Reusing Plastic Waste as a Construction Material
倀爀攀猀攀渀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䤀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀 漀昀 䐀攀猀椀最渀Ⰰ 䔀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 䄀爀挀栀椀ⴀ 琀攀挀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 䤀渀搀甀猀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 䤀渀 瀀愀爀琀椀愀氀 昀甀氀昀椀氀氀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 刀攀焀甀椀爀攀洀攀渀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 搀攀最爀攀攀 漀昀 䈀愀挀栀攀氀漀爀猀 漀昀 䄀爀挀栀椀琀攀挀琀甀爀攀 䈀礀㨀
Mustafizahmed Vhora
吀栀攀猀椀猀 最甀椀搀攀㨀 䄀甀最甀猀琀 ㈀ 㜀
Nitin Gurnani
Rancharda, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382115
Approval of successful completion of B. Arch Thesis The following Bachelor of Architecture Thesis is hereby approved as credible work on the approved subject carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactorily to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite to the Bachelor in Architecture for which it has been submitted. It is also to be understood that by this approval, the undersigned does not necessarily endorse and approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfies him to the requirement laid down by the thesis committee in July 2017.
Thesis Title: Reusing Plastic Waste as a Construction Material
Mustafizahmed Vhora
Name and Signature of Student:
Name and signature of External Evaluator:
Nitin Gurnani
Name and Signature of Thesis Guide:
Bhanupratap Sharma
Name and Signature of HOD:
Rancharda, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382115
i
Acknowledgments
Abstract
First and foremost I would like to thank God for giving me
strength and ability to pursue my thesis.
construction material using all kinds of plastic waste. The
I would like to thank my Internal guide Associative Professor Nitin Gurnani and Pro. Tejendra Tank for their invaluable guidance and suggestions. I am thankful to dr. Urvik Patel to make me understand the basics of my topic and expert advice during my research work. I would also like to thank all the faculties with whom my discussion was held for critically analyzing my research. Above all, I would like to thank my family for their unconditional love and constant support and motivation. Thanks to my parents who trusted, supported, believed and encouraged me. A special thanks to my dad who inspired me to pursue this topic for my thesis and accompanied me throughout my research. Finally, I would like to thank all my friends (Anushree Patel, Deep Patel, Dhriti Kimothi, Rizvan Saiyed, Shruthi) who played an important role and helped me to get through my thesis.
ii
The study explores the possibilities of making a
non-biodegradable nature of plastic and the fact that only some portion can be recycled and the rest of it is dumped in waste has made plastic hazardous.
Plastic waste causes harmful effects on the
environment if they are not managed in a proper manner. Wastes are classified into three parts out of which plastic, which is part of solid waste that has been studied here.
The study examines the negative effect of plastic
waste on the environment and explores the usage of plastic waste as a potential construction material which has properties of low cost, light weight, and durability. By combining plastic and construction related issues in a judicious manner, further, the scope and limitations of work aim to compare technical and functional parameters of the Plastic Composite Block (PCB) or Plastic Composite Panel (PCP) with traditional construction material available in the market.
Thereby, an understanding of the applications of
plastic construction material for different architectural elements is evolved.
iii
Table of contents
3.3 Plastic Waste Collection Cycle .............................................................................22
Acknowledgments
......................................................................................................ii
3.4 Plastic Waste Product Recycling Process ............................................................25
Abstract ......................................................................................................................iii
3.5 Plastic Waste Block/ Panel Recycling Process ....................................................28
Table of contents
.......................................................................................................iv
3.6 Casting process of Waste Plastic Block ...............................................................31
Abbreviations ............................................................................................................vii
3.7 Cost calculation of Plastic Composite Block/ Panel .............................................36
1.
4.
Introduction ........................................................................................................01
Comparative analysis
.......................................................................................39
1.1 Background ..........................................................................................................02
4.1 Rate Analysis .......................................................................................................40
1.1.1 Plastic Related Issues ................................................................................03
4.1.1 Comparison of Rate Analysis for Masonry Construction ............................40
1.1.2 Construction Related Issues ......................................................................04
4.1.2 Comparison of Rate Analysis for Panel Construction .................................40
1.2 Problem Statement ..............................................................................................05
4.2 Properties of Plastic Composite Block/ Panel ......................................................42 4.2.1 Properties of Plastic Composite Product having concrete like properties ..42
1.3 Aim .......................................................................................................................05 1.4 Objectives ............................................................................................................06
4.2.2 Properties of Plastic Composite Product having wood like properties .......43 4.3 Architectural Applications of Plastic Composite Block/ Panel ...............................43
1.5 Scope and Limitations of work .............................................................................06 1.5.1 Scope of Work ...........................................................................................06 1.5.2 Limitations of Work
4.3.1 Architectural Applications of Plastic composite product having brick
...................................................................................07
(Load - Bearing Wall) like applications ........................................................46 4.3.2 Architectural Applications of Plastic composite product having board
1.6 Study Methodology .............................................................................................08
(Partition Wall) like applications ..................................................................47
1.6.1 Detail Approach and Methodology ................................................................09
4.4 Structural Analysis ...............................................................................................50
2.
4.4.1 Comparison Structural Analysis of PCB(Plastic Composite Block) with
Literature review ................................................................................................11
Masonry Blocks .........................................................................................50
2.1 Wastes: An Overview ...........................................................................................12
4.4.2 Comparison Structural Analysis of PCP(Plastic Composite Panel) with
2.2 Why solid waste? .................................................................................................12 2.3 Solid Waste Classification ....................................................................................13 2.4 Introduction of Plastic Waste ..............................................................................14 2.4.1 Plastic Waste Classification, Types & Proportions .......................................16 3.
Observation and manufacturing process ..........................................................19
3.1 Selection Criteria for Material ...............................................................................20 3.2 Plastic - Properties, Examples and Recycle Products ..........................................20 iv
Panels ........................................................................................................51 5.
Conclusion ..........................................................................................................57
5.1 Suggestions/Recommendations and Future Scopes ............................................58 List of Figures
.........................................................................................................viii
Credits of Figures List of Images
.....................................................................................................ix
............................................................................................................x
Credits of Images
......................................................................................................xi v
AMC
- Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
Bibliography .............................................................................................................xiii
C & D Waste
- Construction and Demolition waste
Books ..........................................................................................................................xiii
PET
- Polyethylene Terephthalate
Published Articles .......................................................................................................xiv
HDPE
- High - Density Polyethylene
Online Sources ...........................................................................................................xiv
PVC
- Polyvinyl Chloride
IS Codes
LDPE
- Low - Density Polyethylene
PP
- Polypropylene
PS
- Polystyrene
LIG
- Low Income Group
MIG
- Medium Income Group
HIG
- High Income Group
IS
- Indian Standard
CLC
- Cellular Lightweight Concrete
AAC
- Aerated Autoclaved Concrete
GI Sheet
- Galvanized Iron Sheet
WPC
- Wood Plastic Composite
PCB
- Plastic Composite Block
PCP
- Plastic Composite Panel
MT
- Metric Ton
Kg/ m3
- Kilogram per cubic meter
N/ mm2
- Newton per square millimeter
List Of Tables
...........................................................................................................xii
.....................................................................................................................xv
Clip art Images ............................................................................................................xvi
vi
vii
CHAPTER 1. Introduction
This chapter gives an overall view of the Solid
Waste. How much solid waste is generated, dumped and composted are shown here. It also indicates the major concern over solid waste and how it affects adversely on environment and human life. It identifies two main issues. A solution is proposed to partly reduce the problem by addressing these issues collectively. The approach is focused towards construction related materials. The chapter discusses aims, objectives, scope and limitations. The study methodology illustrates how an optimal solution to the problem of solid waste management can be achieved. 1
1.1
Background Modern life style generates a lot of waste.
Rapid industrialization and urbanization has resulted
cultural dimensions. It is, therefore, imperative to review the understandings in solid waste management in the region from various viewpoints. [Vastu-Shilpa Foundation 2003; Ramachandra, T.V. 2006]
in generation of large quantities of waste. Solid waste management is a term that is used to refer to the process of collecting and treating solid wastes. It also offers solutions for recycling items and has now become of global significance.
[Conserve Energy Future]
About 0.1 million tons of municipal solid waste is
generated in India every day. That is approximately 36.5 million tons annually. Out of the total municipal waste collected, on an average 94% is dumped on land and 5% is composted. [CPCB Report, 2013] This waste comes from houses, offices, industries and various other agricultural related activities.
Due to improper waste disposal systems,
particularly by municipal waste management teams, waste heaps up and becomes a problem. Dumps have adverse impact on the environment and public health. Landfill sites produce foul smell and become a breeding ground for different type of diseases. [Conserve Energy Future]
Solid wastes from industries are a source of toxic
materials and chemicals which may seep into the soil and pollute the ground water. When hazardous wastes are burnt they produce dioxins and gases causing various diseases.
Various technological options have been tried
As a part of this research, the study works upon two issues which are identified as follows:
1.1.1 Plastic Related Issues
Plastic is the most convenient and cheapest
:
product, but it has created a host of problems and has become a great hazard. According to recent studies, plastic can stay unchanged for as long as 4,500 years on earth. [Journal 2013; Afroz Sultana S.K., K.S.B. Prasad 2012] This situation is alarming since 300 million tons of plastic is produced every year in the world. To make things worse, millions of tons of this waste ends up in the oceans.
