essays in architecture, chapter 5, Recent Koolhaas, (Cambridge: The MIT), p. 127.

14 Koolhaas, Rem, and Bruce Mau. 1995. Small, Medium, Large, Extra-Large: Office for Metropolitan Arcitecture(Rotterdam: 010),p. 923.

13 Figure 7: Crossing of vectors are best visible in isometric drawings. Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s place by Dixon Jones in Islington and the Utrecht Auditorium

by OMA.

Figure 8: OMA scheme for Parc de la Vilette shows the layering of the park in bands, sometimes opening vistas and crossing bands by promenades, front view projection.

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MURIEL MULIER

If we accept there are elements beyond the control of

He does talk about a structure that can enable a kind of

the designer, those city’s plural elements – imagined for

freedom, but is is not the program that drives this. For

more than a single design- become more powerful. “By

Tschumi architecture in itself is already an event. In his

incorporating the city’s plural elements.. urban design

Manhattan transcripts in 1981, the tripade of events,

becomes more democratic, participatory, open-ended

movements and spaces are seen as contradictions in

and infinite.”, argues Ryan Brent in ‘The Largest Art’.15

themselves, not needed to form a concise synthesis.

Modernist urban design projects required the greatest

Tschumi argues further that sequences can be intensified

reconversion of plural to unitary space yet seen. College

though compression, insertion and transference. Can

campuses or big hospitals are such unitary sites, often

these cinematic theoretical explorations be translated in

own by one party. The Rockerfeller centre, for example,

architecture? In Tschumi’s project for ‘Parc de la Vilette’,

was also such reconversion from plural space to unitary

the point grid creates a complexity and intensity because

space, but those actions require great amounts of money

of its superimposition of layers of points, lines and grids.

and more often power. Even unitary sites, like Central

The follies act as disjunctions, shocks or turning points.17

Park, might still have elements from its plural past. In

Following Foucault, Tschumi proposes that the future

Koolhaas ‘Bigness’ concept, he recommends to ‘retreat’

of architecture lies in such turning points or events,

not from unitary sites, but from plural ones, since plural

since those have neither origin nor end, opposed to the

qualities are not that easily available for design control

modernist propositions as form follows function.18

in the millions of individual parcels that compose the

Temporality, as stated before, is one of the determinants

city. We can ask ourselves if ‘Bigness’ should abandon

that generates events. Due to the lack of space, a

this plurality that is inherit in cities?

schoolyard in Enschede (Netherlands) introduced a

Tschumi, on the other hand, disconnects the notion of

shared playground that can be converted into a drop-

event from the program.

off lane or a running track. The run track is part of the

“Function does not follow form, form does not follow function-or fiction for that matter-

urban campus, but with fluctuations in time, it can also be part of the domain of local children, after school hours.19

however, they certainly interact.”16

15 Ryan, Brent D. 2017. The Largest Art: A Measured Manifesto for a Plural Urbanism(Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England: The MIT Press),Chapter 1, p. 2.

16 Tschumi, Bernard. 1996. Architecture and Disjunction, Disjunction (Essays Written between 1984 and 1991) (London: The MIT Press), p. 254.

17 Allen, Stan. 2009. Practice: Architecture, Technique + Representation, Expanded 2nd ed (London ; New York: Routledge), p.184.

18 Tschumi, Bernard. 1996. Architecture and Disjunction, Disjunction (Essays Written between 1984 and 1991) (London: The MIT Press), p. 256.

19 Boomen, Tijs van den, Eric Frijters, Sandra van Assen, Marco Broekman, Guido van Eijck, and others (eds.). 2017. Urban Challenges, Resilient Solutions: Design Thinking for the Future of Urban Regions(Haarlem: TrancityxValiz), p.100-105.

15 Figure 9: Sequence of spaces in the depth of the block, in Pentonville layers of movement are included in a stepped section, building upon the existing topography. The notion of layering movements in points, lines and grids can be learned from Tschumi’s ‘Parc de la Vilette’.

Figure 10: A place to play, skimpy spatial standards and tight budgets for schoolyards force designers to be creative. Shared space fluctuates in time. Buro Sant en Co, Enschede, 2007.

