Northern Echo #46

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Published monthly and distributed thru out the communities of northern Manitoba *(plus) Issue # 46

August 2015

Circulation 12,000

Night of the Grizzly

~ A True Story Of Love And Death In The Wilderness ~

Some readers may find the following information and examination disturbing.

For this, we apologize.

Read at your own discretion. Others will find it interesting, informative and hopefully educational.

At the very least we can learn from someone else's mistakes.

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page 2

Manitoba & RCMP News

a 20-year-old East St. Paul man, was pronounced deceased at the scene. No other injuries were reported in this incident.

RCMP report that alcohol is being considered as a contributing factors to this collision.

Ski boat hung-up on shore near Lake Avenue in Lac du Bonnet.

missing Nelson House man, 28-year-old Travis Morgan Wood.

On June 16, 2015, Nelson House RCMP received a report of a missing person from Nelson House, Manitoba. RCMP are requesting the assistance of the public in locating Travis Morgan Wood, 28. Police are concerned for his well-being.

RCMP lay charges in murder investigation

RCMP respond to fatal boating accident On July 10, 2015, at about 10:30pm, officers from Lac du Bonnet RCMP responded to the report of a ski boat hitting the shore near Lake Avenue in Lac du Bonnet.

Initial police investigation revealed that the

boat was heading from the middle of the Winnipeg River at a high rate of speed when it struck the rocky shore.

Police say that the lone occupant of the boat,

During the early morning hours of July 3, 2015, Moose Lake RCMP attended to a residence in Crossing Bay where a 62-year-old male was located, suffering from critical injuries. The victim was transported to hospital for treatment where he died a few days later.

RCMP report that 23-year-old Earl Peter Lathlin was initially charged with aggravated assault in the matter, however on July 8, 2015, he was rearrested and charged with second degree murder.

Police say that the two men were known to each other and both are from the community of Crossing Bay, which is located approximately 700 kilometres northwest of Winnipeg.

Missing: Travis Morgan Wood Nelson House RCMP are asking the public for any information about the whereabouts of a

Wood is described as an Aboriginal male, approximately 5’8? tall with a slim build, black hair and brown eyes. He was last seen around June 16, 2015.

RCMP ask that anyone with information into the whereabouts of Travis Morgan Wood call the Nelson House RCMP at 204-484-2837 or CrimeStoppers anonymously at 1-800-2228477. You can also submit a secure tip online at www.manitobacrimestoppers.com or text TIPMAN plus your message to: CRIMES(274637)

Grand Rapids RCMP investigate fatal collision On June 29 2015, at approximately 8:30pm, Grand Rapids RCMP were called to a single-vehicle collision on Highway 60, 10 kilometres west of the Highway 6 junction. When officers arrived at the scene, they found a minivan in a ditch, with several bystanders nearby.

Initial police investigation has revealed that the vehicle involved was traveling west and was occupied by the driver, a 30-year-old male, and five passengers. In addition to the driver, three females ages 4, 25 and 26, along with a one-yearold boy, suffered various non-life threatening injuries. An eight-year-old boy was pronounced deceased at the scene.

RCMP report that alcohol has not been ruled out as a contributing factor in this collision. An RCMP Forensic Collision Reconstructionist is assisting with the ongoing investigation.

Winnipeg Airport RCMP respond to assault On July 1, 2015, at approximately 7pm, RCMP were advised that an Air Canada plane, on its way to Vancouver from Ottawa, was diverted to the Winnipeg Richardson International Airport due to an intoxicated and violent

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page 3 female passenger.

Police say that the flight attendants were able to restrain the passenger until the plane was able to land safely in Winnipeg. Officers from the RCMP Winnipeg Airport Detachment met the plane and its crew as soon as it landed.

While attempting to control the intoxicated female, police learned that a male flight attendant was assaulted by the female passenger. He suffered minor injuries that required medical attention. There were no other injuries reported to other passengers or crew members.

RCMP report that 24-year-old Paulette Metuq, a female passenger from Pangnirtung, Nunavut, was arrested and charged with assault causing bodily harm and mischief.

The plane resumed its flight to Vancouver at approximately 9pm.

RCMP charge three in aggravated assault case On June 21, 2015, shortly after 5am, The Pas RCMP responded to The Pas Health Complex after receiving a report of a 16-year-old female who had been seriously assaulted while at a local house party.

RCMP investigation revealed that while the girl was asleep, she was burned by numerous sus-

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pects at the party. The victim sustained serious second and third degree burns to a small area of her body. She was originally transported to The Pas Health Complex and subsequently transported to hospital in Winnipeg, where she is recovering and remains in stable condition.

RCMP report that three males have been charged with one count each of aggravated assault in connection with this case. A 15-year-old from The Pas, a 17-year-old from Opaskwayak Cree Nation and Austin Fourre, 19, from The Pas. RCMP Winnipeg Serious Crimes Unit and The Pas General Investigation Section are assisting in this investigation.

Anyone with information about this incident is asked to contact The Pas RCMP at 204-6276204 or Crime Stoppers anonymously at 1-800222-8477. You can also submit a secure tip online at www.manitobacrimestoppers.com or text TIPMAN plus your message to CRIMES(274637).

Police Helicopter Sex Chat Acciden tally Broadcast To Entire City The sound of a police helicopter hovering around can sometimes be a nuisance if you’re trying to sleep, but the noise from one particular

chopper was like nothing before.

While patrolling over Winnipeg, the police on board the helicopter accidentally switched on the loudspeaker.

And the chat from on board was the kind of thing you hear in X-rated movies.

Those on the ground listening to every word could hear graphic talk about oral sex mixed in with a lot of swear words.

One of those who heard everything from the ground was resident Brandi Armstrong, who couldn’t believe what she was hearing.

She told news reporters: “My jaw hit the ground; eyes bulged out.”

Another resident said he heard an expletiveridden conversation about money.

Ms Armstrong has now called on the police officers in question to be disciplined.

Winnipeg Police said in a statement: "On June 22, 2015, at approximately 9.30 pm, members of the Winnipeg Police Service Helicopter AIR1, while on routine patrol, inadvertently activated

the aircraft’s public address system.

"As a result, the flight crew’s conversation was publically broadcast; some content of the conversation was inappropriate.

"The involved members were not able to hear the public address system from within the aircraft.

They became aware their conversation had been broadcast and immediately turned the system off.

"The Winnipeg Police Service, the Flight Operations Unit, and the involved members sincerely apologise to all members of the public, especially those who overheard the broadcast.

"This incident is being reviewed. The outcome of this review will be determined at a later time.”

The police on board the helicopter are said not to have realised their conversation was being broadcast due to the noise from the engine.

We are being visited over 2,000 UFO sightings in Manitoba in 200 years WINNIPEG - A new report suggests UFO sightings in Manitoba are older than the province itself. Ufology Research, based in Winnipeg, says there have been just over 2,000 sightings of unidentified flying objects in the province in the last 200 years.

Chris Rutkowski has been researching the continued on page 4

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page 4

Milowe Brost and Gary Sorenson sentencing to hear from 500 Ponzi victims

continued from page 3 phenomenon for 25 years and compiles an annual survey of Canadian sightings. An analysis of records from the government, the RCMP and the United States show Manitoba has a long history of close encounters, he said.

"It's not a recent phenomenon," he said. "It's not a phenomenon that's a product of television and movies that are going on right now. These things go back quite a number of years. People have been fascinated with things in the sky and wondering, 'Are we alone in the universe?"'

The earliest documented encounter came in 1792 from two explorers, David Thompson and Andrew Davy, who were in northern Manitoba where they said they saw several bizarre meteors crash into the ice. Thompson's diary details how the two were surprised one night by a brilliant "meteor of globular form" that "appeared" larger than the moon."

"It struck the river ice, with a sound like a mass of jelly, was dashed into innumerable luminous pieces and instantly expired," the diary says. "The next morning we went to see what marks this meteor had made on the ice, but could not discover that a single particle was marked."

Other sightings over the years have been reported by police, pilots and average people all across the province. They saw everything from unusual lights in the sky to flying saucers to silver-suited aliens, Rutkowski said.

The witness reports, which have common themes and descriptions, suggest "we are being visited."

"That doesn't mean that aliens are invading Canada in any way, but it simply means there are unusual reports of things in the sky," he said. "It certainly says that we probably are not alone in the universe and that there probably are some sort of alien civilizations out there somewhere but there is no proof of that."

Ufology Research's 2014 Canadian survey detailed more than 1,000 UFO cases reported in Canada.

The latest report on Manitoba sightings found most occurred during the summer months, between 10 p.m. and midnight.

It's a criminal case that has always been about big numbers.

And while the latest number attached to the Milowe Brost and Gary Sorenson case is also large, it's the one that humanizes the cumbersome, complicated fraud.

More than 500 of Brost and Sorenson's Ponzi scheme victims have sent statements to the prosecution detailing their emotional and financial hardships.

"The response we received from victims was much greater than I expected and far larger than any previous case we have had," said senior Crown prosecutor Brian Holtby.

The statements will be entered as exhibits during a two-day sentencing hearing in Calgary set for Monday and Tuesday.

Over a nine-year period, more than 2,000 investors lost between $100 million and $400 million in a Ponzi scheme orchestrated by the former business partners. It's considered one of the largest in Canadian history.

Brost, 61, and Sorenson, 71, were each convicted of two counts of fraud and two counts of theft in February after a five-month jury trial. The charges stem from business activity between 1999 and 2008.

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Is getting rich worth it?

Is it worth leaving the family/community of the many middle class/poor, who have fun with each other with the few resources they have,.....to become.....the few rich who have fun with the material objects they have with the few friends they have?

I've had the privilege of getting to know a lot of very wealthy people through my life, and still bump into a few every so often.

Some of them have been absolutely foul (typically those born into money), but most have been lovely, and own the attributes you'd expect that would have got them there in the first place being very sharp, positive, networked, and possessing a perspective that's different from ordinary "wage" types.

Being in the upper class of society is harder than you think.

Just because you have money does not mean you are less open to hardships. It seems you can never escape the woes of this world, you know? Rich people got 99 problems just like you and me. You might think it would be nice to be waited on by an army of servants. But what you don't see is the hard part of that.

In the world there are many obstacles that we must face, some people more than others. It’s a cold world out there and no one really cares about your problems unless they affect them.

Having money just makes your struggles a little bit different.

Here are some of the wealthy people problems.

The immediate observations: If you don't pick up the bill, you're tight.

If you don't provide the loan or surety, you're mean.

If you've succeeded, it's because you're greedy, ruthless, workaholic, or mean. Your success is someone else's loss, and the cause of their resentment.

If you buy yourself something nice, you're materialistic.

All your new "friends" want to help you spend all your money, and con-men wanting to relieve you of it (don't forget the stalkers and starstruck).

You don't know if the girl who likes you is into you, your money, or what you represent.

If you say no to the sharks gathering (cough/wealth managers/cough), you're obnoxious and/or foolish.

E

page 5

Milowe Brost and Gary Sorenson Victim impact statements are prepared ahead of a sentencing hearing and can be read aloud before the judge and offender. It's an opportunity for victims to express how a crime has affected their lives and the harm and/or losses they've suffered.

Restitution Though all of the documents will become exhibits, Holtby estimates between 25 to 50 people who submitted victim impact statements have indicated they want theirs to be read aloud in court.

Many of Brost and Sorenson's victims lost their life savings, one lost her life.

Gloria Lozinski says her sister, 42-year-old Edna Coulic, killed herself after losing $300,000. Her family says based on writings left behind by Coulic, it was the financial loss that led to the vibrant woman's suicide.

"It broke her in more ways than one," said Lozinski right before the guilty verdict. "She couldn't bear it."

The prosecution is also tasked with facilitating restitution requests and in this case, more than 850 have been made.

"I am not sure Parliament realized the heavy burden it would place on provincial prosecution services when it enacted some of the restitution provisions in the Criminal Code," said Holtby, "but of course we are happy to do everything we can to make sure the victims of this type of fraud are heard."

Holtby says one of the challenges is keeping victims' expectations in check. It's still not known if Justice R.J. Hall will make an order for restitution, or if there's even any money to be recovered.

"We have done our best not to raise false hopes about restitution because we simply don't know what, if any, assets the accused still control."

The prosecution hopes the final number involved in this story will also be a big one. Immediately after their convictions, Holtby indicated to the judge that he would seek the maximum sentence for fraud allowed under Canadian law -14 years.

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www.creditupnorth.com Your children don't value money as they know they won't have to work for it or worry about it.

If you can buy anything, nothing has any value anymore, and nobody can buy you a present, because you have everything.

Few others can empathise with you, including your old friends.

You're no longer a normal person - you're an object, a subject of prejudice, a thing, a resource. A rich bastard with a stereotype applied to you, something everyone wants something from, and nobody cares about because they shouldn't complain.

Money can't buy you health. *** You assume that money brings freedom, when it brings responsibility. You had 10 problems before that wealth should solve, but it actually gives you 1000 new problems you never had before.

You can buy your way out, but the easy way complicates it like never before. Money buys you time, but you can't stop it from moving at the same speed it does for every other human being. *** As Solomon rightly observed, there's always someone richer, and you never have enough. You earn $20M, and there's a guy you meet who's worth $3BN. When you're building a new house for your family, he's just bought a golf

course. When you invest 1M in a new startup you believe in, those 15 others at the club are boasting and comparing notes about their new $25,000 toilet seat status symbol. When you thought you were rid of the realtor seducing you into an extra 10k on the house purchase, now there are 100 more of them wanting you to buy everything they are selling, no matter how strange.

You have unlimited access to the worst in life: you can drink alcoholically for comfort without worrying if the supply runs out. If you were an as***le before, now you're an as***le with power and resources. *** You can't stop an entrepreneur being an entrepreneur. Just like making films, it's not what you do - it's who you are. It wasn't ever

about the money in the first place. Those who seek to solve an inner yearning all seem to climb the 20-year mountain just to find out there's nothing at the top. It seems to be those who value the journey, and who they're on it with, who find the happiness everyone thinks the money itself will bring.

page 6

from across Canada

Monthly

Review

Federal Minister: Law enforcement must shut down Vancouver pot shops The Vancouver city council decision to regulate medical marijuana dispensaries is not sitting well with federal government ministers. After the city council passed the new regulations, Federal Health Minister Rona Ambrose blasted the shops as illegal.

National Revenue Minister and Conservative MP for Delta Richmond East, Kerry-Lynne Findlay told the Early Edition's Stephen Quinn they should be shut down.

"This is illegal what is happening in Vancouver."

"These stores have absolutely no regard for the rule of law.

They've already been caught selling marijuana to kids."