A recent U.S. report concluded that 1,00,000
marine mammals die every year in the world’s oceans by eating or by entangling in plastic waste material, and the situation is worsening. [Divya Bhasker News Paper 2017; Karmayog] A lot of animals such as cows, dogs etc. are killed every year due to consumption of plastic bags. The U.S.A. alone expends 340 million dollars for curing diseases caused because of plastic. Plastic even results in air pollution and poisoning of percolated water. Supreme Court announced that plastic is more dangerous for the world even than an atom bomb. [Divya Bhasker News Paper 2017] It is a material which is produced in large-scale. The
and experimented with different people to find viable
disposal of plastic waste is a great problem and hence
alternatives for appropriate disposal of waste. These
needs a global response.
experiments have significantly established the fact that solid waste management is not just a technical issue, or a purely financial outlook but it has socio-political and 2
3
1.1.2 Construction Related Issues
:
Building Construction has an impact on all natural
1.2 •
Problem Statement More than 15,000 tonnes plastic wastes are produced
resources like air, water and soil. It is also responsible for
in India everyday, of which 6,000 tonnes remain
greenhouse gas emissions in large amounts that results
uncollected and littered. There is no coherent frame
in climate change. The materials used in building
work for utilization of these wastes, which are
construction also have a serious effect on the environment.
disposed legally and illegally. This harms the
Conventional Bricks causes damage to the most fertile
environment, increases energy consumption, and
layer of the earth. Cement is the most often used building
depletes finite landfill resources. [Dave 2016; Chavan, Apurva J. 2013]
material and its production is increasing all over the world. The production of cement involves the consumption of large quantities of raw material, energy, and heat. Cement
•
by incineration, pollutes air, land and water and
production also results in the release of a significant
exposes workers to toxic chemicals.
amount of solid waste materials and gaseous emissions. [Stajanča М., Eštoková А. 2012; Anchor Institute for Infrastructure Sector; CEPT
•
a proper manner. As such, these huge amounts of
The manufacture of plastic, its destruction and
wastes need to be properly managed. It is very
waste cause harmful effects on environment leading
important to give priority to the environment in
to air, land and water pollution which are hazardous to
addition to conventional project objectives, such as
plants, animals and human beings. Building industry
cost, duration, quality and safety. [Tadahiko Sakamoto 2005]
deteriorates environment by depleting resources and consuming energy and creating waste. A lot of new
Large quantities of plastic waste causes harmful effects on the environment if they are not managed in
University 2011]
The manufacture of plastic as well as its destruction
•
If these wastes are appropriately applied in
materials used for high-rise construction for the purpose
building construction, the pollution and disposal
of making it energy efficient and light weight oriented,
problems may be partly reduced. The use of these
comprise cement as a bonding agent which again creates
materials in building construction is based on
environmental issues. By collectively addressing the
technical, economic and ecological criteria.
above two issues which have negative impact on environment and human beings, the problem can partly
1.3
Aim
be reduced by suitably utilizing plastic waste in building
To explore the different possibilities of making
construction.
construction materials using all kinds of plastic waste. The ultimate aim is to minimize the adverse environmental impact of disposal of plastic waste, while at the same time, reducing the use of the natural
4
5
resources to make new construction materials.
1.4
Objectives
Basic intention is to efficiently utilize the waste
Analysis.
•
•
To explore different types of plastic waste.
•
Exploring the usage of plastic waste as a potential
respondents i.e. Architects, Structural Designers, Chemical Engineers, etc. •
construction material. •
•
The result presented cannot be used for all conditions as, for different sources the quality and properties of the PCB/ PCP depends on the Plastic Waste.
Understanding the physical and chemical characteristics of construction material made from
The structural results are dependent on the analysis during the survey, hence are dependent on the
Main objectives of the current project work are : •
The study has been concentrated on PCB/ PCP used for load- bearing and non- load- bearing structures.
plastic in constructive way so that it can be beneficial to both users & environment.
1.5.2 Limitations of Work
•
The waste should comprise at least 25% of PP
plastic waste.
(Polypropylene) waste and heating temperature at
Comparing the technical and financial parameters
1350C should be maintained.
of the plastic construction material with traditional construction materials available in the market. •
Understanding the application of plastic construction material for various architectural elements.
1.5
Scope and Limitations 1.5.1 Scope of Work
•
The scope concentrates on the manufacturing process of the reusing waste plastic block, and how it could be used effectively and better than other conventional materials.
•
It also includes technical & cost parameters.
•
Data of conventional blocks and panels are taken from secondary sources like IS codes and Rate of
6
7
1.6
1.6.1 Detail Approach and
Study Methodology
Methodology
Methodology •
Primary survey •
Strategy
Identification
Primary
development
of study area
survey
Manufacture Process : Manufacture process start with data survey
of life cycle of waste plastic like generation, collection, segregation, transportation, treatment and final recycled
Initial
Data
Manufacturing
Understanding
Collections
Process
product out of waste. After data survey casting process of waste plastic block is started. •
Issues Identification • News Paper • Articles
• AMC • Other Experts (like
review • Net research
Data
Panel (PCP) data in comparison with conventional materials through secondary sources like IS codes and
are structure analysis and rate analysis.
Engineer)
Companies
Analysis of Plastic Composite Block (PCB)/
Rate of Analysis. Parameters used for analysis of data
Structure, Chemical
• Plastic Manufacturing Literature
Analysis of
Analysis of data :
Alternate scenarios
• Waste Plastic Recycling Units
• Book research Conclusion Fig 1.1 Research study flowchart
The main focus is on two issues and its solution by proposing a new construction material which is based on technical, economical and ecological criteria. It has scope for approach towards final product. 8
9
CHAPTER 2. Literature review
According to the inferences of the previous
chapter, This chapter gives a general overview about wastes, its different types and hierarchies and then specifically delves into plastic waste. It also comprises of plastic types and its layers. Recyclable and non recyclable plastics are also explained in this chapter. 11
2.1
Wastes: An Overview
doors of the research scientist all over the world.
[CHEC,
ITKE, VSF]
Waste is unwanted or unusable material. It is
any substance which is discarded after primary use,
In India on an average only 70% waste collection
or is worthless, defective and of no use. [Design Technology -
is observed, while the remaining 30% is again mixed up and lost in the urban environment. Out of total waste
Design Tech for IB students]
collected, only 12.45% waste is scientifically processed
For convenience waste is categorized into three parts:
and rest is disposed in open dumps. MSW in India has
Waste
approximate 40–60% compostable, 30–50% inert waste and 10% to 30% recyclable. [CPCB Report, 2013]
Liquid Waste
Hazardous Waste
Type Description Liquid Waste Coarse screening grit, septic tank
Solid Waste Source
Sewage treatment plants and septic
sludge, dewatered sludge, etc.
tanks
Hazardous
Pathological waste, explosive
Households, hospitals, institutions,
Waste
radioactive materials, etc.
stores industries, etc.
Solid Waste
Plastic, paper, glass, metal, lather,
Household, institutions and commercial
etc.
concerns, streets, alleys, etc.
Table 2.1 Types of waste, its description and its sources
2.2
Why Solid Waste? Today the world as a whole is experiencing a
remarkable technological and economical progress. The revolutionary research in science and technology has raised the standard of living worldwide. Through the course of making human life simpler, humans have enormously polluted air, water and land. Polluted drinking water sources and also have caused air pollution, solid waste management crises of urban local bodies, etc. are few of the emerging challenges that are knocking at the
2.3
Solid Waste Classification
Solid waste can be both organic or inorganic.
Waste materials such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, kitchen refuse, paper, appliances, paint cans, batteries, etc. produced in a society, which do not generally, carry any value to the first user(s). While waste have little or no value in one setting or to the one who wants to dispose them, the discharged wastes may gain significant value in another setting. Knowledge of the source and types of the solid waste is, therefore, essential for the solid waste management. [Ramachandra, T.V. 2006] There are two ways in which solid waste can be classified 1) Source based classification: This refers to waste from domestic, street sweeping, road side bins, construction and demolition,restaurants kitchens, fish market, which consists of leftover food, vegetable peels, plastic, paper, clothes, ashes, dust, building debris, etc. 2) Type based classification: Classification of wastes based on types, i.e., physical, chemical and biological characteristics of wastes. Type waste is classified into organic waste and inorganic waste.
12
13
Organic waste is the material that is more directly
raw material. [Amit Gawande, G.S. Zamre, V.C. Rwenge, G.R. Bharsakale 2012]
derived from plant and animal sources, which can
generally be decomposed by microorganisms. Finally, the
from agriculture to packing, automobile, building
organic waste segregated, is used as fertilizer for plants.
construction, communication or Info Tech has been virtually revolutionized by the applications of plastics. Use of this
Inorganic waste consists of the materials other than
non-biodegradable product is growing rapidly and the
plant or animal matter, such as sand, glass, or any
problem we face is disposal of plastic waste. [Afroz Sultana 2012]
other synthetics. From the consumer, waste is collected,
If a ban is put on the use of plastics, the real cost would
segregated, transported, treated and finally taken to the market.
