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tm;udk;&mppf xdYak Mumifh ykyk&G&G vlreS o f rQwdYo k nf ]]olru,fEidk ?f igru,fEkid f}} wnf;[laom taetxm;wdw Yk iG f bk&m;udk zufp&mrvd?k ud, k u f sifw h &m;udk tm;udk;p&mtjzpf xm;&efjyKjcif;onf tb,frQaom &,fp&mjzpfyg oenf;/ atmufygESpfcsufaom w&m;pum;wdkYwGif tb,frnfaom w&m;oabmonf uREkyf fwUdk twGuf tm;ud;k &mjzpfygoenf;/ 1/ bk&m;rSwpfyg; tm;ud;k &mr&S/d 2/ rdru d , dk o f mtm;ud;k &m/ avmuwGif ]]bk&m;rS wpfyg; tm;ud;k &mr&S}d } [laompum;onf t&m&mwdkif;twGuf &mEIef;jynfh rSefuefum vlaerI b0tqifhtwef;? tvTmtm;vHk;twGuf tusHK;0ifaomfvnf;? ]]rdrdudk,fom tm;udk;&m}} [laom pum;onfum; ,ckb0twGuf tusdK;jyKEdkifonfrsm;&Sdovdk? tusdK;rjyKEdkifonfrsm;vnf; &Sdaeygonf? xdkUaMumifh ]]rdrdudk,fom tm;udk;&m}} qkdaompum;onf ]]avSESH"g;xuf}} yHkaoum;csyf ,ltyf aomt&mr[kwo f nfukd Munfjh cif;tm;jzifh tuefUtowf&o dS nf/

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udk,fcRefb0udk a&mufonf[k qdkonfhwdkiaf tmif olwpfyg;tay:rSmom rScD rkd jI yKMu&pNrJ jzpfonf/ avmuwGif bk&m;&SifrS csrSwfay;xm;aom enf;vrf;aumif; rsm;jzihf oGm ;vmvIyf&Sm ;í pD;yGm ;&Sm Edkifygonf/ taMumif;rIu m; ]]pdkufonfhtwdkif; &dwf&rnf}} qdkaom bk&m;uwdawmf pum;twdkif;? aumif;wmvkyfvQif aumif;wm&rnfqadk ompum;onf? avmued,mr t& bk&m;ocifcsrSwaf y;xm;aom vrf;pOfjzpfonf/ odkUaomfvnf; ]]rdrdukd,fom tm;udk;&m}] qdkaompum; jzifh wrvG e f aemif a &;ud k owf r S w f í ,l v Qif wuf w uf p if a tmif vGJrSm;oGm;ayrnf/ ]]vlxifonftwdkif; rSefaomvu©Pm&Sdaomfvnf;? tqHk;ü aojcif;odkYydkUaom vrf;wrsdK;&Sd\. . ÓPfw drfaomolo nf olwyg;ajymorQudk,Hkwwf\/ynmowd&Sdaom olrlum;/rdrdoGm;&m vrf;udk aphaphMunf&h w I wf\}} (a'oem? 14;11?15)/ ]]bk&m;rS wpfyg; tm;udk;&mr&Sd}} [laom pum;onf? bk&m;udk rsufarSmufjyKjcif;jzif?h ,ckb0? aemifb0twGuf tuG,t f umudk &&Sad p ygonf/avmuwGif tat;csrf;qH;k ? taEG;axG;qH;k ? tvHNk cHKqH;k ae&monf ]]bk&m;t&dy}f } yifjzpfonf/

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trsdK;? bmom wdrYk nfonf vTw&f mvrf;udk ray;Edik yf g? bk&m;udk bk&m;vdkjrifrSom ( tpGJuRwfrSom) þ0JMo*rS vTwfEdkifrnfudk txl; owdjyKapcsifygonf/ vlom;vHk;udk zefqif;aom bk&m;&Sifu OD;pGm £oa&vvlrsdK;rsm;tm;jzifh þavmuBuD;tm; tuRwfw&m;vrf;udk odap&ef a&G;cs,fawmfrcl jhJ cif;yifjzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh vlrsdK;onf bk&m;&Si\ f tpDtpOfwGif t"duvlrsdK;awmftwGufjzpfcJhaomfvnf; u,fwifjcif; tuRwfw&m;vrf;pOfru l m; vlrsdK;a&; uefo Y wfrrI &So d nfuakd wGU&ygonf/ ]]avmu"gwfrSpí avmu"gwfü &SdavorQaom t&mwdkUudk zef q if ; awmf r l a ombk & m;ocif o nf ? aumif ; uif E S i f h ajrBuD ; ud k tpdk;&awmfrlaom t&Sifjzpfí? vlwUdk vufjzifhvkyfaom Adrmefü usdef;0yf awmfro l nfr[kw/ bk&m;ocifonfcyford ;f aom olwUkd tm;ZD0toufEiS hf wuG xGufouf 0ifoufrSpí cyfodrf;aomt&mwdkUudkay;awmfrlaom t&S i f j zpf í ? wpH k w ck u d k tvd k a wmf & S d o uJ h o d k U vl w d k \ vuf j zif h auR;arG;jcif;udk cHawmfrlonfr[kwf/bk&m;ocifonf ajrwjyifvHk;ü ae&aom vltrsdK;rsdK;wdUk udk waoG;wnf;ESizhf efqif;awmfrí l ? olwUkd tm; cGJa0pDrHaom tcsdefumvudk4if;? olwdkU\ae&mtydkif;tjcm;udk4if; rSwo f m;awmfr\ l /taMumif;rlum;?vlwUkd onf bk&m;ocifukd &Smprf;ojzifh awG U aumif ; awG U Muvd r f h r nf taMumif ; wnf ; /od k U qd k a omf v nf ; ? bk&m;ocifonf igwdkUwGif tb,folESifhrQ a0;awmfrlonfr[kwf/ igwdkUonfbk&m;ociftm;jzifh touf&Sifvsuf? vIyf&Sm;vsuf? jzpfvsuf &SMd u\/ xdo k Ukd ESit hf nD oifwUkd wGiv f uFmq&m tcsdKUwdUk u? igwdUk onf um;?

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w&m;rQwpD&ifonf aom'HkNrdKUESifh a*garm&&Sd axmifaomif;ru twdkif;rod rsm;pGmaom vlom;wdkUtm; uefUESifha&maom rD;jzifh owfjzwfjcif;onf? tMuifemw&m;? arwÅmw&m;rJhaom zefqif;&Sifbk&m;jzpfonf[laom pum;udk Mum;&onf/ aumif;uifESifh ajrBuD;udk vlom;wdkUtwGuf zefqif; ay;awmf rlaom bk&m;ocifonf &ufpufaombk&m;? tMuifemw&m; uif;rJah om bk&m;ocif r[kwyf g/ or®musrf;pmwGif zwf½MI unfrh nfqykd gu ]aom'HEk iS hf a*garm&} jynfol jynfo m;wdkU\ toufw monf tvGefq dk;oGrf; ,kwrf maom olrsm;yifjzpfonf/ ]]wzefxm0&bk&m;u/ aom'HkNrdKY? a*garm&NrdKY\a<u;aMumf aomtoHonfBuD;í?tvGet f jypfav;aomaMumif?h ,ckigoGm;í igha&So Y Ykd a&mufcJhNyD;aom a<u;aMumfjcif;&Sdonftwdkif;? olwdkYonftrSefjyKonf rjyKonf u d k igMunf h ½I r nf / rjyKvQif rjyKaMumif ;ud k igodr nf[ k rdeaYf wmfr\ l }} ( urÇmOD; 18;20-21)/ aom'HkNrdKUESifh a*garm&udk4if;? avmuDvlom; wpfOD;csif; pDu4kd if;? bk&m;ocifonf taMumif;rJjh zifh ysufq;D ap&ef tvdak wmfr&Syd g/ ]]igwkdUwGif tb,folrQ rysufqD;bJ? &SdorQwdkUonf aemifw&apjcif;iSg tvdak wmf&\ dS }} ( 2 ay? 3;9)/ - 14 -

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olaX;wpfOD;wGif om;ESpfOD;&SdNyD;? wpfOD;rSm wwfodvdr®maom om;jzpfonfomru tcsdew f efaom tcgwGiv f nf; ]a&SUae} wpfO;D tjzpf? aumif;pGm &yfwnfaecsdew f iG /f usefwpfO;D rSmum; ]qd;k oGr;f } ayawaeNyD;? rdb\ pnf;pdrfEiS hf *kPf&eSd w f Gif ,pfr;l aeonf/ xdo k Ukd jzif?h rdbuaomf4if;? tudkjzpfoluaomf4if; qHk;ryJjyifoGefoifaomfvnf;r&/ rdrd\tvdk

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rlaomt&Sifjzpfí/vlwdkYvufjzifhvkyfaom Adrmefüusdef;0yf awmfrlonf r[kwf? bk&m;ocifonfcyfodrf;aomolwdkUtm; ZD0toufESifh wuG xGuo f uf 0ifoufrpS í cyford ;f aomt&mwdu Yk akd y;awmfral om t&Sijf zpfí wpHw k ckut kd vdak wmf&o dS uJo h Ykd vlwv Ykd ufjzifah uR;arG;jcif; udck aH wmfro l nf r[kw}f } (wref? 17;24-25)/ avmuwGi]f ]þavmuudk tpd;k &aombk&m;}}(2 aum&doEK? 4;4) [lí vnf; tzsuf v k yf ief; &S if pmwef rm&f ewfu dk or® m usrf; pmu twdtvif; qdx k m; ygonf/ pmwefrm&fewfonf tpueOD;uwnf;uyif ]]bk&m;ESihf zufNydKif}} bk&m;ESi, hf OS í f wvGrJ mefwufcahJ omfvnf; tqH;k wGif rjynf h c J h o nf u d k wzef vl o m;tm'H w d k U ud k v nf ; xd k o d k U tpm;xd k ; aoG;xd;k cJo h nf/ odUk aomf bk&m;ocifonfum; ]]twkrNhJ ydKifbufr&S}d }aom ]]twkrJhbk&m;}}jzpfaomaMumifh? or®musrf;pmwGif vlom;wdkUtm; az;ulrp? ulnDaomt&Sifocif jzpfaMumif;ESifh av;aom0efudkyif ]]ayghyg;apaomt&Sif}} jzpfonft h wdik f;? ,aeUvnf; ]]0efav;íyifyef; aomoltaygif;wdkYighx HodkUvmMuavm}} ( róJ? 11;28-29) [lí av;aom0efukd ayghaprnfh aus;Zl;&Sif bk&m;yif jzpfonf/

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3/ rdb ESpfyg;rS azG;zGm;vmaom t&mudk uREkfyfwdkY udk,fwdkif tm;jzifh odEkid o f nf?

4/ rdcifo m&Sdj yD; zcifr&Sdaom tjzpfu dku m; oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmf bk&m;tm;jzifh vlZmwdu dk cH, lawmfrlcJhaom c&pfawmfb&k m;\ tjzpfawmfwiG f jrifawGUEdkio f nf . . . . . . . . [lívnf;aumif; trsdK;av;ygudk awGY&aomfvnf;? vlwdkif; emvnfEkid faom bmompum;rsm;tm;jzifv h nf;aumif; or®musrf;pmudk zwf &I E d k i fa omf v nf ; vl t csd K Y w dk Y o nf vuf r cH v d k M u? txl ; ojzif h ,kwrdÅ wefqu kd m jiif;y,fMuavawmhonf/ uREkfyfw dkU jrefrmEdkifiHAk'¨bmom\ ,HkMunfcsufwGifvnf; atmufyg twdik ;f awGUjrifEikd o f nf/ 1/ Oyywfy#doaE¨/ 4if;onf a&S; ,c,cifb0u 0dnmOfcsKyfonfEiS hf &kwcf snf;yif?

16ESpf 17ESpf t&G,pf aomtjzpfu&kd aomb0[lí vnf;aumif;/ ewfom;? ewforD;? &ku©p;kd ? tmuopd;k ewfwkUd udak wGU&onf/ 2/oHao'Z y#doaE¨ / 4if;onf tnSu d kd pGí J ao;i,faom uvyfpnf;wckrS MuD;xGm; vmum vltjzpfukd ,laom olwYo dk nf &Sdav\/ opfyif? awm awmif &Sd? tnpftaMu;wdkYrSvnf; vljzpfvmjcif;jzpfonf/ - 24 -

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z&ko0gpm c&pfawmfbk&m;tm; vufcH,HkMunfjcif;r&Sdaom olrsm;tm; acG;?0uf?a>rqdk;?pmwef?pmwefom;orD;[lí z&ko0gpm wnf;[laom Murf;wrf;npfnrf;pGmajymonf[kqdkumtcsdKUrSm {0Ha*vdw&m;onf wpfzufowf qefaom t"r® &dik ;f qdifk ;f aom w&m;ESihf bk&m;omjzpfonf[k qdMk uonf/ £oa&vwdUk \ "avhx;kH wrf;pOfvm pum;t&? vlcsif;wlaomf vnf; olwUkd onf tjcm;aom vlrsdK;rsm;xuf jrwfonf[k ,HMk unfMuovd?k vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;rIrsm;wGif txl;ojzifh ]]jynfhwefqm? wpfyg;trsdK;om;? tcGefcH? 'kp&dkufjyKaomol}} rsm;wdkUtm; vlpm&if;wGif rxnfh t[dwf wd&pd mä ef tqifw h iG x f m;í ]]acG;}} tjzpfwifpm;Muonf/ tb,fhaMumifh xdkodkU xm;&oenf;qdkaomf uREkfyfwdkU\ jrefrmh a&cH ajrcH? "avhx;kH wrf;wdUk ESiv hf nf; xl;rjcm;em;yifjzpfonf/ vlrsdK;a&; t& pma&;ol rqdkvdkyg? odkUaomf w&m;enf;vrf;t& MunfhrnfqdkvQif ]]wd&pd mä ef}} onf ? tdy?f pm;? arxke?f umr*kP}f } ponfh todw&m;rsm;jzifh om&So d nf/ wenf;qdk&aomf t[dww f d&dpämefonf ,kwn f Hhaom b0wGif jzpfonf/ vlUb0onfum; ]]ewfjynfrS tyfwpfacsmif;ESifh vlUjynfrS tyf wpfacsmif; xdyfcsif;qHkrSwfjzpf&ef}} cufcJonf[kqdkaomfvnf;? xdkUodkU BuHKawmifh BuHKcdu k fonf jzpfaumif;jzpfEkid af omfvnf;]]vlU}} b0onfum;

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xdx k ufyif jzpfciG &hf aom tcGix hf ;l yifjzpfonf/ xdkoUdk wdkif ]]&cJvSaomvlUb0}} udk&Muaomfvnf;? ycHk;ESpfzuf Mum;wGif acgif;aygufaomfvnf;? ]]vlwdkif;u vlr[kwf}} ygqdkaom pum;udv k nf; pma&;olMum;embl;ygonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf? bk&m;w&m;? bmomw&m; rJhaeaom olwUkd onf ]]tdy?f pm;? arxke?f umr*kP}f } [kaom tqifw h iG o f m tcsdeu f kd ukefqHk;apaomaMumifh? xdkolonf ]]t[dwfwd&dpämef}} tqifhwGifom jzpfonf/ xdkodkU qdkMu&aomf vlUb0onf rnfírnfrQaom ]]EdkifiHom;? vlrsdK;? bmom? a,muFsm;? rde;f r}} jzpfaeygap? &cJvaS om b0wGif vlUb0 udkydkifqkid f&&Sx d m;aomfvnf; ]]bk&m;ryg vlUAvm}} tcGHoufouf? tESpf rJhaom wd&dpämef oufoufjzpfaMumif;udk bmomw&m;wdkif;u oGefoif ygonf/ xdkUaMumifh or®musrf;pmwGif awGU&aom pum;vHk;wdkUonf Murf;wrf; npfn rf;onf rrnfo nfo mru? vlo m;wdki f;wdkU tm; tjzpfrSefudk od&Sdapí rdrdwdkU\ &cJvSaom b0wGif ]]bk&m;}} tm;rnfrQ udk;uG,ftm;xm;&mjzpfaMumif; owday;aom pum;jzpfaomaMumifh? &dik ;f pkid ;f &mrrnfyg/

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ay;um vkyaf qmifMuaomaMumifh ]]um,? pdw?Å 0dnmP}} tjzmjzmtwGuf aumif;BuD;ay;cJyh gonf/ tvk y f r vk y f a omol r sm;twG u f rl u m; or® m usrf ; pmu wm;jrpfovd?k owday;xm;aomtcsufvnf;&Syd gonf/ ]]tb,foUkd enf; [lru l m;? oifwUkd ESit hf wl &Spd Oftcg? tvkyrf vkycf sifaom olrnfonfum;? tpmudv k nf; rpm;apESi[ hf kynwfxm;MuNyD}} ( 2 ouf? 3;10)/ xdUk aMumifh or®musrf;pmwGif tvkyv f yk &f efwm;jrpfro I nf jrefrmh tcgBuD; aeUBuD;rsm;wGif ]]bmomw&m;}} udk ouf0if,HkMunf&mwGif txl;ojzifh ynma&;ausmif;rsm;yif ydwfxm;onfrSm av;pm;orIudk jyojcif;omjzpfonf/ 4if;enf;wl or®musrf;pmwGif c&pf,mef ,HkMunfolrsm;tm; bk&m;ocifu vlom;wdkif;tm; &ufowÅygwfwGif (6) &ufudk ? rdrdwdkU\ toufwmwGif vkyfaqmif&rnfh tief;twmrsm;udk vkyfaqmif&ef aumif;rGepf mG ay;oem;awmfro l nf/h usefonfh &uf owÅygwfxrJ S (1) tm; rdrdwdkU b0ESifh&if;NyD; udk;uG,f ,HkMunftm;xm;&mjzpfaom bk&m;ocif twGuf bk&m;ocifrS awmif;qdx k m;jcif;jzpfonf/

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uwdawmfukd Munfyh gu xdo k Ukd bk&m;w&m;udk OD;xdyx f m;oltwGuf aemuf rSxdkt&mqdkonfh pm;a&;? aea&;? 0wfa&;twGuf bk&m;ocifonf wm0ef,l apmifray;rnfjzpfaomfvnf;/ vlysif;rsm;twGurf u l m;]]tcsif;vlysif;? y&Guq f dwfxo H kdU oGm;í? ol\ tjyKtrlwdUk udk qifjcifojzifh ynm&Sdapavmh/y&Gwfqdwfonf q&mr&Sd? yJhjyifaom olr&Sd?rif;r&SdbJvsuf? aEGumvESifh pyg;&dwf&mumvYrdrdpm;p&m tpmudk &Sm azGo dkx m;wwf\/ tdk v lysif;?oifo nf tb,f rQumvywfv Hk; td y f v suf a evd r f h r nf e nf ; / tb,f a omtcg Ed k ; vd r f h r nf e nf ; / cPtdy f v suf? cPaysmf v suf ? td y f aysmf t H ha omiS g cP vuf csif ; yd k u f v suf a epOf w G i f ? qif ; &J j cif ; onf c&D ; oG m ;aomol u J h o k d U 4if ; ?

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þodUk awmif;qd&k mwGiv f nf; bk&m;ocifonf olUtwGuf r[kwf yg/ taMumif;rSm ]]bk&m;ocif.Eikd fiaH wmfEiS hf ajzmifrh wf jcif;w&m;awmfukd a&SUOD;pGm &SmMuavmh. . . . }}[kqdkonfhaemuf ay;xm;aom uwdawmfrSm . . . . . ]]aemufrSxdkt&mrsm;udkxyfí ay;awmfrlvwHh}}(róJ 6;33) [laom - 55 -

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tysdKunmrm&d r,fawmfrm&donf a,moyfEiS hf aphpyfaMumif;vrf;NyD; r,Suw f if rSDwGif ( r? 1;18?vk? 1;34) 0dnmOfawmfbk&m;\ wefcdk;awmftm;jzifh y#doaE¨pJ, G cl o hJ nf/ a,moyfonf olawmfaumif;jzpfaom aMumifh a,½Ic&pfawmf udk zGm;awmfrrlrSDwdkifatmif oH0go rjyKbJae\ ( r? 1;25)/ xdkUaMumifh r,fawmfrm&donf a,½Ic&pfawmf zGm;jrifawmfrl NyD;onfhwdkifatmif tb,fa,musFm;ESifhrQ rqufqHcJhzl;aomaMumifh tysdKunmjzpfcJhonf (vk? 1;27?34)/ odUk aomf ]]rm&d\ xm0&tysdKunmjzpfjcif;}} rSm rSeu f efrrI &Sad y/ xdkpum;vH;k udk yk'f&[ef;rif;BuD; Siricius A.D 392 rS oufomavmedwf NrdKU&Sd Bishop xHa&;om;aom pmwGif r,fawmfrm&d\ xm0&tysdK jzpfaMumif; OD;qH;k az:jyxm;ygonf/ Pope Pius IX (AD 1854) rS rm&d\ tjypfuif;jcif; udk aMujimum Mo0g' ( Theology) tjzpf toH;k jyKvm cJh Muonf/ odkUaomf (&Sirf óJ 13;55) ürlum; r,fawmf rm&donf ],muky?f a,mao? &Srd ek ?f ,k'ESihf ESrrsm;}} wdUk \ rdcifjzpfaMumif; awGU&aomaMumifh r,fawmfrm&donf ]]xm0& tysdKunmr[kwaf Mumif;}} udk or®musrf;pmü yifvQif twdtvif; &Sif;vif;pGm az:jyxm; ygonf/

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tcGifhawmf bk&m;&Sifonf vltm; oufrJh? ausmufwHk;? puf&kyf? wd&dpämef rsm;uJhodkU rzefqif;cJhovdk? tapcHuReftjzpfvnf; rjyKcJhyg/ cE¨m? pdwf?