MURIEL MULIER

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3. APPLIED TO A CARE LANDSCAPE. OPEN COOPERATIVES AND THE ROLE OF SHARED SPACE.

Programs that are complex because of their scope, in

Here, Sennett’s idealistic argument towards more ‘open

particular research laboratories and hospitals, have

cities’ that would tolerate difference and promote equality

a functional problem from the start, argues Robert

in a complex molecule of experiences is applicable.

Venturi.20 In this paragraph we will apply the previous

In wealthy societies with developed public health and

concepts of plurality on healthcare buildings and ‘healthy’

healthcare systems, the provision of housing for an

housing conditions. I believe that housing should not be

ageing population is a challenge.

considered as a category for a specific group of people

Within the medical field developments in genetics,

of any race, gender or age. Today, there is a shift from

biotechnologies and AI provide opportunities for health

business or state-led housing to community housing that

monitoring. There are some ethical challenges that also

can help to build more resilience into the places we live in.

concern architecture and urban design.

“ ‘Healthy housing’ embraces overarching

Trends in cooperative and collective living take an interest

principles of inclusivity, accessibility,

in providing healthy and inclusive living models.

adaptability, sustainability and value for

With new forms of collective housing, the home has

money, demonstrating a holistic approach to

become a combination of individual and shared spaces

space design. As Parker Morris21 suggested,

that enrich neighbourhoods and give it more purpose

space in the home is about focusing on

by providing more opportunities for community life. The

what is needed socially, environmentally

COVID19 pandemic has already shown how mutual aid and

and economically within the home while

collective consciousness are still embedded in society.

ensuring that there is enough flexibility

Moreover the awareness of the social and economic

for the home to be adapted by future

impact of sharing space grows. In previous movements in

generations.”22

the 20th century, cooperative living has shown qualities of the commons while guaranteeing a certain respect

20 Venturi, Robert. 1977. Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, The Museum of Modern Art Papers on Architecture, 2d ed (New York : Boston: Museum of Modern Art ; distributed by New York Graphic Society), p. 19.

21 Parker Morris’s report from 1961, Homes for Today and Tomorrow, still keeps a benchmark for healthy housing in the UK. 22 Barton, Hugh, Susan Thompson, Marcus Grant, and Sarah Burgess (eds.). 2015. The Routledge Handbook of Planning for Health and Well-Being: Shaping a Sustainable and Healthy Future, Routledge Handbooks (London ; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group), p.414.

of privacy for the individual. Traditionally, the nuclear family was confined to its designated members. Today, the notion of friendship blurs the barriers where the new family should start or end. If we look beyond a strategy of quantitative efficiency other values become appreciated.

The new notion of the family allows easier mutual support and, therefore, the cooperative structure might be the ideal domestic arrangement. The collage of Fred Scott, a student at the AA in 197523, depicts also this blurring of the family barriers. One of the paintings of the Dutch painter Jan Steen * is combined with Le Corbusier’s drawing for the interior of a mass production Artisans’s dwelling project, included in ‘Vers une architecture’.

17

23 Fred Scott, Interior, 1975. Paper montage and ink on paper, 270 × 270 mm. Courtesy the artist and Betts Project.

* “A household from Jan Steen” is an old expression in the Dutch language that refers to a chaotic household where there are no rules and order is lacking. The 17th century painter Jan Steen has often depicted his own extended family in his paintings.

Figure 11: Collage by Fred Scott, student at the AA in 1975, this project wanted to break open the rigid stereotype of the house precisely tailored to the nuclear family, as was the standard in the 60’s with the Parker Morris report for example.

MURIEL MULIER

From within the home to a collection of assemblies of blocks, shared space is not simply singular, but plural. If bio-economy is no longer only part of the private domain, it opens a proliferation for a multiplicity of shared spaces

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allowing new partnerships.

Figure 12: Elderly home in Losone, Switserland by Inches Gelata architects. The distributed organisation of clustered living, allows for shrinkage and expansion of your shared space.