Today, every vital sector of the economy starting
be much higher, the inconvenience would be much more,
[CHEC, ITKE, VSF]
the chances of damage or contamination much greater. Type Based
Solid Waste
Classification
Source Based
Type Based
Classification
Classification
Fig 2.1 Solid Waste Classification
Organic Waste
Inorganic Waste
Fig 2.2 Solid Waste - Type Based Classification
2.4 Introduction of Plastic Waste
increase and above all the environmental burden would
Plastic is ubiquitous in today’s lifestyle. Modern Life
The risk to the family health and safety would
is unthinkable without plastic. Some of the properties that
manifold. Hence the question is not “plastics Vs non -
make it useful are its low cost, light weight and durability.
plastics� but it is more concerned with the judicious use
With the industrial revolution, mass production of goods started and plastic seemed to be a cheaper and effective 14
and re-use of plastic-waste. In recent years, application of plastic wastes has been considered in building 15
construction with great interest in many developing countries. [Babu, Prof. G L Sivakumar 2012]
2.4.1
Plastic Waste Classification, Types & Proportions
For Convenience plastic waste is categorized into two parts : (Fig 2.4) a)
Recyclable (Ex. Thermo-plastics 1) and
b)
Non-recyclable (Ex. Thermo-sets 2)
The figures available on plastic wastes are
Eatable
Refill
Items
Packages
Medical Items
estimated on assumption that 70 % of total plastic consumed is transformed into waste. It has been reported
Fig 2.4 Plastic Waste Classification, Types and Proportions
that 60 % of total plastic waste generated is recycled and
Type
40 % plastics are neither collected, nor recycled and find their ways into drains, open lands, rivers, railway tracks
Description
Source
Chips, biscuits, chocolate,
Household, institutions and
sugar grains, etc.
commercial concerns, streets, etc.
Medical Items
Pluses, medicated tubes, etc.
Hospitals, institutions, etc.
Refill
Shampoo, oil, etc.
Household, institutions and
Eatable Items
and coasts. These in turn choke drains or get dredged in the soil, making the land infertile. [India; ministry of Environment and Forestry 2010]
commercial concerns, alleys, etc.
Packages
There are three parts of recyclable plastic materials :
Table 2.2 Types of non-recyclable waste, its description and its sources
1) Most Recyclable,
1.
2) Less Recyclable &
Thermoplastic – can be repeatedly softened and melted when heat is applied and then solidify into
3) Very Less Recyclable
5 4
Most eatable items, medical and refill packages are not
3 2 1
recyclable materials like chocolate, chips, biscuit -
new shapes or new plastic products when cooled 2.
Thermo sets
– can soften and melt but take
shape only once and are not suitable for repeated
wrappers, toothpastes, etc.
heat treatments
For example toothpaste tube has five layers :
Most environmental issues are raised because of
1) Outer film;
4) Co-extrusion Layer and
plastic waste in comparison with others. Most of
2) Co-extrusion Layer;
5) Inner Layer
plastic waste goes to dump-site and a small amount
3) Aluminum Foil;
is recyclable. Whereas plastic which is on dump-site Fig 2.3 Layers of Toothpaste Tube
16
is easily available for reusing. 17
CHAPTER 3. Observation and manufacturing process
In continuation to the assumption of the previous
chapter this chapter deals with the plastic properties, market and recycle products. It explains how waste collection cycle and recycle process happens in recycling units. In collection and recycling process (above two processes) manual and mechanical power is consumed to great content. This chapter also includes casting process with less energy consumption and cost calculation of the final product. 19
3.1 Selection Criteria for Material
Fig 3.1
Plastics - Properties, Examples and Recycle Products Properties : Clarity, barrier to gas and moisture, toughness
Due to lack of integrated solid waste management,
Examples
most of the plastic waste is neither collected properly nor
: Water Bottles, food jars, oven-able films, cooking oil containers
disposed of in an appropriate manner. Waste plastics are causing littering and choking of the sewerage system.
Products
Plastic pollution can unfavorably affect lands, waterways
Polyethylene
and oceans, wild life, wild life habitat or humans. Plastic
Terephthalate
waste recycling can provide an opportunity to collect and dispose of plastic waste in the most environmental
Properties : Examples
friendly way and it can be converted into a resource. In be economically viable, as it generates resources which
Products
are in high demand. If these materials can be suitably
Properties : Versatility, toughness, resistance to grease oil and chemical
3.2 Plastics - Properties, Examples and Recycle Products According to Society of the Plastic Industry, plastic
1. PET, 2. HDPE, 3. PVC, 4. LDPE, 5. PP, 6. PS &
Properties : Versatility, insulation, clarity, easily formed
Chloride
7. Others. Their properties, examples and recyclable Examples
products are shown in Fig 3.1. If a new construction and their properties should be identified.
for bonding. Different plastic types have different melting point 1 which is another important aspect. Lower temperature is 1450C beyond that it releases toxic gases again resulting in environmental issues. 20
Products
: Pipes, packaging
Properties : Toughness, flexibility, ease of sealing Examples
: Disposable cups, cutlery, food boxes, packaging
Polystyrene
Products
: Pots, tubes, trays
sets and thermoplastics polymer joined together by
such in new material there is no need of extra adhesive
: Plumbing pipes, cleaning and medical products
: Usually thin and pliable e.g. shopping bag, food containers, gloves
foam
material is invented from plastic then all types of plastic
which has more bonding capacity than other materials. As
Examples
Polyvinyl
is classified in seven parts according to their resin codes :
chemical bonds. Polypropylene is thermoplastics polymer
: Recycling bins, pallets
Polyethylene
problems may be partly reduced.
Plastic recyclability is dependant on its thermo -
: Milk containers, wheelie bins, juice bottles, shampoo
High-Density
utilized in building construction, the pollution and disposal
Toughness, resistance to moisture, chemicals
and detergent bottles
most of the situations plastic waste recycling could also
: Fibers, drink bottles
Products
: Plastic bags, dispensing bottles
Low - Density Polyethylene
Properties : It is dependent on chemical makeup
Properties : Toughness, strength, versatility
Examples
: Baby bottles, CDs, storage containers
Examples
Products
: Car parts, pallets
: Condiment and medicine bottles, tupperware, lining and external borders of the cars
Products
: Auto parts, industrial fibers, pots
Polypropylene
21
3.3 Plastic Waste Collection Cycle
Plastic is an indispensable part of everyday
Fig 3.2 Plastic Waste Collection Cycle - Flowchart
Recycling unit
Market
Plastic bags are mostly reused. The
disposed material contains, broken
toys, chairs, plastic bottles, etc.
Collect all kind
Profit ≈ 2.5 ₹ (each item)
Collection
Plastic foils, waxed
wrappers, etc.
Waste and potentially
22
Municipal Bins recyclable materials
moldable state.
of solid waste
transforms its physical properties to
Landfill are available
The collected material is
segregated broadly
goes from a solid stable state &
according to its type.
1. Melting point - is a temperature at which a polymer
Where 1-2 person are
comes to the market.[Kishore Vikrant 2012]
employed on daily wage of
it will go to the industries for mass production and lastly it
Wastes 30-35 ₹ per day
further segregate it by its grade and through recycling unit
Local seller of Solid
encompasses
local seller will sell plastic to whole seller, who in turn will
Consumer
Profit ≈ 2.5 ₹
goes to the local seller for segregating solid waste. The
(each item)
profit margin. In this process, very less amount of waste
from house-
and rag-pickers will sell it to the local seller with some
hold
waste would be picked by rag pickers. Regional vendors
Rag picker Profit ≈ 2.0 ₹ (each item)
it will go to Dump yard/ Landfill. The potential recyclable
Disposal normally is taken every
is valuable for LIG, the HIG will throw it to the dustbin and
plastic bags are
Group) and HIG (High Income Group). The product which
day and
groups like LIG (Low Income Group), MIG (Middle Income
segregated by its grade, with
is sold to vendors. This depends upon different income
change in profit margin.
in the market. After its use, it goes to municipal bins or
5-7 person are employed on
The consumer utilizes the virgin plastics available
broken plastic
Plastics daily wage of 30-35 ₹ per day
Whole seller of waste
Vendor products
ITKE, VSF]
Pipes, bottles buckets,
needed to be extracted to produce virgin plastic. [CHEC,
toys, etc.
increased plastic recycling, fewer natural resources are
Profit ≈ 2,000-2,500 ₹
the amount of used plastic that ends up in landfills. With
per day
The raw material is now
converted into new
Profit ≈ 3.5 ₹
plastic products
Profit ≈ 8-10 ₹
reuse of plastics have the obvious benefits of decreasing
(each item)
economic and environmental reasons. Recycling and
per Kg
more versatility to its use. Plastics are recycled for both
The collected material
coal. They can be molded into any shape which gives
pass through a mechanical
and the basic ingredients that go along are oil, gas and
process for regeneration of
Plastics are basically polymers (long chains of molecules)
raw material used for
generating plastic products
human life. We are surrounded by plastic all around us.
Industries
23
3.4 Plastic Waste Product Recycling Process
Fig 3.3 Plastic Waste Collection Cycle
Plastic is hazardous to the environment. Most
plastics are made from fossils fuels, like oil and natural gas, which releases toxic emissions when extracted from the earth. Plastic releases hazardous emissions when burnt and its recycling can be hazardous to communities and workers. [Life Without Plastic; CHEC, ITKE, VSF]
There are some processes which are included in
recycling unit like cleaning, separating, shredding, heating Market
Consumers
and molding (refer to Fig 3.4 & 3.5). For waste collection
Municipal Bins
and recycling process lot of mechanical and manual energy are consumed. Therefore, final recycle product’s cost becomes higher.