Findlay says because of the illegality of the dispensaries existence, steps need to be taken in order to shut each one down.

"It is the job of law enforcement to close down illegal activity.

If it is illegal they should be closing it down."

Vancouver defends decision, blames feds City councilor Kerry Jang said yesterday the regulations are a necessity due to the federal government failing to establish an ef-

fective system for medicinal cannabis users to access the product.

"The federal courts have said that people have a right to marijuana. We're trying to find that balance between keeping our neighbourhoods safe and the character intact, while on the other hand providing reasonable access to medical marijuana.

The new regulations include a $30,000 licensing fee and prevents shops from operating within 300 meters of schools or community centres.

"It's a practical approach to a problem the federal government has made. Rona Ambrose may be deeply disappointed in Vancouver, but quite frankly I've been deeply disappointed in her for many many years now as health minister."

But Findlay says that while she hasn't read the full details behind Vancouver's regulation, the decision is a wrong and unnecessary.

"This is accepting a normalization of having marijuana storefronts," she said.

"There are licensed facilities where licensed producers who have properly set up shop can sell marijuana for medical reasons."

Conservative MP calls on law enforcement to shut down illegal Vancouver pot shops.

B.C. gets go-ahead to pursue polygamy charge against Bountiful, B.C., leader VANCOUVER - The leader of a Mormon breakaway sect in southeastern British Columbia has lost a bid to derail the province's recurrent attempts to convict him of polygamy.

This is the latest development in a decades-long narrative of investigations and failed efforts at prosecution connected to the isolated community of Bountiful, B.C., which has become synonymous with the practice of polygamy in Canada.

B.C. Supreme Court Justice Austin Cullen dismissed a petition from Winston Blackmore to have this latest charge quashed.

Blackmore is formally accused of having 24 marriages, though the court heard after that indictment was filed against him that he married 25 women between 1975 and 2001.

In a petition to the court, Blackmore's lawyer Joe Arvay argued that the province acted inappropriately by appointing a series of special prosecutors beginning in 2007 until finding one who would recommend legal action against the fundamentalist leader.

Arvay had successfully used the same argument to convince the court to dismiss the province's previous attempt at prosecuting Blackmore in 2009.

B.C.'s Ministry of Justice appointed special prosecutor Richard Peck in 2007 to explore the option of pressing charges against Blackmore. While Peck confirmed the harmful effects of polygamy, he chose not to recommend prosecution and instead urged the province to ask for legal clarification.

The B.C. Supreme Court has thrown out a bid by a lawyer for Winston Blackmore to have a polygamy charge against him dismissed. The leader of a fundamentalist Mormon sect in southeastern B.C. is accused of polygamy for having more than two dozen wives. Blackmore is seen as he speaks to the media from the isolated religious commune of Bountiful, B.C. on November 23, 2011.

The province followed Peck's recommendation to pose a reference question to the court only after a subsequent attempt to find an independent official who would charge Blackmore failed under the allegation that B.C. was "shopping" for special prosecutors.

The B.C. Supreme Court answered a reference case in 2011, ruling after an exhaustive investigation that polygamy laws were in fact constitutional and did not violate religious liberties guaranteed in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

In his judgment released on Thursday, Cullen dismissed Blackmore's request to throw out the latest charge, which was laid last year. He wrote that the reference case had sufficiently altered the

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page 7 Canadian legal landscape by "providing unequivocal notice to the Bountiful community of the unlawfulness of polygamy."

In his arguments, Arvay proposed 2011 as a cutoff date for prosecution, arguing that charging Bountiful residents for historical acts of polygamy predating the reference case was "unfair" because of the legal uncertainty that surrounded the practice at the time.

Cullen ultimately accepted Crown lawyer Karen Horsman's counter-argument that a discussion about fairness would be better heard in the context of a criminal trial.

Horsman told the court that exempting historical acts of polygamy from prosecution would effectively "grandfather" Blackmore's activities into law and grant him criminal immunity for ongoing polygamous relationships that began prior to 2011.

Blackmore's 25 alleged marriages took place between 1975 and 2001, a decade before the court decided Canada's polygamy laws were constitutional.

When contacted Thursday, Arvay declined comment and said Blackmore was considering his options.

Blackmore is not the only Bountiful resident to face polygamyrelated charges. James Oler, the leader of a separate fundamentalist faction in Bountiful, has also been criminally charged with polygamy.

Blackmore and Oler appeared in Creston Provincial Court on Thursday, where they opted to be tried by judge and jury. Arvay said it was too early to say where and when the trial will be scheduled.

Oler was also charged alongside Emily Crossfield and Brandon Blackmore with unlawfully removing a child from Canada for sexual purposes.

Charges laid in vandalism at home of ex-City of Yellowknife worker The RCMP has laid charges in a case of vandalism at the home of a former City of Yellowknife employee.

Lauren Mercredi says her family home was vandalized with spray paint after she made a complaint to her employer about being sexually harassed by a coworker.

RCMP say they have charged a youth with mischief and criminal harassment in connection with the vandalism. The person charged cannot be identified because they are under 18.

The City of Yellowknife says they continue to investigate Mercredi's sexual harassment allegations.

Alberta Mountie not guilty of assaulting teen during arrest An Alberta RCMP officer accused of beating a teenager during an arrest was found not guilty of assault causing bodily harm.

Const. Ron Lavallee was charged with assaulting the 17-yearold on New Year's Eve 2011, while responding to a complaint at a

house party in Maskwacis.

A female witness who was 16 at the time testified at the trial that Lavallee was trying to wake the teen, who had passed out in a chair, by shining a flashlight in his face.

When the teen pushed the flashlight away, Lavallee became angry, the witness said, striking the teen three or four times with the flashlight before forcing him to the ground.

"Lavallee threw him onto the floor, he had his knee on his

back," she testified in April at the trial at Wetaskiwin.

"He started crying. There was blood smeared all over the floor.

I tried to help but another cop pushed me back. I got scared, so I couldn't do anything but watch."

Lavallee denied he used his flashlight, but admitted he used force to wrestle the teen to the ground, kicking him in the kidney to get him under control.

Justice Kirk Sisson said he was left with reasonable doubt that Lavallee used his flashlight as a weapon. For that reason, he said, he ruled Lavallee was not guilty.

While a photo of the teen showed a cut above his left eye, along with some swelling and bruising, Sisson noted the boy had fallen against a kitchen table earlier in the evening.

However, Sisson criticized Lavallee, saying, "I believe the accused handled the situation very poorly. I also think Const.

Lavallee took advantage of a comatose young man and made the situation worse."

Lavallee was convicted of assault causing bodily harm in a separate incident last September. His appeal of that conviction and his 60-day sentence will be heard in September.

Lavallee showed no reaction to the decision and declined to comment outside court.

The RCMP said Lavallee remains on desk duty.

Dogs allowed to follow owners around at Alberta golf course You can now play along side your pup at the Woodside Golf Course in Airdrie, Alta.

Every Sunday for three hours, pet owners are invited to bring fido for a round.

"We did some research and found that in Europe, about 50 per cent golf courses actually allow dogs on them," said executive di-

rector, Chris McNicol.

He believes the only other course in Canada offering this program is Predator Ridge in Vernon, B.C. But don't bother training our pooch to fetch golf balls. All dogs must be kept on a leash.

"We do have wildlife on the golf course, we don't want to have a bad interaction that way."

McNichol says he ties his black lab, Franklin, to his golf cart.

"He sits while I hit my shot."

The only other rule is you have to clean up after your furry friend.

Doggie poo bags are available at the pro shop, on the 1st tee, on the 10th tee, and even from the beverage cart.

McNichol says golfing with your dog is also a great time saver.

"It can take four or five hours to play a round and so pet owners go home and they're exhausted and their best friend doesn't get a walk. At least this way, you're killing two birds with one stone."

ALERT recovers stolen handguns during drug traďŹƒcking investigation Police have seized two handguns and about $30,000 worth of narcotics as part of drug trafficking investigation.

The Alberta Law Enforcement Response Team, or ALERT, executed search warrants at a downtown Calgary apartment as well as a house in the southeast community of Erin Woods.

Both handguns had been reported stolen and investigators will forensically analyze them to determine if they were used in other crimes. Three Calgarians face 29 weapons and drugs charges.

ALERT Calgary is a law enforcement team consisting of Calgary Police Service and RCMP members.

Items Seized - Smith and Wesson M&P9 handgun - Colt Gold Cup Trophy .45 handgun - 179 rounds of ammunition - 251 grams of cocaine - 51 Percocet pills - 246 grams of marihuana - $7,595 cash

page 8

continued from page 7

British man kicked out of Canada for helping girlfriend fix up her apartment A young British man was given “eight days to leave Canada” for helping his girlfriend fix up her apartment.

Tom Rolfe, 24, is accused of “denying a Canadian person a job” by immigration officials after he was found to have helped his girlfriend, Sam, fill up cracks in her wall, the Mirror reports.

Officials went through Rolfe’s camera, where they found pictures of him working on the walls. The pictures were used to prove that Rolfe, who was in Canada on a tourist visa, was working illegally.

“It is just ridiculous, I was helping Sam tidy up her flat before she sold it so we could get a place together,” he told the news outlet.

“I was treated like a criminal and told I have eight days to get out of the country.”

Rolfe and his girlfriend hoped to open a dog rescue centre in Edmonton, Alta., but he says that this misstep “has wrecked their plans.”

He applied for a resident’s permit and as a result, Rolfe had to leave Canada to be processed going back through immigration control.

Rolfe and Sam drove 300 miles to Montana in the United States before immediately returning to Canada to get his new passport stamped.

But when the two arrived, they were locked in separate rooms while officials searched through their car and belongings for hours.

That’s when they found Rolfe’s camera.

“They looked through the photographs on my camera and saw me helping Sam fill cracks in her walls where pictures had been hanging,” he said.

“They said that by doing that I was denying a Canadian person a job.”

When officials told Rolfe that he had eight days to get out of the country, he was “completely staggered.”

Sam appealed the decision to her local MP in Alberta but was told that Rolfe would have to leave the country for 28 months be-

fore he could return.

“I’m done with Canada now. I thought they were Commonwealth so I’m surprised to be treated like this,” he said.

“We have had to completely revise our plans because all I did was a little bit of DIY around the house for my girlfriend.”

Sam, along with their two dogs, is planning to follow Rolfe to the U.K. in a few months. He already started looking for a place for them to live.

Municipalities will follow Vancouver's lead on marijuana OTTAWA - The Conservative government's "ideological" changes to federal medicinal marijuana rules will prompt other cities to follow Vancouver's lead and regulate pot shops on their own, a local councillor says.

Kerry Jang said he has heard from other municipalities, including Victoria, that are eyeing Vancouver's new bylaws to manage a recent spike in medicinal pot businesses.

Vancouver became the first Canadian municipality to regulate medical marijuana dispensaries, requiring operators to pay a $30,000 licensing fee and locate at least 300 metres away from community centres, schools, and each other.

Jang said the city was forced to respond due to the federal government's failures, which have fuelled the growth of dispensaries.

"It is the total mishandling of the medical marijuana issue that has created the vacuum that has allowed all of these shops to open up across the country," Jang said in a phone interview.

"It is very clear when you have our chief medical officer for the City of Vancouver coming out and saying, 'Guess what, the federal regulations caused this problem, so we've got to fix it.'"

Health Minister Rona Ambrose said Law enforcement must shut down Vancouver pot shops.

Shortly after the decision was announced last week, Health Minister Rona Ambrose said she was "deeply disappointed" to learn a municipality would take regulating medical marijuana storefronts into its own hands.

The disappointment is mutual, Jang said.

"All the federal minister can do is say how outraged she is with the Supreme Court... and that she's gravely disappointed with the City of Vancouver," Jang said.

"Well, quite frankly, we are gravely disappointed with the federal government and this health minister for not coming to the table and working with us."

Ambrose was not available for an interview on Tuesday, but she offered a statement through a spokesman.

"Storefronts selling marijuana are illegal and under our government will remain illegal," said press secretary Michael Bolkenius. "We expect the police to enforce the law."

Jang said the bylaws give the city more power to target "bad actors."

"Those pot shops where there was clear evidence of organized crime, we shut them down," he said. "We've gotten warrants, we've raided them. We've done that. Those that are selling to kids, we stopped them."

Victoria MP and NDP health critic Murray Rankin accused the Conservatives of botching the medical marijuana file.

"The mayor of Vancouver is doing what a responsible municipality should do in the face of the chaos that the ... federal government's simple-minded approach has created," Rankin said.

"He's looking after the interests of his community using the powers of zoning and land-use that are available to the municipality of Vancouver."

Rankin agrees other municipalities are going to be faced with "exactly the same issue."

In 2013, the federal government indicated Health Canada would get out of the business of producing pot for patients. New rules took effect a year later, which opened up a commercial industry "responsible for the production and distribution of marijuana for medical purposes."

The changes also dismantled a departmental system that was borne of a 2001 Supreme Court ruling which upheld marijuana access rights for patients.

In June, the top court redefined medicinal pot and unanimously ruled it can be legally consumed in a number of ways, including brownies, teas and cooking oils.

The government continues to say it "does not endorse the use of marijuana, but the courts have required reasonable access" to authorized patients.

Beekeeper gets Ontario homeowner out of sticky situation by removing 50,000 bees CAMBRIDGE, Ont. - A Cambridge, Ont., neighbourhood was abuzz as about 50,000 bees and 45 kilograms of honey were ripped from inside the walls of a house.

Beekeeper David Schuit says he spent about six hours on Monday outside the home on a tall ladder, cutting away honeycomb

page 9 and carrying down pail after pail as the sticky substance dripped on — and under — his beekeeping hat.

Schuit, who owns Saugeen Country Honey Inc. in Elmwood, says he could have torn the inside of the wall apart for easier access, but he made the damage sting less by removing the infestation from outside.

As he worked to remove the buzzing insects' waxy work, he periodically smoked the bees to confuse them, and coated them lightly with liquid syrup.

Schuit says the syrup is used to distract the bees from their displacement, because they love the sweet substance and will lick it off each other as he collects them.

He says the homeowner now must deal with the damage to the walls, which isn't covered by insurance.

He has disposed of what he says is unusable honey, but is keeping and rehabilitating the hive.

While bee infestations aren't a particularly common problem, Schuit says affected homeowners shouldn't simply have the bees exterminated because when honeycomb is left in the walls, wax moths will eat away at it, and the honey will wreak havoc.

"Just to put the bees down, that's the easiest part. The nightmare comes after that," he says.

"I've had houses where the issue was in the living room, and they've put the bees down and I had to come in later on to clean up the mess. The honey flowed from the living room to the dining room to the bathroom."