As an illustration, we can see that a pluralisation of shared

The specific organisation of individual units drives the quality

space provides more possibilities when the hierarchy is

of the shared space, compared to the project of Zwicky Süd,

more diverse, as is the case, for example, in Blok A in

by Kraftwerk. Here, the shared space is more compact and

‘Mehr als Wohnen’.

less distributed than ‘Mehr als Wohnen’ (see figure 13). This de-centralised organisation of shared space can also be seen in the Losone project by Inches Gelata architects (see figure 12).

19 Figure 13: Comparison of shared space of two cooperatives. Mehr als Wohnen takes a more distributed approach to shared space than Zwicky-SĂźd.

MURIEL MULIER

Well-being can be translated into space, addressed on different scales, from within the home towards the city (see Figure 14).

We should rethink, for example, the extension of the home towards places where you share knowledge, where a charity event could happen or first line care is provided. Linking these spatial qualities to different degrees of care (like first, second to third line) could be

20

compared to the wider services beyond the NHS, such as housing, schools, and the voluntary sector, that also play an important role to cohesive and open communities (see right figure 14). Nowadays there is a need for more intrusive care, which enables remote monitoring at home, instead of in institutionalised environment.

On the other hand, besides mutual aid, the COVID19 pandemic has also made the politics of space for a quality of the built environment incredibly visible. “Building for health is not just about the healthcare system but the entire city and the built environment, the access to resources, and the type of livelihood made possible based on [such] access.” argues Malkit Shoshan, area head of the art, design and public domain program at the Harvard Graduate school of Design.24 Inclusivity becomes a pressing question, since I believe the answer lies not in unitary design.

24 ‘A Radical Transformation in Building and Designing for Health Is Underway—but Not Everyone Will Benefit Equally’. 2020. Harvard Graduate School of Design<https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/2020/04/ the-pandemic-may-instigate-a-radical-transformation-in-building-and-designing-for-health-but-not-everyone-will-benefit-equally/> [accessed 22 May 2020].

21 Figure 14: Scaling up of the notion of well-being (applied to design workshop term 2, in Pentonville) and the proliferation of the functions of the NHS.

MURIEL MULIER

CONCLUSION

Rythms in architecture and urbanism need open-ended interpretations, achieving more through inclusion rather than exclusion, as Venturi argues. Attitudes to ‘inside-outside’ relationships in plinth and tower typologies demonstrate the difficulty to achieve a whole. An inconsistent relationship between elements should be allowed, since complexity of the city demands plurality. Both Richard Sennett and Stan Allen go further into this notion of plurality. ‘Multiple forms’ can happen as long as the form allows for it. ‘Eventualizing’ can go beyond the program and create the opportunity to have unanticipated activities. This unintendedness and temporality are important determinants.

Where Koolhaas rearticulates the program, Tschumi disconnects the event from the program. In 22

both their proposals for ‘Parc de la Vilette’ their complexity consisted of several layers. In both cases we could also notice this balance between specificity and open-endedness.

My application to the care landscape explores the broadening of care that becomes part of everyday life, allowing new partnerships. Cooperatives, as an alternative living form, contribute to the more ‘open’ cities Sennett is looking for. Through a comparison of two cooperatives in Zürich, the arrangements of sharing space should be diversified and adaptable. Finally, we can conclude that an integrated care landscape should be inclusive, not only in the domestic space, but also in the genre of healthcare buildings and research laboratory buildings.

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Figure 15: Cross-overs of the bio-economy.

MURIEL MULIER

BIBLIOGRAPHY References: ‘A Radical Transformation in Building and Designing for Health Is Underway—but Not Everyone Will Benefit Equally’.

2020. Harvard Graduate School of Design<https://www.gsd. harvard.edu/2020/04/the-pandemic-may-instigate-a-radicaltransformation-in-building-and-designing-for-health-but-noteveryone-will-benefit-equally/> [accessed 22 May 2020].

‘Breaches / Autumn 2019 / The Berlage’. [n.d.]. <http://www. theberlage.nl/events/details/2020_01_16_breaches> [accessed 1 June 2020].

Fry, Tony. 2017. Remaking Cities: An Introduction to Urban Metrofitting(Bloomsbury Publishing Plc) https://doi. org/10.5040/9781474224192.