0dnmOfEiS hf twl vGwv f yfpmG awG;ac:cGiEhf iS t hf wl a½G;cs,fq;kH jzwf Edik af om ÓPf&nftcGihf tmPm udv k nf; ay;xm;ygonf/xdUk aMumifh tvdak wmfESihf tcGiafh wmfudk OD;pGm em;vnf&ygrnf/ or®musrf;pmwGif bk&m;&Sirf S ol\tvdak wmfukd &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; jzifh az:jyxm; ygonf/4if;rSm avmuwGif &SdorQudk pm;aomuf&jcif; tcGit hf mPmrsm;udk ay;tyfxm;onf/ xdt k xJrS O,smOftv,fü&Sad om aumif; raumif; tyif\ toD;udo k m ]]rpm;&}}[k ynmwfxm;ygonf/ 4if;onf tvdk awmfjzpfonf/]]pm;aomaeUwGif {uef trSefao&rnf}} qdak om pum; onf tu,fíremcH?vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,f vdkygu qdak om tcGifhawmfudk twdtvif;jyqdk xm;onfrSm tb,frQ w&m;rswaom bk&m;jzpfonf udk&Sif;vif;pGm awGUjrifEkdifonf/xdkUaMumifhbk&m;&Sifonf vlom;wdkUtm; tb,fhaMumifhcGifhjyKoenf; qdkonfrSm vlom;wdkUtm; ud, k yf kid ?f qH;k jzwfykid cf iG Ehf iS t hf wl wd&pd mä efwUkd r&Sad om tcGit hf mPm ay;tyf xm;jcif;jzpfonf ,aeUvnf; ]]om;awmfukd ,HMk unfaom olonfxm0& touf udk &\}} [laompum;ESihf twl ]]om;awmfukd y,faomolru l m; toufukd rawGU&}}[laom bk&m;&Sif\ tvdkawmfESifh tcGifhawmfu dk oifESifh uREkyf t f m;a½G;cs,fciG ahf y;xm;ygonf/bmudak ½G;cs,frnfenf;¿ - 58 -

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arvcdaZ'uf q,fbkdYwbdv kY SLí tvSLcHaom xkdrif;onf tb,frQavmuf BuD;jrwf onfukd qifjcifMuavmh/ (a[jAJMo0g'pm 7;1-4) ,mZfyak &m[dwf arvcdaZ'ufqw dk m rdbvnf;r&Sd a&S;rsKd;vnf;r&Sd touf tykid ;f tjcm; vnf;r&S?d bk&m;ocif&JUom;awmfqkad wmh a,&IeJUwpfwef;wnf;xm;jyD; uk d ;uG , f o if hy gw,f / c&pf , mef rsm;bmh a Mumif h bmvd k U rud k; uG , f MuwmygvJ¿ arvcdaZ'uftm; "A type of Christ" [líom or®musrf; pmwGif qdkxm;ygonf/ c&pfawmf[k rqdkxm;yg/xdkYaMumifh udk;uG,f&efvnf; rvdt k yfyg/ bk&m;rS wyg; ud;k uG,&f m r&Sq d akd om pum;udk vufawGu Y sifo h ;kH aomaMumifh c&pfawmfenf;wl rudk;uG,jf cif;yifjzpfayonf/ qdyk gpdYk ,aeY uREkyf fwdkU\ tar? tazESifh oP²mefwlaomoludk awGYonfqdkygpdkY xdo k ludk tazac:qdí k r&? wzef tar(od)Yk ESprf onf ZeD;onfEiS hf wlaeaomaMumifh twlaexdkifjcif;udk jyKaom olonf bk&m;? w&m;? vlrIa&;? paom t&mrsm;t& oifah wmfrnfr[kw/f xdkYaMumifh {0Ha*vdo Gm ;&mwGif tcsdKUar;wwfavh&Sdaom arvcdaZ'ufonf c&pfawmf\ a&S;ajy;? t&dyftjzpfom jyoxm;onfh tm;avQmfpGm? oP²mefwlaomfvnf; wpfOD;wnf;r[kwfaomaMumifh c&pfawmf ae&mwGif arvcdaZ'uftm; tpm;xdk;&ef taMumif;t&if; vH;k 0r&S/d - 59 -

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aumif;uifEdkifiH c&pf , mef b mom0if w dk Y \ yef ; wd k i fj zpf aom aumif ;uif EdkifiHawmfodkY 0ifa&mufoGm;zl;aom rdom;pkESifh vlyk*¾dKvfwdkY\? trnfESifh vdypf m &Scd hzJ l; ygovm;/ ,cka&m&SdaeygvQif vdypf mESihf emrnf twdtus oufaoaz:jyyg/qdkaomar;cGef;udk pma&;oltm; tcsdKUrS vmí jyoMuygonf/xdkodkU uyfzJU&yfzJh ar;wwfaom olrsm;aMumifhvnf; tcsdKUrSm ]]odrfi,fp&m}} tjzpf cHpm;wwfolvnf;&Sdovdk? 4if;onf ]]uavu0}} ar;cGe;f jzpfaomaMumifh tav;xm; ajzay;&ef rvd[ k v k nf; xifjrifolvnf; &Sdygonf/ odkUaomfvnf; wu,fppfrSefpGm od&Sdvdkaom olwkUd twGufrlum; ajzay;&efum; oifhavQmfvaS yonf/ ,aeY tpövrfwiG ]f ]aumif;uifb}kH }? [dEL´ wGiv f nf; ]]aumif;uif bH}k } c&pf,mefwiG v f nf; ]]aumif;uifb}kH }jzpfNyD;? jrefrmEdik if &H dS Ak'b ¨ mom\ arQmfvifh&mum;]]edAÁmef}} yifjzpfonf/ a&mufbl;oludk rqdkxm;ESifhOD; bmomwdkif;\ arQmfvifh&m ]]bHkeef;}} toD;oD;\ taMumif;udk *CeP aocsmpGm usrf;*efoabmw&m;t&om &Sif;vif; jyoEdkifaomolrsm; &Sdaumif;&SdMurnf/odkUaomfor®musrf;pmwGifum; aumif;uifbHkESifh pyfvQOf;í wdusa&&m zGifhqdkcsuf? yHkoP²mefESifh oGm;ESifhol jyefvmol? ajymvmolwdkUudk wdwdusus az:jy xm; ygonf? 4if;wdkUrSm 1/ {aemufonf bk&m;ocifESifhtwloGm;vmí? olonfodrf;,ljcif;udk cHawmfr\ l ( urÇmOD; 5;24)/ - 60 -

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xdkrs ru cufcufcJcJeufeJvSaom jyóemwdkY\ tajzrSefudk oifwt kYd m; ,ckigajzMum;ay;Edkiyf gonf[k MuHK;0g;ajz&Si;f &efrmS uREkfyw f Ydk vlom;rsm;twGuf vG,fulaom udpör[kwfygvnf; xdkxdkjyóemwdkUudk wdkuf&dkufajz&Sif;jcif;? oG,f0dkufumajz&Sif;jcif;wdkUjzifh odvdkolrsm;tm; ajzMum;ay;&efrSm or®musrf;pmt& c&pf,mefwdkU\ wm0ef0wÅ&m; yifjzpfonf

bk&m;ESihf zufNydKif yv’iaf wmf vk&efBuHpnfrI ratmifjrifchJ aomf vnf; ol\yef;wdik &f nfreS ;f &mudu k m; vH;k 0 vufravQmhao;ygav? bk&m; toGif ? bk&m;ae&mudk vdkcsifaeNrJyifjzpfonf? xdYak Mumifv h nf; vlwidk f;\ ud;k uG,fjcif;udk vdv k m;aeqJyifjzpfonf? þqkwu f yf umv\tqHk;üyif vlxt k m; aoG;aqmifum uruXjyKí bk&m;&Sit f m; tHwzk ufNydKif OD;rnf jzpfovdk? ab;'gPfBuD;umv tqHk;wGif4if;? ESpfwaxmifumv\ tqHk; wGif4if;?bk&m; t&m\&kyw f krsm;udk tm;ay; tm;ajr§mufjyKrnfjzpfonf/ bk&m;t&mtm; tpm;xd;k aom t&mrSef orQ\ aemufu, G w f iG f BudK;udik f olonf olomjzpfaomaMumifh xdt k &mwdUk tm; ud;k uG,jf cif;onf? 4if;tm; ud;k uG,jf cif;yifrnf\/ or®musrf;pmu &kyfwk qif;wkudk;uG,fjcif;onf ewfqdk;tm; ud;k uG,jf cif;[k qdx k m;avonf ( 0wfjyKusrf; 17;7?w&m;a[m&m 32;17? qmvH 106;37)/ &Sifaygvku ]]omoemy vlwdkUonf ylaZmfaom,Zfudk bk&m;ociftm; ylaZmfMuonfr[kw f? ewfqdk;wdkUtm;ylaZmfM u\/ oifwUdk onf ewfq;dk wdYEk Sihf qufqHapjcif;iSg igtvdkr&S}d } ( 1 aum 10;20) [lí qdx k m;ygonf/ c&pfawmftm; pmwefrm&fewfonf aoG;aqmifjcif;udk jyKaomtcg olYtm;OD;csudk;uG,f&HkjyKumrQjzifh &SdorQ wdkif;EdkifiHwdkUtm; ay;rnf[kqdkcJhonf/ ab;'gPfBuD;umv tqHk;wGifum; þodkYaom &kyfwq k if;wkwUkd tm; BuD;pGmjyKí edrdwv f u©Pm rsm;jzifh tEÅcD &pfEiS hf ol\ qE´udk taumif;txnf az:aqmifayOD;rnf/ xdkt&mudk Munfhjcif; tm;jzifh bk&m;jzpfvdkaom pmwefrm&f\ tusifhonf? 4if;yef;wdkiftm; rajymif;rvJ bk&m;t&mudk &&S&d ef ud;k uG,jf cif;udck &H &ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwf aeNrJyif jzpfaMumif;awGUEdik af vonf/

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3/ a,&Ic&pfawmf bk&m;ocifonfum; aumif;uifbHkrS< uvmí? vlwdkYtm; or®mw&m;? tuRwfw&m; EIwfuygwfawmf a&Munfppfudk wdu k fauR;awmf rlcho J nf/ ( a,m[ef 16;28)/ xdkYtwl ocifc&pfawmf bk&m;þavmuwGif omoemtwGuf <uvmpOftcgu]]arma&SEiS hf twl {vd,}}wdo Yk nf c&pfawmf bk&m;&SifEiS hf twlaecJah Mumif;udk jrifawGEY ikd yf gonf/ od kY &mwGif tar;ykp äm aygif; rqHk; awmhj yD/ tajz0do ZÆ em aygif;vnf; rqHk;acs/ qdkvdk&if;um; ( ar;vdkYvnf;rukef? ajzvdkYvnf; rqHk;Edkifaom) tcsufMuD;yifjzpfavawmhonf/em;rvnf? em;r&Sif;Mu aom owÅ0gwdu kY m; toacsF? teEÅrsm;vSuek \ f / xdaYk Mumifh xdo k wÅ0gwdYk em;vnfatmif ajz&Si;f ay;Edik zf &Ydk eftwGuf tajzonfum; or®musrf;pm wGif &Syd gonf/

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rm&fewfenf;y&d,m,frsm; vlom;wdUk twGuf &efojl zpfaom pmwefrm&fewf onf ]]bk&m;vkyfief;tm; uysuf,ysufvkyf}}onfhtwdkif; ol\yef;wkdif a&muf&Sd&ef ?jynhfpHk&efta&; olüenf;vrf;aygif;rsm;pGm &Sdavonf/ or®musrf;pmrS az:jyaom enf;y&d,m,f tcsdKUudk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyoGm;ygrnf/ 1 / tjrifu G,fapjcif; 2 aum 4;4; wGif avmuDvlom;wdkUonf tuRwfw&m; wnf;[laom {0Ha*vd w&m;\ "r®a&mifjcnftvif;udk rjrifawGUaprnfh taMumif; avmuDom;wd\ Yk ÓPfrsufpu d u kd , G af ponf [kqo kd nf/ 4if;u or®mw&m;tvif; "r®a&mifjcnfukd rjrifawGaY p&ef emrfouf 0dnmOfa&;wGif tarSmifcsxm;vdu k jf cif;jzpfí?uREkyf w f o Ykd nf omoemy vlwUkd tm; tuRwf w&m;vrf; u,fwifjcif; odkUa&muf&Sd&ef 0dnmOfawmfbk&m;\ulrjcif; rygbJa0iSa[majymae&Hjk zifh r&jcif;jzpfonf/ 2/ or®m w&m;tm; EIw fyg,fj cif; rsdK;aphBuJjcif; OyrmwGif c&pfawmfb&k m; rdeUf awmfrcl o hJ nfh rsdK;aph wnf;[laomEIwfuygwfawmfonf ajrodkUusaomf iSuq f dk;wnf;[laom pmwef r m&f e wf u y,f z suf p d r f h a omiS g vma&muf E I w f , l a Mumif ; qdkcJhavonf ( róJ? 13;19 )/ vlwdkUonf vGwf&mvrf;udk &&Sdvdkí or®mw&m;udk Mum;emaomfvnf; arhaysmuf?Oayu©mjyK&ef enf;rsdK;pH(k tEk? tMurf;) jzifh EIw, f ljcif; udck MH u&avonf/ -63-

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3/ vSn fhj zm;vdrfn mjcif; pmwefonf {0tm; vdrn f mjcif;jzihf tpjyKcJo h vdk ( 2 aum 11;3?

1 wd 2;14) aemufqHk;aomumvwGifvnf; vlrsdK;EG,fwdkUtm; vSnfhjzm; vdrfnmavOD;rnf/ trSefw0uf trSm;pGux f m;aom tjypfw&m;wdkUjzifh vlwUkd tm; vSnjhf zm; vdrn f mEdik pf rG ;f &Sad vonf ( Asm'dwf 20;8-10)/ {0tm; vSnjhf zm;cJph Ofu vufwvH;k jcm;jzifh jyKí vdrn f mcJo h nfh twdik ;f ,aeUvnf; vlwUkd tm; ]]tqdyu f kd oumzH;k }}um taysmftyg;rsm;jzifh vufoyfay;&if; ajr§mufyifhum vdrn f mvSnjfh zm;aeqJyifjzpfonf/ 4/ bk&m;vlw dkUtm; wdku fcdkufj cif; 2 aum 12;7 wGif &Siaf ygvku ]]ighu, kd üf pl;aomql;}}[lí pmwef rm&fewfxrH S vmaomaESmif, h u S jf cif;udk ajymqdx k m;onf/ olonf bk&m;.vl wdkUtm; 'ku©qif;&J rsdK;pHkjzifh pdwf"gwfus? tm;enf;atmif tcGifhaumif; udk apmifph m; &SmazGae aom olyifjzpfonf/ 5/ aoG; aqmifj cif; &Sifaygvku oufomavmedwf ,HkMunfolrsm;tm; c&pf,mef ]]toufwmwGif usqif;apum vrf;a[mif;udkavQmuf&ef aoG;aqmif jcif;udk cH&Muolrsm;}}[lí 1 ouf 3;5 wGif pdk;&drfawG;ylrdonf/pmwef rm&fewfonf uREkyf w f Ukd tm; tjypfü usqif;ap&ef tNrJBudK;pm; aeygonf/ c&pfawmfudkyif aoG;aqmifco Jh nf r[kwfygvm;? odkUaomf uREkyf fwdkUonf bk&m;&Siftm; arQmfMunfhygu xGufajrmuf&mvrf; udk jyifqifay;xm; aMumif; 1 aum 10;13 wGif ]]vlüjzpfwwfaom pHpk rf;aESmif&h u S jf cif;udo k m oifwkUd onf cH&Mu\? bk&m;ocifonf opömESifhjynfhpkaH wmf rlonfjzpfí?

-64-

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oifwdkUrcHEdkifaom pHkprf;aESmifh&Sufjcif;udk oifwkdUü a&mufpdrfhaomiSg tcGifhay;awmfrrl/oifwdkU onfcHEdkifrnf taMumif;pHkprf;aESmifh&Sufjcif; t&mESiw hf uG? xGuaf jrmufaom vrf;udk vnf; pD&ifjyKjyifawmf rlvrd rhf nf}} [laom uwdawmfEiS hf bk&m;&Six f rH S axmufrulnjD cif;udk jrifawGU&ayrnf/ 6/ tHhzG, ftrIrsm;jzifh vSn fhpm;jcif; ,aeUvlwUkd u xl;qefaom t&mwdUk onf bk&m;xHr[ S k xifrw S f rSm;aeMuonf/ yk*Kd¾ vfx;l qdw k ikd ;f trSeMf unfnKd &rnfo h u l m; r[kwyf gav/ ewfq;kd wdUk onfvnf; vkyaf qmifEidk af v\?pmwefewfq;kd \ wefc;kd tm;jzifh tD*spfjynfrS arSmfq&mrsm;u arma&Svkyfaom tHhbG,ft&m rsm;udk xyfwlxyfrs tcsdKUudkjyKMuavonfhtwdkif; aemufqHk;aom qkwfuyf umvwGif rdpmä q&mwdUk u ewfq;kd wdUk udk ESix f w k Mf uayrnf/a,&Ic&pfawmf bk&m;u xdo k w l Ukd tm; igtvQif;rod[í l qdx k m;ygonf (róJ?7;21-23)/ tEÅcD &pfonf pmwef\ tcGihf wefc;kd tm;jzifh vlrsm;pGmtm; aemufq;kH aom aeUwGif vrf;vGaJ prnf ( 2 ouf 2;8-9? Asm 13;13-14)?/ ,aeU,HMk unf olrsm; taejzifh ewfqdk;wdkU\ vSnfhuGuf trIudpörsm; atmufwGif ]]yk * ¾ d K vf x l ; }}qd k w d k i f ; Munf n d K p&m r[k w f a Mumif ; owd j yKvQuf or®mw&m;vrf;rS aoGz,fa&SmifvjJG cif; rjzpf&ef owdjyK oifah yonf/

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t&mudk wm;qD;cJhonf? pmwefonf xdkuJhodkUyif olwwfpGrf;EdkiforQ bk&m;trIwkUd wGif qD;wm;&ef MudK;pm;tm;xkwaf v\/ wzef pmwef r m&f e wf \ vl w d k U uvnf ; tjrwf q H k ; aom tuRwfw&m;vrf;pOftwGuf arm[wnf;[laom tarSmifzHk;vGrf;um qufuyf BudK;pmvkyfaqmifMuonf ]]avmuDom;wdkUonf oifwdkUudk w&m;p&yfrS ESifxkwfvdrfhrnf/ oifwdkUudkowfaomolrnfonfum;? bk&m;0wfudkigjyKNyD[k rdrdxifrSwfaomtcsdefumv a&mufvdrfhrnf}} ( &Siaf ,m[ef? 16;2)/ tu,fpifppf pmwefonf Mocsavmufaom &efoyl ifjzpfonf/ jcaoFh uJhodkU 0g;rsdK&ef tNrJacsmif;ajrmif;ae\( 1 ay 5;8)/ xdkUaMumifh bk&m;&Sif ay;oem;awmfrlaom vufeufpHkudk ,lwif0wfaqmif&ef ta&;BuD;vSay\( {zuf 6;10-18)/ ol\y&d,m,frsm;udkv nf; Oayu© m rjyKoif h ( 2 aum 2;11)/ &S i f a ,m[ef qd k o nf h t wd k i f ; c&pfawmfonf uREkfyfwUdk txJwGif&ySd gu ]] oifwkUd }}bufü &Sad omolonf avmubufü &Sad omolxufomíBuD;awmfrl\}} ( 1 a,m 4;4 )/

7/ bk&m;&Sift m; tapcH&mü[efUwm;jcif; ESpBf udrw f ikd w f ikd f &Siaf ygvku oufomavmedwf toif;awmftm; uln&D efBudK;pm;aomfvnf; pmwefrm&fewfonf ]]qD;wm;}}cJo h nf(1 ouf 2;18)/ xdkt&mwdkUwGif usef;rma&;? aiGaMu;? &moDOwk wdkUwpfckck jzpfaumif; jzpfayrnf/ odUk aomf &Sifaygvku vkyfaqmifoifhonfqkad om - 65-

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vl0ifpm; c&pf,mef\ or®musrf;wpfcv k ;kH wGif Munfyh gu? vl0ifpm; [lonf vHk;0r&Sdyg/ ,aeUrsufarSmufacwfwGif ajymaeMuaom vl 0 if p m;jcif ; onf EI w f u ygawmf j zif h csd e f x d k ; Munf h y gu ]]pmwefrm&fewf\ vdrn f mrI}} oufoufo f m jzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm or®musrf;pmwGif ]] vlonf wpfcgwnf;aoí xdkUaemuf w&m; pD&if;jcif;udk cH&\}} (a[NAJ 9;27 ) [ktwdtvif; qdx k m;ygonf/ ,aeYrsufarSmufacwfwGif vl0ifpm;jcif;ESifh ygwfoufí vHk;0&Iyaf xG;p&mr&Sdyg/ taMumif;rlum; ]]þtrIonf tHMobG,f jzpfonfr[kwf pmwefrm&fewfonf vif;aom aumif;uifwref ta,mifaqmif vQuf&\ dS }}( 2 aum? 11;14) [kqo dk nf/ ( 1 aum?

10;10? {zuf? 2;2) wdUk wGif tzsuf vkyif ef;rsm;udk vkyaf qmifaom avmu\bk&m;( 2 aum? 4;4) ponfjzifh awGU&onf/ &cJvSaom b0 rGefjrwfvSaom b0wGif b0udk tcsdefudk aeUa&GU? na&GUjzifh aemifwrvGeftwGuf aemifcgvm aemifcgaps;jzihf vSnfhygwfrI oufoufomjzpfonf/ pma&;ol\ nDwpfOD;taMumif;udk ajymjyvdkygonf/ nDav;onf tar\0rf;AdkufwGif (&) vvG,fxm;vQuf&Sdcsdef ta':jzpfow l pfO;D qH;k oGm;cJo h nf/ taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh ta': jzpfot l m; tvGecf spfonft h wGuf tcsdKUu ta':\ &kyt f avmif; vufwGif tdk;rJjzifh okwfvdrf; ay;vdkufMuonf/ aemufESpfv - 67 -

m

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vGefaomtcgwGif taronf nDav;udk arG;&m trSwftom;wdkUonf xyfwlyifjzpfo nfhtwGu f ta':0ifpm;onf[kajymMuaomfvnf;? ,kwrÅd wefyg? ta':qHk;onfhaemufwiG f ud, k 0f ef&do S nfqku d rSefoa,mif a,mifxif&rnf/ ]]trSew f &m;[lonf pdwfu, G f&mr&Sd}} qdkonfh twdki;f ? nDav;ae&mwGif ]]vl0ifpm;}} ta,mifaqmifaom pmwefrm&fewf\ vkyf&yfomjzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh vl0ifpm;qdkolwdkUonf uav;i,fb0 wGio f m ajymavh&MdS uNyD;? ud, k yf idk f awG;ac:BuHpEdik af om t&G,rf S pwifí tm;vHk;udk arharhaysmufaysmuf jzpfoGm;Muonfom/,aeU pma&;ol\ nDav;onf touf&Siaf om bk&m;ocifukd od&u dS ;kd uG,af eNyD;jzpfonf/ vlonf aoonf\ tjcm;rJhwGif ]]ppfaMumjcif;}} udkrvGJraoG cH&NyD; xm0&okcbHkESif xm0&'ku©bHkwpfckckudk rvGJraoG&rnfjzpfaom aMumifh [dkrSm onfrSmoGm;p&m taMumif;&if;r&Sdyg/ þae&mwGif pma&;ol\ nDjzpfol taMumif;udk Munfhygu ]]ta':r[kwfaomolrS ta':tjzpf0ifpm;}} jyjcif; omjzpfonf/ ta':ruG,fvGefrSD nDjzpfolu tarh0rf;wGif &SdESifhNyD;om;tm; ta':jzpfol rnfodkUrS tpm;xdk;í ae&mvJ&ef tcGifhtvrf;r&Sdyg?