24
Rag pickers
Landfill
Local Seller
Recycling Unit
Vendors
Whole Seller
Industries
25
Pipes, bottles buckets, toys, etc.
The raw material is now converted into new plastic products
Production 1000 Kg (1 ton) per day Selling of lumps: 20 - 25 ₹ per Kg Selling price of the product: 18,000 - 20,000 ₹ per 1 ton
The collected material pass
Market approximately : 5,000-8,000 Kg
Consumption done per day is
for generating plastic products.
regeneration of raw material used
through a mechanical process for
Cleaning
Cleaning Person employed: 1 Person Employment cost : 30-35 ₹/ day Process : Moisture, dust, etc. is cleaned out after passing them through the blower. Separating Women employed : 10 -15 Employment cost : 30-35 ₹/ day Process : Segregation of plastic is done manually
used as raw material
become lumps, is
These melted plastics
Moulding
– 1000c and shaped of
furnace at a temp. of 42
are further heated in the
The shredded pieces
Heating
power
and doesn’t require extra man
it is a mechanical process
Shredding
according to its defined grades.
for making of plastic
to form
Shredding products.
Profit ≈ 8-10 ₹ per Kg
Heating Moulding
27 26
Recycling unit Process
Market Industries Unit Production
Fig 3.5 Plastic Waste Product Recycling Process Fig 3.4 Plastic Waste Product Recycling Process - Flowchart
Separating Recycling Unit
3.5 Plastic Waste Block/ Panel Recycling Process
Industries
Process
when recycling plastics into blocks/ panels. Toxic gases released are less in comparison with other recycle plastic
it is directly shredded (approximately 10mm shredding) without cleaning procedure in a recycling unit. During this
Plastic bags are mostly reused. The
mud impurities, taking all types of plastic together. Then
disposed of material contains, broken
recyclable or non-recyclable having water impurities or
toys, chairs, plastic bottles, etc.
The first step is to collect available plastic;
mm and adding fly-ash for
increasing its strength
recycling process is shown in brief as follows :
Consumer Whichever waste comes from landfill
lower than other recycle products. The plastic waste panel
separate other solid waste impurities
products. It saves electricity, ultimately the cost would be
Separating
Pipes, bottles buckets,
blocks/panels. The following advantages can be gained
toys, etc.
disadvantages in comparison to plastic wastes utilized as
Market The raw material is
As recycled plastic waste products have
now converted into new
Shredding All material is sized using
and send it to the recycling/
Heating The shredded pieces
a Shredder to a uniform
small amount and most of the waste stays on dump site.
plastic products
Moulding Extruded Plastic is cast
are further heated in the
size of approximately 10
to recycle it. The result is that the waste is recycled in
manufacturing unit
into mould to get desired
furnace at a temperature
which additional man and mechanical power are required
shapes for wall / various
general in nature. Used plastic comes to the market in
of 1350c
The above plastic recycling process described is
applications
Fig 3.6 Plastic Waste Block/ Panel Recycling Process - Flowchart
process there will be consumption of a small amount of manual energy and maximum waste would be recycled. After shredding it is heated at 1350 C after adding fly ash. In plastic type the optimal temperature is 1450 C, and if it
Municipal Bins Plastic foils, waxed
wrappers, etc.
Waste and potentially
recyclable materials
28
Landfill are available
for wall or various applications.
The collected material pass
Extruded plastic is cast into moulds to get desired shapes
through a mechanical
it has more bonding capacity as compared to others.
process without cleaning and
be careful that waste should be polypropylene because
reusing waste plastic into
So, it is heated by keeping 100 C safe margin. One has to
Recycling unit construction blocks/ panels
is heated at 1450 C or more, it then release toxic gases.
29
Recycle Plastic Process
Fig 3.7 Plastic Waste Block/ Panel Recycling Process
Market
Consumer
Energy Consumption
Energy Consumption
Into Product
Into Block/ Panel
Municipal Bins
Fig 3.8 Waste Plastic - Product Vs Block/ Panel Recycle Process
3.6 Casting process of Waste Plastic Block Construction Field
Separating
The final product was developed through a
series of trial and error experiments. First Colgate - a Landfill
toothpaste manufacturing company was contacted by referring to a newspaper for the caption issue. The main problem for the tooth paste company was to recycle their products. Toothpaste tube contains five layers of packing. To recycle and clean the products ample amount of water is required. But the government is not able to provide such amount of water or a dump-site for their waste. [Newspaper] Colgate agreed to part with their waste. The waste collected from the Colgate Company was melted and a sample block was manufactured by adding catalyst 1 (chemical agent). Similarly, Dove - shampoo
Heating
Shredding
Recycling Unit
manufacturing company was contacted and the same method was applied.
30
31
Ingredients : 60 gm Toothpaste Tube Waste , 15 gm Catalyst Dimensions : 85 mm x 60 mm x 25 mm Weight
: 75 gm Img 3.1 Sample Block - 1_ Shredded Plastic Waste - Colgate Toothpaste
Tubes
Img 3.4 Sample Block - 4_ All
Ingredients
: 0.8 Kg Plastic Waste, 0.2 Kg Catalyst
Dimensions
: 140 mm x 140 mm x 30 mm
Weight
: 1 Kg
Cost Calculation : Plastic Waste
- 1.5 ₹
- 20 ₹
Total Cost
Kind of Plastic Waste
Catalyst : Material + (0.5% Labour)
Ingredients : 60 gm Tobacco Sachet Waste ,
15 gm Catalyst
and not on segregating waste, like toothpaste tube,
taking all wastes
x 25 mm
together and by adding different catalysts, after this process
: 75 gm
cost analysis was done. But, the cost of new product was Img 3.2 Sample Block - 2_ Shredded Plastic Waste - Tobacco
much higher than other conventional raw material because
Sachets
of the use of catalyst. It was not affordable.
Ingredients : 40 gm Tobacco Sachet Waste , 10 gm Catalyst Dimensions : 85 mm x 60 mm x 15 mm Weight
: 50 gm Img 3.3 Sample Block - 3_ Shredded Plastic Waste - Dove Shampoo Sachets
But the main focus was on all kind of plastic waste
shampoo and tobacco sachets. Another block was made by
Dimensions : 85 mm x 60 mm
Weight
- 22 ₹
Img 3.5 Sample Block - 4_ All Kind of Plastic Waste
Ingredients
: 0.5 Kg Plastic Waste, 0.2 Kg Catalyst
Dimensions
: 140 mm x 140 mm x 30 mm
Weight
: 750 gm
Cost Calculation : Plastic Waste
- 1.5 ₹
- 25 ₹
Total Cost
Catalyst : Material + (0.5% Labour)
- 27 ₹
After making the sample block, an understanding
was developed that different type of products comprise different layers of materials. They have different chemical properties as well. As a result, different catalysts are required for every type of product.
1. Catalyst – is an agent which accelerates a particular process either acting in the process directly or indirectly. 32
33
Then a visit to recycling units and market was paid
Consumption of waste
to explore the chemical properties of plastic. The recycling
by a vendor or rag
unit of Sintex, a leading company for processing plastic
picker
a bonding agent in water tank panels. It was stated that polypropylene had a binding capacity to bond different plastics because of its chemical structures. The same
Collected plastic further
formula was adopted by adding molecules (granules) of
shredded to a uniform
polypropylene in plastic waste and a new block was
size of approximately 10
prepared. But even after the use of virgin polypropylene
mm
there was no further improvement in cost and strength.
Now to place waste plastic brick in category of
concrete, wood and burnt clay brick, their properties were
Adding Fly-ash
Blended mix of fly-ash and Plastic mixture is
compared and again a waste plastic brick was developed.
Shredding
Collecting
was contacted. They were using polypropylene (PP) as
heated at 1350 C in a extruder
Finally, after a series of experiments all plastic
wastes were used together in the block with polypropylene as an adhesive agent, and fly ash for all
Heating
Extruded Plastic is cast
over strength, Plastic Composite Brick (PCB) and Plastic
into mould to get
Composite Panel (PCP) were manufactured.
desired shapes for various applications.
daily - wage : 1 Person
Moulding
Person employed on
Total Brick Cost ≈ 6.50 ₚ
Final Product
Img 3.6 Final Brick_ All Kind of Plastic Waste
Table 3.3 Casting Process of Waste Plastic Block
34
35
3.7
Cost Calculation of Plastic Composite
B).
Block/ Panel
No.
Production Capacity per day
i). ii).
Capacity
138 Bricks per day
iii). Brick Size
2
Worker • Separating & Material • Heating , Moulding &
230mm x 110mm x 070mm
v).
Total cost
per 100 brick
9.5 mm = 17.4 Kg
per 010 panel
0.30 Kg (PP Waste):
Capital Investment Fixed Capital (per month) i).
No.
ii).
050 ₹
1
030 ₹
030 ₹
2
035 ₹
070 ₹
4
-
100 ₹ 074 ₹
Per Unit
Total Amount (₹)
1
Plastic Waste (Rag Pickers)
150 Kg
200 ₹
2
Fly-ash
020 Kg
025 ₹
3
Total
-
225 ₹
per 100 bricks
Table 3.5 Raw Material (per 100 bricks/ panels)
Machinery & Equipments Electricity 1200 ₹ per month
No. 1
Heating
1200 ₹ per month
Total
4400 ₹ per month
2
0110 ₹ per
3
100 bricks 010 panels 36
050 ₹
Raw Material (per 100 bricks/ panels)
per 010 panel
Land & Buildings
ii).