Honeycomb and bees are visible under the eaves of a house in Cambridge, Ont. on Monday, June 29, 2015. About 50,000 bees and 45 kilograms of honey were ripped from inside the walls of the house.

More Canadian seniors than ever are being forced to declare bankruptcy Easily accessible credit, adult children returning home and a lack of planning are forcing more Canadian seniors to declare bankruptcy, says Scott Hannah with the Credit Counselling Society.

A Statistics Canada report shows the number of seniors in debt aged 65 and over jumped by 40 per cent between 2012 and 2015.

The number of seniors declaring bankruptcy is being seen

more often than we`d like, said Hannah said on CBC Radio's BC Almanac.

"Fifteen years ago, people age 55 and over came in and requested help. That's about one out of 20 people," he said.

"Today, it's one out of five people. That's a 400 per cent increase in 15 years and we don't see that stopping anytime soon."

Seniors debt issues rising Society officials aren't surprised to be assisting clients who are in their late 70s and 80s about debt issues, Hannah said.

He says several factors, including historically low interest rates, are responsible for the increased number of seniors declaring bankruptcy.

Many seniors only invested their money in low-interest savings accounts and now aren't making enough to manage through their senior years.

When seniors retire, they don't always change their spending habits, sometimes filling the gap with readily available credit cards.

They maintain minimum payments but inevitably slide into debt, he said.

And increasingly, adult children, commonly referred to as the boomerang generation, are also playing a role in their parents financial misfortunes.

These children move back home where they don't contribute to living expenses. Parents often wind up paying the full load and digging themselves deeper into debt.

Hanna counsels parents to decide between crushing debt or tough love.

"It means living on their own, or if they're living under this roof that [they] are contributing to this household and these costs," Hannah said.

"We`ve seen some parents have to make some really tough decisions because their children didn`t want to go, but they had to."

Failing to plan Seniors don' t plan to be in debt, but they can for the most part plan their way out of it, Hanna said.

They should first assess where they are at with income and debt.

Next, curtail their working life spending habits, sock away funds for life events and plan for extended illnesses, medications and insurance.

Hannah cited one client who was diagnosed with a heart con-

dition that required expensive medications. He coped with his credit card debt by not buying his heart medication so he could make his credit card payments.

"Income is tight. But Illness can make it tighter."

He says if debit is too much to handle, seek help right away.

A certified credit counsellor can hep reduce monthly debt payments and eventually eliminate debt entirely, "Taking action sooner makes it a less rocky ride," Hannah said.

"When seniors enter their golden years they should be golden."

Black bear attacks on calves increasing in B.C.'s Cariboo region Black bears are killing more calves than normal this year in the Williams Lake area of B.C., and conservation officers suspect the unusual weather may have played a role.

Conservation Officer Len Butler said this year, black bears were responsible for 47 to 50 per cent of all predator attacks on cattle in the Cariboo region.

"It's made us wonder why so many black bears have figured out that calving was such a good source of food," he said.

Butler suspects after the light winter and early spring, bears came out their dens earlier their year, and that may have lead to the increase in the number of attacks.

Usually, attacks by coyotes, cougars and wolves are more prevalent, though Butler didn't provide exact figures.

Aggressive attacks Although black bears can often be spotted grazing on grass on the side of the road, they are omnivores and will attack other mammals for food.

"They definitely are opportunists," he said.

Ranchers are trained to spot which predator killed a calf by looking at the carcass, said Butler.

"Basically, black bears will bite on the back of the shoulder blades. It's more of an aggressive kill," compared to wolves, which will sometimes bite a calf's hindquarters to hamstring it, he said.

Under the B.C. Wildlife Act, ranchers are allowed to kill a bear that is on their property and a menace to domestic animal, but must report it to the conservation service, said Butler.

"Our concern is what that's going to look like in the fall when generally most of our black bear complaints come in to the Conservation Officer Service."

page 10

News Headlines From Around the BRICS BEIJING: The formation of the New Development Bank (NDB) by the BRICS nations along with the formation of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) will break the monopoly of the IMF and World Bank and make their functioning more democratic, a state-run Chinese think tank has said.

"All the BRICS, (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) economies have become founding members of the AIIB, while China, India and Russia turned out to be the three largest shareholders of the bank."

Given time, BRICS New Development Bank (NDB) can play a more significant role for Russia than the World Bank, VTB bank head Andrei Kostin said Wednesday.

According to Russian Finance Minister Anton Siluanov, the volume of paid-up capital of the NDB is expected to make $10 billion lodged by member states. The dedicated capital is about $50 billion, while the authorized stock stands at $100 billion.

"The bank … will be able to finance significant projects, including those in Russia. I think it will become a prominent player in this sphere and will play a bigger role than the World Bank, at least for Russia," Andrei Kostin said in an interview with RT television.

The NDB was created in July 2014 by the BRICS member states — Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa — to mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects.

The bank has a currency pool of $100 billion. China has pledged to contribute an estimated $41 billion. Russia, India and Brazil will contribute $18 billion each, while South Africa has pledged $5 billion.

The five emerging economies’ central banks signed an operating agreement on the currency reserve pool at the BRICS/SCO summit in the southwest Russian city of Ufa earlier Wednesday.

Toddler hits neighbour’s car, parents receive unexpected invoice for the damage The last item on the bill read “these things happen” with no charge as the final amount.

Accidents happen and being honest about it is always the best policy. So when these UK parents admitted that their toddler damaged their neighbour’s car door they were expecting the worst: a big bill to pay.

Instead, the parents received a heartwarming note letting them off the payment for the damage.

The 3-year-old accidentally dented the neighbour’s car while opening his door on his family’s car, reports the Mirror. The parents told the owner about the accident and that they would pay for the repair to fix the door.

A few days later, after reminding the neighbour about the damage, the mom received this invoice.

On the bill, the neighbour listed the two repairs to the damage and some miscellaneous costs including “numerous cups of tea” and “numerous packets of biscuits” for “pondering” the costs of the

relations which are already not going through their best times because of Ottawa," Foreign Ministry spokesman Alexander Lukashevich said in a statement. "Of course, this attack will not go unanswered."

Canada announced economic sanctions against Russian energy firms including natural gas producer Gazprom.

Attack on Hacking Team spills global cyber-spying secrets Everyone from FBI to Sudanese government used company's software to mount cyber attacks.

A dramatic breach at an Italian surveillance company has laid bare the details of government cyberattacks worldwide, putting intelligence chiefs in the hot seat from Cyprus to South Korea.

The massive leak has already led to one spymaster's resignation and pulled back the curtain on espionage in the iPhone age.

repair. The grand total of repairs, re-spray, tea and biscuits ended up being £1,838.00 (which rounds up to nearly $2,900).

But the last item on the bill read “these things happen” with no charge as the final amount.

The mother shared the bill on her Facebook account and it soon made its way onto Reddit where it attracted a lot of comments.

The note did have one request, asking that the parents keep taking their parcels in when they weren’t home. Seems like a nice neighbourhood.

Russia criticizes new Canadian sanctions, warns of response MOSCOW- Russia expressed disappointment over new sanctions imposed by Canada over Moscow's role in the Ukraine crisis and warned that it would respond.

"The new sanctions will only add negativity to Russian-Canadian

More than one million emails released online in the wake of the July 5 breach show that the Milan-based company Hacking Team sold its spy software to the FBI and to Russian intelligence. It also worked with authoritarian governments in the Middle East and pitched to police departments in the American suburbs.

It even tried to sell to the Vatican — all while devising a malicious Bible app to infect religiously minded targets.

"It's a mini-Snowden event," said Israel-based security researcher Tal Be'ery, likening the impact of the leak to the publication of top secret NSA documents by former intelligence worker Edward Snowden.

Be'ery said he, like others, had long suspected the world's security agencies of hacking but was struck by "the ubiquity of it — continued on page 15

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page 12 lionaire investor Carl Icahn and legendary sports gambler Billy Walters. Mickelson was cleared in one of those cases, but it's unclear if the second investigation is still ongoing.

USA Phil Mickelson tied to money laundering, gambling case Phil Mickelson wired millions of dollars to a middleman, who then laundered that money as part of "an illegal gambling operation which accepted and placed bets on sporting events," according to a report from ESPN's Outside the Lines.

According to the report, Mickelson transferred the money to 56-year-old Greg Silveira of La Quinta, Calif., who has pleaded guilty to three federal counts of money laundering as part of a plea deal. Silveira pled guilty to laundering $2.75 million that he says belonged to Mickelson, according to the report.

The plea deal centers around three wire transfers from March 2010 to February 2013 connected to Silveira. In 2010, Silveira first accepted a $2.75 million wire transfer into a Wells Fargo Bank account from a "gambling client," identified in the report as Mickelson. That money was then transferred in two installments – first $2.475 million, then $275,000 – into another of Silveira's bank accounts. Finally, Silveira transferred $2.475 million into another account he controlled with JP Morgan Chase Bank. Those transfers constitute money laundering.

Silveira will be sentenced on Oct. 5 and could face up to 60 years in prison, though a much shorter sentence is expected.

Federal prosecutors, Silveira's lawyer, Mickelson and his attorneys, as well the PGA Tour all declined to comment on the case.

Mickelson is golf's highest paid player, taking in an estimated $51 million in 2014 from both on-course prize money and endorsements with companies including Callaway Golf, Barclays, KPMG, Exxon Mobil, Rolex and Amgen. He is known to routinely play in big-money side games on the PGA Tour. He is also remembered for his piece of a preseason bet on the Baltimore Ravens as a 22-to-1 shot to win the Super Bowl before the 2000 season. They won their first Super Bowl that year in a 34-7 romp of the New York Giants.

In 2014, Mickelson's name surfaced in a federal investigation related to two instances of potential insider trading involving bil-

Colorado theatre shooting: James Holmes found guilty on 12 counts of 1st-degree murder A jury in Colorado has found James Holmes guilty on multiple counts of first-degree murder and attempted murder in the 2012 movie theatre shooting that left 12 people dead and 70 injured.

Families of those killed and injured in the shooting were in the courthouse as the verdict was read.

Holmes faced 165 charges, including some for offences involving explosives. The judge is reading the verdict forms for each of the victims to the court, which is taking some time.

Prosecutors have said they will seek the death penalty for the California native.

Dressed in a blue dress shirt and khakis, Holmes stood at the defence table, three of his public defenders at his sides and two more standing behind him. He showed no visible reaction as the judge read through the multiple convictions.

The jury heard 11 weeks of testimony. The nine women and three men reached their decision Thursday after deliberating for about a day and a half.

They must now decide whether Holmes should be executed or sent to prison for life without the possibility of parole.

Holmes had pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity in the July 20, 2012, attack, one of the nation's deadliest shootings.

Holmes's court-appointed attorneys said he suffers from schizophrenia, and since high school has heard voices ordering him to kill and that he was not in control of his actions when he attacked the theatregoers as they watched a midnight premiere of a Batman film three years ago in the Denver suburb of Aurora.

Psychiatrists disagreed Holmes's trial lasted almost three months, during which the jurors heard from two court-appointed psychiatrists who concluded he was sane, and two working for the defence who found he was legally insane. Holmes did not testify in his own defence, but jurors watched video of some 23 hours of interviews conducted with him by court-appointed psychiatrists.

Brad Pitt contra Costco Hollywood star Brad Pitt and Bill Maher have come out fighting against retail giant Costco - saying the store contributes to animal cruelty by selling eggs from caged hens.

Pitt sent a letter to Craig Jelinek, the chief executive of the bigbox chain Thursday asking the company to stop selling eggs produced this way. His letter to Jelinek said caged birds suffer atrophy of their muscles and bones from years of immobility, adding that the cages have been banned in California and much of Europe.

'As you know, these birds producing eggs for your shelves are crammed five or more into cages that are not large enough for even one hen to spread her wings,' Pitt writes.

'Multiple investigations into battery cages document animals with deteriorated spinal cords, some who have become paralyzed and then mummified in their cages.'

'Imagine cramming five cats or dogs into tiny cages, hundreds of thousands in each shed, for their entire lives.

'That would warrant cruelty charges, of course. But when the egg industry does it to hens, it's considered business as usual.'

Both commended Costco for its other animal-welfare efforts and called on the company to make good on its 2007 promise to move toward uncaging its egg-laying hens.

Pitt and Maher each spoke out on behalf of Farm Sanctuary, an organization that advocates against the mistreatment of animals and factory farming.

Costco said in June statement that there are 'vigorous debates about animal welfare and laying hens.'

'Some, such as the Humane Society, advocate that hens be 'cage free,' and not confined in cages. Some advocate that cages are safer for hens,' the statement reads.

The statement acknowledges that Costco's sales of organic/cage-free eggs have increased 'more than twentyfold' over the past nine years.

Costco said it is 'committed to the ethical treatment of animals' and its code of ethics is part of the company mission statement.

Costco Must Stop selling eggs produced this way.

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page 15 Continued from page 10 used on all continents, by both democracies and dictatorships."

35 countries Hacking Team's spyware was used by a total of 97 intelligence or investigative agencies in 35 countries, according to South Korean National Intelligence Service chief Lee Byoung Ho, who briefed legislators Tuesday after it became clear his organization used the technology.

Eric Rabe, the Hacking Team spokesman, said Thursday the company had about 50 clients, but it's not clear whether those include resellers. Rabe acknowledged doing business with Russia and Sudan but said its sales were "in accordance with regulations that were in effect at the time."

Bills from Hacking Team to Sudan's intelligence service and a Russian arms conglomerate have critics — including a European parliamentarian — asking whether the company flouted international sanctions. A client list that includes Uzbekistan, Egypt and Azerbaijan has reinforced worries from groups such as Privacy International that the spyware is being used to silence dissidents.

And "we-love-your-stuff" emails from sheriffs, police and prosecutors suggest local law enforcement is eager to give the program a test drive.

CEO David Vincenzetti told La Stampa newspaper that his spyware is used to fight terror and "root out lone wolves."

Re-introduced purebred bison thriving on the Saskatchewan prairie CLAYDON, Sask. - It's as if they never left.

Eleven years after 50 purebred plains bison were re-introduced to a rolling patch of prairie grass and sagebrush in the southwest corner of Saskatchewan, the herd is thriving.

In 2003, the shaggy beasts were trucked in from Elk Island National Park in Alberta to the Old Man on His Back Prairie and Heritage Conservation Area, a 5,300-hectare parcel of grassland south of Swift Current.

There are now 70 females and four bulls in the herd. The success has meant that the program can essentially pay it forward by sending calves to other areas that need a fresh infusion of purebred animals and to producers who are trying to grow their numbers as well.

"They really look at home when you seem them out there grazing," says Natalie Nikiforuk, the natural areas manager for the Nature Conservancy of Canada, which owns the land along with the Saskatchewan government.