4if;enf;wl tcsdKUaom q&mwdUk u 4if;udk ]]olr[kwaf omol0ifpm;onf}} [kq dk M uygonf/ þae&mü ]]ol r[k w f aomol o nf} } rnf o le nf ; ]]þtrIonf tHMobG,f jzpfonf r[kwf pmwefrm&fewfonf vif;aom aumif;uifwref ta,mif aqmifvQuf&\ dS }}( 2 aum? 11;14) [kqakd om or®musrf;pum;udk aocsm&Sif;vif;pGm odjrifolwdkif; vl0ifpm;[lonf trSef&?dS r&Sd aumif;pGm odEidk yf gonf/ - 68 -

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tjypfzefqif;ol ]avmuDwcGifÓPfrxifu?trSeu f t kd rSm;?trSm;udk trSe}f ponf jzifh xifwwfjrifwwfMuonf/ vlom;wdkif;wdkUonf rdrdwdkU\ ,ckb0twGuf aemifwrvGef b0twGuf aomfvnf;aumif; ]bk&m;} udk ukd;uG,f? qnf;uyfMuonf/ tm;ud;k rScD &kd mjyKMuonf/ xd ko dkU aom b0ES pf j zmtwGu f udk; uG , f tm;xm;&mwG if ]o'¨gvGefawmh? wPSmuRH} [kqdkonfhtwdkif; rdrdwdkU\ txG#ftxdyf? txG#t f jrwfxm;&m bk&m;tm; tMunftndK vGeu f í J ]0uGut f yf} &mrS ]pHkvHk;rSdwf} ,HkMunfjcif;odkU a&muf&onf/ xdkodkUaom tajctaeodkU qdu k af &mufvmaomtcgwGi?f bmoma&; oGeo f ifcsuf? qH;k rMo0'rsm;udk *CeP rodawmhbjJ zpfvmNyD; tqH;k wGif ],HMk unfrt I wGuf *,uf&u kd }f rIukd BuHKawGU&onf/

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bk&m;ocif\ zefqif; jcif;wGif? ouf&Sd?oufrJh rsm;udk zefqif; cJo h nfjzpfaomaMumif/h bk&m;&Sif \zefqif;jcif;wGif ouf&?dS oufrhJ r[kwf j'yfrjhJ zpfaom ]tjypf} onf zefqif;jcif;wGif ryg0ifcyhJ g/ tjypf[o l nf ynmwfcsuf (odUk ) bk&m; pum;udk vGeu f sL;jcif;om jzpf o nf / xd k UaMumifh tjypfo nf usL;vG ef o l\ pd w f w G i f; rS m om oaE¨wnfí jzpfymG ; vmjcif; jzpfaomaMumifh zefqif;jcif;ESihf tusHK;r0ifyg/ xdkUaMumifh tjypfudk bk&m;rzefqif;cJhyg? EdkifiHawmfu csrSwfxm;aom Oya'udk pwif csdK;azgufvdkufonfESifh tjypfonf pwifvmayrnf/ rusL;vGe?f rcsdK;azguf ygu tjypfonfr&S/d xdkUaMumifh tjypfudk bk&m;ocif zefqif;jcif;rjyKcJhovdk? aemifvnf; oefU&Sif;jrifhjrwfpkv H ifawmfrlaom bk&m;ocifonf zefqif; awmfrlrnfr[kwf/ pdwfonf ]]zefqif;Edkifonf}} [laom jrefrmpum;yHk twdkif; tjypfw&m;udk zefqif;olonf tjypf'kp&dkufudk vGefusL;aom vlom;omvQifjzpfonf/

odkUaomf ]tar;&Sdu tajz&Sd} qdkonfhtwdkif; 1 ayw&kMo0g' 3;15 yg rzefqif;cJyh g ]]oifwUkd arQmfvifjh cif;\ taMumif;udk ar;jref;aomol &So d rswdUk tm; EI;nHah omoabm? aMumuf½aHYG omoabmESihf jyefajymjcif;iSg? umvtpOfrjywf toif&h adS eMuavm}}qdak om pum;awmfukd vpfvQL½I&m a&mufomG ;NyD;? rdrt d wGuv f nf; ]o'¨gw&m;jzifh ,HMk unfojl zpfoifyh gvQuf? bmomw&m;,HkMunfo}l tqifo h moma&muf&onf/ - 69 -

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xdkenf;vnf;aumif;yif bk&m;pum; em;raxmif ynmwf w&m;udk csdK;azmufí tjypfw&m;udpk wifcahJ om }tjypfom; tm'HEiS hf {0} wdrYk S arG;zGm;vmaomtcgwGif rsdK;&d;k ADZt& tjypfom;rsm;jzpfvmMuonf/ 4if;udk ADZjzpfpOf ADZtjypf[k ac:jcif;yifjzpfonf/ jrefrmenf;jrefrm[efjzifh qd&k ygu vlonf arG;arG;csif; avmuBuD;twGif 0ifa&mufvmonfEiS fh ]avmb? a'go? arm[} w&m;rsm;udk jyojcif; (idkjcif;? &,fjcif;? awGa0jcif;? vkcd sifwr®ujf cif;? a'goxGujf cif;) wdUk onf? ol\ rsdK;&d;k ADZudk jyojcif;yifjzpfonf/ -71-

-72-

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'kp&du k t f jypf avmuDvo l m;tm;vH;k wdUk onf tjypfaMumifh b0wGif 'kuq © if;&J BuHK&onf? &ifqdkif&onf jzpfay:ae&onf[k odMuojzifh twwfEdkifqHk; 'kp&dkuf tjypfukd rjyKvkyfMu&ef wm;jrpfMuovdk? enf;ay;vrf;jyvnf; jyKMuonf/ xdo k Ukd acwftqufqufrS ,aeYacwfwikd af tmif 'kp&du k t f jypfukd rjyKvkyMf u&ef? EIwfqifu h rf; rS vufqifhurf; ynmay;pepfro S nf ,aeU &kkyjf rifoHMum;? wDAG?D a&'D,?dk tifwmeufpaom rD', D m rsdK;pHkjzifh oGefoif aeMuaomfvnf; xdrad om tusdK;xl;udkum; r&EdkiMf u/ taMumif;t&if;&Smaomf ]ravmif&mqDvl;} qdkaom pum;yHk twdik ;f ? ]ckw&f mwpfjcm; &S&mwpfjcm;} jzpfaeaomaMumifjh zpfonf/vlonf tjyifyef;oP²mef um,uH wnf;[laom udk,fxdvufa&muf tjypf 'kp &dku fu dk xde f;csKyfa umif ;xde f;csKyfE dkif rnf/ 0pD u Hw nf;[l aom EIwfxGufpum;jzifh usL;vGefaom tjypf'kp&dkufudk xdef;csKyfaumif; xde;f csKyfEikd rf nf/

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xdrad om pum;tvuFmjzifh ajym&ygu opfwpfyiftm; toD; wnf;[laom tjypf'kp&dkufray:vm&ef ]tzl;} ]tyGifh} ponfwdkUudk &dkufacRaomfvnf;? acRaomcPwGif ]tzl;} ]tyGifh} wdkUrS ]toD;} rjzpfvmaomfjim;? pdwt f pOfudk vlonf tpOfrxde;f csKyfEidk faomaMumifh ]vlUpdwfonf arsmufpdwfESifhwlí? raumif;rIüom aysmfarTUwwfonf} qdkaompum;twdik f; rjyKEdkifaom cPwGif ]tzl;} rS ]tyGi}fh xdkrS ]toD;} wdkUjzpfay:aponfrSm ]t&if;ppftjrpfay:} qdkonfhtwdkif; ADZrsdK;&dk; aMumifhom jzpfaeonfuadk wGU&rnf/ wzef ]tzl;} ]tyGih}f ]toD;} wdkUudk xdef;csKyfEdkif onf&Sdjim;tHh rsdK;&dk;trnf o&ufonfum; xdktwdkif; trnfonm rnfah c:ae&OD;rnfyifjzpfonf/ xdUk aMumifh tusif?h oDv? odum© w&m;wdUk udk rnfrQyif apmifx h ed ;f aeí? rnfo dkUyif usifhaeapumrl jyKaomcPwGifo m toD;tyGifh rxGufvm&ef &dkufa>cjcif;ESifhomwlí tjrpfjywfed*Hk;csKyfoGm;rnfum; r[kw/f

raemuHwnf;[laom pdwf\'kp&dkufudkum; vHk;0 rxdef;csKyf Edik fMu/ xdUk aMumifhvnf; jrefrmpum;yHk&o Sd nfhtwdki;f ]acG;jrnf;aumuf usOfawmufpGyf} qdkonfhtwdkif; tcsdefwefaomtcg ]'kH&if; 'Hk&if;} yifjzpf&avonf/ -73 -

- 74-

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tjypf0ef tjypfpum;onf tr*Fv mpum;jzpfo nf? xd krQtjypf\ 0efav;rI udv k nf; uREkyf w f Udk rcHpm;&? or®musrf;pmonf vlom;rsm;tm; aysmhnahH om tawG;tac:ESihf vlom;wdUk tm; acgif;yHjk zwfonfh ]oifMum;rI} omjzpfonf[k qdo k ludk awGU&bl;onf/ taMumif;tm;avQmfpmG &GmwGif ]tokb} vnf;&Sad eojzifh tcGihf oifo h nft h m;avQmfpmG vufawGUusus Oyrmudk ar;jref;&if; xdjk yóemudk ajz&Si;f ay;cJEh ikd yf gonf/ vlaojzpfaeaomol\ &kyu f vyfay:odUk ]vJrUdI 50 ydómcsde}f ESihf ]cJydómcsdef 50} wdkUudkwifaomfvnf;aumif;? ydómcsdef 100 wifaomf vnf;aumif; rnfonfht&mu ydkav;onf[k ajymrnfenf; qdkaom tcgwGif rnfoUkd rQ ]rajym}/ taMumif;t&if;u ]aool} jzpfaeaomaMumifh yifjzpfonf/ xdek nf;wl pGm or®musrf;pmu vlom;wdUk tm;-'kp&du k t f jypfü aoaeaomol( {zuf? 2;2)?vluef; ( 2 aum?4;4;)? bk&m;\&efol ( a&mr?

5;10). . . . ponfjzifh twdtvif; vlom;rsm;\ tjzpfo&kyfoP²mefreS fukd az:jyxm;onf/ xdkodkYomru vlonf &xm;aom b0udk aumif;rGepf Gm odrw S jf cif;r&Sd xif&mqdik ;f bk&m;ESihf qufía0;aeygu tqH;k wGif aojcif; oHk;rsdK;vHk; jynfhpHkvmMurnfholrsm;jzpfonf/4if;wdkUrSm]]cE¨maojcif;}} (&kyfEiS hef mrfuu GJ Gmjcif;)]]0dnmOf (emrfouf) aojcif;}}?]]xm0& (bk&m;ESifh uGu J mG jcif;) aojcif;wdyYk ifjzpfonf/ - 75 -

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tjypftrsdK;tpm; omreftm;jzifh tjypfudk ADZtjypf ESif 'kp&dkut f jypf[lí cGJjcm; owfrSwfxm;Muaomfvnf;? or®musrf;pmü bk&m;&Sif az:jyxm;aom tjypfrsm;udMk unfyh gu atmufygtwdik ;f uGjJ ym;aocsmpGm az:jyxm;onf/ 1/ arG;&myg (ADZ) tjypf/ arG;&myg ADZtjypfudkum; &Sifvif;jycJhNyD;rdkUtxl;&Sif;jy&ef rvdt k yfawmh/ ueOD;wGif &Sif;jycJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; vlwdkif;wGif &Sdaeaom tjypfw&m;jzpfonf/ 4if;udkum; tm'HESifh {0rS qif;oufvmaom vlom;wdik ;f tjypfw&m;aMumifh &&Sv d maom oabmobm0 ed,mrwpfck yifjzpfonf/ 2/ usL;vGeaf om ('kp&du k )f tjypf/ aeUpOf um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuH ponfwdkUrS usL;vGefaom tjypfwUkd udv k nf;&Si;f jycJNh yD;jzpfonf/ þt&monfum; vlwikd ;f vlwikd ;f rusL;vGeb f ;l aomol r&Sad om tjypfjzpfonf/ ]]ud, k t f jypfr&S[ d k igwdUk onfqv kd Qif? ud, k u f u kd , kd f vSnjhf zm; Mu\/ igwdUk üopömw&m;r&S}d } (1 a,m? 1;8)/ 3/ rjyKvkyaf om ( aumif;rSeo f v d Quf rvkyaf om) tjypf/ ukov kd af umif;rI jyK&rnft h &mrsm;udk aumif;rSe;f odaomfvnf; - 76 -

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taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh rjyKvkyjf cif;? rjyKvkyfEidk jf cif; ponfwkUd onf vnf; tjypfjzpfonf/ ]]xdak Mumif?h aumif;aomtusifu h o kd v d suf rusifb h aJ e aomol onf tjypf&\ dS }} (,muky?f 4;17)/ 4/ r,HMk unfaom ( azgufjyefwnfMunfjcif;r&Sad om ) tjypf/ or®m'dXd[ laompum;udk Munfhygu or®m=azgufjyefjcif; uif;aom?'dX=d ,HMk unfjcif;t,ltqjzpfaomaMumifo h r®m+'dX=d wnfMunf í azgufjyefjcif;? ,drk ;f ,dik jf cif;uif;aom ,HMk unfjcif; r&Sjd cif;onf tjypf yifjzpfonf/]],HkMunfjcif;r&SdvQif?bk&m;ocif\pdwfawmfESifh rawGUEdkif/ taMumif;rlum;? bk&m;ocif\ txHawmfoUkd csOf;uyfaomolonf? bk&m; ocif&daS wmfro l nfu4kd if; ud, k f awmfu&kd Smaomoltm; tusdK;ay;awmf rl onfu4kd if;? ,HkMunf&rnf}} ( a[NAJ? 11;6)/ 5/ rw&m;aom (trI) tjypf/ ,aeYacwfwGifum; ]rkom;rygvuFmracsm] qdkaom pum;wdkU onf olwpfyg;twGuf rxdcu dk ?f repfem[k qdkum qifajcay; aomfvnf; rw&m;aom trIreS o f rQwdUk onf tjypfyifjzpfonf/ ]]tb,foUkd enf;[lru l m;? ynwfw&m; tvH;k pHkukd apmifah &Smuf onfwiG w f pHw k ckürSm;rdvQif?ynwfw&m;tvH;k pHu k v kd eG u f sL;aomtjypf&\ dS }} ( ,mukyf? 2;10)/ xdkUaMumifh txufaz:jyyg tjypftrsdK;tpm;wGif avmuDvo l m;tm;vH;k wdUk onf aeUpOfEiS t hf rQvGeu f sL;aeMuonf jzpfaom aMumifh ynmwfw&m;tm;jzifh tb,forl Q ajzmifrh wf&modUk ra&mufEikd &f m/ - 77 -

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wpfyikd w f pfEikd f vltcsdKUwdkUonf avmuü rdrdwdkU\ ukodkvfaumif;rIrsm; tm;udk;jzifhaemifwrvGefta&;udk vGwfvdrfhEdk;Edk;jzifh awG;xif,HkrSwf arQmfvifMh uonf/ ukov kd af umif;rIwUkd onf aumif;aomtrIjzpfaomfvnf; ukov kd f aumif;rIudkjyKaomolonf ADZtjypfESifh raumif;aomaMumifh ]tx} rajrmufEidk fyg/ Oyrm &mZ0wfom; wpfa,mufonf &Hk;uefuEém;wkUd wGif oufaotjzpf toH;k jyKjcif; rjyKEdik ?f jyKcGirhf &So d uJo h Ukd yifjzpfonf/ xdUk aMumifv h nf; or®musrf;pmu ]tjypf(ADZ)ryg bJ aumif;aom tusifu h kd usifah om olawmfaumif; wpfpw kH pfa,mufrQ ajrBuD;ay:rSm r&S}d ( a'oem 7;20)/ ukov kd af umif;rI vlwUkd jyKMuaomfvnf; bk&m;tjrifwiG f xdkuo k v kd faumif;rI tpkpw k Udk onf pufpkw&f &GH SmzG,fjzpfonf/ ]jyKbl; orQ aom ukokv d faumif;rIwkUd onf npfaomt0wfEiS w fh Ml uyg\} ( a[&Sm , 64;6)/ ]]vufck (vufED;S ) pkwf}}onf oef&Y Sif;wifw h ,fjcif;r&Sd ouJhodkU uREkfyfwdkU\ ukodkvf aumif;rIwdkUonfvnf; bk&m;ocif a&SUawmf0,f wifw h ,fjcif; oef&Y iS ;f jcif; pifMu,fjcif; tvQOf;r&S/d avmuwGif ]]tukovH? ukovH}} [laom w&m;pum;&Syd gonf/ ukodkvfrwdkifrSD tukodkvfonf t&ifjzpfay:ae&onf/ taMumif;rSm rnfonfh ukov kd af umif;rIrsdK;udyk if vlom;onf jyKapawmh tjypfw&m; -78-

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toufpGev fU LS &jcif; tpdr;f aoqdak ompum;udk rMum;rMum Mum;&onf/ xkpd um;udk Mum;&csdef wGif ][kwfygonf} qdkaompum;ESifhtwl? tb,fhaMumifh ]tpdrf;ao} ao& oenf;qdkaom taMumif;t&mudk &Sif;jyvdkygonf/ avmuwGif vlom; wdkif;wdkY onf ]avmb? a'go? arm[} wnf;[laom tjypfw&m;wGif;rS vGwu f if;aom olr&Sd? wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD; ]olru,fEidk f? ud, k rf u,fEikd }f ]r½IEikd f ru,fEidk }f jzpfaeMuaom b0toufwmrd?Yk tjypfEiS hf uif;aom vlom;onftrSeyf if tjypftwGuf ud, k pf m;jyK ,Mwmay;acs&ef vdt k yfvo S nf/ xdaYk Mumifch &pfawmf a,½Ib&k m;onf tjypf\ tcum;aojcif; qdkaom xm0& bk&m;ocif\ pum;awmfvmtwdkif; þavmuodkY <uqif;awmf rljcif;onfyifvQif tjypfom; tm;vH;k twGuf taocHay;í tjypfa<u;udk ay;qyf&efjzpfonf/ þodkY tpdrf;aojcif; wnf;[laom usdefjcif;tr*Fvmudk y,f&S m ;í aemifw &ol w kdi f; okc r*F v mudk cHpm;ap&ef rjzpfr ae <uvm&jcif;onf/ 1/ vlom;wdki;f onf tm;'H{0rS qif;oufvmaom tjypfom; rsm;jzpfjcif;/ 2/ ajcmufjypfuif; oJvpJ if vlom; wpfpw kH pfO;D rS r&Sjd cif;/

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m

a'oEÅ& {0Ha*vdrSwfpk

3/ tusif ho D v ? uk o dk v fa umif;rIr sm;tm;jzifh xd ktjypf rS rvGwaf jrmuf Edik jf cif;/ 4/ vlom;wdik ;f \ uHMur®monf xm0& tjypfp&D if&m i&JwiG o f m vrf;qH;k jcif;/ paom taMumif;t&mrsm;aMumifh tjypfrJhaom c&pfawmf a,½Ibk&m;onf þavmuodYk <uvm&jcif;yifjzpfonf/ xdkodkY &uf&uf puf p uf tpd r f ; ao taoqd k ; jzih f taocH & jcif ; onf uREk f y f w d k Y tm;vHk;twGuf tjypfa<u;ay;qyf udk,fpm;jyK,Mwm ay;acs&efyif jzpfonf/ ydvwfrif;onfyifvQif c&pfawmfb&k m;tm; owfyikd cf iG &hf o dS nf[k rdrdu, dk u f krd drdxifjrifcsdew f iG f c&pfawmfbk&m;u ]]txuft&yfrStcGifhudk r&vQif rif;BuD;onf ighu dktb,fodkUrQrjyKydkif}} (a,m? 19;11)/ [kqcdk ho J nf/ c&pfawmfbk&m;\ aemufqHk;um;wdkifrwufrSDu rdefUawmfrlcJh aom pum;udkMunfhygu ]]a,&Iu xdkpum;oHonf ightbdkUtvdkiSg vmonfr[kwf? oifwdkUtbdkUtvdkiSgvm\/ ,ckwGif þavmuonf w&m;pD&ifjcif;udk cH&\/ ,ckwiG þ f avmuudt k pk;d &aomrif;onf jyifoUkd ESix f w k jf cif;udck &H vdrrhf nf/ igonfvnf; ajrBuD;ESihf cGgí ajr§mufxm;jcif;udk cH&vQifvltaygif;wdkUudkighxHoUdk igqGJrnf[k rdefUawmfrl\/xdkodkUrdefUawmf rlaomf/ rdro d nftb,foUkd ao&rnft&dyu f akd y;awmfr\ l }} ( a,m[ef 12; 30-33)/ - 97 -

m

q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif

owfíraojrwfpad EÅ olwpfyg; owfí aoaom bk&m;udk uREkfyfrudk;uG,fyg/ ]vlom;onf aysufaomolwu Ykd kd &Smí u,fwiftahH omiSg <uvmNyD} qdak om pum;ESit hf nD/ wzef ]igonf ud, k t hf oufukd oifwt Ykd zdpkY eG v f LS í? wpfzef jyef,lrnf} ]ighvufrS oifwdkYudk tb,folrQ rEIwf r,lEdkif&m} qdkaom c&pfawmf a,½Ibk&m;\ pum;awmfrsm;udk Munfhygu? rdrdtoufuydk if rumuG,Ef dkiyf gu? tjcm;ol\ toufudkvnf; umuG,fí? wm0ef,lEkid f rnf r[k w f ? od k Y a omf c&pf a wmf b k & m;onf u m; rd r d t ouf u d k arwÅma&SUxm;í toufay;vSLylaZmf&ef þavmuodkY <umvmawmf rlo nfhenf;wl? (urÇmOD; 3;15 ) rStp "r®a[mif;? "r®o pfrsm;udk avhvm&mwGif twdtvif;yif tjypfom;rsm;twGuf? taoG;awmfudk oGe;f avmif;í? toufpeG Yv f LS ylaZmf &efjzpfonf/ ]]igonf ud, k ftoufudk odk;wdkYtbdkYtvdik SgpGeY\ f . . . . . igonf ud, k ftoufupdk GeYí f aemufwzef ,lOD;rnf. . . . . ightoufudk tb,folrQ rvkr,l/ udk,ftvdktavsmuf igpGeY\ f ud, k ftoufukpd GefY&aomtcGifhESifh aemufwzef udk,ftoufudk ,ljyef& aomtcGifhonf igü&Sd\. . . . }} (&Siaf ,m[ef? 10;15?17?18)/ olwpfyg;owfí aoaombk&m;jzpfygu? vuf0g;um;wdkif awmf ay:ü a<u;aMumf cJ ha om ]þtrIN yD ;NyD } qd ka om pum;onf [pfaMumfEdkifp&m taMumif;r&Sd/ c&pfawmfonf arwÅmawmfa&SUxm; avmuDvo l m;rsm;twGuf teEÅarwÅmawmfoufoufjzifh? uREkyf fwkUd \ - 98 -