Description
Rental 2000 ₹ per month
1
0.02 Kg (Fly-ash - Industrial Waste)
(₹)
Table 3.4 Salaries (daily wages)
1.20 Kg (Waste Plastic):
A).
(₹ daily wages)
per day
1800mm x 1200mm x
Brick/ Panel Proportions
Total Amount
Stacking 3
iv). Panel Size
Employment Cost
Handling
= 1.780 Kg
Salaries (daily wages) Nos.
Supervisor/ Entrepreneur
Brick = 6 hours)
i).
Description
1
Working Hours 008 hours per day (100
Working Capital
iii).
Description Transportation Miscellaneous Total
Other Expenses Total Amount (₹)
per 100 bricks
200 ₹
per 100 panels
200 ₹
per 100 bricks
050 ₹
per 100 panels
200 ₹
per 100 bricks
300 ₹
per 100 panels
400 ₹
Table 3.6 Other Expenses (per 100 bricks/ panels)
37
iv). No. 1 2 3
Total Working Capital
Description Salaries (daily per 100 bricks
Total Amount (₹) 0074 ₹
wages)
per 100 panels
0740 ₹
Raw Material
per 100 bricks
0225 ₹
per 100 panels
2250 ₹
Other Expenses per 100 bricks
4
Total
0250 ₹
per 100 panels
0400 ₹
per 100 bricks
0549 ₹
per 100 panels
3390 ₹
Table 3.7 Total Working Capital (per 100 bricks/ panels)
C).
Final Amount
No. 1 2 3
Description Total Fixed per 100 bricks
Total Amount (₹) 0110 ₹
Capital
per 100 panels
1100 ₹
Total Working
per 100 bricks
0549 ₹
Capital
per 100 panels
3390 ₹
Total selling
per 100 brick
0659 ₹
price
per brick per 100 panels per panel
06.59 ₹ = 6.5 ₹ 4490 ₹ 449 ₹ = 450 ₹
Table 3.8 Final Amount (per brick/ panel)
Recycling process of plastic takes a lot of energy consumption consequently the cost of final product would be higher than recyclable market products.
CHAPTER 4. Comparative Analysis
Mechanical process harms the environment and
because of higher cost manufacturer will reduce the
comparative analysis was made with parameters of rate
quality of the product which ultimately results in loss
analysis, properties comparison and structural analysis.
to the users. According to problem statement the
The architectural application of PCB/ PCP, which had
product should be economically viable. In keeping
limited scope till now, was also examined. Hence, how
this in mind for benefits to the environment and users
this material can be used for different architectural
a new construction product is proposed to produce.
applications has been determined.
38
Taking the inferences of the previous chapter now
39
4.1 Rate Analysis
No.
02
4.1.1 Comparison of Rate Analysis for
Block Type
Sheet Thickness
Cost (per sq. ft)
03 mm
_
04 mm
_
05 mm
_
06 mm
027 ₹
09 mm
034 ₹
12 mm
037 ₹
16 mm
040 ₹
19 mm
052 ₹
25 mm
065 ₹
05 mm
_
06 mm
040 ₹
09 mm
047 ₹
12 mm
055 ₹
15 mm
090 ₹
18 mm
115 ₹
Plastic Composite Panel
09.5 mm
18.0 ₹
(PCP)
12.5 mm
22.0 ₹
15.0 mm
27.0 ₹
19.0 mm
34.5 ₹
23.0 mm
42.0 ₹
25.0 mm
45.5 ₹
Structural Plywood
Masonry Construction No.
Block Type
01
Load - Bearing Unit : Concrete Blocks
02
Structure Type
Cost (per brick) 65.00 ₹
Main Wall CLC Blocks
Non- Load - Bearing Unit : Partition Wall
AAC Blocks
03
Non- Load - Bearing Unit :
45.00 ₹
03
Partition Wall Load - Bearing Unit :
WPC Sheet
06.00 ₹
Main Wall Burnt Clay Bricks
Non- Load - Bearing Unit :
04
Bricks
Partition Wall, Roof-top, Floor Fly Ash
05
Non- Load - Bearing Unit :
block (PCB)
04
Partition Wall Load - Bearing Unit :
Plastic Composite
04.75 ₹
06.50 ₹
Main Wall Non- Load - Bearing Unit : Partition Wall, Roof-top, Floor
Table 4.1 Comparison of Rate Analysis for Masonry Construction Table 4.2 Comparison of Rate Analysis for Panel Construction
4.1.2 Comparison of Rate Analysis for Panel Construction No. 01
40
Block Type Gypsum Plaster Board
Sheet Thickness
Cost (per sq. ft)
09.5 mm
15 ₹
12.5 mm
20 ₹
15.0 mm
24 ₹
23.0 mm
37 ₹
25.0 mm
40 ₹ 41
4.2 Properties of Plastic Composite Block/
Panel •
It can be modelled to behave like wood or cement/ concrete
•
It can be hammered
•
It allows screwing, nailing, sanding, sawing, chiseling, and grooving
Mechanical properties of the product such as Tensile,
• It also allows carving and laminating
Aesthetic value can be increased, like color and
4.3 Architectural Applications of other Plastic
surface finishing •
It is weather resistant
•
It is thermal, acoustic & humidity resistant
•
Large complex articles can be made
Composite Block/ Panel
studied. It is observed that in India plastic bottles are vastly used in most of places for architectural applications viz, plastic bottle wall, plastic bottle filler slab,
having Concrete like properties Allows Plastering, coloring & silicate coating
•
Solid Content: can be made into Hollow, Semi-solid
Before making construction material with reused
plastic waste the architectural use of plastic waste was
4.2.1 Properties of Plastic Composite Product
•
having wood like properties
•
Impact, Flexural, Elongation etc., can be modified •
4.2.2 Properties of Plastic Composite Product
plastic bottle as a light source, plastic sheet for shedding Cutting
or roofing, etc.
and Solid shapes •
Specified Compressive Strength: based on the quantity of catalyst utilized, compressive strength of
Sawing
the product can be adjusted •
Bulk Density: Usual product density can be adjusted between 800 to 1500 Kg/ m3
•
Good bonding with mortar
Sanding
Img 4.1 PET Bottle as a Light Source
42
Img 4.2 PET Bottle Wall
43
Yatin Pandya , a well known architect reused Waste PET bottles as building construction material in ‘Manaav Sadhna’ building in ahmedabad and followed the process there of as follows • Empty bottles are cleaned • Bottles are filled full of fly - ash or waste residue • Bottles are laid in horizontal courses over a cement mortar bed • Deep grooving pointing is done
Img 4.5 Drink Brick
Img 4.6 ‘Drink Brick’ Wall
[CHEC, ITKE, VSF]
In Taiwan, a designer named Zhi-Sheng Chen
proposed tent out of LDPE plastic bags, which are deployable and easy to fold and carry. According to his opinion “what can we use to construct without wood, bricks and steel? The great amount of plastic bags at hand might be the answer.” Followed the process there of as follows [Zhi- Sheng Chen] :
Img 4.7 LDPE tent making process Img 4.3 Plastic Bottle Wall
Img 4.4 Plastic Bottle Filler Slab
In the US architect Marcos Ortiz designed PET
bottles in brick shape ‘Drink brick’. In the US 2,000,000 bottles are consumed every 15 minutes. To implement this project bottling companies were asked to change
But in India plastic bottles constitute only 15% of
total plastic waste. Since above architectural applications have limited scope. All plastic waste taking together bricks and panel are proposed as Load- bearing walls, partition walls, for aesthetic purpose and interior decoration.
the shape of plastic bottles just like a ‘brick’. Drink brick brings a solution for two problems; 1) Reusing waste plastic bottles and 2) Affordable housing for all [Marcoz Ortiz 2016] 44
45
4.3.1
Architectural Applications of Plastic Composite Product
4.3.2
having brick (Load - Bearing Wall) like applications
Architectural Applications of Plastic Composite Product having board (Partition Wall) like applications
Concrete Column Mortar Joint
PCP
PCB Applying Mortar
Screwing
Steel Section Screw
Silicate Coating
Metal Corner Bead
for Exposed Grooving
Finish
Sawing
PCP
PCB
Plastering
Color Coating
Applying Gypsum/ Plaster
PP like an
PP through
adhesive
hot - air Gun
Gypsum Plaster PCB Polypropylene Bond PCP Panel Coloring Fig 4.1 Architectural Applications - PCB (Plastic Composite Brick)
46
Applying Silicate/ Paint Fig 4.2 Architectural Applications - PCP (Plastic Composite Panel)
47
Silicate Coating for
Steel Stud
smooth finish and fire safety
Screw PCP
Steel Stud
Jointing Plaster/Adhesive (2 Coats minimum)
Steel Frame
Steel Frame
Window PCP
PCP
Screw spacing at
Screw spacing at
300mm centers
300mm centers
Door
Screw positioned 50mm
Screw positioned 50
from corners and 12mm
mm from corners and
from panel edge
12mm from panel edge
Fig 4.3 PCP (Plastic Composite Panel) Applications for Window
48
Fig 4.4 PCP (Plastic Composite Panel) Applications for Door
49
It is stronger and gains strength with age. It consumes : a). Solid Waste (plastic) and b). Industrial waste (Fly ash). It is cheaper, labor available in the market is used in making this construction material and no extra skill labor is needed, and a new product is proposed which keeps up properties of conventional products also.