"We actually find quite a few bison bones out in the pasture and so it's kind of neat to see over 100 years ago that they were roaming here."

Booby-trapped programs Hacking Team's spyware is called Remote Control System and is delivered to targets through a mix of malicious links, poisoned documents and pornography, the emails show. Booby-trapped programs could be tailored to targets of any persuasion. Some messages appear to show Hacking Team working on apps named "Quran" and "DailyBible."

Once secretly installed, the spyware acts as a track-anything surveillance tool.

The emails show Kazakhstan's spy agency trying to suck chat histories from a target's Samsung smartphone and Saudi Arabia's Interior Ministry using an infected handset as a tracking beacon.

They also show Mongolia's anti-corruption authority trying to steal a target's Facebook password by logging his keystrokes and Czech police at work turning a BlackBerry's microphone into an ad-hoc listening device.

Vincenzetti told La Stampa the spyware even had the ability to automatically take pictures of people's faces as they picked up their phones.

Mexico is a particularly aggressive user of the technology, according to a leaked client list. In Ecuador, evidence that Hacking Team's spyware was used by the country's SENAIN spy agency has caused an uproar.

Senior police and intelligence figures have been quizzed about Hacking Team by lawmakers in Italy and the Czech Republic. Revelations that the Cyprus Intelligence Service has been secretly using

It's estimated that there were once about 60 million bison in North America, but the animals were almost completely wiped out about a century ago when they were hunted for nothing more than their tongues or their horns.

At the turn of the last century, the last large herd of wild bison on the Montana plains was bought by the Canadian government and moved to what would become the Elk Island park.

In recent years, bison have been shipped from Elk Island around North America in an effort to restore the animals to the landscape.

What makes this herd special, Nikiforuk says, is that it is genetically pure. Hair and blood samples were sent to Texas A&M University in 2007 and there was no trace of any beef DNA in the animals.

"That's been a real problem with the bison species — the interbreeding between them and cattle," she says.

Nearby Grasslands National Park also received a shipment of 71 bison from Elk Island in late 2005.

Nikiforuk says that provides an opportunity for genetic diversity.

"We kind of hoped to work with Grasslands National Park and Elk Island and kind of interchanging the animals between the herds to keep the genetic diversity going," she says.

"That is the one thing you have to worry about when you do have something that is genetically pure."

the spyware prompted the resignation of the agency's boss, Andreas Pentaras, over the weekend.

Exact methods secret The targets of all this spying are rarely made explicit. But in one of the leaked emails, dated last Dec. 15, Vincenzetti suggested he sometimes has a pretty good idea who is being hacked.

"I usually get a call from, say, the head of Italian Police's deputy and he tells me: 'Congratulations, Mr. Vincenzetti!' I tell him: 'Thank you, sir, may I ask you what are you referring to?' 'I am talking to what you will read tomorrow morning on the front pages of all the newspapers!' he laughs. And he hangs up. And the day after I read that a Mafia boss has been finally arrested, that an apparently impossible investigation mystery on a savage assassination has been finally solved and the murderer arrested, etc."

Authorities "never disclose how they did it because they want to protect our technology and they want to protect us," Vincenzetti said.

For researchers like Be'ery, the leak has provided unprecedented insight into how governments hack. For human rights workers, it has confirmed their fears about state surveillance.

And for past victims of Hacking Team's software — people like prominent Emirati blogger Ahmed Mansoor — the leak has provided a dose of schadenfreude.

"They can at least understand how it feels to encroach into somebody's privacy," he said.

Anybody could be the target. Big Brother is watching you.

Nikiforuk says the Old Man on His Back herd is a healthy size and she doesn't see it getting any bigger than about 100 animals.

Staff are in the process of re-evaluating the lands to calculate how much grass there is and how many bison can be supported.

"We don't really supplementally feed our bison so they really rely on the grass that is present on the landscape so we can only have so many," Nikiforuk says.

"There's only so many animals that the grass can handle"

A herd of Prairie bison graze on the Old Man on His Back Prairie and Heritage Conservation Area south of Swift Current, Sask., on June 18, 2015. The bison, once hunted to near extinction, were reintroduced to the area in 2003.

page 16

The price of tuition in Canada continues to rise, according to new data from Statistics Canada StatsCan released average tuition fee figures for Canadian fulltime students. The data shows that for the 2014/2015 academic year, fees rose by 3.3 per cent on average compared to the previous school year.

Undergraduate students paid $5,959 in tuition fees on average,

compared to $5,767 the previous year.

Undergraduate students in Ontario pay the highest tuition fees at $7,539 on average, with students in Saskatchewan paying the second highest at $6,659. Saskatchewan saw the biggest increase in fees compared to last year, jumping four per cent.

How Canadian students can get a university degree for free in Germany

By Franz Strasser - Germany While the cost of college education in the US and Canada has reached record highs, Germany has abandoned tuition fees altogether for German and international students alike. An increasing number of North Americans are taking advantage and saving tens of thousands of dollars to get their degrees.

In a kitchen in rural South Carolina one night, Hunter Bliss told his mother he wanted to apply to university in Germany. Amy Hall chuckled, dismissed it, and told him he could go if he got in.

"When he got accepted I burst into tears," says Amy, a single mother. "I was happy but also scared to let him go that far away from home."

Across the US and Canada parents are preparing for their children to leave the nest this summer, but not many send them 4,800 miles (7,700km) away - or to a continent that no family member has ever set foot in.

Yet the appeal of a good education, and one that doesn't cost anything, was hard for Hunter and Amy to ignore.

"For him to stay here in the US was going to be very costly," says Amy. "We would have had to get federal loans and student loans because he has a very fit mind and great goals."

More than 4,600 US students are fully enrolled at Germany universities, an increase of 20% over three years. At the same time,

him to her plan.

"The healthcare gives her peace of mind," says Hunter. "Saving money of course is fantastic for her because she can actually afford this without any loans."

To cover rent, mandatory health insurance and other expenses, Hunter's mother sends him between $6,0007,000 each year.

At his nearest school back home, the University of South Carolina, that amount would not have covered the tuition fees. Even with scholarships, that would have totalled about $10,000 a year. Housing, books and living expenses would make that number much higher.

The simple maths made Hunter's job of convincing his mother easy.

"You have to pay for my college, mom - do you want to pay this much or this much?"

The financial advantages of studying in Germany have not been lost on other US students. Katherine Burlingame decided to get her Master's degree at a university in the East German town of Cottbus.

A graduate of Pennsylvania State University, Katherine spent less than €500 ($570) a month in Cottbus, which included housing, transportation and healthcare. On top of that she received a monthly scholarship by the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Council) of €750 ($815) which more than covered her costs.

"When I found out that just like Germans I'm studying for free, it was sort of mind blowing," Katherine says.

"I realised how easy the admission process was and how there was no tuition fee. This was a wow moment for me." the total student debt in the US has reached $1.3 trillion.

Each semester, Hunter pays a fee of €111 ($120) to the Technical University of Munich (TUM), one of the most highly regarded universities in Europe, to get his degree in physics.

Included in that fee is a public transportation ticket that enables Hunter to travel freely around Munich.

Health insurance for students in Germany is €80 ($87) a month, much less than what Amy would have had to pay in the US to add

page 17 "When I found out that just like Germans I'm studying for free, it was sort of mind blowing," Katherine says.

"I realised how easy the admission process was and how there was no tuition fee. This was a wow moment for me."

In the 2014-2015 academic year, private US universities charged students on average more than $31,000 for tuition and fees, with many schools charging well over $50,000. According to the Chronicle of Higher Education, Sarah Lawrence University is most expensive at $65,480.

Public universities demanded in-state residents to pay more than $9,000 and out-of-state students paid almost $23,000, according to College Board.

In Germany, tuition fees of â‚Ź500-1000 were briefly instituted last decade, but Lower Saxony became the last state to phase them out again in 2014.

Students pay a fee to the university each semester to support the student union and other activities. This so called 'semester fee' rarely exceeds â‚Ź150 and in many cases includes public transportation tickets.

Sprechen Sie Deutsch?

When Katherine came to Germany in 2012 she spoke two words of German: 'hallo' and 'danke'. She arrived in an East German town which had, since the 1950s, taught the majority of its residents Russian rather than English.

"At first I was just doing hand gestures and a lot of people had compassion because they saw that I was trying and that I cared."

She did not need German, however, in her Master's programme,

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Night of the Grizzly ~ A True Story Of Love And Death In The Wilderness ~

Foreword Some readers may find the following information and examination disturbing. For this, we apologize. Read at your own discretion. Others will find it interesting, informative and hopefully educational. At the very least we can learn from someone else's mistakes.

ruary 20, 2001, on CBS's David Letterman Show, promoting his 1997 book "Among Grizzlies: Living With Wild Bears in Alaska", along with his close-up photographs and video footage, often showing him within arm's reach of large brown bears or creeping on all fours toward a sow and her three cubs, talking in a soft, child like, sing song voice.

Night Of The Grizzly chronicles the last remaining moments in the lives of Tim Treadwell and Amie Huguenard, and the discovery and investigation revolving around their deaths and what led up to their tragic end. An attempt will also be made to theorize what actually took place in camp that stormy night back in 2003 by piecing together bits and pieces of a six-minute audio recording left behind.

As I researched this incident, I quickly realized that Tim and I had quite a bit in common and I totally understood his passion.

The grizzly bear symbolizes wilderness and a simpler time. There are no highways or skyscrapers in the world of the bear, but there are boundaries.

However, had we met, Tim and I would have no doubt had some heated discussions about how I thought he was doing more harm than good with his behavior in Alaska. Habituating bears to the presence of man only increases the chance that harm will someday come to the bear, or another "man."

A special thanks to Rangers Joel Ellis and Rick McIntyre for their interest, their valuable insights, questions and encouragement. Otherwise this would have sat in the archives gathering "electronic" dust.

Background Katmai National Park has about 3000 of the total 35,000 Alaskan grizzly bears (ursus arctos horribilis). The coastal version referred to in Alaska as brown bears (ursus arctos), most of whom would weigh in excess of 1000 pounds. (Van Daele 2004) The term "Brown Bear" is the more correct and scientific use for the specie. "Grizzly" is just common usage in the lower 48 states, having first been used during the Lewis and Clark expedition when they referred to "a brown bear with grizzled appearance". All grizzly bears are actually brown bears, having originated in Eastern Siberia, Russia. The black bear is the only native bear in North America (ursus americanus).

This is a work in progress. Any mistakes are mine alone, and hopefully I will catch them sooner or later. If someone had told me back in October 2003 that I would be investigating and writing about this incident for several years, I would have laughed. I should have known better.

Warning: What you are about to read is graphic in detail The remains of Tim Treadwell, 46, a self proclaimed eco-warrior and photographer, along with girlfriend Amie Huguenard, 37, a physicians assistant, both of Malibu, California, were found Monday October 6, 2003, in Katmai National Park and Preserve on the Alaska Peninsula after the air taxi pilot Willy Fulton, who had flown in to pick the couple up near Kaflia Bay, contacted the National Park Service and Alaska State Troopers to report that a brown bear was sitting on top of what appeared to be human remains near the camp.

For thirteen summers Timothy Treadwell fled California for the wilds of Alaska, where he set his camp among some of the largest and most numerous brown bears left in North America.

Treadwell gained national celebrity status after his appearance Feb-

For 13 years, Timothy Treadwell camped in several Alaskan parks but Katmai National Park was a favorite, crawling and walking up close to bears and filming them. Often attempting to touch both cubs and adults. In the 85 year history of the park no visitor had been killed by a grizzly.

Firearms are prohibited within Katmai National Park. Bear spray is allowed, however Tim had quit carrying bear spray for protection several summers prior to his death.

Treadwell often established his camp on or near established bear trails, and intersecting bear trails. During this last season, Tim had also hid and camouflaged his camp at "the grizzly maze" within the thick alder brush in an effort to hide from the Park Service, due to a new rule imposed by the park service which required all backcountry campers to move their camp at least 1 mile every 5 days.

In late June 2003, Tim and Amie arrive in Katmai and set camp at Hallo Bay, in what Tim referred to as the "Sanctuary".

Amie returns to California after a couple of weeks, and then returns to Katmai just as Tim was moving his camp to "The Grizzly Maze" on Kaflia Lake. Willy Fulton drops the pair off on Sept. 29, 2003.

Tim sent a letter back with Willy Fulton on Amie's return to Bill Sims, owner of the Newhalen Lodge near Katmai and wrote that "a few bears at his camp were more aggressive than usual".

Tim and Amie extend their stay 1 week in an effort to locate a favorite female brown bear not seen earlier. Tim also writes in his diary that Amie believes he is "hell bent on destruction" and that this will be her last season in Alaska with him, leaving him for good, and that she was looking forward to starting a new job and desperate to return to California.

Tim Treadwell and Amie Huguenard On Sunday October 5, 2003, sometime between 11:00 am and 12:00 pm, Tim and Amie make a satellite phone call to Jewel Palovak, program director of Grizzly People, and there was apparently no problem at that time. Both seem excited and in happy spirits having located the missing sow. Earlier on that same day Tim phoned his pilot friend Willy Fulton to fly his float plane in to pick them up on the beach the following afternoon.

The Early Years Tim Treadwell was born in New York in 1957 as Timothy Dexter, the third of five children. According to Tim, as a teenager his home life disintegrated often getting stinking drunk and once smashed up the families car. After barely graduating high school, Tim left for Southern California and ended up in Long Beach.

Soon after he arrived, he began working in restaurants while attending college on a swimming scholarship. After the college party life took over his life and losing his scholarship, Tim began auditioning for parts in various sitcoms, changing his name to Treadwell from his mother's side of the family.

According to his book "Among Grizzlies", during this period he continued to indulge in alcohol and drugs and finally overdosed on heroin and cocaine in the late 1980s, and was rescued by a Vietnam vet named Terry, whom he had become close to. After he was

page 19 discharged from the hospital, Tim decided to travel to Alaska and watch bears at the urging of Terry.

His early attempts at camping were almost comical. In his journal he wrote that he was often cold, hungry and tormented by insects, and that the first time he saw a grizzly it ran away. Tim later said he was sad that any bear would find him a threat.

Mark Emery, a wildlife filmmaker and outdoor guide first saw Treadwell from the air in the early 1990s. Emery was on a charter flight over Hallo Bay in Katmai National Park with a film crew from National Geographic, when they spotted a guy on the ground desperately waving his arms. "Tim said he was learning to be around bears, but that he wanted to get out of there right away because the bears had been in his camp. I took a picture of him holding a water jug that was crushed by a bear."