m

a'oEÅ& {0Ha*vdrSwfpk

]aoaomfi&Jvm;} tjzpfqdk;rSm ,HkMunfvufcH aemifw&ygu ]aoaomf i&Jrvm;} r*Fv mpcef; jref;&avatmif rdr d\ qE´ awmftwdki f; toufpGefYvSL&ef vuf0g;um;wdkifay:odkU rqkwfrepfaom arwÅmjzifh vSr;f <uawmfrcl jhJ cif;yifjzpfonf/ ]tcsufrodawmh orufudkolcdk;xif} qdkaom pum;yHt k wdkif;? rdrw d \ Ykd tjzpfreS u f kd rodrjrifao;oa&GU c&pfawmfb&k m;\ um;wdik x f uf 0,f toufpGefYvSLylaZmfjcif;u? olwpfyg;owfí aoonf[kxifjrif aumif ; xif j rif a yrnf j zpf a omf v nf ; ? or®m usrf ; pm wpf t k y fv H k ; udMk unfhygu olwpfyg; owfí aoaombk&m;r[kwf rdrdtoufawmfudk rESajrmbJ ]tjrifjh rwfqHk;aom ZD0dwtvSL} udkay;vSLcJhaomtjypfom; tm;vH;k twGuf tvSLESihf tjrwfq;kH aom ukov kd &f iS jf zpfonf/ xdt k &Sifa,½Ic&pfawmf jyKawmfrcl Jhaom tvSLudk MunfjzLpGm o'¨gyGm;olwdkif; ukodkvfxl;udk &,lí tyg,fwHcg; ydwfapEdkifygonf/ rdru d , dk üf u avmuDvo l m;tm;vH;k twGuf tjypfauR;udk ay;qyfaeonfh tcsdefwGifyifvQif? rdrdeHab;awmfrSm &Sdaom "g;jyrS aemifwESifhtwl rptoem;cHrIudk c&pfawmfbk&m;onf jiif;y,fawmfrrlcJh onfomru ]]ocif? udk,fawmfonf EkdifiHawmfwnfvsuf <uvmawmfrlaom tcg tuREkfyfudkatmufarhawmfrlyg[k a,&IudkavQmufqdk\/a,&Iu vnf;? igtrSeq f o kd nfum;/,aeUwGio f ifonfigESit fh wl y&'dob k ükH &Sv d rd rhf nf }} (&Sifvkum? 23;42-43) [k uwdpum;awmfudkyif ay;awmfrlEidk fcaJh om t&Sio f cifyifjzpfonf/ - 99 -

m

q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif

tjypfed*;Hk wdik af pol avmuwGif jzLjzLrJrJ toGifwlrcGJjcm;yJ? wdkif;EdkifiH? a'o? ,Ofaus;rI? ausmfaxmufaemufcH uGJjym;rI &Sdaumif;&Srd nfjzpfaomfvnf;? wlnaD om t&mwpfcrk mS um;vlwikd ;f tjypfEiS hf ruif;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ jrefrmpum;yHkudkMunfhyguvnf; ]vlrSefvQif trSm;ruif;} ]rkom;ryg vuFmracsm} ]ysuftpOf jyifcP} ]trSm;odvQif trSefjyif} ]vlYpdwu f arsmufpdwf ESifh wlw,f} paom pum;yHk rsm;pGmwdkYudk bmudk rD;armif;xdk;jyaeoenf;qdku ]vlonf rdrdpdwfudkyif tpdk;r&}aom tjypfom;rsm;jzpfjcif;udk jyoaejcif;jzpfygonf/ tjypfEiS yhf gwfoufí vlom;wdo kY nf todtrSwjf yKonfjzpfap? rjyKonfjzpfap vlom;ESifh tjypfw&m;wdkYonf tuRwfw&m;vrf;rSeu f dk ra&mufao;oa&GU 'GefwGJaernfomjzpfonf/ *&krjyKívnf; tjypf w&m;onf tjrpfj ywf aysufu G, fo Gm ;rnfr[kw fo vdk? *&kw pdkw f apmifhM unfh a&Sm if&Sm ;ae&Hkj zifhv nf; tjypfw &m;onf tjrpfj ywf aysufu, G o f Gm;rnfr[kw/f tjypfw&m;udk aysufu, G af paom enf;vrf;rSm wpfvrf;wnf; yif &So d nf/ 4if;rSmum; ]ig} wnf;[laom twÅw&m; aoqH;k jcif;jzifhom &Edkifonf/ xdkYtwGufaMumifhvnf; tcsdKU ]ig} aoNyD[k rdrdudk,fudkrdrd? igtpGJjzifhyif bk&m; bk&m; wvQufyif rdrt d xiftjrifenf;pepfrsm;jzifh aocsifa,mifaqmif aeMuonf/ - 100 -

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a'oEÅ& {0Ha*vdrSwfpk

aocsif;ESifh aocsifa,mifaqmifjcif;onf vGefpGmuGmjcm; ygonf/ xdek nf;wl jrefrmpum;yHk &So d nft h wdik ;f ]tdycf sifa,mifaqmifaom olonf tEd;k &cufonf} qdak ompum;twdik ;f ? aocsifa,mifaqmiforl sm; twGuf ]vlomy"ge} jzpfNyD;? ]ig} wnf;[laom twÅwu,faoolwrdkY Sm um; ]bk&m;omy"ge} jzpfonf/ jrefrmpum;yHkwiG f ]]'dXd}} tm;aumif;aeao;oa&GU b,faom tcgrS tyg,fvrf;wHcg; rydwfao;ygbl; [laom pum;udk pma&;ol Mum;bl;ygonf/ rSeyf gonf ]]twÅ}} igomy"ge [laom t,lukd vufuikd pf JG olrsm;taejzifh bk&m;[lonf vdt k yfrnfr[kw?f vdt k yfonfqckd ahJ omfvnf; avmuwGif ]]bmomrJh}} tjzpf vlwpfumtxifao;p&mjzpfrnfpk;d aom jrifuiG ;f tm&Hw k pfcak Mumifo h myifjzpfayonf/ avmuwGif arG;vmonfESifh wpfNydKifeufwnf; avmb? a'go? arm[ paom tukodkvf w&m;rsm;uyfygvmonfudk rnfodkUaom enf;pepfESifhrS cGgcsy,fcRwf&ef rpGrf;apmifEdkifyg? xdktudkokdvfw&m; tnpftaMu;tm; bk&m;ocifw pfyg;wnf;omvQif cRwfy,fay; Edik yf gonf/ xdUk aMumifv h nf; ]]w&m;zufawmh trsufajy? bk&m;zufawmh touf&Snf}} [laom jrefrmpum;yHk twdik f; tjypfudk ed*Hk;wdkiaf polum; c&pfawmfyifjzpfonf ( 2 aum? 5;17)/

m

q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif

wdAuf'@m&D omoemcGifwGif c&pf,.mefrsm; rMumrMum BuHKqHkavh&Sdaom tar;jyóemrSm c&pfawmfonf wdAufjynf&Sd Ak'¨bmom bkef;awmfBuD; ausmif;wGif oGm;a&mufum &[ef;jyKcJo h nfqakd om tar;ykpmä yifjzpfonf/ omoemordik f;aMumif;tjrif (Historical View)c&pfawmfonf wdAufjynfodkY oGm;a&muf&m Ak'¨bmom t,l0g'udk wdAufjynfrGef bkef;awmfMuD;ausmif;wGif wynhfcH rcHodEdkif&ef wdAufodkY Ak'¨bmom omoem a&muf&SdjyefYyGm;aom ckESpfouú&mZfudk wGufcsuf aomfum; r[kwrf eS af Mumif; aumif;aumif; odEikd yf gonf/ 4if;wdUk rSm1/ tdycf sf*sD0v J f qdo k l ordik ;f ynm&SiMf uD;u wdAufjynfoYkd Ak'o ¨ moemawmf pwifa&muf&cdS ahJ om ckEpS rf mS at'D 500-600 wGijf zpfonf[k wifjyonf/ 2/ c&pörwfwefz&dqdko\ l a&;om;xm;aom ordkif;t& wdAufjynfodkY Ak'¨omoemonf at'D7 &mpk tv,f at'D700 cefY odkYr[kwf 650 cefYü a&muf&o dS nf[k azmfjyxm;jcif;/ 3/ &efuek f 0dZmÆ ? odyw HÜ uúov kd &f dS pmayt& Ak'o ¨ moemonf wdAufoYkd a&muf onfrmS at'D650 odUk 700 cefY odrYk [kwf at'D 640 cef[ Y k azmfjyonf/ 4/ rmCjrefrmjyefaom &[kvmoHudpönf;wGif wdAufAk'¨omoem pmtkyt f & 640 rwdik rf D wdAufoYkd Ak'b ¨ mom rjyefyY mG ; ra&muf&adS o;/

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a'oEÅ& {0Ha*vdrSwfpk

5/ Ak'¨\aemuf 12 &mpkjzpfaom c&pfouú&mZf ( 7) &mpkwGif Ak'¨bmom omoemudk wdAufjynfoYw dk &m;0if rdwq f ufEikd cf o hJ nf[Yk awGY&ygonf/ 4if;pmtkyrf mS The part of the Buddha [laom pmtkyrf S pmrsufEmS 65 wGif Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists [k a&;xm;ojzihf xdkat'D 700 cefYqdkonfrSm vGefpGmrS taxmuftxm; cdkifvHkaom ouú&mZf jzpfawmhonf/ 4if;pmtkyu f kd Kenneth W. Morgan jyKpk xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ 6/ c&pfawmf touf 30 wGif jynfyodYk tjcm;c&D;jyKcsufrawG?Y rMum;rawG?Y rod rSww f rf;rSw&f m r&Syd g[k yg&Sdonf/

m

q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif

4if;wdkUrSm c&pfawmfonf wdAufj ynfwGif &[ef;jyKcJhj cif; r&SdaMumif; udk jrifawGUEdkifaom tcsuftvuf rsm;pGmxJrS tcsdKUudk tvG,q f ;kH ESihf toH;k oifEh ikd af p&ef ud;k um;az:jyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ tqd k ; qH k ; aom rk o m;pum;rS m c&pf a wmf o nf wd A uf bkef;awmfBuD; wpfyg;xHwGif wynfhcHum; w&m;"r®rsm;udk aumif;rGepf Gm oufMum;cH,l&if; aemufqHk;wGif ol\ udk,fydkif rSwfwrf;rsm;udkvnf; pmwrf;jyKpkumxm;aom pmpkonf pm&Gufwpf&mcefUrQ &Sdonfqdkaom pum;yifjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm pm&Guaf y:vmonfah cwfonf at'D 100 aESmif;ydik ;f wGio f mjzpfaMumif; jrefrmzwfpmwGif jyXmef; oifMum;ay;ovd?k urÇmrSww f rf;wGiv f nf; awGUjrifEikd af omaMumif?h c&pfawmfonf at'D 100 wGif þavmuwGif r&Sad wmhjcif;u todoufaoyifjzpfonf/

7/ rmCjrefrmjyefaom &m[kvmoHupd n ö ;f \ wdAufA'k b ¨ mom pmtkyw f iG f 12-10- 74 &ufpGJyg yg&*la&;om;aom &m[kvm oHudpönf; ESihf wdAufAk'b ¨ mom pmtkyf pmrsufEmS 10 wGif c&dq&dv k a'usef bk&if ( 755 - 797) eef;wufaomtcg ol\ toufrmS 13 ESpcf efYrsom &Sad o;onf/ xkt d csdefu wdAufodkY Ak'¨bmom a&mufcJhonfrSm ESSpfw&mcefY &Sad ejyD[kYqdkonf/ xdkYaMumihf ESpf 100 udkEkwfvQif 655 cefYyif &Sdygojzihf &m[kvmoHudpn ö f; wifjycsuft& wdAufjynfoYdk Ak'¨bmom a&mufcsdef rSmvnf; 655 cefY wGiyf ifjzpfaMumif; od&onf/

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a'oEÅ& {0Ha*vdrSwfpk

udk,fpm;,Mwm c&pfawmf o nf tjypf&Sdaomolw dkUudk u,fw ift HhaomiSg <uvmawmfrlo nf[ laom pum;onf rSefaompum;vnf;jzpf\/ udk,fpm;jyKjcif;ESifh ygwfoufí uREkfyfwdkU trsm;pkrSm odyfNyD;txl; tqef;jzpfum vufrcHvdkMu? ,kwÅdr&Sd[kvnf; xifjrifwwfMuonf/ ]]a,½Ic&pfonf tjypf&adS omolwUdk udk u,fwif jcif;iSg? TavmuodUk <uvm awmfro l nf[laompum;onf opömpum;jzpf\/ t<uif;rJch , H t l yfaom pum;vnf;jzpf\/tjypf&adS omolwUkd wGiif gonftBuD;qHk;jzpf\}} ( 1 wd?

1;15)/ ud, k pf m;jyK,MwmESif ygwfoufí pma&;ol i,fb0u ud, k af wGU av; udk ajymjyvdo k nf/ txl;ojzif ,aeY acwfwiG f ,Mwmonf vlwikd ;f \ em;wG if ,Of y g;aeaompum;vnf ; jzpf o nf / pma&;ol i,f p Of u vH;k 0xifrw S f rxm;aom zsm;emjcif; BuHKbl;onf/ rnfonfh aq;ESirhf S ukpm;í r&aom tcgwGif tazBuD;(tzd;k )? tarBuD ;(tzG m ;) ESi fh tk ef ;BuD; ( OD ;av;)rsm;rS wwfp Grf ;oa&GU wGucf sufusum aemufq;kH ud, k pf m;,Mwmudk vkyMf uygonf/ uRefawmf\ aeYeH ESifh pyfqidk af om tyifwpfyifukd ckw, f í l ? uRefawmf\ h t0wftpm;? vufoJ? ajcoJ rsm;udk xdkopfpwGif ywf&pfí vlaoonf[k &yfuGufwGif tod a y;um td r f \ ta&S U awmif a xmif h & S d &d k ; wpf c k o d k U oG m ;um ajrjr§Kyfvu kd Mf uonf/ - 105 -

m

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tokb ydaYk qmifaomolrsm; jyefvmaomtcgwGif olwUkd \Zmwf wd k u f x m;onf h t wd k i f ; td r f a yguf 0 rS trsd K ;orD ; BuD ; wpf O D ; rS udpöNyD;NyDvm;[k ar;aomtcgwGif ]trINyD;NyD} [k atmufrS jyefajzpOf? uRefawmfvufwGif toifh&Sdaom a&wpfcGufudk wHpufNrdwfodkU vSrf;yuf vdu k &f onf/xdak eUrSpwifítzsm;temonf ]eifaeawmh igoGm;awmhr,f} qdo k nfhtwdik f; yuwduif;pif cJo h nf/ trSefqdk&ygu vufawGUBuHKbl;olomodrnfjzpfonfhtwdkif;? c&pfawmf\ udk,fpm;jyK ,Mwmonf opfcufwpfckxufru wefcdk;ygí vlom;wdkif;\ ,ckb0aemifb0twGuf vHk;NcHKaom tmrcHcsufudk ay;ydik yf gonf/ ]]aumif ;uifb H ku qif ;oufí aumif ;uifb H kü&Sd aeaom vlom;rSwyg; tb,folrQ aumif;uifbHkodkYrwufNyD/ arma&Sonf awmüa>rudk ajr§mufxm;ouJhoYkd vlom;onf ajr§mufxm; jcif;udck &H rnf/ taMumif;rlu m;? xdko m;awmfu dk ,HkM unfaomoltaygif;wdkYo nf ysufqD;jcif;odkYra&muf? xm0&toufudk &rnftaMumif;wnf;}}( a,m[ef 3;13-14)/ c&pfawmfonf vlom; tm;vHk;twGuf udk,fpm;jyK ,Mwmudk ay;ajc &mwGif 0wfaus&Ho k mru tjypfom;rsm;twGuf vufawGUusus? tqH;k wdkif atmif ]]trINyD;NyD}} ( a,m[ef 19;30) [k wdusaom vkyif ef; aqmifw mud k rde fYawmfrlv Quf? c&pfawmf o nf pum;awmftwdk if; aojcif;w&m;rS &Sijf yefxajrmufawmfrcl o hJ nf/

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c&pfawmftjzpfawmfESprf sdK; c&pfawmfb&k m;onf avmuodUk <uvmjcif;rwdik rf u DS yif wnf&dS wnfaeawmfrlaom bk&m;jzpfawmfro l nf? xdkokUd <uqif;í vlUZmwdudk cH,al wmfral om c&pfawmfonf1/bk& m;pifp pfj zpfa wmfr lo nf/ c&pfawmf\ bk&m;jzpfj cif;udkj iif;y,fj cif;onf rSm;,Gif;aom &dk;pGyfjcif;jzpfonf/ c&pfawmfonf bk&m;jzpfonf[k ra<u;aMumfcahJ Mumif;qdMk uonf/xdu k o hJ Ykd rjyKcJah omfvnf; xdt k jzpfawmfukd qdkcaJh omaMumifh &eforl sm;u bk&m;jzpfonf[kqdkaomaMumifh cJESihx f k&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuonf ( a,m 10;33)/ a,m 5;20 wGif ]]xdkoo l nfrSefaom bk&m;ocifjzpfawmfr\ l ?xm0&toufvnf;jzpfawmfr\ l }}[lízGijh fyxm;ovd?k usrf;pmawmfjrwftm; &d;k om;pGm avhvmolrsm;u c&pfawmfonf bk&m; jzpfaMumif;udk vHk;0oHo, rjzpfEdkifyg/ or®musrf;pmwGif Munfhrnfqdkyg uvnf; c&pfawmfonf bk&m;jzpfawmfrlaMumif;udk atmufyg bk&m; *kPt f *Fgawmfrsm;tm;jzifh odEidk fygonf/ teEÅwefc;kd &Sif (a[NAJ? 1;13)/ oAÁnKwt&Sif (a,m? 2;23-35? r? 11;27)/ teEÅrsufarSmufawmf&iS f (r? 18;20? 28;20)/ xm0&t&Sif (a,m? 1;1? 8;58)/ ajymif;vJjcif;uif;aomt&Sif (a[NAJ? 13;8)/ o,rÁKoHt&Sif (a,m? 17;5? zd 2;6? aum? 1;17? 2;9)/ - 107 -

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2/ vlo m;ppfp pfj zpfa wmfrlo nf/ c&pf a wmf o nf bk & m;jzpf a wmf r l o nf o mru vlYZmwdudk cH,líAufvifNrdKYwGif zGm;jrifjcif;udkcHcJhaom vlom;vnf; jzpfawmfrl.\/a,m 1;14 wGif ]] EIwfuygwfawmfonf vlYZmwdudkcH,}l }í [lonf4if;? *vmwd 4;5 wGi]f ]rde;f r0rf;üy#doaE¨,í l }}[lonf4if;? wzef zd 2;6-8 wGif ]]vluo Jh Yadk om tjzpfüzGm;jrifjcif;udk cHawmfr\ l }}[kqx dk m; ouJhodkY c&pfawmfbk&m;u rdrdudk,fudk]]vlom;onf}} [krMumrMum oHk;pGJñTef;qdkxm;onf/ c&pfawmfbk&m;\ vlUZmwdtjzpfawmfudkvnf; atmufygt*Fg&yfrsm;udMk unfjh cif;tm;jzifh odEkid yf gonf/ a,½Ic&pfawmfc&pfonf oef&Y iS ;f aom 0dnmOfawmf\wefc;kd jzifh oJuEÅm&xJwGif &ufaygif; (40) tpma&Smifí (r? 4;1? 2) a&ay:wGif vrf;avQmufcJhaomfvnf; tjcm;tcsdefwGif uREkfyfwdkYvlom;rsm; cHpm; ouJhodkUjzpfonf/ tjcm;tcsdefwGif yifyef;EGrf;e,fjcif; (a,m 4;6)? tpmiwfrw G jf cif; (rm? 11;12)? a&iwfjcif; (a,m? 4;7) tdyaf &;ysufjcif; (r 8;24)? qkawmif;ay;zdYk vdt k yfjcif; (r? 26;34-40)? a0' emESiBhf uKH&jcif; (vk? 22;44)? aomua&mufj cif; (a,m? 11;33-35) ponfhj zifh awGUcJ&h onf/ toufwm wavQmufvHk;wGif vlüBuHKawGY &aom avmu"H w&m;rsm;tm; az:jyxm;onf rSm t&G, f& vmjcif;? rGw fo dy fj cif;? yifyef;jcif;? aoG;aqmifrIudkBuHKawGY&jcif;? idka<u;jcif;? taoG;awmf oGef;avmif;jcif;rsm;yif jzpfonf/ c&pfawmfonf bk&m;Zmwd{uefrkcs jzpfawmfrlouJo h Ykd vlom;pifppf {uefvnf; jzpfawmf rlav\/ - 108 -

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r&Prif;udkatmifaomt&Sif aojcif;w&m;onf vlom;wdYt k wGuf &efolawmfBuD; jzpf o nf / vl w d k Y o nf rao&ef Bud K ;pm;vk y f a qmif M uaomf v nf ; ? aojcif;um; rvGJraoG BuHKawGY&pNrJyifjzpfonf/ rsm;pGmaomvlwdkYu aoNyD ; aemuf bmjzpf r nf u d k rod a omaMumif h aojcif ; w&m;ud k aMumufv efU Muí? ,HkM unfo lrSm rlu m; vHk;0aMumufp&m rvdkay? c&pfawmfonf aojcif;\atmufwGif csnfaESmifjcif; cH&aomolwt dkY m; u,f v T w f & ef <uvm&jcif ; jzpf o nf h t wd k i f ; aojcif ; w&m;ud k ½IH;edrfYapcJhavonf ( 1 aum 15;21)/ ]]odkYjzpfí vltm;jzifh aojcif; w&m;onf wnfouJhodkY? aoaomolwdkYü xajrmufjcif;w&m;onf vltm;jzifh wnfvQuf&d\ S }}[kqx dk m;ygonf/ c&pfawmfbk&m;\ rdefUqdkcsufum; ]]igonf xajrmufjcif; taMumif;? touf&Sifj cif;taMumif;jzpf\?ighu dk ,HkM unfaomol &Sdorswdo Yk nfvnf; aojcif;ESihf tpOfrjywfuif;vGwMf uvdrhrf nf}} ( a,m 11;26)? ,HkM unfo lo nfaojcif;wnf;[laom &kyfcE¨mrS pGefYcGm NyD; aemufwGiu f m; bk&m;&SiEf iS hf xm0& touf&SiMf u&rnfjzpfonf/ c&pfawmfb&k m;onf ud, k fawmfwikd f EIwf>rwfMum;awmfrlco hJ nfh twdkif;vnf; ]]{u0gpm}} wpfcGef;wnf;aom pum; w&m;awmfudk vufawGUoufaojyoawmfrlcJhonfrSm ,Hkolwdkif;twGuf pdwfcs,HkMunf xdkuaf om ud;k pm;&mt&Sif bk&m;ocifyifjzpfawmfro l nf/ - 109 -

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rm&fig;yg; avmuwGif? vlyk*d¾Kvfaomfvnf;aumif;? wpfpHkwpfckudkaomf vnf;aumif; ]owfrw S }f ac:qd&k mwGi?f ]wdus}aom pHEeI ;f rsm;jzifh owfrw S f usonf/ bk&m;ocifo nf ]rEIdif;,SOf rBuHpnftyfaom} *kP fx l; 0daoorsm;ESijhf ynfph akH wmfryl gonf/ 4if;wdUk txJrS t"dutcsufjzpfaom ]rm&f ig;yg;} taMumif;udk wifjyvdkygonf/ 1/ uda vomrm&f/ c&pfawmfb&k m;\ oufawmfpOfwiG f Munfyh gu/ tpueOD;uyif bk&m; tjzpfawmfjzifh wnf&w Sd nfaeawmfrlcNJh yD;? avmuDvo l m;rsm;tm; tyg,fi&JrS a&G;EIwfu,f&ef tvdkUiSg þurÇm avmuodkU qif;<uawmf rlvmcJh ygonf/ tpueOD;wGif a&;om;jycJhonfhtwdkif vljzpfenf; ]av;rsdK;} teuf? aoG;om; tm&H?k umr*kPf w&m;rsm;jzifh vTr;f NcHKxm;jcif; r&SdbJ? tysdKunm 0rf;ü ]]jypfrsdK;rJhrxif}} zGm;jrifoefUpif? vlUtoGifudk ,laqmifcyhJ gonf ( róJ? 1;2021)/ 2/ a'0ykw Årm&f/ a'0=ewf o m;? yk w Å = om; xd k U aMumif h a'0yk w Å [ l o nf rm&feo f m;udk atmifjrifjcif;jzpfonf/ tpueOD;u vlom; ]tm'HEiS f {0} onf? a'0ykwÅ wnf;[laom rm&fewfom;\ ]pHkprf;aoG;aqmifjcif;ESifh tmPm} wdkUwGi?f aoG;om; oabmjzifh us½IH;cJh&onf/ odUk aomf c&pfawmf onf þtrIudk ]aoG;om;jzihf zGJUpnf;xm;aomvlom;} taygif;wdkU ratmifjrifaomfvnf;? c&pfawmfonf atmifjrifawmfrcl o hJ nf (&Sirf muk?