50
4.4 Structural Analysis
4.4.1
Comparison Structural Analysis of PCB(Plastic Composite Block) with Masonry Blocks
Table 4.3 Comparison Structural Analysis of PCB (Plastic Composite Block) with Masonry Blocks
No.
Properties
01
IS Code
02
Classification
Aerated – Autoclaved
Concrete (CLC)
Concrete (AAC)
are blocks in densities ranging
Burnt Clay Bricks
IS : 2185 (Part-3) - 1984 Density
Grade - 1
3
(Kg/m )
2
(N/mm )
Fly Ash Bricks
IS : 1077 - 1992
Grade - 2
Class
2
Compressive Strength
IS : 12894 - 2002 Class
2
(N/mm )
Plastic Composite Block
_
Compressive Strength
No.
Properties
01
IS Code
Structural Plywood
GI Sheet
WPC Sheet
Plastic Composite Panel
IS : 2095 (Part-1); (Part-2);
IS : 10701 - 2012
IS : 277 - 2003
_
_
_
_
(Part-3) 02
Classification
2
(N/mm )
Gypsum Plaster Board
(N/mm )
Gypsum plaster board are
Structural
Structural
Type with
IS 1079/
classified according to their use.
Plywood
Plywood
Designation
IS 513
from 800 Kg/m3 - 1000 Kg/m3 and
35.0
35.0
30.0
30.0
• Gypsum wall board
Marine
Grade reference
having grading designation of
30.0
30.0
25.0
25.0
• Gypsum board with reduced
Plywood
of base Metal
G-2.5 & G-3.5
25.0
25.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
07.5
07.5
07.5
07.5
05.0
05.0
05.0
05.0
03.5
03.5
03.5
03.5
Load-bearing Unit: These are
03
Bricks
Cellular – Lightweight
Non-Load-bearing Unit: These
Comparison Structural Analysis of PCP(Plastic Composite Panel) with Panels
Table 4.4 Comparison Structural Analysis of PCP (Plastic Composite Panel) with Panels
Lightweight Concrete Blocks
IS : 2185 (Part-4) - 2008
4.4.2
451-550
2.0
1.5
blocks in densities ranging from
551-650
4.0
3.0
1200, 1400, 1600 to 1800 Kg/m3
651-750
5.0
4.0
and having grading designation of
751-850
6.0
5.0
G-6.5, G-12, G-17.5 & G-25
851-1000
7.0
6.0
Raw Material
Portland cement, silica, fly ash,
Portland cement, lime(Class-C),
Used
sand, water
granulated blast furnace slag, air entraining admixtures, fly ash,
Soil
Fly ash, lime, gypsum, sand, water
water absorption rate • Gypsum board with improved
_
core cohesion at high temp. • Gypsum plaster base board • Gypsum plaster base board with improved core cohesion at high temperature
Waste Plastic, Fly ash
03
Raw Material
Gypsum Plaster, fiber, water, oil
Used
and greases
Non - structural
Structural
Corrugated
Grade – O
Plywood
Plywood &
ordinary- GC
Marine
Ordinary- GP
Grade – O
Exterior
Ordinary Hard-
Grade – O
Plywood
GPH
Plywood
Interior Plywood Lock Forming-
Grade – D
GPL Timber and adhesive
Steel
Fiber and wood dust along with
Waste Plastic, Fly ash
thermoplastic material like PP , PVC and PE
sand, water
51
52
No.
04
05
Properties
Tolerances (mm)
Dimension (mm)
Lightweight Concrete Blocks
Bricks
Cellular – Lightweight
Aerated – Autoclaved
Concrete (CLC)
Concrete (AAC)
Length Width Height Length
±5 mm ±3 mm ±3 mm 100, 150, 200 or
Length Width Height Length
250 mm Width
Height
250 or 300 mm
250 or 300 mm
Width
Plastic Composite Block
Length ±5 mm Width ±3 mm Height ±3 mm Standard-Modular size of Brick
Non - Modular size
mm
Length
190 mm
190 mm
Length
190 mm
190 mm
Length
230 mm
230 mm
Width
090 mm
090 mm
Width
090 mm
090 mm
Width
110 mm
110 mm
Height
090 mm
040 mm
Height
090 mm
040 mm
Height
070 mm
030 mm
250 mm
Non - Modular size
200, 250 or 300
Length
230 mm
230 mm
Length
230 mm
230 mm
Width
110 mm
110 mm
Width
110 mm
110 mm
Height
070 mm
030 mm
Height
070 mm
030 mm
Weight
Non-Load-bearing Unit:
451 to 1000 Kg / m3 depends on
(Kg)
800-1000 Kg/m3
density
Properties
04
Tolerances (mm)
Gypsum Plaster Board
_ Dimension (mm)
2 to 2.50 Kg depends on density
±2.5 mm Depth of corrugation
Length
±0, -6.0 mm
Width
±0, -5.0 mm
Width
+3, ±0 mm
±5.0 mm Pitch of corrugation
Width
±0, -5.0 mm
±25 mm Overall width
Thickness
9.5 mm
±0.5 mm
Thickness
Length
6000 , 900 or 1200
Length
mm
<6 mm
±10 mm
≥6 mm
±05 mm
900, 1200, 1500,
Width
1800 - 3600 mm
Width
900 or 1200 mm
08
Brownish red color (red depends
Grey or according to the fly-ash
Grey or according to the fly-ash
used
used
on iron oxide)
used
used
Compressive
Non-Load-bearing Unit: These
The minimum average
The minimum average
The minimum average
The minimum average
Strength
are blocks in densities ranging
compressive strength of blocks
compressive strength of bricks
compressive strength of bricks
compressive strength of blocks is
2
(N/mm )
3
from 800 -1000 Kg/m and having
2
are 2.5 N/mm & 3.5 N/mm
compressive strength of 2.5 & 3.5 N/mm
2
2
shall not be less than the one
shall not be less than the one
specified for each class in
specified for each class in
classification
classification
12 N/mm
06
Weight
Thickness
2
blocks in densities ranging from 1200, 1400,1600 to 1800 Kg/m3
10
53
Finish
Smooth
Not Mentioned
Smooth
IS : 3495 (Part-3) – 1992
IS : 3495 (Part-3) – 1992
Shall not be more than ‘moderate’
Shall not be more than ‘moderate’
up to class 12.5 and ‘Slight’ for
up to class 12.5 and ‘Slight’ for
higher classes
higher classes
Smooth & Rough if hand molded
Smooth & Rough if hand molded
Shall not be more than ‘Very
07
Color
08
width
corrugation
0660 mm
08
or 25 mm
19 or 25 mm
A
0810 mm
10
A
0910 mm
11
A
1110 mm
13
B
0680 mm
08
B
0830 mm
10
B
0930 mm
11
B
1130 mm
13
Gauge
Thickness
Weight
Weight
Thickness
Weight 1500 x 1200 mm
±10 mm
≥6 mm
±05 mm
_
300, 600, 900, 1200 Length
6000 , 900 or 1200
or 2400 mm
mm
1200 mm
Width
1800 - 3600 mm In steps of 100 mm
Thickness
5, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18
Thickness
mm
or 25 mm
Thickness
Kg/ sheet
9.5, 12.5, 15, 19, 23
Weight
Thickness
1200 x 1200 mm
Weight 1800 x 1200 mm
09.5 mm
07.30 Kg
03 mm
06.5 Kg
10
3.15 mm
41.5 - 74
05 mm
03.60 Kg
09.5 mm
17.4 Kg
12.5 mm
09.50 Kg
04 mm
09.0 Kg
12
2.50 mm
33 - 58.5
06 mm
04.70 Kg
12.5 mm
22.7 Kg
15.0 mm
11.50 Kg
05 mm
11.0 Kg
14
2.00 mm
26 - 46
09 mm
07.70 Kg
15.0 mm
27.4 Kg
19.0 mm
14.50 Kg
06 mm
13.5 Kg
16
1.60 mm
20 - 37
12 mm
11.50 Kg
19.0 mm
34.7 Kg
23.0 mm
17.50 Kg
09 mm
17.0 Kg
18
1.25 mm
16 - 13
15 mm
15.00 Kg
23.0 mm
42.0 Kg
25.0 mm
19.00 Kg
12 mm
22.0 Kg
20
1.00 mm
13 - 23
18 mm
20.70 Kg
25.0 mm
45.7 Kg
16 mm
29.5 Kg
22
0.80 mm
10 - 18.5
19 mm
35.0 Kg
24
0.63 mm
08 - 14.5
25 mm
40.0 Kg
Grey or according to the gypsum
Brown or depends on timber color
used
Slight’ for all classes
Number of Width
A
6.5, 12, 17.5 & 25 N/mm2 Not Mentioned
Overall
3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 16,
and having compressive strength
Efflorescence
Grade
9.5, 12.5, 15, 19, 23 Thickness
1800 x 1200 mm
(Kg)
Load-bearing Unit: These are
09
Length
2800, 3000 mm
In steps of 100 mm
1.780 Kg depends on density
Grey or according to the pigment
1800, 2200, 2500,
<6 mm
mm
Thickness
Grey or according to the pigment
Length
1800, 2100 or 2400
Kg/m3 Color
Plastic Composite Panel
+6, ±0 mm
Load-bearing Unit: 1200 - 1800
07
WPC Sheet
Length
>9.5 mm ±0.6 mm 05
GI Sheet
±0, -6.0 mm
Non - Modular size
2 to 3.5 Kg depends on density
Structural Plywood
Length Thickness
Length ±5 mm Width ±3 mm Height ±3 mm Standard-Modular size of Brick
mm 06
Fly Ash Bricks
±5 mm ±3 mm ±3 mm 450,500 or 600
100, 150, 200 or
Height
Burnt Clay Bricks
No.