Emery goes on to say that Tim "was camping near the coast and was nearly out of water, although a freshwater stream was nearby". At Treadwell's request the film crew contacted a charter service to pick him up.

Almost from the start, National Park Service officials worried about Tim's behavior. According to park service records, in 1998 Treadwell was issued a citation by park rangers for storing an ice chest filled with food in his tent. On another occasion he was ordered by park rangers to remove a prohibited portable generator.

A total of 6 park violations or complaints from 1994 to 2003, including guiding tourists without a license, camping in the same area longer than the 5 day limit, improper food storage, wildlife harassment, use of a portable generator, and misc. altercations with visitors and licensed guides.

Treadwell also frustrated park rangers because he refused to carry bear spray. Deb Liggett, superintendent of Katmai National Park became sufficiently concerned about Treadwell that she met him for coffee in Anchorage several years prior to his death. "I told him that if we had any more violations from him we would petition the U.S. magistrate to ban him from the park,".

Liggett applauded the fact that Treadwell was winning fans for the bears, and was being more careful to warn people not to attempt what he did, but she and other park officials were afraid that "one swipe of a paw would undo all that and result in a frenzy of stories about fearsome, people-eating grizzlies".

Amie Huguenard apparently did not share the same concern.

A physician's assistant in Aurora, Colo., Amie first fell in love with Treadwell's book and eventually its author. Huguenard quit her job on Jan. 31, 2003 and moved to Malibu where she was to start a new job after she and Tim returned for the winter.

The couple had spent parts of the three previous summers together in Alaska. On September 29, 2003, Tim and Amie once again are transported to Kaflia Lake by Willy Fulton, the couple wanted one more chance to be with the bears before winter set in.

Eight days later they are discovered dead.

Discovery and Investigation As scheduled, at 2:00 PM on Monday October 6, 2003, air taxi pilot Willy Fulton from Andrew Airways arrives at Kaflia Lake to transport Tim and Amie out of the area for the year and is ap-

proached by a large brown bear.

Willy states "It was rainy and foggy out that morning." After landing, Willy believes that he sees Tim shaking out a tarp and yells for the couple but receives no response. He decides to hike up the path from the beach and through the thick alder brush towards the camp after he notices a little bit of movement. When he is about 3/4 way up the hill he senses that "something just didn't feel right. Something seemed strange, hollering with no answer".

Willy then states that he turned around and headed back down the path through the thick alders "at a pretty good clip" and just as he gets to the plane, he turns and spots "a pretty nasty looking bear" that he had seen on earlier flights, sneaking slowly down the trail with it's head down. "Just the meanest looking thing".

Willy then takes off and flies over the campsite 15 to 20 times in an attempt to chase the bear away, and sees what appears to be the same bear feeding from a human rib cage, but each time he flies over the camp the bear begins to feed even faster.

Katmai park ranger Joel Ellis received the call from Andrew Airways at 1:35 PM. Ranger Ellis then requests that Willy Fulton be contacted by radio and asked that he remain "nearby, if he could do so safely". Willy then lands again about 1 mile west of the camp on the western shore of the lake.

At 3:20 pm, ranger Ellis joins up with two other park rangers at the airport and depart in a park service Cessna 206, with ranger pilot A. Gilliland at the controls and ranger D. Dalrymple in the back seat. Ranger Ellis also has park dispatch report the incident to King Salmon State Troopers as well as Alaska Fish and Game, requesting that troopers meet the park rescue team at Kaflia Lake near Tim and Amie's camp.

At 4:26 pm the team arrive at the lake, and ranger Ellis conducts a quick interview with Willy Fulton. Willy states that he "could not

be 100% sure, but was confident that something was wrong".

Willy advises the rangers that there is only room for one plane to park near the camp and climbs into the park service Cessna for the quick taxi to the south shore. As they approach the area, ranger pilot Gilliland spots a large adult bear near the top of the hill where the campsite is supposedly located.

After exiting the plane, the four begin slowly hiking up the path from the lake, yelling as they walk to help locate any surviving victims, and to alert any nearby bears of their presence. Ranger Ellis states that "the visibility was poor with a heavy growth of bushes and tall grass, the camp was located on top of a ridge and out of our sight. We had radio contact with Alaska State Troopers Hill and Jones", who were forced to park their plane 300 meters away and had to hike through the thick brush, "so we elected to wait at the base of the hill until Troopers Hill and Jones could catch up".

Ranger Ellis was standing with ranger Gilliland and Willy Fulton to his left. Ranger Dalrymple was slightly ahead of Gilliland when Gilliland suddenly yells, Bear! while pointing to the right.

Ranger Ellis states that he turned and "saw an adult bear moving toward the group about 20 feet away". All four begin yelling in hopes that the bear would see them and move away. Ranger Ellis then states that he "perceived that the bear was well aware of their presence and was stalking them". Ranger Ellis, armed with a 40 cal. handgun begins to fire at about the same time rangers Gilliland and Dalrymple, who were each armed with 12 gauge shotguns loaded with slugs also begin to shoot at the bear.

Ranger Ellis fires 11 times while rangers Gilliland and Dalrymple each fire 5 times, dropping the bear 12 feet away. "That was cutting it thin" stated Ellis. After about 10 seconds the bear dies and Willy Fulton then reportedly says "I want to look that bear in the eyes" and states that he is sure that this was the bear that chased him back to his plane earlier.

Human remains were then found buried by a bear near the campsite, which was in a brushy area with poor visibility.

Two tents were discovered, one for gear and the main tent used for sleeping. Both were collapsed and torn, however there was no evidence that the bear had pulled the victims from the main tent.

In front of this main tent was a large mound of mud, grass and sticks, five feet long, 4 foot wide, and 3 feet high. After moving a clump of dirt, ranger Ellis later recalled seeing "fingers and an arm protruding from the pile".

Food was found in the camp secured in 4 or 5 metal bear proof canisters, as well as open snack food found untouched inside the sleeping tent. Both Tim and Amie's shoes were also found neatly still in place at the entrance to the main tent.

Rangers Ellis and Dalrymple then hike back down the path to retrieve cameras from the plane. Ranger Gilliland states that he was "standing at the top of the knoll about 10 feet from the mound" containing Amie, looking around when he spots a large bear about 15 feet away walking up the same trail they had just hiked up, and the same trail that rangers Ellis and Dalrymple had just walked down. After yelling Bear! The two troopers, who had arrived at this point, as well as Willy Fulton, begin yelling at the bear "to get out!". The bear hesitates for about 2 seconds before turning and continued on page 26

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US criticised by UN for human rights failings on NSA, guns and drones

Geneva panel share deep concerns over US record on host of different subjects, including racial inequality and Guantánamo The US came under sharp criticism at the UN human rights committee in Geneva for a long list of human rights abuses that included everything from detention without charge at Guantánamo, drone strikes and NSA surveillance, to the death penalty, rampant gun violence and endemic racial inequality.

At the start of a two-day grilling of the US delegation, the committee’s 18 experts made clear their deep concerns about the US record across a raft of human rights issues. Many related to faultlines as old as America itself, such as guns and race.

Other issues were relative newcomers. The experts raised questions about the National Security Agency’s surveillance of digital communications in the wake of Edward Snowden’s revelations. It also intervened in dispute between the CIA and US senators by calling for declassification and release of the 6,300-page report into the Bush administration’s use of torture techniques and rendition that lay behind the current CIA-Senate dispute.

The committee is charged with upholding the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), a UN treaty that the US ratified in 1992. The current exercise, repeated every five years, is a purely voluntarily review, and the US will face no penalties should it choose to ignore the committee’s recommendations, which will appear in a final report in a few weeks’ time.

But the US is clearly sensitive to suggestions that it fails to live up to the human rights obligations enshrined in the convention – as signalled by the large size of its delegation to Geneva.

And as an act of public shaming, encounter was frequently uncomfortable for the US. The US came under sustained criticism for its global counterterrorism tactics, including the use of unmanned drones to kill al-Qaida suspects, and its transfer of detainees to third countries that might practice torture, such as Algeria. Committee members also highlighted the Obama administration’s failure to prosecute any of the officials responsible for permitting waterboarding and other “enhanced interrogation” techniques under the previous administration.

Walter Kälin, a Swiss international human rights lawyer who sits on the committee, attacked the US government’s refusal to recognise the convention’s mandate over its actions beyond its own borders. The US has asserted since 1995 that the ICCPR does not apply to US actions beyond its borders - and has used that “extra-territoriality” claim to justify its actions in Guantánamo and in conflict zones.

“This world is an unsafe place,” Kälin said. “Will it not become even more dangerous if any state would be willing to claim that international law does not prevent them from committing human rights violations abroad?”

Kälin went on to express astonishment at some of America’s more extreme domestic habits. He pointed to the release in Louisiana of Glenn Ford, the 144th person on death row in the US to be exonerated since 1973, saying: “One hundred and forty-four cases of people wrongfully convicted to death is a staggering number.”

Pointing out the disproportional representation of African Americans on death rows, he added: “Discrimination is bad, but it is absolutely unacceptable when it leads to death.”

On guns, Kälin pointed to another “staggering figure” – that there are 470,000 crimes committed with firearms each year, including about 11,000 homicides. “We appreciate the position taken by President Obama on these issues. Nevertheless, much more needs to be done to curb gun violence.”

Among the other issues that came under the committee’s withering gaze were: · the proliferation of stand-your-ground gun laws · enduring racial disparities in the justice system, including large numbers of black prisoners serving longer sentences than whites; · mistreatment of mentally-ill and juvenile prisoners; · segregation in schools; · high levels of homelessness and criminalization of homeless people; · racial profiling by police, including the mass surveillance of Muslim communities by the New York police department.

The head of the US delegation, Mary McLeod, a senior official in the State Department, insisted that the country was “continually striving to improve”. She said: “While we are certainly not perfect, our network of federal, state and local institutions provide checks on government … Since the founding of our country, in every generation there have been Americans who sought to realize our constitution’s promise of equal opportunity and justice for all.”

She said that Obama was working to reduce the number of detainees in Guantánamo, insisted that drone strikes were conducted “in compliance with international law”, and argued that the NSA was under “substantial oversight” by other parts of government. The administration was taking measures to reduce disparities in racial sentencing and profiling, and the death penalty was steadily declining in the 32 states that still practiced it, McLeod noted.

page 25

Pharmaceutical industry gets high on fat profits

Imagine an industry that generates higher profit margins than any other and is no stranger to multi-billion dollar fines for malpractice.

Throw in widespread accusations of collusion and over-charging, and banking no doubt springs to mind.

In fact, the industry described above is responsible for the development of medicines to save lives and alleviate suffering, not the generation of profit for its own sake.

Pharmaceutical companies have developed the vast majority of medicines known to humankind, but they have profited handsomely from doing so, and not always by legitimate means.

Last year, US giant Pfizer, the world's largest drug company by pharmaceutical revenue, made an eye-watering 42% profit margin.

As one industry veteran understandably says: "I wouldn't be able to justify [those kinds of margins]."

Stripping out the one-off $10bn (£6.2bn) the company made from spinning off its animal health business leaves a margin of 24%, still pretty spectacular by any standard.

In the UK, for example, there was widespread anger when the industry regulator predicted energy companies' profit margins would grow from 4% to 8% this year.

Last year, five pharmaceutical companies made a profit margin of 20% or more - Pfizer, Hoffmann-La Roche, AbbVie, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and Eli Lilly.

'Profiteering' With some drugs costing upwards of $100,000 for a full course, and with the cost of manufacturing just a tiny fraction of this, it's not hard to see why.

Last year, 100 leading oncologists from around the world wrote an open letter in the journal Blood calling for a reduction in the price

of cancer drugs.

Dr Brian Druker, director of the Knight Cancer Institute and one of the signatories, has asked: "If you are making $3bn a year on [cancer drug] Gleevec, could you get by with $2bn? When do you cross the line from essential profits to profiteering?"

And it's not just cancer drugs - between April and June this year, drug company Gilead clocked sales of $3.5bn for its latest blockbuster hepatitis C drug Sovaldi.

Drug companies justify the high prices they charge by arguing that their research and development (R&D) costs are huge.

The industry also argues that the wider value of the drug needs to be considered.

"Drugs do save money over the longer term," says Stephen Whitehead, chief executive of the Association of the British Pharmaceuticals Industry (ABPI).

"Take hepatitis C, a shocking virus that kills people and used to require a liver transplant. At $60,000 to $120,000 for a 12-week course, 90% of people are now cured, will never need surgery or looking after, and can continue to support their families.

Just because you can charge a high price for something does not necessarily mean you should, especially when it comes to health, critics such as Dr Druker might say. Shareholders, who big pharma companies ultimately have to answer to, would have little time for such an argument.

No loyalty Big pharma companies also say they only have a limited time in which to make profits. Patents are generally awarded for 20 years, but 10-12 of those are typically spent developing the drug at a cost of about $1.5bn-$2.5bn.

This leaves eight to 10 years to make money before the formula can be taken up by generic drug companies, which sell the medicines for a fraction of the price.

Once this happens, sales fall by 90%-plus. As Joshua Owide, director of healthcare industry dynamics at research company GlobalData, explains, "Unlike other sectors, brand loyalty goes out the window when patents expire."

This is why pharma companies go to such extraordinary lengths to extend their patents - a process known as evergreening - employing "floors full of lawyers" for this express purpose, one industry insider says.

For a drug raking in $3bn a quarter, even a one-month extension can be worth huge sums of money.

New formulations, combining two existing drugs to give a wider use, and enantiomers - a mirror image of the same compound - are some of the legal ways to eke out patents. But some drug companies, including the UK's GSK, have been accused of more underhand tactics, such as paying generics to delay the release of their cheaper alternatives.

As the loss of sales at the big pharma companies far outweighs the revenue made by the generics, this can be an attractive arrange-

ment for both parties.

Courting doctors But drug companies have been accused of, and admitted to, far worse.

Until recently, paying bribes to doctors to prescribe their drugs was commonplace at big pharmas, although the practice is now generally frowned upon and illegal in many places. GSK was fined $490m in China in September 2014 for bribery and has been accused of similar practices in Poland and the Middle East.

The rules on gifts, educational grants and sponsoring lectures, for example, are less clear cut, and these practices remain commonplace in the US. Indeed a recent study found that doctors in the US receiving payments from pharma companies were twice as likely to prescribe their drugs.

This all may change when new rules in the US and UK will force doctors to disclose all gifts and payments made by the industry.

Drug companies have also been accused of colluding with chemists to overcharge for their medicines and of publishing trial data that highlight the positive at the expense of the negative.

They have also been found guilty of mis-branding and wrongly promoting various drugs, and have been fined billions as a result.

The rewards are so great, it would seem, that pharma companies have continually been prepared to push the boundaries of legality.