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5;13)/ ]]xdkolonf rm&fewf\ trIrsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;iSg þavmuodkU <uvmonf}}(1 a,m[ef? 3;8? róJ? 4;1-11)/ 3/ aojcif; rZÑKrm&f/ c&pfawmfonf usrf;pmawmfjrwfv monfhtwdkif; aoí? oN*ØK[fjcif;udk cHawmfrlNyD;? oH;k &ufajrmufaomaeUwGif aojcif;w&m;udk atmifjrifawmfrcl o hJ nf ( 1 aum&d EoK 15;304)/ ]vl}onf ykwyf sufjcif;odUk a&mufwwfaomfvnf;?bk&m;rnfonfum; umvtpOf ]]vlom;wdkif;}} twGuf ]]tm;udk;cdkvIH&m}} jzpfonfrdkU ]raeU? ,aeU? aemifumv tpOfrajymif;vJ wnf&adS wmfr\ l } ( a[NAJ 13;8)/ xdak e&mwGif c&pfawmf bk&m; oufawmf xif&mS ; þavmuwGif usifvnfpOfuyif ]vmZ&k} tm;4if;? rkqk;d r\ om;tm;4if; ]aojcif;} rS xajrmufjcif; tcGiu hf kv d nf; jyKawmfrlco hJ nf/

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5/ tbdo cFg &rm&f/ tbdocFg&rm&f[o l nf azgufjyefysufq;D jcif;r&Sd? yuwdwnf&dS aejcif;yifjzpfonf/ wpfqlwnf;aom ]bk&m;} ]twktwlr&Sad omt&Si}f onf ? Nyd K if b uf u if ; onf j zpf a omaMumif h ? ol E S i f h w l a omol o nf vuf&Sdr&SdEdkifovdk? reufjzefvnf; r&SdEdkifay? xdkodkU&Sdu ]twktwl&Sd} aomaMumifh ]twkr&Sd} [laom pum;ESifhrnDovdk? ]tbdocFg&} wnf; [laom w&m;pHEeI ;f wGif r0ifawmhay/ or®musrf;pmwGiu f m; ] a,½Ic&pfonf raeU?,aeU? aemifumv tpOftNrJ rajymif;rvJ wnf&Sdwnfaeawmfrl\} ( a[NAJ? 13;8) [lí bk&m;wd\ Yk *kP&f nfjzpfaom ]tbdocFg&rm&f} udk atmifjrifvQuf? xm0& ]twdwf} ]ypöKyÜef} ]tem*gwf} umvoHk;wef&Sd ]vlom;}wdkif;wdkU\ ]ud;k uG,&f m} ]tm;xm;&m} ]cdv k &IH m} ]rSDw, G &f m} vnf;jzpfawmfro l nf/

4/ cE¨m rm&f/ cE¨mrm&f[o l nf]aoG;om? azgufjyefjcif;} wdUk tm; atmifjrifjcif; jzpfonf/c&pfawmfonf þavmuwGif oufawmfxif&mS ; &Sad epOftcgu ]emrusef ; } jcif ; ud k usef ; rmapjcif ; ? ]usd K ;uef ; } aeol t m; yuwdtaumif;jzpfapjcif;? ]rsufprd jrif} oltm; rsufpjd rifapjcif;? ]pGt H } aomol t m; pum;ajymapjcif ; ponf w d k U onf cE¨ m a&;&mwG i f atmifjrifaMumif;udk twdtvif;jyocJo h nf/

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tysdKunmrSzmG ;jrifawmfrjl cif;/ ya&mzuf a[&Sm,u c&pfawmfonf tysdKunm tm;jzifh arG;zGm;rnfhtaMumif;ajymqdkítem*wÅdpum;udk ajymMum;cJh ouJo h ?Ykd ]"r®opfusrf;wGif oef&Y iS ;f aom 0dnmOfawmftm;jzifh c&pfawmfonf tysdKunm rm&d0rf;ü vlZY mwd cH,cl ahJ Mumif; az:jycJo h nf? tysdKunm0rf;ü zGm;jrifjcif;udk cH&mrSm vGefpGm ta&;BuD;aom tcsufyifj zpfo nfh taMumif;t&if;rSm bk&m;&Sifa&SYü ppfrSefaom zGm ;jrifj cif;udkcHí bk&m;tjzpfawmfESifh vlYtjzpfawmfcH,ljcif;yifjzpfonf/ xdkYtwGuf aMumifyh if u,fwifjcif;twGuf ppfreS af om ,Zfyal Zmfjcif;udk jyKcJo h nf/ ]]xd ko l o nfþ avmuü &S da wmf rl N yD / þavmuud k v nf ; zef q if ; awmf r l N yD / od k U aomf v nf ; þavmuonf xd k o l u d k r od / olonfrdrda'ot&yfodkU<uvmaomfvnf;? rdrdvlrsdK;wdkUonf olUudk vufrcHbJaeMu\. . . . vlrsdK;ESifhpyfqdkifíbGm;aomom;r[kwf/arxkef oH0gotm;jzifhbGm;aomom;r[kwf/ vltvdktavsmuf bGm;aomom; r[kw?f bk&m;ocif bGm;awmfral omom;jzpfownf;}} ( a,m? 1;10-13) vlom;tjzpfc, H al omaMumifh vlom;rsm;twGuf toufpeG Yv f I ylaZmfEdkifcJhovdk? bk&m;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tjypfa<u;ay;acsjcif;onf vlom;rsm;twGuf jynfhpHkapcJhonf/vlom;jzpfaom aMumifhaojcif; w&m;udk awGYBuHKí udk,fpm;,MwmjyKcJhovdk? bk&m;jzpfaomaMumifh trSeaf ojcif;rS xajrmufawmfrlcyhJ gonf/ - 113 -

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jypfrsdK;uif;pifbk&m; avmuwGif tb,fvlom;urQ tjypfESifh uif;pif aomol r&SdEdkifyg? &Sdonfqdkjim;vnf; tjzpfrSef rodjcif;omrnf\/ taMumif;rSmum; ]avmb? a'go? arm[} w&m;rsm;jzifh arG;&myg ADZtjypfonf vlom;wdkif;ü wnf&SdaeaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh vnf; or®musrf;pmu ]]tuREkfyfonf arG;puyif tjypfygvQuf &Sdyg\? trd0rf;rSm y#doaE¨pGJpOfyif tjypfpGJyg\}} [laom pum;udk rSefuefpGm 0efcx H m;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh ]oefU&Si;f jcif;} ESifh jynfph aHk omolonf bk&m;rSwpfyg; aumif;uifatmuf? ajrBuD;ay:wGif wpfpHkwpfOD;rQr&Sd/þavmuü c&pfawmfrSwyg; ]igütjypf &SdaMumif;udk? oifwdkYwGif tb,folaz:jy oenf;} ( a,m 8;46) [laompum;udk ar;jref;Edik af jc&So d nf/ a[NAJ 4;15 wGi f az:jyonf r S m vnf; ]igwdk Y cH &onf h enf ; wl ? trsd K;rsd K ;aom pHpk rf;aESmif, h u S jf cif;udck b H ;l aomoljzpfawmfr\ l /od&Yk mwGif 'kp&du k t f jypfEiS hf uif;vGwfawmfrl\}[lí &Sifayw&kuvnf; tjypfylaZmfcH&m odk;tjzpf az:jy&mwGif ]]tb,ftjypfrrS &S?d tnpftaMu;ESihf uif;pifaomol}}[lí qdkonf ( 1 ay 1;19)/ txufyg or®musrf;üqdkvdk&if; taMumif;rSm tjypfavmuom;rsm;twGuf tjypfESifhuif;awmfrlaom c&pfawmfu udk,pf m;jyKIí ukov kd fawmfjyKcJjh cif;yifjzpfonf/

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ordkif;wGifonfha,½Ic&pf 0g&ifhordkif;ygarmufcavmh'fvdkufvufwef ]]uGßefawmfordkif; wpfcku dk avhv m&mwG if tcsdefrsm;pGm ay;íavhv mNyD; xdko rdkif; udka&;aomolwdkU\ aemufcH ordkif;udkygaocsmpGm avhvmygonf/ a,&I\&SifNyefxaNrmufNcif; ordkif;onf urÇmay:wGif pdwftcs&qHk; tcdik v f kq H ;kH ordik ;f Nzpfonf}}[k qdck o hJ nf/ usefordik ;f ynm&Sirf sm;\tqdrk mS ]]a,&I\&SiNf yefxaNrmufNcif; ordik ;f onf cdkifvaHk omordik ;f Nzpfí b,fawmhrS uG,faysmufomG ;vdrfrh nf r[kwf?oiftrSefwu,f avhvmrIr&Sdcif tcsdefxdawmh oifc&pfawmf a,&Iukd Niif;y,frrd mS yg }} [kqkcd yJh gonf/ a,&Iukd vufrcHEikd &f jcif;taMumif; rSm olwUkd onf obm0vGef tNzpfr&S?d wefc;kd edrw d fr&S?d aoNcif;rm&fuadk tmifaomol vHk;0r&SEd ikd q f Ndk yD; rdrt d odpw d Ef v S ;kH wHcg; udyk w d x f m;aomaMumihf ppfreS af omtrSew f &m;onf olwUkd xJoUkd r0ifa&mufEikd f Ncif;Nzpfygonf/ a,&Ionf bk&m; NzpfaMumif;ESifh aoNcif;rm&fudk atmifNrifcJhaMumif; tcdkiftvHkudk rodvdkUr[kwfyg? toduykd w d x f m;aomaMumihNf zpfygonf/ xdo k Ukd aomolrsm;udk todÓPfEiS fh NynhfpHkolrsm;[krac:Edkifyg taMumif;rSm olwdkU\ todÓPfo nf]] rSm;,Gif;aom rdrdwdkU\ xHk;wrf;pOfvm? bmoma&;? ,Ofaus;rIpaom 'oersm;udkvufuidk x f m;aom aMumihNf zpfonf/

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a,&IEiS yhf wfoufí bk&m;rJ0h g'DwUkd \ tqdt k rdeUf rsm;rSm Nyifopf tawG;tac:ynm&Sif&DeifrS ]]aemifwGif ausmfMum;onfh yk*dkvfrsm; ay:vmygtHk;rnf/odkUaomfaocsmwmwpfcku a,&Iudkawmh rnfolrQ ausmfvGef Edkifrnfr[kwf}} [kqkcd o Jh nf/ xdek nf;wl NyifopftawG; tac:ynm&Si&f q l ;kd rS ]]qdu k a&;wD;\ vkyfaqmifrIudkMunhfum olUtm;tawG;tac:ynm&Sif [kowfrSwfvQif a,&I\vkyfaqmifrI udkMunhfum a,&Ionfbk&m;Nzpfonf[k owfrSwf &rnf}}[kqo kd nf/ eydk v D , eft qd kp um;u ]]uGßefa wmfv lr sm;pGm od cJ hy gonf odkUaomfa,&Ic&pfonf vlom;oufoufrQ ruyg }}[kqdkcJhonfomru tjcm;bk&m;rJh 0g'DwpfOD;rSvnf;]]tu,fí vlwpfO;D ombk&m;Nzpfcv Jh Qif odkUr[kwf bk&m;onfvlom; tNzpfavmuudkMuGvmcJhvQif ,if;onf a,&Iyif Nzpfonf}}[kqx kd m;onf/ wzefpma&;q&mwpfOD;rSvnf;]]urÇmay:wGifay:xGe;f cJhaom bk&ifrsm;tpdk;&rsm; ppfwyfMuD;rsm; tm;vHk;wdkU\tmPmudkpkaygif;um vlom;rsm; tay:vGef;rdk; tkyfcsKufcJhvQifyif a,½Iwnf;[laom yk*d¾Kvf wpfyg;wnf;\ vGr;f rd;k EdkifprG ;f udrk DES kid frnfr[kwyf g}} [kqckd ho J nf/ þae&mwG i f tvsOf ; oif h í yk * ¾ d K vf w pf O D ; taMumif ; ajymjycsifygonf/ General Lew Wallace ESifh Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll wdkUonf bk&m;rJh 0g'Drsm;jzpfonfhenf;wl c&D;oGm;[efvGJ &xm;wpfpD; - 116 -

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ay:wG i f pum;vuf q Hk u s ajymrd& mrS ESp f OD ;pvHk ;onf c&pf, mef tjrifrMunfolrsm;yDyD? General Lew Wallace rS Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll tm; ]]a,½I o nf b k & m;r[k w f } } qd k a om pmtk y f u d k xk w f y gu? vlxktBuDKufawGU rnfjzpfovdk? a&mif;wef;0ifvnf;jzpfrnfhtaMumifh tBuHÓPfay;&m? pdwfwl udk,fwljzifh General Lew Wallace rS axmufcHum tcsuft vuf rsm;ud k &S m azG pk aqmif ; í ]]c&pfa wmf o nf bk &m; r[kwaf Mumif;}} a&;om;ae&if;? tcef; av;cef;a&muf oGm;aom tcgwGif ]]c&pf awmf o nf {uef p if ppf bk& m;jzpf aMumif; }} awG U&Sd o Gm ;um vufcH,kMH unfuk;d uG,fvku d favonf/ xdkUaemuf ol\ a&;xm;aom tcef;av;cef;tm; tcsdKUudk jyefjyifa&;om;vdu k af om tcgwGif ]]urÇmah &mif;wef;0if}} ]]c&pfawmfonf ombk&m;jzpfaMumif;}} oufao tjzpf ]]bif[m;}} 0w¬Kudk jzpfay:cJh avonf/

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a,½Ibk&m;jzpfaMumif; >rwfMum;cJh a,½Ic&pfawmfbk&m;onf rdrdudk,fudkrdrd bk&m;jzpfaMumif; a[maz:ñTejf y oGefoifawmfrcl o hJ nfomru0efcH>rwfMum;cJhygonf/ xGu fajrmuf&m 3;14ü xm0&bk&m;rS rdrdemrawmftm; ]]igjzpfonft h wdik ;f igjzpf\}}(I AM)[lí arma&Smtm; rdeUf awmfrcl o hJ nf/ xdek mr\ t"dyÜg,frmS ]]o,rÇLoH= rdrt d vdv k jdk zpfwnfaom bk&m;}} [lí yk'ef uf&NyD; ]]zefqif;&Si}f } jzpfaMumif; ajymqdak om pum;jzpfonf/ xdkenf;wlpGm a,½Ic&pfawmfbk&m;rS ]]tvdk tavsmufwnf &Sdaombk&m;? {aumAka'¨g bk&m;}} jzpfaMumif;udk (a,m?8;24?58) wGif ]]igonf þrnfaomol=o,rÇLoH}}(I AM) jzpfaMumif;udk xkwfaz: ñTejf ycJyh gonf/ a[NAJygVdawmfu dkMunfhv Qif Yahweh [lí jzpfN yD; ]]tdk. . bk&m;ocifocif? ud, k af wmf\ yv’io f nf edpx ö m0& wnfaom yv’ijf zpf yg\ }} (a[NAJ? 1;8) [laomEIwx f Gupf um;ESit hf nD az:jyyg&Syd gonf/

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c&pfawmf0iftusOf; ocif a ,&I c &pf o nf tyg,f i &J o d k Y u sxd k u f a omowÅ 0 g taygif;wdkYudk u,fcRwfawmfrl&efta&; bk&m;ocif;\ EdkifiHawmfrS qif;oufawmfrlNyD;vQif? þurÇm ajrBuD;\A[dkjzpfaom rZösdra'o t&yfjzpfaom ygavode wdkif;jynf? AufvifjrdKwGif tysdKunmrm&d0rf;ü bk&m;ocif\ wefcdk;awmftm;jzifh oefY&Sif;aom 0dn mOfawmfjzifh y#doaE¨wnfae ude;f atmif;NyD;vQif bGm;jrifjcif;udck , H al wmfrcl ahJ vonf/ oufawmfo;kH q,fo h ;Hk ESpyf gwfv;kH /þajrBuD;ay:rSm aeNyD;vQif? bk&m;Zmwdawmf? wefcdk;jym#d[mrsm;udk jyawmfrlonfrSm? a&S;OD;pGm rm&fewfrif;\ t&ufav;q,fygwfvHk; pHkprf;wdkufcdkufonfh tarSmifh ya,m*tEÅ&,frsm;udk atmifjrifawmfrlav\/ xdkYaemuf ygvwÅde wd k if ; jynf ? umejrd K h r *F v maqmif y G Jw G i f td k; p&nf a jcmuf v H k ;xJ r S xnfhxm;aom yuwda&udk vltaygif;wdkYa&S hwGif pyspf&nfjzpfapawmf rljcif;wdUk jzpfonf/ xdkUtjyifEpS Mf um&SnfpGmpGJuyfaeNyD; cGeftm;r&Sdo?l csnfeh Yw J k;H vHk; ae&aomol ? usdK;aomol ? uef;aomol ? 0uf&l;a&m*gpGJaomolrSpí trsdK;rsdK;aoma&m*ga0'emcHpm;ae&aomolwt Ykd m; wefc;kd awmf tm;jzifh uif;aysmufapavonf/ olwyg;\ ud, k cf E´mrmefuakd tmifonfh enf;wl/ vl o m;tm;vH k ; twG u f ud k , f p m;jyK ,Mwmacsjcif ; trI u d k v nf ; atmifEikd pf rG ;f oljzpfaomaMumifh ? ,MwmtrIjyD;aemufwiG f aojcif;rZÑKrmef udv k nf;atmifjrifawmfrcl ahJ vonf/ - 119 -

m

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wzef w&ufajrmufNyD; aomvlao? ESp&f ufajrmuf&adS omvlao? ausmufocØsKif;odkYcsí av;&ufajrmuf &Sdaom aAoed&GmrS rm&d? rmo wd\ kY armif vmZ&ktm;vnf; aojcif;rS wzef&iS fapawmfrcl hJ jyefygonf/ xdkuJho dkYaom rm&fw dkYu dkatmifj rifí omru? {aumAka'¨g wqlwnf; aomc&pfawmfb&k m;ocifonf / bk&m;Zmwdukd vltaygif;wdYk tm; jrifapjcif;iSg? vltrsm;a&SYwGif tjcm;aom a&m*ga0'emrsm; wdEkY iS hf aojcif;cHí jyawmfrrlb J/ aemifajrBuD;om; taygif;wdkY oHo , uku úp ö, H kr Sm ;jcif ; r&S d& avatmif vuf0 g;uyf w d ki f awmf a y:wG if ? acgif;awmfudkndwfí? touf awmfudkpGefYawmfrljyD;vQif? ppfol&JwdkYonf eHab;awmfudkvSHjzifhxdk;jcif;? taoG;ESifh a&pD;usjcif;&Sdaomtjzpf aemufausmuf o cØsKif ;wGif;ü? oHk;&uf ygwfv Hk;oj*ØK[fj cif;cHj yD;rS vlom;wdkif; 'l;axmuftnHhcHMu&aom r&Pmwnf;[laom&efjrLcyif; trIdwfwpfoif;udk tvsOf;y,fazsmufí ocFg&rm&fudk atmifjrifawmf rlco hJ nf/ bk&m;Zmwd avmukwÅ&m udk,fcE¨awmfESifhwuG xajrmuf awmfrljcif; xdkuJhodkYxajrmufawmfrlNyD;onfhaemuf t&ufav;q,f twGi;f wGif q,fMudrw f idk w f idk f bk&m;Zmwdawmf ? avmukw&Å mwnf;[laom y&rw¬ 0dnmP cE¨mawmfudkxif&Sm;jyawmfrlvQuf/ wynfhawmfwdkYtm; w&m;a&at;tjrdKufaq;udk wdu k af uR;awmfrNl yD;vQif ? oHviG af wmifay:ü <uvm&if;jzpfaom tdk? em? aojcif;uif;&m aumif;uifEdkifiHawmfodkY? wynfo h m0utaygif;wdaYk &SUwGif xif&mS ;pGmjref; <uawmfrcl haJ vonf/ - 120 -