White, red, green, blue, light gray
As per Requirement
or it shell be mutually
Grey or according to the fly-ash used
Tensile Strength No individual block tested shall be Along the Grain : 35 N/mm2 (N/mm2)
below the minimum compressive
Smooth & Rough depends on
strength specified for the
form-work
corresponding grades of panels
Across the Grain : 30 N/mm2
_
_
NA
54
No.
11
Properties
Lightweight Concrete Blocks
Bricks
Cellular – Lightweight
Aerated – Autoclaved
Concrete (CLC)
Concrete (AAC)
Water
For 800-1000 Kg/m it shall not be Not Mentioned
Absorption (%)
more than 12.5%, 1200-1400 Kg/
Burnt Clay Bricks
3
m it shall not be more than 10.0%
Plastic Composite Block
IS : 3495 (Part-2) – 1992
Not more than 20% up to class
Not more than 14% up to class
12.5 and 15% for higher classes
12.5 and 10% for higher classes
Block Weight
= 1.780 Kg
= 1.795 Kg
not be more than 7.5% Bulk Density
Efflorescence
10
Finish
3
Density (Kg/m )
1000 Kg/m3
1600–2000 Kg/m
3
1120 Kg/m
3
11
1005 Kg/m
Not Mentioned
Smooth & Rough depends
WPC Sheet Not Mentioned
Shall not be more than ‘Very
Smooth
Smooth & Rough depends surface Smooth & Rough
Absorption (%)
shall be mutually agreed
Not Mentioned
Rusting problems if not protected
Not Mentioned
Block Weight
against water
= 1.795 Kg
manufacturer
= 0.84 % Bulk Density
651 - 0750 751 - 0850
Thickness
Density
Thickness
Density
Thickness
Kg/m3
Density Kg/m3
Density Kg/m3
09.5 mm
355 Kg/m3
03 mm
1203 Kg/m3
05 mm
500 Kg/m3
09.5 mm
848 Kg/m3
12.5 mm
350 Kg/m3
04 mm
1250 Kg/m3
06 mm
547 Kg/m3
12.5 mm
841 Kg/m3
15.0 mm
355 Kg/m3
05 mm
1222 Kg/m3
09 mm
600 Kg/m3
15.0 mm
846 Kg/m3
19.0 mm
353 Kg/m3
06 mm
1250 Kg/m3
12 mm
667 Kg/m3
19.0 mm
846 Kg/m3
The moisture movement of the
Resistance
dried blocks on immersion in
upon the soil type and quality of
23.0 mm
352 Kg/m3
09 mm
1049 Kg/m3
15 mm
700 Kg/m3
23.0 mm
863 Kg/m3
water, being the average of three
brick
25.0 mm
352 Kg/m3
12 mm
1019 Kg/m3
18 mm
800 Kg/m3
25.0 mm
846 Kg/m3
units, when measured in the
16 mm
1024 Kg/m3
it shall be less than the drying
19 mm
1023 Kg/m3
shrinkage specified above by at
25 mm
0888 Kg/m3
Not Mentioned
Excellent to very poor depending
Excellent
Excellent
13
Aging
Gains strength with age (like
No aging Loses strength, if not
conventional concrete)
protected against humidity
Eco friendliness
No aging
No aging
- Gains strength with age - No humidity problems
- No primary energy consumption
- High energy consumption
- High energy consumption
- Primary energy consumption
- Primary energy consumption
- Pollution free
- Pollution free
- Creates smoke
- Pollution free
- Pollution free
- Waste top agricultural soil
- Consumes fly ash (an industrial
- Consumes Plastic Waste & fly ash
(soil erosion)
waste material) Sound insulation 55
Thickness
Weather
- Consumes fly ash (an industrial
16
= 1.780 Kg
After 24 Hours in water absorption
Weather
_
Resistance 14
Aging
No aging
_ No aging
_
Rusting problems if not protected
Excellent water and moisture
Excellent to very poor depending
against water
resistance
upon the waste plastic type
No aging
No aging
- Gains strength with age - No humidity problems
- Good for Wet Climate 15
Plastic Composite Panel
texture
Kg/m3
least 0.01 % 14
Smooth The limits of water absorption
851 - 1000 13
GI Sheet
between the purchaser and the
12
551 - 0650
3
Not Mentioned
Water
3
451 - 0550
Load-bearing unit : 1200 – 1800
Not Mentioned
Structural Plywood
plywood type
= 0.84 %
Non Load-bearing unit : 800 -
Kg/m
09
Gypsum Plaster Board
After 24 Hours in water absorption
and for 1600-1800 Kg/m3 it shall
12
Properties
Slight’ for all classes IS : 3495 (Part-2) – 1992
3
Fly Ash Bricks
No
Superior
Superior
Normal
waste material) Normal
- Good for Wet Climate 15
Eco friendliness
- Primary energy consumption
- Primary energy consumption
- High energy consumption
- Primary energy consumption
- Primary energy consumption
- Pollution free
- Pollution free
- Creates smoke
- Pollution free
- Pollution free
- 100% recyclable
- Consumes Plastic Waste & fly ash
- 100% recyclable Superior
- 100% recyclable 16
Sound
Superior
Normal
Superior
Superior
Superior
insulation 56
CHAPTER 5. Conclusion 5.1 Suggestions/Recommendations and Future Scopes 58
57
5.1 Suggestions/ Recommendations and Future Scopes The study done so far can be imperative in the below mentioned ways : a). •
Benefits for environment : Normally, during the process of recycling only certain amount of plastic is recycled but while making this product, 100% of plastic can be recycled, thus helping environment to overcome the abundance hazardous waste.
b). •
Benefits for construction : It is easy for any labour to work upon such product because the application process of plastic brick mould is the same as conventional brick mould and the construction method there by remains the same.
•
c). •
Other applications : Centering PLY / Decking and Fencing articles : – Is not affected by moisture, giving better longevity – Not easily damaged by repeated nailing
• Benches : – Does not Decay – Durable in all seasons, including Rain • Road Side Curb and Dividers : – Impact Resistance – Less Damage to Automobile on impact – Not easily damaged by environmental stresses • Railway sleepers, street furniture, interiors, hardscapes etc.
The weight of plastic composite brick is 50% the weight of regular bricks, even AAC blocks weight is more then this plastic composite brick. Due to this advantage it can be used to design light weight structures.
•
While constructing High - rise building using such plastic bricks, it reduces the dead-load of structure and thereby the concrete usage reduces, more over depth of foundation is reduces.
•
Flexibility is more as compared to other conventional materials because of its plasticity and porosity.