'Undue influence' No wonder, then, that the World Health Organisation (WHO) has talked of the "inherent conflict" between the legitimate business goals of the drug companies and the medical and social needs of the wider public.

Indeed the Council of Europe is launching an investigation into "protecting patients and public health against the undue influence of the pharmaceutical industry".

It will look at "particular practices such as sponsoring health professionals by the industry... or recourse by public health institutions to the knowledge of highly specialised researchers on the pay-rolls of industry".

No matter what the outcome of such investigations, however, the pharmaceutical industry is facing fundamental change, as the traditional model of developing drugs breaks down due to rising costs and scientific advances.

The cosy world of big pharmaceuticals is under threat like never before.

Big pharma companies are in the business to make money, so will generally develop those drugs that offer the greatest potential for profit. This means a number of important drugs are neglected the current Ebola crisis being a case in point.

Total global spending on medicines will exceed $1 trillion for the first time in 2015.

page 26

continued from page 19 walking back down the trail to the lake.

Meanwhile, ranger's Dalrymple and Ellis, having just reached the plane and out of ear shot of the activity unfolding back at camp, spot a large adult bear moving down the trail from the camp. The two climb onto the plane's float and yell as the bear continues to move away. Because the bear did not appear to be acting aggressively, the rangers allowed it to move off.

Investigators combing the nearby area around the campsite discover what was left of Timothy Treadwell. "His head connected to a small piece of (spine}", and what has been described as a frozen grimace on his face. "His right arm and hand laying nearby with his wrist watch still attached".

Meanwhile, searchers excavating the bear's cache back in camp discover Amie Huguenard, who's arm and fingers had been exposed to the daylight when investigators first entered the camp.

Appearing as though she were peacefully asleep except that her body, like Tim's, had been mostly eaten by the bear.

Later, as the helicopter was being loaded, a second smaller bear approximately 3 years old seemed to be stalking the rangers and it was shot and killed as well.

Ranger Ellis states that he "saw a bear about 30 feet away".

Ranger Gilliland fires a warning shot into the air, however the bear did not react. "This bear was intermittently visible as it moved through the brush and tall grass. We were yelling and the bear was looking right at us." As the bear continued to move towards the group ranger Ellis fires a shotgun, while trooper Hill and ranger Gilliland also begin firing at the bear. "The bear dropped but continued to move. Ranger Gilliland moved in and fired a final shot" killing the bear, states Ellis.

Video and still camera equipment, also found at the site, were later analyzed by Alaska State Troopers where it was discovered that the last remaining 6 minutes of video tape, which was found still in the camera bag, had captured the sounds of the attack.

The first sounds from the tape are from Amie, "she sounds surprised and asks if it's still out there". Apparently either Tim had asked Amie to turn the camera on, or Amie just turned it on out of reflex. At any rate, the attack was in progress when the camera was turned on.

The next voice is from Timothy as he screams "Get out here!

I'm getting killed out here!" (Tim was wearing a remote microphone on his coverall's). The sound of a tent zipper is then heard and the tent flap opening. Amie is heard screaming over the background sounds of rain hitting the tent, the wind, and other storm sounds all mixed in with the bear and Tim fighting to "Play dead!"

Seconds pass before Amie yells again to "Play dead!"

Not surprisingly, with Amie yelling and screaming nearby, this seems to work and the bear breaks off the attack. A short conversation ensues as Amie and Tim try and determine if the bear is really gone. Being trained as a physician's assistant, it is believed that Amie made her way to Tim, and from the sounds caught on tape, the bear returns and Amie is forced to back off. Tim then is clearly heard screaming that playing dead isn't working and begs her to "hit the bear!"

The sound of rain hitting the tent, along with wind muffle the sounds at this point. However, Amie is clearly heard yelling to "Fight back!" She is then heard screaming "Stop! Go Away! or possibly Run Away!" as the sound of "a frying pan is used to beat the top of the bears head and the sound of Tim moaning.

It is believed that at this point in the attack, the bear let go of Tim's head which the bear had in it's mouth, and grabbed him somewhere in the upper leg area. The sound of Amie screaming very loudly, as Tim is clearly heard over the sounds of the storm, saying "Amie get away, get away, go away". Tim knew he was going to die at this point and wanted to save Amie from the same fate.

Amie did not go away.

On Friday, October 8, 2003, two days after investigators first arrived and killed the two bears, a necropsy of the larger bear was conducted at the scene by biologist Larry Van Daele, where it was learned the stomach and digestive tract contained human remains and torn pieces of clothing. Four garbage bags containing human remains were removed and flown out by helicopter.

The smaller younger bear had been eaten by other bears before the multi-agency team could return and only the head remained, so no determination could be made as to whether this young bear played any part in the deaths or the consumption of the victims.

The audio portion of this video tape lasts roughly 6 minutes.

During this period, Tim's cries and pleadings can be heard for twothirds of that time. He did not die quickly, unlike some traumatic death victims who were lucky enough to drift off into a shock induced dream state. Tim was obviously very aware and struggling desperately to survive during the last moments of his life.

Unlike what is portrayed in the movies, the bear is nearly silent. Only low growls and periodic grunts are heard which only adds to the horror of the scene. Sounds of the bear dragging Tim off, and the fading sounds of his scream's indicate that Tim is being pulled and dragged into the brush and away from camp.

As the tape comes to an end, the sounds of Amie's high-pitched screams rise to a new level, much like what has been described as "the sound of a predator call used by hunters to produce the distress cries of a small wounded animal which often attracts bears". Biologist Larry Van Daele, for the Alaska Department of Fish and Game theorizes that Amie's screams "may have prompted the bear to return and kill her."

What happened? What caused the first fatal bear attack in Katmai National Park history? Rare in itself. Rarer yet, a bear who then consumes the victims.

We can only envision the horror of what Amie had witnessed and heard. Hysterical and "paralyzed with fear, standing just outside of the tent until the bear returned and attacked her".

Questions and Theories

It would be easy to say; Well, the fact that Tim often walked up close to bears to photograph them caused his death. However, examining the evidence shows that this was not the case entirely, but was a contributing factor. The attack and killings took place in camp the night before Willy Fulton flew in to pick Tim and Amie up. Sunday night, and not during the day while Tim was normally out filming and interacting with bears.

When a bear comes into a camp, especially at night, we know that this is not a typical bear encounter but a bear that has possibly been conditioned to humans and human food, trash, or an older bear no longer able to feed on natural foods as efficiently, and we know that bears sometimes came into Tim's camp at night during previous summer excursions.

For Tim, this was nothing unusual. After all, he camped on established bear trails, or near intersecting bear trails, and had contact with the same bears every year and felt he knew each one per-

continued on page 34

page 27

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page 28

It won't be easy reining in America's 'chokehold police' In N.Y's 'I can't breathe' case, police union logic sees chokehold victim complicit in his own death

As President Barack Obama and other voices of authority try to reassure the nation that they can bring police abuse under control, a voice of true street-level power is speaking, too.

That voice belongs to Patrick Lynch, and it is frightening.

Americans would do well to listen.

Lynch is the president of New York's police union, a man described by his own organization as the most powerful police union chief in the world.

As Newsweek has put it, Lynch represents not just cops, but "what it means to be a cop in America, where guns are legal and restraint is rare."

And to Patrick Lynch, the cellphone video of a black man locked by a white officer in an officially forbidden chokehold, and grunting repeatedly that he couldn't breathe, was essentially unremarkable. As was Eric Garner's death a few minutes later.

"If you're speaking, you can breathe," he told a press conference, praising the grand jury that last week refused to indict one of his members in Garner's death. (A coroner had ruled the death a homicide.)

Parse that statement, and the menace reveals itself.

In the view of New York's police union — and, no doubt, a significant percentage of street-level police officers in US — if you can suck enough air into your lungs to gasp out that you cannot breathe, then you must be able to breathe, and therefore you're lying, and therefore there is no reason to release the chokehold.

Conversely, of course, if you actually cannot breathe, you wouldn't be able to speak at all, and therefore you'd be unable to communicate that to the policeman choking you, so how is that policeman supposed to realize he should stop?

Either way, by this piece of street-cop logic, it's not the policeman's fault. It's yours. And either way, you may very well wind up dead, which is also your fault.

Tens of thousands of protesters, carrying a collection of mock coffins, took to New York streets to protest against the grand jury's decision not to indict the police officer involved in the death of Eric Garner.

Lynch made that clear, too.

"Mr. Garner made a choice that day to resist arrest," he told the cameras. Had he just given in immediately, "he knew he'd go to the station house and … be out by the end of the day. But, unfortunately the choice was not a good choice and unfortunately we all live with the tragedy of that death."

'I can't breathe' Well, not quite. Eric Garner doesn't get to live with anything anymore.

An awful lot of Americans, from the tens of thousands of protesters chanting "I CAN'T BREATHE" to officials and lawmakers, Democrat and Republican, have denounced the grand jury's refusal to indict, viewing it as tacit approval of extreme, unnecessary violence.

'I can't breathe' police protests go nationwide America's Ferguson protests put police authority on trial As U.S. Senator Kirsten Gillibrand put it, no unarmed person should die on a New York street corner because he's suspected of some trifling offence. Garner was accosted by police for allegedly selling loose cigarettes, which he vociferously denied having done.

But the beat cop view is that there's a larger issue here: refusal to submit.

Garner's real crime was to tell police he was sick of being rousted, that it had to stop and, when officers moved in, to get their hands off him.

Police tend to hold the view that citizens have no right to resist, no matter how unfairly they're being treated, and no matter how abusively police might be wielding their considerable powers.

Try to protect yourself from a police beating, and you'll only be beaten more severely, and likely charged with assault-

ing your assaulter.

Kafkaesque I have no idea whether Patrick Lynch has spent much time reading Franz Kafka, but my guess is he would understand the treatment of Josef K., the central figure in The Trial, Kafka's masterpiece about arbitrary power and submission.

In the story, K. is arrested and tried without being told the nature of his offence. He denounces the process, or lack of it, at his trial.

But, by the end of the story, he is co-operating with his persecutors, right up to the point where his head is on a block, and two faceless agents of the state are trying to decide who should use the executioner's knife on him.

"K.," writes Kafka, "knew then exactly that it would have been his duty to take the knife … and thrust it into himself."

NYPD union president Patrick J. Lynch defended the grand jury decision not to indict a police officer in the chokehold death of an unarmed black man being arrested for selling loose cigarettes.

It's been 100 years since he Trial was written. In modern America, police are permitted to use lethal force essentially at their discretion. They also enjoy a level of legal immunity extended to no one else.

It is, of course, their job to deal with violent people, and they must err on the side of caution, especially if they perceive a threat.

As beat cops are fond of saying, it's better to face 12 jurors than to need six pallbearers.

You can understand that point of view. The problem is that police can't all be trusted with the kind of power they possess, and police violence in America, especially by predominantly white officers against minorities, seems wildly out of control.

Cleveland is the perfect, and latest, example.

Systemically abusive As public anger boiled across the U.S. after the Garner jury decision — just as it did following the shooting of the unarmed 18-year-old Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo. — Attorney General Eric Holder appeared in Cleveland to unveil a federal investigation of its police.

The feds flatly concluded that Cleveland's police force is systemically abusive, using far more force than necessary, which is unconstitutional.

Further, the report concluded, "supervisors tolerate this behaviour and in some cases endorse it."

The report describes a police sergeant firing at a victim — a victim — who fled from the house in which he'd been held captive, clad only in boxer shorts. He had continued to run, terrified, after being ordered by police to stop.

It cites a 300-pound, six-foot-four officer, angry at a 13-year-old he'd arrested, sitting on the boy, then punching his face repeatedly once he was handcuffed in the cruiser.

It cites officers who, after ordering a suspect to lie prone and restraining him, began kicking and pounding him. It cites other officers who opened fire on people trying to flee after being ordered to stop.

U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, who is stepping down soon, says the U.S. needs to have a national conversation over the use of force by police, particularly where minorities are concerned.

The report quotes the U.S. Supreme Court: "It is not better that all felony suspects die than that they escape."

Clearly, there are officers in Cleveland and New York and elsewhere in the U.S. who disagree with those words.

Holder made a statement that was remarkable, coming from the nation's top law enforcement officer: there are too many Americans suffering tragic losses because of police abuse.

But Holder's ultimate solution is the same as President Obama's and New York Mayor Bill de Blasio's, and the great many other politicians who've spoken out: America, they say, needs to have "a national conversation."

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continued from page 17 which was filled with students from 50 different countries but taught entirely in English. In fact, German universities have drastically increased all-English classes to more than 1,150 programmes across many fields.

In 1999, European Union members signed the Bologna Accords, which called for uniform university degrees, and established a Bachelor/Master system across Europe. With hundreds of thousands of students from Portugal to Sweden freely travelling abroad, studying and getting degrees in other countries, English became the common language.

At Hunter's university, the Technical University in Munich, 20% of students are non-German. The University president is keen to have every single graduate programme offered in English, and only in English, by the year 2020.

"You can feel sad and think it's a pity that we are losing our own mothers' tongue in the technical disciplines, but that's the development in the world," says Wolfgang Herrmann.

He acknowledges that people wanting to study philosophy and other cultural sciences would still have to be taught in German.

"But in the technical disciplines you could say the world is easier."

Still, to thrive in daily German life, students and experts alike told the BBC that German language skills are crucial.

"If you go to a pub or supermarket and you don't understand what everyone is saying in the long run you don't feel comfortable," says Sebastian Fohrbeck, Director of Scholarships at DAAD. Most universities offer subsidised language programmes, and in some cases a certificate proving the applicant's German skills is required to apply to certain courses or scholarships.

What's in it for Germany?

One student in Berlin costs the country, on average, â&#x201A;Ź13,300 ($14,600) a year. That number varies according to the field of study. With no tuition fees that expense is shouldered by the individual states, and ultimately the German taxpayer.

Of 170,000 students in the capital city of Berlin, more than 25,000 are from outside Germany. In simple math, that's â&#x201A;Ź332.5 ($364.3) million that Berlin spends a year on foreign students. The question is why?

"It's not unattractive for us when knowledge and know-how come to us from other countries and result in jobs when these students have a business idea and stay in Berlin to create their startup," says Steffen Krach, Berlin's Secretary of Science.

German students do not need to worry either, he says, because the city has increased capacities massively in recent years at its universities and there is enough space for everyone on campus.

Research shows that the system is working, says Sebastian Fohrbeck of DAAD, and that 50% of foreign students stay in Germany.

"Even if people don't pay tuition fees, if only 40% stay for five years and pay taxes we recover the cost for the tuition and for the study places so that works out well."