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,MwmjyKítoufpGefUvSL {0Ha*vdw &m;\tv,fA[dkrSm ]]c&pfawmfonf usrf;pm vmonfh twdkif; igwdkYtjypfaMumifh taocHawmfrl\}} (1 aum? 15;3) qdkonfh tem*wÅd pum;yifjzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh c&pfawmfonf avmuDom;wdu Yk , kd pf m;taocHawmfrv l suf uREfyk w f cYkd &H rnfh 'Pfuckd aH wmf rlco hJ nf/ bmomw&m;pum; toH;k tEIe;f jzifh qdv k Qif]]ud, k pf m;,MwmjyK}} ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ c&pfawmfonf uREfkyfwdkY\ ,Zfyka&m[dwf rif;BuD; jzpf v suf bk & m;ocif t m; ,Zf a umif r sm;ud k yl a Zmf & rnf h t pm; aumif ; uif b H k Ad r mef a wmf w G i f tzd k ; wef a om taoG ; awmf u d k ,laqmifvsuf udk,fawmfwdkif wifvLS ylaZmfcJhonf (a[NAJ? 9; 11-14)/ þae&mwGif c&pfawmfudk,fawmfwidk f ,Zfyka&m[dwf wm0efxrf;aqmif onfh tcef;u@ESifh ,Zfaumifj zpfjcif;wdkYu dk aygif;pyfxm;onf/ xdkr[mtrIawmfrS arma&S\ ,ZfylaZmfj cif;qdkif&m azmfj ycsufu kd jynf h pH k a pojzif h tvG e f< u,f0 pHk v ifa om c&pfa wmf\ udk , f pm; ,MwmjyKjcif;udk awGU& onf/ tem*wÅu d srf;rS ya&mzufa[&Sm,taejzifh bk&m;ocif\ uRefonf uREfkyfwdkY \ tjypftwGuf ]],MwmjyK}}rnf[k jynfph pkH mG az:jycJhonf/

m

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vdrrfh nf/ xm0&bk&m;\ tMuHawmfonfvnf; ol\vufü jynfhpkjH cif;odYk a&mufvrd rhf nf}} (a[&Sm? 53;6? 10)/ c&pfawmf\ ylaZmfouúmESihf a&G;EIwfjcif;onf uREkyf w f Ukd twGuf tpm;xkd; ay;onf/ p½dku fv u©P mt& uREfkyfw dkYtm; u,fw ifzdkY tzd;k tcay;cJo h nft h aMumif; udk &Siaf ygvku tjypfom;rsm;udk c&pfawmf onf ydik q f ikd rf &I adS p&ef bk&m;ociftaejzifh tukov kd t f jypfa<u; jyóem rsm;tm; ajz&Si;f ay;awmfr&l ef wm0efay;cJah Mumif;az:jyxm; onf/ ]]tb,fhaMumifhenf;[lrlu m; bk&m;ocifonf tjypfESifh uif;pifaomoludk igwdkYtwGufaMumifh tjypf&Sdaomoljzpfapawmfrl\/ taMumif;rlu m; igwdkYo nf xdkol tm;jzifh bk&m;ocifa&SUawmfü ajzmifrh wfaomoljzpfrnftaMumif;wnf;}} (2 aum? 5;21)/ bk&m;ocif\ynwfawmftm; csKd;azmufaomaMumifh uREfyk fwYkd cH,x l u kd af om tukov kd t f jypfa<u;\tzd;k tcudk c&pfawmfu, kd af wmfwikd f o,faqmifawmfrlí usdefjcif;wnf;[laom]]bk&mpma&? w&m;pma&}} paomtr*Fvmudck aH wmfrcl &hJ aMumif; awGU&onf/

]]igwd k Y & S d o rQonf od k ; uJ h o d k Y vrf ; vG J v suf ud k , f h v rf ; od k Y toD;oD;vdkufoGm;Muonfjzpfí xm0&bk&m;onf cyfodrf;aomigwdkY\ tjypfrsm;udk olYtay:ü wifawmfrl \/ xm0&bk&m;onf olUudkESdyfpuf jcif;iSm tvdkawmf&Sdí emapawmfrl\/ olonf tjypfajzaom,Zfudk ylaZmfNyD;rS trsKd;tEG,fawmfudk jrif&vdrfhrnf/ toufawmfvnf;&Snf

]]ynwf w &m;\tusif h u d k trS D j yKaomol & S d o rQwd k Y o nf tusdefESifhpyfqdkifMu\/ taMumif;rlum; ynwådusrf;pmü ygorQaom pum;wdkYudk tNrJrusifhaomol wdkif; usdefawmfrljcif;udk cHapownf;[k usrf;pmvm\}} (*vm? 3;10)/

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]]xdk YaMumif h bk&m;ocifa&SUawmf ü ynwf w &m;tm;jzifh tb,forl Q ajzmihfrwf &modkY ra&mufEdkif[k xif&Sm;vsuf&Sd\/ opfwdkifü qG J x m;jcif ; cH & aomol w d k i f ; usd e f j cif ; ud k c H & aomol j zpf o nf [ k usrf;pmvmonfESit fh nD c&pfawmfonf igwdt kY wGufaMumifh usdejf cif;udk cH&aomoljzpfí igwdkYudk ynwfw&m;\usefjcif;rS a&G;EIwf awmfrlNyD}} (*vm? 3;13? a,m? 11;50-52? a&m? 5;8? a[NAJ? 9;28? 1 ay? 2;24? 1 a,m? 2;2)/ vuf0g;um;wdkifonf c&pfawmfbk&m;rS teEÅarwÅmawmfudk t&if;cHum uREfkyfwdkU udk,fpm; ]],MwmjyK}} ay;awmfrlcJhaom tuRwf w&m;vrf;jzpfawmfro l nf/ 1 wd 2;5 wGif ]]bk&m;ocif wqlwnf;&Sdawmfrl\? bk&m;ocifEiS hf vlwpYdk yfMum;rSm? vljzpfaom a,½Ic&pfawmfwnf;[laom tmrcHwOD;wnf;&Sd\}}/ a,mb 9;33ü xdk tmrcH udk,fpm;vS,fvlESifh bk&m;tMum; &Sad pzdkY ueOD;olrsm;arQmfvifch yhJ gonf/ c&pfawmfo nf bk&m;vnf;jzpf? vlv nf;jzpfaomaMumifh ud, k pf m;0ifí ESpb f ufv;kH twGuf 0ifxu G o f mG ;vm Edik yf gonf/ vlom;wdEYk iS hf vlom;wdkY\ qkawmif;oHudk bk&m;&Sif rsufarSmufawmfodkY aqmifusOf; ay;Edik \ f / or®musrf;pmjrwfu ,aeYtcsdKaY omolrsm; ,HMk unfMuouJo h Ykd r,fawmfrm&daomf vnf;aumif;? tjcm;olawmfpif aomfvnf;aumif; uREkyf w f Ukd \ tmrcHtjzpf bk&m;a&SUawmfoYkd 0ifay;&ef az:jyxm;jcif;r&Syd g/ - 123 -

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um;wdkiftusdK;aus;Zl; ( 7) yg; 1/pmwefrm&fe wftay: atmifa wmfr lj cif; / vlom;rsm;tay:wGi&f adS om pmwefrm&fewf\ tmPmpufonf ysufp;D oGm;cJ&h onf/c&pfawmfonf vuf0g;um;wdik af y:0,f toufawmf pGefUvSLawmfrlcpJh Ofu pmwefrm&fewfEiS fh rdpmä ewfq;dk wdkUonf ESifxw k jf cif; cHcJhMu&onf (a,m? 12;31)/ ,HkMunfolrsm;onf pmwefrm&fewf\ csnfaESmifrIxJrS c&pfawmf\ EdkifiHawmfodkY a&TUjcif;cH&aom oljzpfonf (aum? 1;13)/ ]]rm&fewfonf a&S;OD;pGmrSpí 'kp½dkufudkjyKaomoljzpfaom aMumifh tMuifolonf 'kp½dkufudkjyK\/ xdkonf rm&fewfESifhqdkif\/ rm&f e wf t rI w d kY u d ky ,fz sufj cif ; iSm ? bk & m;ocif \ om;awmf o nf xif&mS ;ay:xGe;f awmfr\ l }} (1 a,m/ 3;8)/ 2/pmwefrm&fe wf\ wefcdk;tm;y,fzsufa tmifawmfr ljcif; / vl o m;rsKd; EG , f w &yf v H k; twG u f tjypfE S i f h ynwf w &m;rS aMumufrufz, G &f m aojcif;wefc;kd udk oufa&mufaponf (1aum? 15;56)/ ½kyfcE¨maovGefNyD;aemuf aumif;uifEdkifiHwGif ae&mwae&m&&Sdap&ef c&pf awmf o nf ,Hk M unf o l w dk if ;udk uwda y;xm;onf / xdk Ya Mumifh aojcif;onf ,HkMunfolrsm;udk b,faomtcgrS Ncdrf;ajcmuf Edkifawmh rnfr[kwf/ bk&m;ocif\ u½kPmESifhjynfh0aom &nf&G,fcsufonf &Si;f vif; jywfom;awmfrv I Quf&o Sd nf/ ]]xd kaus;Zl; awmfu m; igwd kY u dk u,fw if aom a,½I c&pf ay:xGef;onfht&mrSm ,ckxif&Sm;vsuf&Sd\/ xdkocifonf aojcif; - 124 -

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bk&m;ocif\ w&m;rQwaom pD&ifjcif;onf txajrmufawmfrcl o hJ nf/ ]]xk d o d k Y E S i f h t nD r S e f a om oef Y & S i f ; &mXmewd k Y \ yH k j zpf a om vlwdkYvufj zifhvkyfaom oefY&Sif;&mXmexJo dkY c&pfawmfo nfr0ifbJ igwdkYtwGufaMumifh ,ckbk&m;ocif\ a&SUawmfü ukd,fudkjyjcif;iSm? aumif;uif uk, d x f o J Ykd 0ifawmfrNl yD/ xdo k yYkd al Zmf&onf rSev f Qif urÇmOD;rSpí tzefrsm;pGm taocHawmfr\ l / ,ckru l m; þuyfumvtqH;k ü wcgwnf; udk,fudk ylaZmfaomtm;jzifh tjypfrsm;udk okwfoify,f&Sif;apjcif;iSm ay:xGe;f awmfr\ l }} (a[NAJ? 9;24? 26)/

5/ aumif; uifü jzpfa omtrI/ pmwef r m&f e wf o nf bk & m;ocif t ay: qef Y u sif r I o nf urÇmavmuudk rzefqif;rD aumif;uifü pwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ pmwef rm&fewf\ azmufjyefjcif;tjypfonf aumif;uifEdkifiH&Sd tjcm;aom aumif;uifwrefrsm;pGmudkyif vrf;vGJysufpD;apcJhonf/ xdkodkYaom pGef;xif;rIrsm;udk ,Zfyka&m[dw frif;BuD; jzpfaom c&pfawmfonf ,ZfylaZmfNyD;oumv ol\taoG;awmfudk ,laqmifawmfrlaomtcg jyefvnfoef&Y iS ;f apcJo h nf/ ]]xdaYk Mumifh aumif;uifbükH &Sad omt&mwd\ Yk yHrk sm;udk xdkoaYkd om ,ZfylaZmfjcif; tm;jzifh pifMu,fap&onfjzpfí aumif;uift&mwdkYudk omíjrwfaom ,Zfyal Zmfjcif; tm;jzifh pifMu,fap&\}} (a[NAJ? 9;23)/ 6/ y#dÓ Ofw &m;opf trIawmfjrwf/ aemufqHk;npmpm;yGJwiG f wynfah wmfwt dkY m; ay;awmfrlco Jh nfh pyspf&nfonf taoG;tm;jzifhay;onfhy#dÓOfw&m;topfudk yHkaqmif - 126 -

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xm;aMumif; c&pfawmf rdefU>rwfcJhonf (vk? 22;20)/ xdktaoG;udk vuf0g;um;wdkifay:0,f oGef;&rnf/ "r®a[mif;umvwGif jyKxm;aom y#dÓOftm; twnfjyK&ef taoG;oGef;&efv dko nf (xG? 24;5-8)/ "r®opfusrf;wGiv f nf; xdek nf;wlpmG taoG;awmfonfvt kd yfonf (a[NAJ? 9;14-24)/ ]]xdkrQru tjypfuif;aomudk,fawmfudk xm0&0dnmOfawmf tm;jzifh bk&m;ocif a&SUü wifvSLylaZmfaom c&pfawmf\taoG;onf aojcif;ESihpf yfqkid af om tusifhukd y,f&iS ;f í oifwo Ydk nf touf&iS af wmf rlaom bk&m;ocifudk 0wfjyKrnftaMumif; oifwdkYü udk, fhudk,fu dk odaompdwfudk pifMu,fapjcif;iSm omíwwfEidk af wmfro l nfr[kwaf vm/ xdkYaMumifh yxry#dÓOfw&m;vufxufü jypfrSm;aomtjypf udkvnf; vGwaf pjcif;iSm c&pfawmfonf taocHawmfro l nfjzpfí ac:awmfral om olwdkYonf uwdawmfESifh ,SOfaom xm0&tarGudk cH&rnfhtaMumif; xdo k cifonf y#dÓOfw&m;opf\ tmrcHjzpfawmfr\ l }} (a[NAJ? 9;14? 15)/

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opöm(4)yg; 1/ &kyfemrfawG[m rNrJ?qif;&J?tpdk;r&MuvdkYv ufcHEdkifzG, fr&Sdaom 'kuw © &m; rsm;omNzpfjcif;('kuo © pöm)/ 2/ &kyfemrfawGudkvdkcsifwyfrufaomwPSmaMumifhqif;&Jjcif; (ork', opöm)/ 3/ qif;&J'u k r© &Sad omt&m&Sjd cif;(eda&m"opöm)/ 4/qif;&J'u k © uif;Nidr;f apaom tusifv h rf;pOf&jkdS cif; (r*¾opöm) wdjYk zpfonf/ trSefudkrodNcif;(t0dZÆm)tarSmifxkMuD;udk NzdKcGif;EdkifvQif? xm0&at;Nidr;f csrf;omrIMuD;udk awGYjrifcpH m;&rnf[k ,HMk unfMuonf/

7/ y#dÓ Ofw &m;opf\ aumif; uifB uD;r*Fv m/ bk&m;ocifonf oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmftm;jzifh ,HkMunfol wdkif;tay: y#dÓOfw&m;opf\ aumif;BuD;r*Fvmudkay;awmfrlcJhonf/ 4if;wdkUrSm oefY&Sif;jcif;? om;jzpfcGifh? tuRwfw&m;twGufpdwfcsrI? tjypfw&m;twGufcGifhvTwfjcif;wdkYudk ay;awmfrlcJhonf/ þt&mrsm; tm;vnf; ya&mzuf a,&rdtm;jzifh bk&m;ocifu, kd af wmfwikd f BudKwifí tem*wHoÓPfjzifh a[majymawmfrcl ho J nf (a,&rd? 31;31-34? a[NAJ? 8;7-13)/

or®musrf;pmawmfjrwfukd Munfyh gu ueOD; tm'HEiS hf {0 wdUk onf t0dZÆ m wnf;[laom tarS m if zHk ;vGr f;jcif ;jzihf rodrIt m;BuD; um pmwefrm&fewf\ pum;udk em;a,mifí? bk&m;udk bk&m;vdrk xif? w&m;udk w&m;vd k rxif aomaMumifh ynmwf w &m;awmf u d k csdK ;azguf &mrS tusd K ;quf wd k U onf u m; xm0&aojcif ; wnf ; [l a om td k ? em? aojcif;b0udk a&mufMu&jcif;jzpfonf/

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trSefw&m;(opöm)udkrodNrifao;oí csrf;omNcif;tppfudk r&&SdEdkif Mujcif;jzpfo nf/ a,musfm ;?rdef;r?yk*¾dKvfqdkw mawG[ mvJ wu,f tjypfuif;wJhol r&Sdbl;qdkwmom od&SdcJhrnfqdkygu/ vlUb0onf trSmif urÇmxJwGif 0Jvnfaep&mrvdak wmhyg/ wu,f&Sdwmu &kyfeJYemrfygyJvdkUÓPfxJrSm tNrif&Sif;oGm;ol Nzpfygw,f/xdo k rl sdK;[m igqdw k hJ twÅuu kd muG,zf .kd b,fv'kd pk &du k t f Nypfurkd S usL;vGefawmhrSmr[kwfygbl;? xdkokdUaomoltwGuf c&pfawmfbk&m; rdeUf awmfrlxm;onfh pum; rSmuvnf; ]]igonf usef;rm;aom oltwGuf þavmuokUd <uvmonf r[kw?f tjypf&adS omolwUkd udk u,fwiftahH omiSg <uawmfrjl cif;jzpfonf}} qdak om pum;u? rdrt d ajctrSeu f kd odaomolrsm; udq k v kd jkd cif;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmrSEIwfxGufpum;awmfudk Munfhygu/ ppfrSefaom ,HMk unfoo l nf ]oefU&Si;f jcif;yg&rDu&kd &Sjd cif;} ( Possional Sciantification) jzpfygw,f/xdkUaMumifh xdkuJhodk.aom (aomwmyef) yk*dK¾ vfrsdK;[m b,fvdk enf ;eJY rS tyg,fi &J o d kU rusa&muf Ed k if awmh ygbl ;? aemuf N yD; olU rS m tyg,f i &J o d k Yu sa&muf a pEd k if a om t0d ZÆ m eJY w PS m wd kY & J U tpG r f; vJ ukefcef;oGm;vdkYtwdwfuusL;vGefrdcJhwJh ADZtjypfESifh 'kp&dkuftjypfuH awG[mvnf; t0dZÆmeJYwPSm wdkY&JUulnDaxmufyHhrI r&MuawmhvdkYxdkoludk tyg,fi&JoUdk qGrJ csEdkif awmhygbl;?xdk,kMH unfo&l UJ a&SUquf&rJhb0rSm tdk? em? aojcif;uif;&m? xm0&okccsrf;omom &&SdEkid yf gawmhw,f/

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m

q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif

odkYaomfvnf; xdk,HkMunfaomol(aomwmyefyk*¾dKvf) wdkU&JU oP²mefrSm t0dZÆmESifhwPSmwdkYvHk;0t<uif;tusefr&Sdatmifukefcef; oGm;Mu wmawmh r[kwf ao;ygbl;/ t0dZÆm&JUtpdwftydkif; wpfckjzpfaom twÅtpGJ (igrSigom tm;udk;&mqdw k t hJ pG^J ouúm,'d|)d omukecf ef ;oGm;wmNzpfNyD;? vdck sifwyf rufNcif;qdkwJhwPSmvnf; rukefcef;ao;ygbl;?a&SUqufNyD; pHkvifjcif; tqifhqifu h kd &&SdNyD;BuD;&ifhjcif;toufwmodUk wufvSrf;&rnfjzpfygw,f/ 4if;udk or®musrf;pmu ]BuD;&ifjh cif;r*Fvm} (Progressive Sanctification) [kac:ygw,f/ aemufq;kH ]pHv k ifjcif;r*Fvm} (Perfect Sanctification) udak wmh ocifa,½Ic&pfawmfEiS hf twl aumif;uifbrkH mS jyefvnfaygif;pnf; Muaom tcgwGi?f tpueOD;u zefqif;jcif;twdkif;? td?k em? aojcif; uif;&mrSm ]]xm0&}jynfph jkH cif;b0jzif?h ADZtjypf? 'kp&du k t f jypf(t0dZmÆ ESihf wPSm)wdu Y k kd t<uif;tusefr&Su d kefcef;í]pHv k ifjcif;r*Fvm} xm0&tNidrf;"gwf MuD;udk &&Srd mS Nzpfygw,f/aemufq;kH rSm ,HMk unfoo l nf azgufjyef ysufp;D wwfaom þ&kyef mrfcE¨mwdcYk sKyfNywf ysufp;D oGm;ayrJ?h tEÅrd yef;wdik f jzpfaom ]y&da0'? aomuuif;&Sif;&m} tNidr;f "gwfMuD; uawmh xm0&usef&NSd yD;? at;Nidr;f rI MuD;eJUxm0&pHNref;&awmhrmS Nzpfygw,f/

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pke;f r&Sd? ewfr&Sd or®musrf;pmenf;t&? pkef;? ua0? arSmf? aZmfueD? aZmfueuf? trnftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh uGJjym;aeaom t&mwdkUonf ]]pmwefrm&fewf}} \taygif;tygrsm;yifjzpfonf/ xHk;wrf;t& ]]rdqdkif?zqdkif}} [lonf &Scd Jhonfudk rwifvdkaomfvnf; tm;rwefrmefavsmh wif&aomtcgwGif ]]bk&m;rSwpfyg; tm;udk;&mr&S}d } qdkaompum;ESihf pma&;ol udk;pm;aom tusifhoDv? odu©m w&m;wdkUudk tm;udk;um rwifryovdkaMumif; jiif;qdkaomfvnf;vufawGUwGif xda&mufrIr&SdbJ? t&HI;ESifhom&ifqdkif vd k u f & onf / c&pf a wmf \ {0H a *vd w &m;ud k Mum;em vuf c H N yD ; aemuf]]ewfwif}} &efvmcdkif;apaomtcgwGifum;? pma&;oljiif;qdk vdu k o f nf/ xdt k cgwGif ewfuawmfu ]]at;av eifwdkUuawmh pke;f vnf;r&S?d ewfvnf;r&SdwJh? t,l onf; vGrJ mS ;aeolawGqakd wmh 'kuj© zpfrS odvrd rhf nf}}

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xdUk aMumifh c&pf,mefwpfO;D taejzifh ]]pke;f ewf}} r&S[ d rk ajymygbl; &Syd gonf/odUk aomf or®musrf;pmawmfvm pum;t&mudk Munfjh cif;tm;jzifh b0twGuf ]]ivif;aMumuf&? i0if;aMumuf&}} qdkaomtjzpfqdk;rS uif;vTw fpdrfhaomiSg c&pfawmfb k&m;\ aus;Zl;w&m;udk jrifawGU Edkiyf gonf/ ]]rm&fewfonf a&SYOD;pGmrSpí 'kp&kdufukdjyKaomol jzpfaom aMumifh? tMuifolonf 'kp&dkufudkjyK\? xkdolonfrm&fewf ESihfqkdif\/ rm&fewftrIwdkYukd y,fzsufjcif;iSg? bk&m;ocif\ om;awmfonf xif&Sm; ay:xGef;awmfrl\}} ( 1 a,m? 3;8) pum;t& ]]raMumufj cif;}} omjzpfonf/ xdUk aMumifv h nf; jrefrmpum;wGif ]]bk&m;rSwpfyg; tm;ud;k &mr&S}d } qdak om pum;twdik ;f ]]odjYk zpfít&mrsm; wdüYk tb,foYkd ajymp&m&So d enf;? bk&m;ocifonf igwdkYbufü&SdawmfrlvQif? tb,folonf igwdkY wbufü aeEkid rf nfenf;}} ( a&m? 8;31)/

[kqu dk m xGufoGm;avonf/ pma&;oltaejzifh ]],cifESihf ,ck}} jy,k't f Mum;wGif uGJjym; jcm;em;rIudk aumif;aumif;jrifawGUvdkuf&onf/ taMumif;rSm ,cifu uREfkyfonf or®musrf;pmenf;t& avmubk&m; }}pmwefrm&fewf}} \vufwiG ;f wGio f m&Sad omaMumifh olBudKufovd?k oljyKorQEk&aomfvnf; ,ckaomfum; c&pfawmfbk&m;\ vufawmfwGif;0,f &SdaomaMumifh vHNk cHKrIukd rsuf0g;xifxif cHpm;vdku&f onf/ - 130 -