•
Water absorption capacity is 0.84%, which is less then the other conventional materials so it can be used in all the places which have tropical wet climate
58
59
List of Figures
Credits of Figures
Figure 1.1
Research study flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Figure 1.2
By author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Figure 2.1
Solid Waste Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Figure 2.1
CPCB Report - 2013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Figure 2.2
Solid Waste - Type Based Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Figure 2.2
CPCB Report - 2013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Figure 2.3
Layers of Toothpaste Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Figure 2.3
By author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Figure 2.4
Plastic Waste Classification, Types and Proportions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Figure 2.4
CHEC, ITKE, VSF; Different Types of Plastics - 2012; CPCB - 2013 . . . . 27
Figure 3.1
Plastics - Properties, Examples and Recycle Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Figure 3.1
CHEC, ITKE, VSF; Different Types of Plastics - 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Figure 3.2
Plastic Waste Collection Cycle - Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Figure 3.2
By author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Figure 3.3
Plastic Waste Collection Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Figure 3.3
By author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Figure 3.4
Plastic Waste Product Recycling Process - Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Figure 3.4
By author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Figure 3.5
Plastic Waste Product Recycling Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Figure 3.5
By author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Figure 3.6
Plastic Waste Block/ Panel Recycling Process - Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Figure 3.6
By author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Figure 3.7
Plastic Waste Block/ Panel Recycling Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Figure 3.7
By author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Figure 3.8
Waste Plastic - Product Vs Block/ Panel Recycle Process . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Figure 3.8
By author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Figure 4.1
Architectural Applications - PCB (Plastic Composite Brick). . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Figure 4.1
By author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Figure 4.2
Architectural Applications - PCP (Plastic Composite Panel) . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Figure 4.2
By author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Figure 4.3
PCP (Plastic Composite Panel) Applications for Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Figure 4.3
By author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Figure 4.4
PCP (Plastic Composite Panel) Applications for Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Figure 4.4
By author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
viii
ix
List of Images
Credits of Images
Image 3.1
Sample Block - 1_ Shredded Plastic Waste - Colgate Toothpaste Tubes . 32
Image 3.1
By author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Image 3.2
Sample Block - 2_ Shredded Plastic Waste - Tobacco Sachets . . . . . . . . 32
Image 3.2
By author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Image 3.3
Sample Block - 3_ Shredded Plastic Waste - Dove Shampoo Sachets . . 32
Image 3.3
By author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Image 3.4
Sample Block - 4_ All Kind of Plastic Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Image 3.4
By author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Image 3.5
Sample Block - 4_ All Kind of Plastic Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Image 3.5
By author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Image 3.6
Final Brick_ All Kind of Plastic Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Image 3.6
By author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Image 4.1
PET Bottle as a Light Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Image 4.1
PET Bottle as a Light Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Image 4.2
PET Bottle Wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Image 4.2
CHEC, ITKE, VSF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Image 4.3
Plastic Bottle Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Image 4.3
CHEC, ITKE, VSF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Image 4.4
Plastic Bottle Filler Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Image 4.4
CHEC, ITKE, VSF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Image 4.5
Drink Brick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Image 4.5
Marcoz Ortiz - 2016. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Image 4.6
‘Drink Brick’ Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Image 4.6
Marcoz Ortiz - 2016. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Image 4.7
LDPE tent making process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Image 4.7
Zhi- Sheng Chen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
x
xi
List of Tables
Bibliography
Table 2.1
Types of waste, its description and its sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
•
Table 2.2
Types of non-recyclable waste, its description and its sources. . . . . . . . . . 27
Table 3.5
Casting Process of Waste Plastic Block
Table 3.6
Salaries (daily wages). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Table 3.7
Raw Material (per 100 bricks/ panels). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Table 3.8
Other Expenses (per 100 bricks/ panels) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Table 3.9
Total Working Capital (per 100 bricks/ panels) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Table 3.10
Final Amount (per brick/ panel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Table 4.1
Comparison of Rate Analysis for Masonry Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Table 4.2
Comparison of Rate Analysis for Panel Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Table 4.3
Comparison Structural Analysis of PCB (Plastic Composite Block) with
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Masonry Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Table 4.4
Comparison Structural Analysis of PCP (Plastic Composite Panel) with Panels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Books
Afroz Sultana. SK, K.S.B. Prasad. Utilization of Waste Plastic as a Strength Modifier in Surface Course of Flexible and Rigid Pavements. International Journal of Engineering Research. 2012. English : 7 Amit Gawande, G.S. Zamre, V.C. Rwenge, G.R. Bharsakale. “Utilizing of waste Plastic in asphalting of roads” . Scientific review and chemical communication. 2012 : 11 Anchor Institute for Infrastructure Sector; Faculty of Planning & Public Policy, CEPT University. Training for trainers on urban Waste Management 7th to 10th June – 2011. Promoted by Industries commissioner, Govt. of Gujarat. CEPT Uni.;Ahmedabad & Centre for Entrepreneurship Dev. (Gandhinagar). 2011 : 16 Babu, Prof. G L Sivakumar. Laboratory shear strength studies of Soil admixed with Plastic waste. Bangalore : Indian Institute of Science. 2012. English Chavan, Apurva J. “USE OF PLASTIC WASTE IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS.” International journal of application or innovation in engineering and management. 2013 : 13 Commonwealth Human Ecology Council (CHEC), Manchester Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design (ITKE) - Germany, Vastu Shilpa Foundation (VSF) for Studies & Research in Environmental Design, Ahmedabad. Recycling solid waste into affordable building components : recycling for a sustainable environment and poverty alleviation in Indian towns and cities. Vastu-Shilpa Foundation for Studies & Research in Environmental Design; Ahmedabad & Commonwealth Human Ecology Council(CHEC) & Inst. of Building Structures and Structural Design, Uni. of Stuttgart (ITKE) (Germany) : 2-6, 38-45, 268-299 Kishore Vikrant. Interview with the manager of WoW project. Ahmedabad. Personal Communication. 2012 N.N.Bandela; D.G.Tare. Municipal solid waste management. B. R. Publishing
xii
xiii
Corporation (Delhi) 2009 : 1-10 Ramachandra, T.V. Management of municipal solid waste. Capital Publication Company (New Delhi). 2006 : 2-10
Different Types of Plastics. The Different Types of Plastics and Their Classifications. 2012. <https://www.qualitylogoproducts.com/promo-university/different-types-of-plastic. htm> Marcoz Ortiz. DRINKABRICK Revolutionizes the Housing Construction Using. 11
Tadahiko Sakamoto. Technical Manual for the use of recycled materials. 2005 Vastu-Shilpa Foundation for Studies, and Research in Environmental Design. Waste
December 2016. <http://www.futureentech.com/2016/12/drinkabrick-revolutioniseshousing.html?m=0>
Management System, an Infrastructural Imperative: A Study of Waste Disposal Pattern
Karmayog. Plastic pollution in sea. n.d. <http://www.karmayog.org/plasticpollution/
at the Neighborhood Scale in Urban Centers of Gujarat. 2003
plasticpollution_27650.htm>
•
Life Without Plastic. HOW PLASTICS AFFECT THE ENVIRONMENT. 2014 <https://
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www.lifewithoutplastic.com/store/how_plastics_affect_the_environment#.WZKy4lEjG01>
CPCB (CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD), Ministry of Environment & Forests, Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar ,Delhi – 110 032. STATUS REPORT ON MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT. 25 April 2013. <http://www.cpcb.nic.in/ divisionsofheadoffice/pcp/MSW_Report.pdf> Dave. 15,342 tn plastic waste generated in India everyday: Dave. 2 August 2016. New Delhi Press Trust of India. <http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/15-342tn-plastic-waste-generated-in-india-everyday-dave-116080200866_1.html> Divya Bhasker News Paper. Mother Nature Vs Father Grid. 5 June 2017 : 15 Journal. International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management, Volume 2, Issue 4. 2013 India; ministry of Environment and Forestry. “Report of the committee to Evolve Road Map on Management of Wastes in India” . 2010
•
Online Sources
Conserve Energy Future. What is Solid Waste Management? Sources and Methods of Solid Waste Management. 5 February 2016. <http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/ sources-effects-methods-of-solid-waste-management.php> Design Technology - Design Tech for IB students, . 2.2 WASTE MITIGATION STRATEGIES. n.d. <http://www.ruthtrumpold.id.au/destech/?page_id=1303> xiv
Stajanča М., Eštoková А. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CEMENT PRODUCTION 2012. <http://ena.lp.edu.ua:8080/bitstream/ntb/16692/1/55-Stajanca-296-302.pdf> Zhi-Sheng Chen. PLASTIC (BAG) ARCHITECTURE. The construction of knowledge and architecture system. 2017. <http://archiprix.org/2017/?project=2771>
•
IS Codes
IS : 277 - GALVANIZED STEEL SHEETS (PLAIN AND CORRUGATED) SPECIFICATION (Sixth Revision). 2003 IS : 513 - COLD REDUCED LOW CARBON STEEL SHEET AND STRIP (Fifth Revision) 2008 IS : 1077 - COMMON BURNT CLAY BUILDING BRICKS - SPECIFICATION (Fifth Revision). 1992 IS : 1079 - HOT ROLLED CARBON STEEL SHEET AND STRIP SPECIFICATION (Sixth Revision). 2009 IS : 2095 - GYPSUM PLASTER BOARDS — SPECIFICATION (Part 1) PLAIN GYPSUM PLASTER BOARDS (Third Revision). 2011 (Part 2) COATED LAMINATED GYPSUM PLASTER BOARDS (Second Revision). 2001 xv
(Part 3) REINFORCED GYPSUM PLASTER BOARDS (Second Revision). 1996. IS : 2185 - SPECIFICATION FOR CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS. (Part 3) AUTOCLAVED CELLULAR (AERATED) CONCRETE BLOCKS ( First Revision). 1984. (Part 4) PREFORMED FOAM CELLULAR CONCRETE BLOCKS. 2008. IS : 3495-METHODS OF TESTS OF BURNT CLAY BUILDING BRICKS (Third Revision) (Part 2) DETERMINATION OF WATER ABSORPTION. 1992. (Part 4) DETERMINATION OF WARPAGE. 1992. IS : 10701 - STRUCTURAL PLYWOOD — SPECIFICATION (First Revision). 1992. IS : 12894 - PULVERIZED FUEL ASH-LIME BRICKS — SPECIFICATION (First Revision). 2002.
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th
Date: Date: Reference: Reference:
14th August, 14 August, 2017 2017 MSWPLT-BLK MSWPLT-BLK
: Dhara Biotech Laboratory
Name of Laboratory
Postal Address of Laboratory Name Full of Laboratory : Dhara :Biotech Laboratory Sarsa Full Postal Address of Laboratory : – Vasad Chowkdi, Bhalej Road, Sarsa, Anand PIN: 388365 Sarsa – Vasad Chowkdi, Bhalej : Pankaj Bhai
Name of Lab Assistant
Name of Lab Assistant I
certify
that
Road, Sarsa, Anand PIN: 388365 I
: Pankaj Bhai
have
inspected
and
examined
the
various sample blocks made from plastic wastes by student
I certify that Mustafizahmed A.
I have ((IU1243000037) inspected and from examined the Vhora B.Arch. various sample of blocks made from plastic wastes by student Department Indus university, Ahmedabad), under the Mustafizahmed A. aid Vhora from Parmar. B.Arch. supervision and of my ((IU1243000037) Lab Assistant Mr. Pankaj They were as per the specifications of manufacturing Department of made Indus university, Ahmedabad), under the laid out and by my team. supervision aid of my Lab Assistant Mr. Pankaj Parmar.
They were made as per the specifications of manufacturing laid out by my team.
Dr. Urvik Patel.
Dr. Urvik Patel.
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