For a society with a demographic problem - a growing retired population and fewer young people entering college and the workforce - qualified immigration is seen as a resolution to the problem.

"Keeping international students who have studied in the country is the ideal way of immigration. They have the needed certificates, they don't have a language problem at the end of their stay and they know the culture," says Fohrbeck.

Can it last?

Yet with more students from the US and across the world turning their attention to a cost-effective education in Germany, questions arise how long this system can be sustainable.

At Technical University in Munich, Dr Herrmann can imagine a future when international students are asked to pay in order to keep up with the global competition.

"If we ignore the question of how to finance an outstanding university in the future we will not continue to have outstanding universities in Germany." Dr Herrmann says. "Education, teaching and research are very intimately connected with money. That's a global law we cannot escape."

An amount of â&#x201A;Ź5,000-10,000 ($5,400-11,000) would be appropriate, says Dr Herrmann, who thinks these fees would also see an increase in services for international students.

But students and educators alike are warning that even the smallest fees could bring an end to the flow of talent to Germany from certain parts of the world.

"I definitely think a limited amount would be fair for American students," says Katherine, who finished her degree in Cottbus and is now living in Berlin.

"But they also have to consider students who come from developing countries that can't pay these kind of tuition fees."

In the capital city of Berlin, the most popular destination for international students, the state government says it has no plans to introduce fees anytime soon.

"We will not introduce tuition fees for international students," says Krach, the Secretary of Science. "We don't want the entry to

college to be dependent on your social status and we don't want that the exchange between countries is only dependent on the question of finances."

In the US, meanwhile, there won't be any movement to create a system similar to the one in Germany as long as people flock to expensive schools for their reputation.

"College education in the US is seen as privilege and expected to cost money and in Germany it is seen as an extension of a free high school education where one expects it to be provided," says Jeffrey Peck, Dean of the Weissman School of Arts and Sciences at Baruch College/CUNY. "It's a totally different attitude in what we expect as a society."

After Jay Malone received his Master's degree in the West German town of Siegen last year he decided to stay in the country and start an agency called Eight Hours and Change which advises US students who wish to study in Germany.

Selling a free college degree to US high school students and their parents isn't a hard undertaking.

"Most of the questions are 'is it really true?' and then I have to spend five minutes reassuring," says Jay. "But slowly people have wrapped their mind around it and have started associating Germany with this system."

One of the biggest stumbling blocks for potential applicants is convincing them that the quality of education can be high even though it is free.

"Nobody in the US wonders why high school is free," says Sebastian Fohrbeck of DAAD. "Our economic success proves that we are not completely wrong. If you really train your manpower and womenpower well, this is of extreme benefit for the whole country."

Katherine also decided to stay after graduation and moved to Berlin to work for a start-up association. Sitting in a trendy cafe

continued on page 36

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page 34 continued from page 26 sonally. In each case, Tim would leave the tent as soon as he heard a bear nearby, and would calmly talk to them in his often child like voice encouraging and forcing them to leave.

How do we know that?

He often taped the encounters.

So what happened? Here is my theory of what took place that cold and stormy night.

Tim and Amie decide to stay a week later than they had ever stayed in the past, in search of a favorite bear yet unseen.

Bears in Katmai National Park typically begin to den sometime in October or November and go into hyperpagia in early September, as they try to gain as much weight as possible prior to denning by mass feeding.

The salmon run was at its end, and the river that flowed through the "grizzly maze" contained the last remaining salmon of the year. There is a possibility, as well as some speculation, that wilder unknown bears from the interior had possibly moved in, forcing out the bears Tim was used to seeing and interacting with each year.

The berry crop was also reported poor by U.S. Forest Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife agents.

The older, larger bear that killed Tim and Amie had been ear tagged in 1990 after the Valdez-Alaska oil spill as part of a larger research project, and had the number 141 tattooed on the inside of it's upper lip. At the time of necropsy, 3 days after Tim and Amie were killed, bear #141 was reported to be "a scrawny, but healthy 1000 pound 28-year-old male that was probably looking to fatten up for winter, with broken canine teeth, and others worn down to the gums". Right at the end of a three month long salmon spawn, which would indicate that this bear was no longer able to feed on natural food items as efficiently, as well as in competition with other, younger, stronger, more dominant bears for what little food remained, and we know from past experience that an older bear no longer able to feed on natural foods, will make more use of garbage, and often raid camps and cabins if it has ever had those food items available to it in the past.

Bears are opportunistic in obtaining food. Whatever is easy to get to while expending the least amount of energy. Brooks camp, a well known and heavily used fly in fishing camp is 60 air miles from Tim and Amie's camp.

My experience with camps like this is, there is always at least some garbage, trash or other food items laying around. Lets face it, humans are not exactly the cleanest animals on the planet, "what harm would it do to just toss this banana peal or apple core?"

The harder garbage is to dispose of, and in this case all garbage had to be flown out by plane, the easier and more available it is for bears in the area to get to. Brooks camp would also increase the amount of human encounters. Habituation to humans results in loss of fear. However, it is unknown whether bear #141 had ever

gotten into or received some sort of food reward from humans. We can only speculate.

There was also speculation that bear #141 was a bear that Tim had never had contact with in past years. However, from statements made by Willy Fulton, the pilot that transported Tim and Amie in and out each year, "this was a bear he had seen before" on previous flights and was "just a dirty rotten bear, that Tim didn't like anyway, and wanted to be friends with but never happened".

Likewise, after reviewing the video tape made by Tim 10 days before he was killed, it is now believed that bear #141 was a bear that Tim had named "Ollie, the big old grumpy bear".

Tim and Amie's friends have also speculated that "bear #141 was an abused bear", because it had been previously trapped, tranquilized and tattooed, and that the bear had actually hunted Tim and Amie that night, and "came for them". If this were true, then we would have hundreds, possibly even thousands of bears hunting humans each year, which is just not the case and has been an argument made since the early 1960's when bears were first trapped and studied. That somehow these same bears then want to get back at humans is just too far reaching.

Amie and Tim were in the tent on Sunday night chatting about that days filming and returning to "the world".

Open snack food was found in the tent untouched, so they were about to eat a quick snack before bed as the sound of a bear is heard outside. Tim leaves the tent and walks away from the tent and towards the bear.

As Tim leaves the tent, investigators believe that Amie instinctively turns the camera on, possibly as "her message in a bottle", and then asks Tim if the bear is still out there, and almost immediately the bear attacks.

I don't believe this for a minute. Having the presence of mind to turn a camera on with a bear just outside of a thin tent wall could only come from repetition, from someone who had done it many times.

Amie had only spent a few weeks, each of the three years that she had been to Alaska. Tim on the other hand, had spent months each year for 13 years, five of which carrying a video camera, and literally filmed everything! Every thought, every bear, every encounter, virtually every moment of every day, so that the camera became an extension of his body, and to think that Amie somehow knew that she and Tim were going to die that night is hard to believe.

I believe Tim left the tent and walked towards the bear a short distance, speaking softly to it as he had on numerous occasions, encouraging the bear to leave. The bear keeps its distance, and when it appears that this will be like any other encounter, Tim decides to tape at least the audio portion for use in future presentations, yelling out to Amie to turn the camera on, which startles the bear, who had been still up to this point, and triggers the attack.

Up until that point, the bear had probably been sizing Tim up and making a judgment of threat level.

Amie turns the camera on and asks if the bear is still out there.

Tim then yells for Amie to "Get out here! I'm getting killed out here!". Amie leaves the tent (the sound of a zipper and the tent door being opened) and sees Tim on the ground struggling with his head in the bear's mouth and yells for him to "play dead!".

Bears often attack, or defend themselves by first going for the head in an attempt to take out the opponents weapon; the face, mouth and head. Bear number #141 had worn, broken canines and was unable to make use of this tactic, along with the fact that the human head is just too large to fit directly inside of a bears mouth.

"Often ripping and tearing the scalp, ears, and face".

In my opinion, Amie was able to drive the bear away initially, because this was an older bear who had become conditioned when dealing with younger, stronger, more dominant bears by moving away from the food it had just obtained after being challenged, and was probably startled by a second animal, Amie in this case, suddenly appearing and making a lot of noise.

After scaring the bear away, Amie and Tim have a short conversation while determining where the bear is, and whether it is still nearby. Amie is cautious and afraid, the tent is a secure refuge in her mind. Amie then walks over to Tim, and based on training in the hospital no doubt told Tim to lay still, but is then tested and driven away by the bear, and at this point in the attack I believe Tim realized that this was not a typical bear encounter, and that playing dead was not going to work and the wrong response, yelling at Amie to "hit the bear!".

Again, I believe this older male bear had become conditioned through repetition. In the past when this bear had been driven away from a freshly caught salmon or other food item, the need to eat and put on weight had no doubt caused this bear to then test the true strengths of the thief and attempt to re-take its meal. Hundreds of video taped encounters like this have been filmed over the years with many different bears. Tim had even filmed such encounters.

Once the bear had driven Amie off, I believe the bears predatory instincts took over and decided to drag Tim off to a more secure area after Amie returned and began aggressively attacking it with the frying pan, just as the bear would have done when dealing with other more dominant bears and a freshly caught salmon or moose calf.

In video footage recovered from the camp, there was at least some video taken days or hours earlier, showing Amie sitting on the ground as a large bear sits behind her within 10 feet.

In this footage, Amie is obviously nervous and scared as she leans away from the bear. Likewise, we know from Tim's diary that Amie was frightened of bears.

Knowing this, I think Amie was #1: Reluctant to leave the tent and approach and attack the bear that was on Tim right from the start of the attack and #2: Not knowledgeable enough about bears herself to know that this was not a typical bear encounter, and that once she was able to push the bear away and had moved over to Tim, that she needed to fight back aggressively to keep the bear from returning, and once the bear tested her and she ran or moved away from Tim, that this triggered a predatory instinct in the bear to protect "its kill", and dragged Tim away to a safer location. Much as it would have done with a salmon or other food item when approached by other bears in the area.

page 35 In previous night time bear encounters around remote camps, individuals who aggressively fought bears that were attacking their friend, were in most cases, able to drive the bear away. "Grizzly bears usually enter camping areas at a walk and at night. Before an attack, a person seldom sees any signs of aggression" writes, Dr. Stephen Herrero in his book "Bear Attacks, Their Causes and Avoidance".

Individuals who have aggressively yelled at the bear, or thrown rocks or other objects to distract the bear, generally have then had time to move away to safety or, they drove the bear away with the first yell and aggressive action. Night encounters are much different than surprise encounters during the day and must be handled differently.

However, in cases where individuals were able to drive a bear away during night encounters, but then moved away from the victim, either on purpose, or by the bear returning and "testing" this healthy person driving them off, the bear has in nearly every case dragged the victim even farther, and then killed and consumed him or her. Extremely rare, but it has happened.

Had Amie aggressively fought off the bear after she got to Tim, would she have been able to save him and herself? Had she helped Tim back to the tent after the bear had moved off after the initial attack, or had Tim and Amie brought a can of "Bear Spray", as they had on earlier expeditions, would they be alive today? Those are questions that will never be answered. Anything is possible.

I believe that, had Tim not walked away from the tent and towards the bear, and had stayed with Amie, or had they both left the tent and backed away from the tent giving the bear room, that the bear would not have attacked and both Tim and Amie would be alive today. Bears are more reluctant to attack multiple people than they are one lone individual. In this particular case, the bear came walking down the path that night and had no where else to go, but right through the camp with Tim and Amie's tent in the middle of the trail.

I partially agree with the investigators, in that Amie screaming had initiated the attack on her after Tim had been dragged off. If Amie had remained quiet, I doubt that the bear would have returned to her, which would have given her enough time to back away and get to the beach, where she could have hidden until the next day when Willy Fulton was expected to arrive, but when faced with the horror's she had just witnessed, who can blame her for losing her mind and screaming.

However, I do not believe that Amie's screams attracted the bear "like a predator call". There is no doubt that the sight's and sounds of Tim being dragged away from camp by the bear horrified Amie to the point where she lost her mind with fear. When left with nothing else to do and confronted with extreme danger, screamed even louder in hopes that somehow this nightmare would end and the bear would once again leave Tim. After all, she had screamed earlier and was successful in driving the bear away. No gun, no weapon of any kind except for a frying pan, screaming was all she had left.

Instead of attracting the bear "like a predator call", I believe this very aggressive bear was still attempting to "protect its kill". I believe that Amie more than likely ran after the bear a short distance, as it was dragging Tim up the trail screaming at the top of her lungs and striking the bear with the frying pan once again in a last ditch effort to drive the bear away, but was then pushed back

to the tent a second time. The bear was then caught up in the "cat and mouse" chase that no doubt resulted around the tent, and the bears predatory instinct was triggered and Amie was killed.

This latter scenario can not be confirmed because thankfully for us the video tape ran out before it occurred.

An Unconventional Person This incident occurred due to " An unconventional person with unconventional behavior toward bears, camped in the middle of a very dangerous situation.". Such were the words of biologist Larry Van Daele in trying to make sense of this tragedy. Unconventional? Indeed.

Tim's foolish disregard for his own safety, and over confidence dealing with bears in the past, luck really, not to mention his mistake of placing anthropomorphic values on bears, and disregarding established federal guidelines when photographing and camping with brown bears contributed to both Tim and Amie's death. Grizzly bears are wild animals and should always be treated as such, wild and unpredictable. Not a pet, or lovable cuddly bear.

Tim would often tell listeners about the time he calmly defused a dangerous encounter with a bear, by talking softly to it. When the confrontation was over, he claimed to have laid down and napped next to the sleeping bear. Likewise, in a 1994 interview when he was asked whether he was ever afraid of the bears, he responded with saying "They wouldn't hurt me".

Did Treadwell have a special connection with the bears? Not all bear researchers think so. "I've been working on bears for a long time, and more and more I'm convinced that most of the credit for bears and people getting along goes to the bears," said John Hechtel, a wildlife biologist with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.

"Bears along the Alaskan coast are well-fed because of the area's salmon runs. The salmon attract an extremely dense population of bears. So, the challenge for the coastal grizzlies isn't dealing with people -- it's competing for food".

Tim was just plain lucky for 13 years and became over confident in his own abilities. The fact that he was not killed earlier, just goes to prove that grizzly bears really want nothing to do with humans and would rather avoid us whenever possible, but will tolerate us, to a point. There are boundaries in the world of the bear, and in wilderness.

Each year, when Tim set camp within Katmai National Park, he voluntarily became a member of the food chain, and by not placing an electric fence around his camp (All bear researchers that camp in this area reportedly set up portable electric fences), by hiding his camp from park rangers in dense alder brush thickets, as well as refusing to carry bear spray (firearms are prohibited in National Parks) and by crawling and walking up close to large brown bears, often touching or attempting to touch adult bears and young cubs, showed a total disregard for his life, the life of his girlfriend Amie Huguenard, and the lives of each bear that he interacted with. (National Park Service 2003) The same bears he

claimed to protect.