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bk&m;tEG,f0ifolawmfpif BuD;BuD;i,fi,f vlo m;tm;vHk;wdkUonf ]]igwdkUonfum; bk & m;tEG , f 0 if o l a wmf pif } } [l a ompum;ud k Mum;em&onf w G i f em;0ifcsdKvSonfh enf;wl? Mum;em&jcif;jzifhvnf; MunfEl;rqHk;jzpfMu onfo m/ odkUaomfv nf; bk&m;ES ifh vlq ufEG, fyH kESifh bk&m;ESi fhv l rnfoUkd a0;uGmoGm; Mu&onfqakd om taMumif;udu k m; or®musrf;pmwGif twdtus zGijfh yxm;onf/ ]]bk&m;ocifonf ajrwjyifvHk;üae&aomvltrsdK;rsdK;wdkYudk waoG;wnf;ESihf zefqif;awmfrlí?olwdkY tm;cGJa0pDrHaom tcsdefumv ud4k if;? olwa.Ykd e&mtydik ;f tjcm;ud4k if; rSwo f m;awmfr\ l ?taMumif;rlum;? vlw dkYo nf bk&m;ocifu dk&Sm prf;ojzifhawGYaumif; awGYM uvdrfhrnf taMumif;wnf;/ odq Yk akd omfvnf;bk&m;ocifonfigwdYw k iG f tb,foEl iS hf rQ a0;awmfro l nfr[kw?f igwdo Yk nf bk&m;ociftm;jzifh touf&iS v f suf? vI y f & S m ;vsuf ? jzpf v suf & S d M u \?xd k o d k Y E S i f h t nD ? oif w d k Y w G i f vuFmq&mtcsdKYwdkYu? igwdkYonfum;? EG,fawmf om;yif? bk&m;rsdK;ay jzpfMuav[kpyfqo kd wnf;}} (wref? 17;26-28)/ þae&mwGif 1/ bk&m;ocifonf ajrwjyifvHk;üae&aomvltrsdK;rsdK;wdkYudk waoG; wpfom;wnf;ESihf zefqif;awmfrjl cif;/

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3/ olwdkU\ae&mtydkif;tjcm;udk4if;rSwfom;awmfrljcif;/ponfwdkU awGUjrifEikd o f nf? xdkoUkd ay;&jcif; taMumif;rSm4/ bk&m;ocifu&kd mS prf;ojzifah wGaY umif; awGMY uvdrrhf nftaMumif;wnf; [laom tcGihx f ;l ESi?fh 5/ bk&m;ocifonfigwdkYwGiftb,folESifhrQa0;awmfrrljcif;/ paom tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;udk vlom;wdik ;f tm; tcGix hf ;l udk ay;xm;awmfrjl cif;wdYk jzpfonf/ þae&mwGif tjypfw&m;ESihf pyfqikd í f ueOD;tcef;wdUk wGiv f nf; az:jyxm;NyD;jzpfonfh twdkif;? bk&m;ESifh vlom;wdkUonf tjypfw&m; aMumifh ]]bk&m;tEG,f0ifb0rS}} ]]bk&m;&efolawmfb0}} odkUusa&muf cJ h M u&onf u d k c&pf a wmf o nf o l \ taoG ; ES i f h touf a wmf u d k riJhuGufawmfrlbJ um;wdkifay: wGif tjypfauR;udk ay;acsawmfrlcJhaom aMumifh vlom;wdki;f bk&m;tEG,0f if jzpfciG u fh dk &&SdEidk fMuygonf/ xdkUaMumifh vnf; c&pfawmfbk&m;\ vkyfaqmfawmfrlcJhjcif; onfum; ]]igwdkYonftusKd;enf;&SdpOfwGif tcsdefbefrS c&pfawmfonf rw&m;aomolwdkY twGufaMumifh taocHawmfrl\?. . . . igwdkUonf tjypf&SdpOfyif. . . .&efoljzpfvsufyif bk&m;ocif\om;awmf taocHawmf rljcif;tm;jzif/h igwdo Yk nf bk&m;ocifEiS hf rdwo f [m,zGjYJ cif; aus;Zl;awmfukd cH&onfrSefvQif? rdwfo[m, zGYNJ yD;rS?toufawmftm;jzifh u,fwifawmf rljcif;odYk a&mufrnf[k omíarQmfvifph &m&S\ d }} ( a&mr? 5;6?8?10)/

2/ olwYkd tm;cGaJ 0pDrHaom tcsdeu f mvudak y;awmfrjl cif;/ - 133 -

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,aeUjrefrmEd kifi Hw Gif ]]igwkd Uonfu m; bk&m;tEG, f 0if olawmfpOf}} [lí arQmfrSef;wrf;wum bk&m;tm; tm;udk;&mjyKMujcif; yifjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsm;u olUtm;zefq if;ocif b0toufrv l t&Sit f jzpf vufcH todtrSwjf yKonfjzpfap? rjyKonfjzpf ap? zcifwUkd \ rjywfaom arwÅmawmf twdki;f ]]vlom;onfaysmufaom olwdkUudk&Smíu,fwiftHhaomiSg <uvm ownf;[kZu©JudkrdefYawmfrl\}} (&Siv f u k m 19;10)/ txufyg c&pfawmfbk&m; refU>rwfawmfrlcJhonfh pum;awmf twdik ;f bk&m;&efoal wmftjzpfEiS hf tyg,fomG ;&rnfukd vdv k m;awmfrrlb?J bk & m;tEG , f 0 if ol a wmf p if r sm;jzpf z d k U &ef þavmuod k Y < uqif ; u,fwifawmfr&l ef tu,fpifppf qif;<uvmcJjh cif;yifjzpfonf/

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uHEiS hf 0#fa<u; c&pf,mefESifh uH uH\taMumif;w&m;wGif? tcsdKUu c&pf,mef onf t"r®trIudk OD;pm;ay;aom vrf;pOfjzpfonf[k owfrw S fMuonf/ odkUaomf xm0&t&Sif bk&m;ocifonf vlom;wdkif;twGuf uHuH\ taMumif;w&m; wdUk udk xm;&Sdygonf/ odkUaomf qufvufí raqG;aEG;rSD uH\ taMumif;w&m;udk wifjy vdyk gonf/ uHonf ur® [laom yk'rf S vmjcif;jzpfonf/ ur®=jyKvkyrf I odUk r[kwf apwem [lí teufziG &hf vQif 4if;uHukd uREfyfk w f Ukd ,HMk unfygonf/ odUk aomf uREkfyfwdkU or®musrf;pmwGif &Sdaom uHonf þurÇmavmuwGif &Sad om twdw?f ypöKyÜef [laom umvoHk;wefEiS fo h m qdik fygonf/ ]twdwf} wGifueOD; vlom;rsm; usL;vGefcJhaom tjypfrsm; aMumifh vlom;tm;vH;k wdUk onf? tjypfw&m;\ tusdK;quftaejzifh td?k em? aojcif;paom qd;k usdK;rsm;ESit hf wlaemifwrvGet f wGuf bk&m;rzufyg uvnf; tyg,fi&JwiG f vm;Mu&ayOD;rnfjzpfonf/ odUk aomf xdk ]]twdw}f } qd;k usdK;jyKvkyk rf I (uH) w&m;tm;vH;k twGuf c&pfawmfonf um;wdik af y:wGif tNyD;tydik f tqH;k wdik af pawmfrcl yhJ gonf/ wzef þae&mwGif &Si;f vif;pGm odjrif&efrmS pma&;olajymaom ]uH} onf [dk;,cif b0? b0 oHo&mrsm; udk rqdkyg/ taMumif;rSm or®musrf;pm\ oGefoifcsufwGif oHo&mr&Sdyg? twdwfwnf;[laom tm'H? {0wdkU\ usL;vG e f rd a om twd w f u H E S i f h vuf a wG U vk y f a qmif a om ypö K yÜ e f

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uHw&m;wdkUudk txufyg pum;twdik ;f ]]ur®=jyKvkyrf I odUk r[kwf apwem }} qdkonfhtwdkif; ]]tvJGr,lMuESifh? bk&m;ocifonf rxDrJhjrifjyKjcif;udk cHawmfrrl? vlonfrsKd;aphBuJonf twdki;f toD;tESu H kd &dw&f vdrrfh nf/ xdkUaMumifh c&pfawmfbk&m;tm; ,HkMunfvufcH udk;pm;aomol wdkUonfvnf; ]]ur®=jyKvkyfrI (odkU) apwem}} qdkaom ukov w&m; awmfESifh tnD aumif;aomtusdK;? qdk;aom tusdK;w&m;rsm;udk þavmuwGif rdrd\ apwemtavQmuf &dwfodrf;&ayrnf/rdrdZmwd yuwd\ rsKd;aphB uJaomolonf Zmwdyuwd tm;jzifh ykyfysufjcif; toD;tESHudk &dwf&vdrfhrnf?0dnmOfyuwd\ rsKd;aphBuJaom olonf 0dnmOfyuwdtm;jzifh xm0&touf&iS jf cif; toD;tESH udk&dwf&vdrhrf nf}} (*vmwd? 6;7-8) [laom pum;awmf&ySd gonf/ twd w f u H (AD Z tjypf a <u;) twG u f c&pf a wmf o nf vuf0g;um;wdkif ay:wGif ay;ajcNyD;jzpfonfhtwGuf? xdktwdwfuH 0#fa<u;rS ,HMk unfoo l nf vGwaf jrmufNyD;jzpfonf;/ ypöKyÜef twGurf u l m; þavmuwGi fyif tjypftwGu f bk &m;ocif x H rS cG if hv Gw f j cif ;udk &&Srd nfjzpfaomfvnf;? tusdK;qufuu kd m;cHpm;&ayrnf/ ]]udk,ftjypfwdkUudk abmfjyawmif;yefvQif? igwdkUtjypfrsm;udk vTwí f 'kp&du k f &So d rQESihf uif;pifapjcif;iSg bk&m;ocif onf opömw&m;ESihf 4if;? ajzmifhrwfjcif; w&m;ESi4fh if;jynfhpHkawmfr\ l }}(1 a,m[ef? 1;8-9)/ pdu k o f nft h wdik ;f xdyk pöKyÜe0f #fa<u;onf ,ckrsufarSmufwiG f ay;acs&rnf jzpfonf/ - 137 -

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rsuf&nfrsm;ed*;Hk vl w pf O D; vmar;jcif ; jzpf o nf / ar;aom ar;cG e f ;onf em;axmifí aumif;aom ntdy&f m0if yHjk yiftwdik ;f yifjzpfonf/wpfcgu om;trd ES p f a ,muf & S d í ?taru om;uk d t &rf ; cspf o nf h t wd k i f ; rdcifu ,HkM unfo l? om;u r,HkM unfo l tjypfom;/ w&m;pD&ifw Jh aeUa&muf awmh rd cifu aumif; uifb H ka &muf í om;uxm0&i&J a&mufoGm;csdef aumif;uifbHkrSm aumif;uifwref jzpfaewJh taru olUom;i&J usoGm;wmudkvnf; odcsdefpdwfqif;&J jzpfonfqdk\/ xdt k cg xm0&bk&m;ocifu rsuf&nfawGudk b,fvko d kwfay;rvJ (odkU) b,fvdk ajz&Si;f ay;rvJqw kd modcsifygw,f/ i&Ja&mufaewJhom;udk aumif;uifbaHk y: ac:wifxm;rvm; odUk r[kwf tarvkyfwJhvludkyJ om;eJUtwlwlae&atmifvUdk i&JxJuefcs vdu k rf vm; qdw k hJ pum;tar;ygyJ/ trSefqk&d ygrl trSefouf0ifí? EIwfuygwfawmfü wD;rdacgufrd &Sdo l ,HkM unfo lj zpfygu jyóem r[kwfaomfvnf;? trnfomcHí e*ef;wpfvHk;rS rodaom olrsm;taejzifhom awGa0p&mjzpfaumif; jzpfayrnf/ taMumif;rSm or®musrf;pmwGif ,HMk unforl nfonf oHo&mudk vGefajrmufaomol jzpfaomaMumifh b,faom tcgrQ aumif;uif wref jzpfomG ;onf[k qd&k ;kd pum;r&So d vdk ? aumif;uifwref uvnf; taMumif; - 138 -

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Oyoumrsm;rSvnf;rcdk; c&pfawmf\ &kycf E¨mawmftm; cd;k ,lxm;onfqakd om wynfhawmftm;pGyfpGJjcif;onf avQmfuefjcif;r&Sd/ {ueftrSef&dk;om; wnfMunfpGm&Sdaeaom wynfhawmfwdkU xdkodkUjyKygu rav;rcefUjyK&m a&mufonfh twGuf xdkodkUjyKEdkifaom tpGrf;olwdkUü r&Sd/ wynfhawmfwdkY taMumif;udk avhvmMunfhygu wynfhawmfwdkUonf zrf;qD;cH&rnfudk vGepf mG aMumuf&UHG aeMuonf (rmuk? 14;50) xdrk Qru apmifMh uyfaeMuaom ppfonfwkUd onf vGepf Gm owdBuD;í? idkufjrnf;jcif;r&Sd apmifhMuyfaeaom tMum;rS cd;k ,lco hJ nfqykd gu omí&J&ifah om tajctaeudk jrifawGU&rnf ( rmuk? 27;64)jzpfonf/ txufyg pGyfpJGcsufrSefygu wynfhawmfwdkUonf ordkif;wGif tBuD;rm;qHk;ao &mZ0wfaumifrsm;yifjzpfayrnf/ wzef uREfkyfwdkU odxm;&efrSm r[kwfrrSef vkyfBuHxm;aom ]vkyfZmwf} twGuf rdrdwdkU\ touf udkyif iJhuGufjcif;r&Sd? ,HkMunfonfudk4if;? xdk ]xajrmuf&Sif} \ owif;pum;aMumifh ajymif;vJjcif;udk cHpm;&Muaom urÇmol? urÇmom; wdUk \ toufwmESi?hf wdik ;f Edik fiw H Ukd udk arSmufveS af om xdw k &m;pum;onf tb,foUkd enf;/ ]rkom0g'} w&m;wdUk rnfonf ]t"r®} enf;jzifh vlwUkd tm; odr;f oGi;f Edik af omfvnf; ]ajymif;vJjcif;} toufwmudu k m; ray;pGr;f Edik yf g/

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a'oEÅ& {0Ha*vdrSwfpk

Oyoumrrsm;vnf;rrSm; tcsdKUaomolwdkUu c&pfawmfbk&m;tm; udk;pm; ,HMk unfaom Oyoum trsdK;orD;rsm;onf arSmifeUJ rnf; rnf; tcsdefwiG f ua,mifuwrf;jzihf oGm;vmMu&if tjcm;aom tkyf*lodkUrSm;í Munfh&I cJh&mrS? tavmif;awmftm; rawGUaomtcgwGif ]&SifjyefxawmfrlNyD} [ka<u;aMumf cJhonf qdak om pum;onfrrSeyf g/ taMumif;rSm1/ arS m if e J U rnf; rnf ; tcsde f r [k w f o nfu d k ocsØ Kif ; wG i f & S da eaom tapmifhonf reufvif;vQuf&SdaomaMumifh rdrd\ wm0efrsm;udkyif vkyu f kid af qmif&u G v f Quf &Sad eNyD;jzpfonf( a,m[ef? 20;15)/ 2/ rSm;,Gif;aomtkwf*lodkUoGm;cJhonfqdku? &Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;udk rvdkvm;aom a&mrtmPmydkifrsm;u tb,fhaMumifh rSefuefaom *lodkU oGm ;a&mufum c&pf, mefwdkUtm; rrSefu efaMumif; oufaojy&ef bmhaMumifrh oGm;cJhMuoenf;/

m

q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif

trSm;udk wpfxyfwnf;jzpfatmiftb,fhaMumifh xyfw l rSm;Mu&ef taMumif;rnfoUdk &S&d rnfenf; ( a,m[ef? 20;6)/ 5/ &Siaf yw&kEiS hf trsdK;orD; OyoumrwdUk onf tavmif;awmft0wfESihf &kycf E¨muif;aeaom tkw*f u l dk xyfwx l yfrQ awGjY rifMu&oenf;/ 6/ tjcm;aom Oyoumaemufvdkufrsm;xHwGif aeUcif;aMumifawmif awGUjrifcGifhay;NyD;? &ufav;q,f c&pfawmftwlaejcif;udk tb,fodkU jiif;qdk Edkiyf gtHeh nf; ( wrefawmf? 1;3)/ xdk UaMumifh c&pfawmf b k&m;\ &Sifj yefx ajrmufj cif;wG if? vlw dkUonf rnfodkUyif ][efYw m;} apOD;awmh? ]trSefw &m;[lo nf zH;k uG,í f r&} qdak om jrefrmpum;yHt k wdik ;f ? c&pfawmf\ &Sijf yefxajrmuf jcif; wefcdk;awmfaMumifh toufwm ajymif;vJjcif;&aomolrsm; ,aeU ]vufcsdK;&wGuí f yif rukeEf ikd }f atmif rsm;jym;aejcif;u? bmomqG,jf cif; r[kwfovd?k [efaqmifusifhjcif; rsm;vnf; r[kwfygav/

3/ rSefuefaom*lrS tavmif;awmfu dk xkw fjyí? rSm ;,Gif;aeaom ]&Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;} w&m;udk wdkif;oljym;om; vltrsm;wdkUtm; w&m;0ifra<u;aMumfbJ wm;jrpfMuonfoenf;/ odUk r[kwf tb,fah Mumifh jynfow l t Ykd m; az:xkwí f rjyocJo h enf;/ 4/ xdkrSm;,Gif;jcif;rsdK;udk Oyoumrsm;Muaom wrefawmfrsm;ESifhtwl tjcm;aom olrsm;enf;wl wrefawmf &Siaf yw&kwUkd onf? wpfcw k nf; aom - 151 -

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m

a'oEÅ& {0Ha*vdrSwfpk

oN*ØK[f&modkUoGm;cJhonf/ a,&k&SvifNrdKUawmfwGif OyoumwdkUonf ]eH0dnmOf?0dnmP cE¨mjzih}f zl;awGU&NyD;aemuf ]&Sijf yefxajrmufjcif;} udrk a<u;aMumfrDS ESpv f wm umvvG e f í a<u;aMumf M uaomf v nf ; ? rnf o l r S o csØ K if ; awmf o d k U roGm;a&mufcq hJ akd om pGypf JG csufonf vH;k 0rSeu f efjcif;r&Syd g/taMumif;rSm1/ rsm;jym;vSpGmaom tBudrfa& rsm;pGmjzifh wynfhawmfwUdk onf ocsØKif; awmfodkU oGm;a&mufcJhMuygonf ( &SifróJ? 28? &Sifrmuk? 16? &Sifvkum?

24? &Siaf ,m[ef? 20) 2/ c&pfawmfb&k m; udk,af wmfwkid f xif&mS ;jyocJo h nf/ 3/ roGm;cJhygu c&pf,mefrsm;udk zsufqD;vdkaom a&mrtmPmydkifrsm; twGuf tcGiahf umif;jzpfNyD;? oGm;a&mufum wm;pD;Edik o f nfr[kwyf gvm;/ 4/ xdktpm; a&mrESif *sL;wdkUonf ]jiif;qefjcif;}rjyK? ]wm;qD;jcif;} om jyKcJMh uonf/ 5/ xd&k uftenf;i,ftwGif vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdUk onf ]bk&m;tEG,0f if olawmfpOf} rsm;tjzpfoUkd a&muf&?dS &&So d mG ;jcif;rsm;u oufaoyifjzpfonf/

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q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif

&Sifjyefjcif;\ usrf;oufaorsm; ykEÅKydvwfrif;BuD;vufxufwGif? emZ&ufNrdKUom; a,½Ic&pfawmfonf vuf0g;um;wdik af y:wGif toufawmfukd pGeUf vSLylaZmf jcif;udk cHNyD;aemuf? jrKyfEo HS N*ØK[fjcif;udk cHNyD;? bk&m;ocif\ pum;awmfvm EIw fawmfxGu ftwdkif;? oHk;&ufajrmufaomaeUwGif aojcif;rm&fudk atmifjrifí xajrmufco hJ nfu?kd oufao ouúm,rsm;? cdik v f pkH mG &Syd gonf/ 1/ vlig;&mausmfwUdk rsufjrifu, dk af wGUzl;jrif&Muonf ( 1 aum? 15;1)/ 2/ 0dnmPcE¨m&So d nfukd jrifMu&onf( &Siv f u k m? 24;39)/ 3/oHo,yGm;aeolrsm;udk ]vmí udik Mf unf}h [kzw d af c:cJo h nf( vk? 24;39)/ 4/ ordik ;f rSww f rf;omru? rsufjrifu, kd af wGU&SMd uonf ( 1 a,m? 1;1-2)/ 5/ aojcif;rS atmifjrifawmfrlaom emZ&ufNrdKUom; a,½Ic&pfawmfudk xdawGU? udkifwG,f? Mum;em;jcif; rsm;jyKcJMh uonf/ 6/ vHak vmufaom &ufaygif;av;q,fjzifh xif&mS ;jyocJo h nf ( w? 1;3)/ 7/ ol\Oyoumrsm;ESifhtwloGm;vmí pm;aomufjcif;trIudkvnf; jyKcJhonf ( &Sifvu k m? 24;28? &Siaf ,m[ef? 21;1)/ ponft h csufwUkd onf or®musrf;pmxJrS aumufEw I cf sufwpfyikd ;f wpfpomjzpfonf/