Jacobs, Jane. 1992. The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Vintage Books ed (New York: Vintage Books).

Jeffrey Kipnis, A question of qualities: essays in architecture, chapter 5, Recent Koolhaas, (Cambridge: The MIT).

24

‘Drawing Matter → SETS → Drawings of the Week → The San Cataldo Ossuary in the Age of Hyper-Objects’. [n.d.]. <https://www.drawingmatter.org/sets/drawing-week/sancataldo-ossuary-age-hyper-objects/> [accessed 6 June 2020].

Koolhaas, Rem, and Bruce Mau. 1995. Small, Medium, Large, Extra-Large: Office for Metropolitan Arcitecture(Rotterdam: 010).

Allen, Stan. 2009. Practice: Architecture, Technique + Representation, Expanded 2nd ed (London ; New York: Routledge).

Ryan, Brent D. 2017. The Largest Art: A Measured Manifesto for a Plural Urbanism(Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England: The MIT Press).

Barton, Hugh, Susan Thompson, Marcus Grant, and Sarah Burgess (eds.). 2015. The Routledge Handbook of Planning for Health and Well-Being: Shaping a Sustainable and Healthy Future, Routledge Handbooks (London ; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group).

Sennett, Richard. 2018. Building and Dwelling: Ethics for the City(London: Allen Lane, an imprint of Penguin Books).

Tschumi, Bernard. 1996. Architecture and Disjunction, Disjunction (Essays Written between 1984 and 1991) (London: The MIT Press).

Blasi, Ivan, and Anna Sala Giralt. 2019. EU Mies Award 19: European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture, Mies van Der Rohe Award.

Boomen, Tijs van den, Eric Frijters, Sandra van Assen, Marco Broekman, Guido van Eijck, and others (eds.). 2017. Urban Challenges, Resilient Solutions: Design Thinking for the Future of Urban Regions(Haarlem: TrancityxValiz).

Fred Scott, Interior, 1975. Paper montage and ink on paper, 270 × 270 mm. Courtesy the artist and Betts Project.

Venturi, Robert. 1977. Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, The Museum of Modern Art Papers on Architecture, 2d ed (New York : Boston: Museum of Modern Art ; distributed

by New York Graphic Society).

Figures: 1. https://www.google.com/ url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F4 43182419567531290%2F&psig=AOvVaw1d3IXTa4wLfEp6nqiZ AB3P&ust=1591901589662000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved= 0CA0QjhxqFwoTCPDXjdb19-kCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ + http:// wikimapia.org/11319776/Skanderbeg-Square .

2.

Own drawing design workshop 2 term 1 + https:// www.51n4e.com/projects/espace-nord.

3.

Drawing by Carolina Gilardi, design workshop 1 term 1.

5. https://www.drawingmatter.org/sets/drawing-week/ san-cataldo-ossuary-age-hyper-objects 6.

Pictures by Maxime Delvaux and Marvin Leuvret + https:// afasiaarchzine.com/2019/02/bruther-10/ and http://bruther.biz/ overview/new-generation-research-center-23/.

7.

Own drawing design workshop term 2 + https://oma.eu/ projects/educatorium.

8.

Own drawing design workshop term 2 + https://oma.eu/ projects/parc-de-la-villette.

9.

Own drawing design workshop term 2 + https://www. architectural-review.com/buildings/parc-de-la-villette-in-parisfrance-by-bernard-tschumi/8630513.article.

10. https://www.santenco.nl/nl/portfolio_page/ voorzieningencluster-roombeek/.

11. https://www.drawingmatter.org/sets/drawing-week/ fred-scott/.

12. https://www.inchesgeleta.ch/en/concorsi/ en-centro-polivalente-per-anziani/.

13.

Own drawing design workshop term 2.

14.

Own drawing design workshop term 2 + https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/ community-health-services-explained.

15.

Own drawing.

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4.

Own drawing design workshop 2 term 1 + https://www. architectuur.nl/project/de-rokade-groningen/ + https://www. archdaily.com/257204/flashback-knsm-island-skydome-wielarets-architects/500f15da28ba0d49c6000005-flashback-knsmisland-skydome-wiel-arets-architects-photo.