Who's to blame? Only Tim, and of course Amie for trusting Tim, but then who can really say? It is possible that this incident would have occurred no matter what precautions Tim and Amie might have taken. It is very easy to sit back in our nice comfortable living rooms and Monday morning quarterback what occurred far away and a week, or even years earlier.

It could be as simple as; Being in the wrong place at the wrong time. That's the risk we have to take to see the last remaining symbol of wilderness. Sometimes you get the bear, and sometimes the bear gets you. The more time you spend with grizzly bears increases the chances that the bear will someday get you.

A sobering thought for someone like myself. One who spends so much time each year around grizzly bears, but is also the thought that keeps me in check. It is far too easy to fall prey to your own self confidence. Always reminding myself that the more time I spend in "grizzly country" increases the chances that someday, something could go wrong "keeps me on my toes" at all times and always expecting things to "go south" at any moment.

Very strange things happen in the backcountry when you are least expecting it. No matter how many safety precautions you may have taken, or how prepared you might be.

I have to wonder though, Did Tim still think that grizzly bears were "mainly harmless party animals" as the bear attacked and then dragged him away from camp ?

Hero's and Nightmares The true hero of this sad tale is of course Amie Huguenard, the one person in this saga that we know so little about. Who, even though horrified at the sights and sounds of Tim being eaten alive, stayed with a man she knew was "hell bent on destruction", overcoming her fear and fought a thousand pound grizzly bear with nothing more than a frying pan for at least 6 minutes in an attempt to save her friend and lover Tim Treadwell.

Knowing that both tents were knocked down, the contents, including open snack food, as well as their neatly placed shoes discovered untouched in the sleeping tent, sends chills down my back when I think about it, and I have often woke in the middle of the night drenched in a cold sweat knowing that Amie had retreated to the main tent as Tim was being dragged kicking and screaming away from camp.

Did Amie try and keep the tents between herself and the bear when it returned? Dodging and weaving around one tent, and then the other, out of her mind with fear? No where to go, no tree to climb, no police officer to call, and left screaming, running around the only barrier left between her and the bear, only to have the bear finally just go over the top and finally catch her?

The stuff horror movies are made of. Stephen King could not have dreamed of a more frightening sequence of events. I suppose that is my payment for knowing too much information, and being able to fill in the blanks. I only hope that the end came quick for Amie.

page 36 continued from page 32 where the bartender speaks little German but fluent English, Katherine says this experience made her question the way education is financed in the US. "I can't imagine ever thinking that my children one day are going to end up in thousands and thousands of dollars in debt when they can come to Germany and have no debt and you can live so cheaply as a student."

Even during stressful times studying in a foreign language in Munich, Hunter has not regretted the step he took, and already knows he wants to stay in Germany after graduation.

"I miss my family all the time, but there was never a moment where I thought I belong back home. Germany as a whole fits so well to my needs in life."

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His mother Amy is okay with that as long as her son finds a good job and doesn't struggle. She does wonder why her own country was not able to give him a similar education at a price tag that this single mother could afford.

"I feel like my child is getting an absolute wonderful education over there for free. Betrayal is too strong of a word, but why can't we do that here?"

The first port of call Every university has an International Office (or Akademisches Auslandsamt). It is the central contact for international students and those interested in applying for a course.

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Dates and deadlines Course preparation and course entry Course fees and financing your studies International Offices hold frequent introductory and orientation events. This helps international students familiarise themselves with the institutions and the processes at the university. Some International Offices have also established mentor programmes. In these programmes, local students provide support for international students. They help answer questions on the course, dealing with the authorities and everyday problems.

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Use your Faith and make Plans to go.

MANITOBA

page 37 Humour can Save Your Life...

The story goes that a certain court jester went too far one day and insulted his king. The king became so infuriated that he sentenced the jester to be executed.

His court prayed upon the king to have mercy for this man who had served him well for so many years.

After a time, the king relented only enough to give the jester his "choice" as to how he would like to die.

True to form, the jester replied, "If it's all the same to you my Lord, I'd like to die of old age."

Favourite Bakery!

An overweight colleague of mine decided it was time to shed some excess pounds. He took his new diet seriously, even changing his driving route to avoid his .

One morning, however, he arrived at work carrying a gigantic coffeecake. We all scolded him, but his smile remained cherubic.

"This is a very special coffeecake," he explained. "I accidentally drove by the bakery this morning and there in the window were a host of goodies. I felt this was no accident, so I prayed, 'Lord, if you want me to have one of those delicious coffeecakes, let me have a parking place directly in front of the bakery.'

"And sure enough," he continued, "the eighth time around the block, there it was!"

The Captain!

Observing a light across the water, the captain had his signalman instruct the other vessel to change her course ten degrees south.

The response was prompt, "Change your course ten degrees north."

"I am a captain," he responded testily. "Change your course ten degrees south."

The reply, "I'm a seaman first class--change your course north."

The captain was furious, "Change your course now.I'm on a battleship."

"Change your course ten degrees north, sir--I'm in a lighthouse!"

Dead horses!

The Major went out to find that none of his soldiers were there.

One finally ran up, sweating heavily.

"Sorry, sir! I can explain, you see I had a date and it ran a little late. I ran to the bus but missed it, I hailed a cab but it broke down, found a farm, bought a horse but it dropped dead, ran five miles, and now I'm here."

The Major was very skeptical about this explanation but at least he was here so he let the soldier go. Moments later, more soldiers came up to the Major panting, he asked them why they were late.

"Sorry, sir! I had a date and it ran a little late, I ran to the bus but missed it, I hailed a cab but it broke down, found a farm, bought a horse but it dropped dead, ran 10 miles, and now I'm here."

The Major eyed them, feeling very skeptical but since he let the first guy go, he let them go, too.

Another soldier jogged up to the Major, panting heavily.

"Sorry, sir! I had a date and it ran a little late, I ran to the bus but missed it, I hailed a cab but..."

"Let me guess," the Major interrupted, "it broke down."

"No," said the soldier., "there were so many dead horses in the road, it took forever to get around them."

Dating Ads for Seniors You can say what you want about Florida, but you never hear of anyone retiring and moving north. These are actual ads seen in 'The Villages'' Florida newspaper. Who says seniors don't have a sense of humour?

Foxy Lady Sexy, fashion-conscious blue-haired beauty, 80's, slim, 5'4' (used to be 5'6'). Searching for sharp-looking, sharp-dressing companion.

Matching white shoes and belt a plus.

Ling Term Commitment Recent widow who has just buried fourth husband. Looking for someone to round out a six-unit plot. Dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath not a problem.

Senenity Now I am into solitude, long walks, sunrises, the ocean, yoga and meditation. If you are the silent type, let's get together, take our hearing aids out and enjoy quiet times.

Winning Smile Active grandmother with original teeth seeking a dedicated flosser to share rare steaks, corn on the cob and caramel candy.

Beatles or Stones?

I still like to rock, still like to cruise in my Camaro on Saturday nights and still like to play the guitar.

If you were a groovy chick, or are now a groovy hen, let's get together and listen to my eight-track tapes.

Memories I can usually remember Monday through Thursday.

If you can remember Friday, Saturday and Sunday, let's put our two heads together.

Mint Cindition Male, 1932 model, high mileage, good condition, some hair, many new parts including hip, knee, cornea, valves. Isn't in running condition, but walks well.

Do not regret growing older. It is a privilege denied to many.

The Divine Frog!

A family are driving in their car on holidays. A frog crosses the road and the husband, who is driving, is able to stop the car. He gets out and takes the frog and carries him to the side of the road.

The frog is grateful, thanks the man and tells him that he will grant him a wish.

The man says, "Please make my dog win the next dog race."

The frog asks to look at the dog, which limps out of the car. The

frog notices that the dog only has three legs, it very fat, and can barely move at all so he tells the man that he thinks it is almost impossible to fulfil his wish and asks that the man will tell him another wish.

The man says, "Well, then please make my wife win the next beauty contest in the area."

The frog asks him to tell his wife to get out of the car. Wife comes out of the car and approaches the frog.

The frog turns to the man and says, "Could I please have another look at the dog?"

Train Accident In a terrible accident at a railroad crossing a train smashed into a car and pushed it nearly four hundred yards down the track. Though no one was killed, the driver took the train company to court.

At the trial, the engineer insisted that he had given the driver ample warning by waving his lantern back and forth for nearly a minute. He even stood and convincingly demonstrated how he'd done it. The court believed his story, and the suit was dismissed.

"Congratulations," the lawyer said to the engineer when it was over. "You did superbly under cross-examination."

"Thanks," he said, "but he sure had me worried."

"How's that?" the lawyer asked.

"I was afraid he was going to ask if the lantern was lit!"

The Goat and The Horse There was a farmer who had a horse and a goat.

One day, the horse became ill and he called the veterinarian, who said: Well, your horse has a virus. He must take this medicine for three days. I'll come back on the 3rd day and if he's not better, we're going to have to put him down.

Nearby, the goat listened closely to their conversation.

The next day, they gave him the medicine and left.

The goat approached the horse and said: Be strong, my friend.

Get up or else they're going to put you to sleep!

On the second day, they gave him the medicine and left.

The goat came back and said: Come on buddy, get up or else you're going to die! Come on, I'll help you get up. Let's go! One, two, three...

On the third day, they came to give him the medicine and the vet said: Unfortunately, we're going to have to put him down tomorrow. Otherwise, the virus might spread and infect the other horses.

After they left, the goat approached the horse and said: Listen pal, it's now or never! Get up, come on! Have courage!

Come on! Get up! Get up! That's it, slowly! Great! Come on, one, two, three... Good, good. Now faster, come on...

Fantastic! Run, run more!

Yes! Yay! Yes! You did it, you're a champion!!!

All of a sudden, the owner came back, saw the horse running in the field and began shouting: It's a miracle! My horse is cured. We must have a grand party. Let's Cook the goat!!!!

Lesson: Management never knows which employee actually deserves the appraisal.

Horoscope Aries

(March 21 - April 19) You seem surrounded by good ideas and that’s great, but not all of them are yours so you can’t take credit if that’s the case. If you do others will be quick to challenge you. Just be glad you’re all on the same page and working together over collective goals. You may have to move away from the insular comfort of working close to home to get the promotion you need or the job satisfaction you crave. Be confident and choose.

Leo

(July 23 - August 22)

Lose the holier than thou attitude and go all out for some light relief by not taking yourself or anyone else too seriously. Be open minded about changes in the work arena, as realistically, you feel the person making all the noise about the changes is the one who knows the least. Use your magic to get everyone on the same page again. Make sure you have plenty of early nights as you’ll need to conserve your energy The road ahead no longer look rocky.

Sagittarius

(Nov. 22 - Dec. 21) Co-operation and compromise goes a long way at work, and you’ll turn heads with your incredible creativity. If you’re brave, bold, dynamic and determined you could win the prize at just about anything. Others offer you advice but although you really don’t need it, say thanks anyway. You’ve got what it takes to keep moving forward positively, but it’ll be more of a challenge than it has been in the past.

Family and friends are supportive.

Taurus

(April 20 - May 20) If you attend to clearing away practical issues and work chores, you’ll leave yourself more room to breathe by the end of August and in nice time to let your hair down without worrying. Be decisive about open ended issues son that you’re able to start new month on a fresh page. It’s time to please yourself and go after what you want. You’re ringing in the changes socially and it feels great.

Make your moves with confidence and don’t change direction mid way there.

Virgo

(August 23 - Sep. 22)

August Gemini

(May 21 - June 21) Self expression is your key to happiness this month, so try to find the right words when dealing with issues at work, when talking to children or family. Focus on friendships and relationships to feel sated. Think outside the box to find ingenious ways to gives yourself a head start over new projects. A close friend brings you invaluable advice. Get out into the fresh air as it always blows away the cobwebs.

Recharge your batteries.

Libra

(Sep. 23 - Oct. 23)

Now that you’ve got your life back up and running methodically and productively, others will think you’ve got the answer to every problem, so you may start being inundated with others asking for help.

Do what you can naturally, but remember your own needs are just as important. Keep digging until you see a solution to turning things to your advantage, and you will. Be aware of when you’re crossing the line. Your popularity socially grows.

The unsettling feeling of thinking that there’s something missing from your life wont be helped when you realise you can’t even put your finger on what it actually is. Do your best to just carry on with life as you know it, and don’t allow yourself to be sidetracked by something inanimate. Continue to act confidently and show you’ve got a handle on everything that’s happening.

Keep the possessive side of your nature hidden when it comes to love.

Capricorn

Aquarius

(Dec. 22 - Jan. 19) The only way you’ll get to the bottom off a situation that’s been troubling you, is to take your time and keep digging until you strike gold. Unintentionally or not, you’re certainly ruffling someone’s feathers. You see you’re so determined to stick to your to do list and get jobs completed, that you won’t notice others aren’t pulling their weight. Once you see it however it’ll be a different story and all hell might break loose. Plan carefully.

(Jan. 20 - Feb. 18) In order to move ahead with surety that you’re going to succeed, look to past situations to see where you went wrong, and learn from your mistakes. You won’t get what you want by remaining isolated so you’ll have to rely on others, something you hate doing. That’s life. You wont know what you’re capable of achieving until you try, so go out on a limb and give it your best shot. You now seem to be surrounded by positive influences.

Cancer

(June 22 - July 22) Break free of the drudgery of boring everyday life. Instead of taking the grey route, make yourself busy with exciting new projects that push you to your limits mentally and physically. Keep opinions to yourself for now. Don’t let you confidence take a knock because someone you thought of as a supporter lets you down. Don’t let you confidence take a knock because someone you thought of as a supporter lets you down. Think before you speak.

Scorpio

(Oct. 24 - Nov. 21) You work very hard to keep the jealous possessive side of your nature hidden from view, but there are times, once in a blue moon that this side of you springs to the surface and erupts into the collective. Be careful if you’re jealous as your assumptions may be wrong.

Don’t rise to the bait if you can help it, even if detractors tell you there’s something missing from your life.

Don’t buy into being goaded. Take the action required to go for the win.

Pisces

(Feb. 19 - March 20) Business matters have to be given precedence over pleasure, but that’s no problem for you as you seem to have worked out a great template for mixing business with pleasure of late and it’s working well.

You find fun in the unlikeliest of places and your laughter is infectious. Enjoy the simple pleasures of life. You don’t need much to be happy, plain wholesome food, good company and contentment. It’s all about finding a balance that works.

by

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