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a'oEÅ& {0Ha*vdrSwfpk

wvGJqHyifaumif;jcif;rrnf ]]udk,fh[mudk,f&Smpm;NyD;? bk&m;auR;onf[laom pum;/ rdrdbmom pD;yGm;&Smí jynfhpHkjcif;udk bk&m;ay;onf[laom t"dyÜg,fudk &Si;f jyyg/ oifr&Smxm;ygu tpm;tpm &ygrnfavm/ oifp;D yGm;r&Smygu jynfhpHk ygrnfvm;/ xdkodkY pm;&jcif;? jynfhpHk&jcif; tusdK;w&m;wdkYwGif bk&m;ocif\ vkyfaqmifcsuf&Sdygovm;/ &Sdygu az:jyyg/ udk,fh[m ud, k &f mS pm;jyD; wvGJ aus;Zl;wif&m a&mufraebl;vm;}} [laom pum;udk vnf; tzefzef pma&;olukd ar;jref;Muygonf/ trSew f u,ftm;jzifh ud, k x f u l , kd x f pepf[o l nf ae&mwdik ;f wGif toHk;jyKírjzpfEdkifonfudk owdjyKrdygu tajzonf&SifavmufayjyD/ vuf a wG Y o m"uud k jyqd k & ygu/bk e f ; awmf M uD ; ausmif ; wG i f 4 if ; ? pmoifwu dk fwGif aomf4if; jyKavhjyKx&SMd uonfrSm]]þonfhpm;zG,f trnfrnfudk?jrL;&G,frmefMuG? vSyapjcif;? jynfhjzdK;jcif;iSg? roHk;ygbl;?av;jzm"gwfaqmif? þudk,faumifonf? &S n fa tmifw nfv Quf? tjypf roef;?rarmyef; bJ ? bk&m;omoem? usifhESpfjzmudk? usifhygEdkifap? a0'ema[mif;opf? rjzpfap&. . . . . ponfjzifh &Gufzwfo&psm,f&if; qGrf;? uGrf;? ausmif;? ouFef;twGuf qifjcif atmufarhum toH;k jyKMuygonf/ ,aeUjrefrmEdkifiHwGif omoemhabmifwGif;&SdMuaom omoemh EG , f 0 if ? bk e f ; awmf M uD ; wd k U onf ausmif ; ? ouF e f ; ? qG r f ; ? aq; - 155 -

m

q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif

ponfwnf;[laom ypönf;rsm;udk qifjciatmufharhvQuf ]]rdrdwdkU\ oHk;aqmifrIonf udk,fum,twGuf r[kwf? omoemjrwftwGuf omí usef;rmpGm vkyaf qmifEikd &f ef oH;k aqmifygaMumif; 0efco H ;kH aqmifMuygonf/ touf&Sifí wnf&Sdwnfaeawmfrlaom wpfqlwnf;aom bk&m;jrwfudk ,HkMunfaom bk&m;tEG,f0if c&pf,mefolawmfpOfrsm;u tpm;taomuftwGuf ? oGm;jcif;vm&jcif;twGuf aus;Zl;awmfudk csD;rGrf;jcif;onf wvGJaus;Zl;wifaeaomolrsm;r[kwf ]]t&Sdbk&m;udk aus;Zl; todw&m;jzifh aus;Zl;wif}} aejcif;onf]]rdbpum; em;0,fxm; rSm;w,frsm;Mumbl;ygovm;}} qdkaom pum;ESifhtnDomí obm0 usaom 0wf&w G fpOfwpfcyk ifjzpfonf/ c&pf,mefrsm; taejzifh zef;qif;&Sif bk&m;jrwf\ aus;Zl;w&m; aMumifh? vljzpfvm&ovdk? vljzpfvmonfhaemuf touf&Sifawmfrlaom bk&m;udk od<urf;cGi&hf jcif;? aeUpOf uG,u f m apmifrh rIukd cH,&l &Sjd cif; paom aus;Zl;w&m;rsm;twGuf csD;rGr;f jcif;onf &Supf &mr[kw?f *kP, f 0l if<h um; p&myifjzpfonf/ wzefxdkbk&m;jrwfocifu &moDcGifrsm;ay;jcif;rjyKygu4if;? usef;rmjcif;r&Syd gu4if;? tb,frmS vQif csrf;ompGm oGm;vmEdik yf gtHeh nf;/ Owk? ADZ? ur®? pdwÅ? t[m& wdkYonf bk&m;ay;onfudkaxmufaomf {uefpifppf aus;Zl;odwwfolwdkif; tb,frSmvQif aus;Zl;rwifbJ aeEdik yf gtHeh nf;/ - 156 -

m

a'oEÅ& {0Ha*vdrSwfpk

touf&Sifawmfrlaom bk&m;udk vufcH,HkMunfjcif; r&SdolwdkU twGuf aus;Zl;awmf csD;rGrf;jcif;onf? omrefrQom jzpfaomfvnf;? zefqif;&Sif bk&m;udk udk;pm;,HkMunfaomolwdkUtwGuf aus;Zl;awmf csD;rGrf;jcif;onf ]]ppfrSefaom vkyf&yfj zpfonf} } ]]igwdkUonfb k&m; ocif t m;jzif h touf &S i f v suf ? vI yf & S m ;vsuf ? jzpf v suf &S d M u\/ xdkodkUESifhtnD? oifwdkUwGifvuFmq&m tcsdKUwdkUu? igwdkYo nfum;?

EG,af wmfom;yif? bk&m;rsdK;ayjzpfMuav [kpyfqko d wnf;}} (wrefawmf?

17;28)/ xdUk aMumifh ,HMk unfol c&pf,mefrsm;onf bk&m;ocif ay;oem; awmfrlí cHpm;? pHpm;&aom aus;Zl;w&mrsm;twGuf ]]odwwfaom pdwjf zif}h } csD;rGr;f oH;k aqmifjcif;onf &Supf &m rrnfovd?k wvGq J yH ifaumif; aejcif;vnf;r[kwf bk&m;ocif\ ]aus;Zl;awmftpH?k *kPaf wmfteEÅ}wdUk tm; atmufarhqifjcif; oHk;aqmifjcif;rnfaomaMumifh *kPf,lpGmjzifh toufwmudk avQmufvrS f;Edik yf gonf/ ]]aus;Zl;csD;rTrf;jcif;,ZfudkylaZmfaomolonf ig\bkef;udk xif&Sm;apaomoljzpf\? rdrdomG ;aomvrf;udkqifjcifaomoltm;vnf; u,fwifawmfrljcif; aus;Zl;udk igjyrnf[kbk&m;ocifrdefUawmfrl\}} (qmvH? 50;23)/

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m

q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif

rD;cJudkeif; ]]oifu, kd w f ikd f ql;ay:wufeif;NyD; jzpfay:vmwJeh musifr'I gPfukd bk&m;ocif cHpm;ovm;? oifcHpm;ovm;?}} [laom ar;cGe;f udk pma&;ol Mum;&ygonf/ þae&mwGif a&cHajrcHEiS hf vdu k af vQmfnaD xGpmG ajym&ygu ]]uHukd ,Hkí ql;yHkreif;ESifh}} [laom pum;yifjzpfygonf/uREkfyfwkUd jrefrmvlrsdK; rsm;onf uHu\ H tusdK;w&m;udk ,HMk unfaomfvnf; rnfou l rS rD;yHx k o J Ukd ynmrJu h o hJ Ukd rdu k rf pJ mG tvQifwapm oufqif; Muvdrrhf nf r[kw?f odUk aomf 4if;wdkU uHudk r,Hkbl;vm;qdkaomtcgwGif uHudk,HkMunfaomfvnf; rD ;yH kx Jo d kU rsufp dpH kr Sdw f qif ;jcif; onf uHu d k tm;udk ;jcif ;r[kw f? rdkufrJjcif;oufouf todÓPf rJhjcif;oufoufomjzpfonf/odkUr[kwf bk&m;tm; ]]ud;k pm;jcif;}} rrnf? ]]cdik ;f pm;jcif;}} rnfayawmhrnf/ xdkenf;4if; c&pf,mef ,HkMunfolrsm;twGuf twdwf? ypöKyÜef? tem*wf umv oHk;weftwGuf uHa<u;? 0#fa<u; tm;vHk;udk c&pfawmf bk&m; ud, k af wmfwikd f vuf0g;um;wdik üf ]]þtrI NyD;NyD}} [ka<u;aMumfum u,fwifcJhNyD;jzpfaomfvnf;? vuf&SdwGif bk&m;ocif\ tvdkawmf[k rdkufrdkuf rJrJ xif&mZGwfwdk; rD;yHkxJodkU qif;oufygu rdkufrJ&m Muonf omru? xdkokdYaom olrsm;twGu f or®m usrf;pmu ]]ighv lwdkYonf ynmenf;aom aMumifh qH;k &IH;Mu\}} (a[ma&S? 4;6) [líom qdkxm;NyD;? pdu k o f nft h wdik ;f (uH=jyKvkyk rf I (odUk ) apwem) trSecf pH m;&rnfh 'ku[ © al om rD;avmifjcif;om tzwfwifrnfjzpfonf/ - 158 -

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a'oEÅ& {0Ha*vdrSwfpk

a,½Ibk&m;jzpfaMumif; >rwfMum;cJh a,½Ic&pfawmfbk&m;onf rdrdudk,fudkrdrd bk&m;jzpfaMumif; a[maz:ñTefjy oGefoifawmfrlcJhonfomru0efcH>rwfMum;cJhygonf/ xGuaf jrmuf&m 3;14ü xm0&bk&m;rS rdred mrawmftm; ]]igjzpfonft h wdik ;f igjzpf\}}(IAM)[lí arma&Smtm; rdeUf awmfrcl o hJ nf/ xdek mr\ t"dygÜ ,frmS ]]o,rÇLoH= rdrt d vdv k jkd zpfwnfaom bk&m;}} [lí yk'ef uf&NyD; ]]zefqif;&Si}f } jzpfaMumif; ajymqdak om pum;jzpfonf/ xdkenf;wlpGm a,½Ic&pfawmfbk&m;rS ]]tvdk tavsmufwnf &Sdaombk&m;? {aumAka'¨g bk&m;}} jzpfaMumif;udk (a,m?8;24?58) wGif ]]igonf þrnfaomol=o,rÇLoH}}(I AM) jzpfaMumif;udk xkwfaz: ñTejf ycJyh gonf/ a[NAJygVdawmfuMkd unfv h Qif Yahweh [lí jzpfNyD;? wpfzef igonf ]]tmvzjzpf\ . . . MoarC}} vnf; jzpf \ [l a om t"d y Ü g ,f u d k Munfhj cif; tm;jzifh v nf; c&pfawmfo nf rdr du dk , fu d k tpueOD ;u wnf&w Sd nfaeawmfral om bk&m;jzpfaMumif; ñTef;qd&k mMuygonf/

m

q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif

vlt U zGUt J pnf;ESifh,kMH unfol tzGUJ tpnf;xJwiG &f adS om,HMk unfoo l nfpmwef\ om;orD;rsm; avmqdkaom ar;cGef;twGuf tajzonf ]]r[kwfyg}} [laompum;yif jzpfonf/ vlonfarG;&mwGif tm'HrS qif;oufonfjzpfaomaMumifh bd;k ab;wdkU\ tqufquftwdkif; (a,m? 8;44) pmwef\ om;orD;rsm; jzpfMuygonf/odkUaomfvnf; vuf0g;um; wdkif ay:wGif tjypfa<u;udk ay;qyfí toufawmfudkpGefUvSL ylaZmfcJhaom c&pfawmftm; vufcH ,HkMunforQaom olwdkUonf pmwef om;orD;tjzpfrS bk&m; om;orD; a&muf&SdvmcJhygonf( a,m[ef 3;16)/taMumif;rlum;'kwd,arG;zGm; jcif;udak ,½Ic&pfawmfü topfwzef cH,Nl yD;olrsm;jzpfonft h wGuf pmwef om;orD;rsm;r[kwfawmh/

xdrk Qru uREkfyfwUdk jrefrmvdq k k&d ygvQif ]]igonf uvnf;jzpf\ . . . t vnf;jzpf\}} [kqdkEdkifygonf/ uBuD;a&SUwGif bmrS r&Sdovdk bk&m;jzpfawmfrlaom c&pfawmfta&SUwGif bm&SdOD;rnfenf;/ ]]tdk. . bk&m;ocifocif? ud, k af wmf\ yv’io f nf edpx ö m0& wnfaom yv’ijf zpf yg\ }} (a[NAJ? 1;8) [laomEIwx f Gupf um;ESit hf nD az:jyyg&Syd gonf/

xdkUaMumifh vnf;c&pfawmfbk&m;u ]'kwd,arG;zGm; jcif;udk rcHaomolonfum; bk&m; ocif\ Edik if aH wmfukd rjrif&. . . r0if&} (a,m[ef?

3;3?5) [ktwdtvif; rdeUf qdk xm;onft h wdik ;f ? ,HkMunfo[ l o l nf 'kw, d arG;zGm;jcif;udk cH,lNyD;aomol jzpfaomaMumifhpmwefom;orD; r[kwf awmhyg/tzGJUtpnf;wGif;&Sdaom c&pf,mef bmom0ifESifh c&pfawmfudk ouf 0 if , H k M unf j cif ; ud k avmuom;wd k U cG J j cm;jcif ; r&S d a omf v nf ; EIwu f ygwfawmfü twdtvif; cGjJ cm;xm;ygonf/ xdUk aMumifh tzGUJ tpnf;ü aejcif;? raejcif;xuf ppfreS af om 'kw, d arG;zGm;jcif;cHjcif;onfom y"ge jzpfonf/

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- 160 -

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a'oEÅ& {0Ha*vdrSwfpk

&J&ifph mG a[majymMupdUk

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q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif

]aMomf...'gu trSefw&m;ygvm;} qkdwJh rSwfc sufudk ay;MuvdkUygyJ/ uJ - Oyrm pMunf&h r,fqdkygu -

Atheist

qd k w muawmh 'D a vmurS m ]bk & m;} wnf & S d j cif ; qk d o nf u d k r,H k M unf w J h o l jzpf w ,f q k d w mud k oabmayguf & if uG e f j rLepf q k d w J h wef ; wl w ajy;nD a &S ; ½I w J h vlrIa&;tzGUJ tpnf;eJU aumif;pGmuGJjym;jcm;em;oGm;rSmygoGm;rSmyg/ Agnostics

qd k w muawmh bk & m;ppf b k & m;rS e f wnf & S d w ,f q d k w J h t &muk d oH o ,&S d N yD ; ]bk & m;}qk d w J h t&S i f & J U taMumif;udk vlom;awG od&EdS ikd af jcr&Sb d ;l vdUk ,HMk unfvufcx H m;wJo h l jzpfw,f/ olwdkUeJU awGUBuHKwJhtcg rMumcP ar;avhar;x&SdwJh ar;cGef;u ]bk&m;ocif wnf&SdaMumif;udk oifb,fvdkod&SdEkdifovJ? igwdkUrS olUudk jrifvdkUr&wm} ,aeU uREykf w f Ukd c&pf,mefawGtwGuf c&pfawmf&UJ enf;pepf twdkif; ar;cGef;jyefxw k fum olwkUd xHrSyif tajzudk t&,lEkdifovdk rSwcf suaf umif;udv k nf; xif&mS ;ay:vGif apEkid yf gw,f/ bmjzpfvkUd vJ qdak wmh xdkenf;pepftm;jzifh c&pfawmfu zm&d&JSawGudk tEdkif,lNyD; qdwfqdwaf ejcif;tm;jzifh olwkdUudk 0efcHaponfhoabm aygufap½Hk omruMum;emolwkid f;u -

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]]oifhrSm OD;aESmufÓPf &Sdovm;}} ]]uRefawmfhrSm OD;aESmufÓPf wu,f&ySd gw,f}} ]]oifh& JU OD;aESmufÓPfukd wu,fr jrif& awmh oifhr Sm OD;aESmufÓPf&Sdw,fqkdwmudk uRefawmfb,fvrdk S ,HkMunfvkUd r&yg bl;}} ]]tDvufx½dkuu f dk oif jrifEdik fyg&JUvm;}} ]]rjrifEkdifygbl;}} ]][kwfw,f? oifeUJ uRefawmf tDvufx½dkufukd rjrifEdik fjim; vnf; tDvufx½dkuf&JU vkyfaqmifrIudkawmh uREfkyfwdkU jrifawGU aeMu&wmyJ r[kwfvm;/ xdek nf;wl bk&m;&Sifukd uREfkyfwdkUrsufpdjzifh rjrifawGUaomf jim;vnf; xdkt&Sif&JU vkyfaqmifrI (zefqif;jcif;)awGudk uREfkyfwdkU 0J,mrSm&SdwJh Moumoavmu? owÅavmu? ocFg&avmu tm;jzifh jrifawGUEdkifovd?k vltjzpfudk ,laqmifcw Jh Jh c&pfawmf a,½Ib&k m; - 162 -

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a'oEÅ& {0Ha*vdrSwfpk

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tm;jzifhvnf; ]bk&m;ppf} þavmurSm wnf&SdawmfrlaMumif;udk odEdkifygw,f}}

em;vnfoabmaygufNy;D jzpfaMumif;udk a&;cJyh gw,f/ tckq&kd if ol[m trIawmfaqmifwpfO;D yif jzpfaeygNyD/

txuf y g ar;cG e f ; av;awGu dk ½dk; pif; NyD ; xda &mufw Jh ar;cGe;f rsKd ;udk ,HMk unfocl &pf,mefaf wGwikd ;f toH;k jyKjcif;tm;jzifh olwUkd &JU EI wfud k yd wfa p½Hk omru ol wdkU &JU ESv Hk; om;wH c g;awGu dkvnf; c&pfawmftwGuf toifh zGifhapEdkifygw,f/

uRefawmf aumvdyfausmif;om;b0u tawGUtBuHKudk owd&ygao;w,f/ uRefawmfwdkU&JU t*Fvdyfpm q&mu Atheist jzpfwJhtwGuf oifcef;pm,lwidk f;rSmvnf; rMumrMum ajymMum;avh &Syd gw,f/ wpfaeU oifcef;pmrSm þavmu&JU aemufuG,fü ]]bk&m; qkdwmr&SdaMumif;}}aqG;aEG;ygw,f/ oifcef;pmtNyD;rSm uRefawmf oGm;NyD; wpfOD;csif;awGUNyD; olUudk atmufygtwkdif; ar;jref;rdw,f/

txufrmS ajymcJw h hJ Atheist eJU Agnostics awG[m {aum Aka'¨gqkdwJh wpfqlaombk&m; wu,fr&Sdbl;vkdUawmh trSew f u,f r,HkMunfMuygbl;/ r&SEd kdifbl;qdkwJh xifaMu;oufoufom jzpfw,f/ vGefcJhwJhEpS f tenf;i,fu uRefawmfh&UJ rdwfaqGwpfOD;[m or®musrf; pmeJU ywfoufNyD; tenf;i,f r&Sif;vif;rIawGaMumifh bk&m;udk r,HkMunfwJh tawG;tac:ynm&Sif q&mbmw&ef½IpfqJ,fvf &JU ta&;tom;rSm ,dkifvJcJhbl;ygw,f/ olU&JU &ifziG chf suaf wGukd uReaf wmf tptqH;k em;axmifNy;D wJh tcgrS m awmh 'gawG [ m rif ; &J U OD ; aES m uf u vmwJ h tod w &m; r[kwfygbl;? rif;&JU ESvHk;om;rSm&SdwJh jyóemawGyJvdkU uRefawmf jyefajymcJhw,f/

]]q&m þurmÇBuD;[m wdu k q f ikd frw I pfckcak Mumifh wnf&dv S m &w,fqw kd mudk q&mhtaeeJU wu,f ,HkMunfxm;ygovm;}} ol\acgif;tm; av;wGJpmG iHkU&if; owdESihf todw&m;udk aocsmpkpnf;onfh oabmaqmif&if; atmufygtwdkif; q&monf tajzay;cJhygonf/ ]]todÓPfynmESihf teEÅwefc;kd &Siw f pfyg;u þurmÇBu;D udk zefqif; NyD ; xdk t&S i f[ m trS e fw u,f &Sd& r,fvd kUawmh q&m owdjyKrdw,f}}

wpfywfcefUtMumrSmawmh xd"k r®rw d af qGxrH S uReaf wmfq h u D kd pma&;w,f/ olUpmxJrmS vnf; uReaf wmf bmudq k kv d cdk siw f mvJqdw k m

b0touf w mü cg;oD ; wJ h tawG U tBuH K rsm;jzpf w J h cspfaomolwpfOD;OD; qH;k yg;oGm;&rIwUdk aMumifh tcsdKUu wpfqal om bk&m;wnf&Sdw,fqw dk mudk jiif;y,f rsufuG,fjyKwwfMuygw,f/

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a'oEÅ& {0Ha*vdrSwfpk

rMumrMum Atheist ESifh Agnostic awGu uRefawmfwdkU ,kHMunfolc&pf,mefawG[m oufaoom"utm;jzifh uREfkyfwdkU&JU or® m orwf u swJ h ,H k M unf r I u d k ray;Ed k i f M ubl ; vd k U qk d a vh ajymavh&SdMuygw,f/ xdt k &muawmhuREykf w f Ukd wpfO;D pDwikd f;&JU wkeUf jyeftajzay;rI tay:rSm rlwnfaeygw,f/ tusdK;taMumif; wdkU[m qufEG,frI &Sad eNyD;b,ft&murS vlwdkif;auseyfatmif (tpGrf;uke)f taxmuf txm;qkw d mr&SdEidk fygbl;/ (tu,fí jiif;Mupwrf; qd&k ifayghAsm)/ uRefawmft h wGuf pm;yGJwpfcu k kd ukvm;xkid f[í l ajymqdkum xkid fvku d xdkifEdik fonf r[kwfygvm;/uRefawmft h aeeJU r,HkMunfol awGudk ajymavhajymx&SdwJh t&mu ]]uJ . .aumif ; ygNyD ? rd w f a qG [ m uRef a wmf h & J U a&S U rS m r&Sd bl ; vd kU ajymNyD ; rdw fa qG& Sd wJh ae&muae uRefawmf vdk & mc&D; qufNy;D oGm;awmhr,f}} 'gu uRefawmf&h JU aemufqHk;enf;jzpfovdk xdkenf;tm;jzifh vnf; olwdkU[m txdwfwvefU jzpfMu&w,f/bmaMumifhvq J dkawmh 'gu qifuef;awmwd;k xuf qd;k wJh aMumifawmifuef;enf;pepf jzpfae vdkUygyJ/ - 165 -

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bk&m;ocifwnf&rdS u I v kd rl sKd ;pG?J bmpGn J mpGaJ wGjzifh acgif;rmum rsupf pD v kH ;kH rSw d Nf y;D ]]r&Sb d ;l rodb;l }}vdUk uReaf wmfwUkd vlom;awG&UJ EIwu f ajymqdak umif;ajymqdu k mtaMumuftuef jiif;Ekid af yr,f?h vl&UJ arG;&m yg emrf0dnmOftoduawmh rylraEG;eJU olU&JU &ifwGif;rSm (rD;cJudk jymzHk;xm;jim;vnf; waiGUaiGUjzifh t&Sdefay;aeovdk) wpfqlbk&m;udk tNrJ rD;armif;xdk;jyaerSmyg/ ]tb,foUdk enf; [lrlum;? zefqif;awmfral omt&mrsm;udk axmuf½o I jzifh xm0&wefcf ;kd awmfEiS hf xm0&tjzpfawmfwnf;[laom rsuf j rif r &aom bk & m;ocif \ t&mwd k U onf urÇ m wnf o nf h umvrSpí xif&mS ;vQu&f MdS u\/ xdak Mumifh olwUkd onf ud, k t f jypfukd rzHk;Ekdif&m ]olwdkUonf } zefqif;wwfaom ocifuydk ,fí zefqif; tyfaomt&mudk 0wfjyKu;kd uG,af omol jzpfMu\}(a&mr? 1;20-25)/

bk & m;ocif o nf ta,muf w d k i f ; tay: aumif;BuD;r*Fvm oGe;f avmif; awmfryl gapaomf0µf

emrawmfjrwfü q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif (24? 11? 2010)

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