The Importance of Having Transport System in Some Multicellular Organisms
What is transport ? The action of carrying or taking place goods from one place to another ?
Every living organism constantly needs the exchange of substances such as nutrients, waste products, and respiratory gases with the environment in order to order to survive and grow.
The concept of total surface area / volume ratio (TSA/V) Look at the cuboids in diagram A and B. Relate it with the idea. A
B 4cm 2cm 3cm
4cm 2cm 3cm
4cm 6cm 4cm
4cm 2cm 3cm
4cm 2cm 3cm
The TSA/V is high = The diffusion process is more easy / faster
Aorta
Semilunar valves
Pulmonary arteries Anterior vena cava Pulmonary veins
Atrioventicular (tricuspid) valve
Left atrium Atrioventicular (bicuspid) valve
Right atrium
Left ventricle Posterior vena cava
Intraventicular septum
Tendinous chords Right ventricle
FUNCTIONS Delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells. Carries waste products away from the cells. Protects the body from infections.
3
Major components in the circulatory system
BLOOD HEART BLOOD VESSELS
BLOOD Definition
Blood is the medium of transport in humans and animals
The medium of transport in invertebrates such as insects
HAEMOLYMPH
BLOOD
Blood Transports
Functions Blood Regulates
Blood Protects
BLOOD
Functions
Blood Transports Oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the whole body, and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. Nutrients, hormones and antibodies throughout the body. Waste products away from the cells to the organ of the excretory system.
BLOOD
Functions
Blood Regulates The pH of body fluids The body temperature The water content of cells
BLOOD
Functions
Blood Protects From excessive blood loss in an injury through the mechanism of blood clotting. From diseases and helps to fight against infections.
BLOOD
Composition
BLOOD CELLS
PLASMA
HUMAN BLOOD
PLASMA (55%)
ERYTHROCYTES
BLOOD CELLS (45%)
LEUCOCYTES
PLATELES
PLASMA
The main transport medium in the body
CONSTITUENTS
FUNCTIONS
Water Ions Plasma proteins
Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobulin
Hormones Dissolved substances
A solvent to transport dissolves substances.
PLASMA
The main transport medium in the body
CONSTITUENTS
FUNCTIONS
Water Ions Plasma proteins
Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobulin
Hormones Dissolved substances
Maintain the osmotic balance and the pH of the blood at 7.4.
PLASMA CONSTITUENTS
The main transport medium in the body
FUNCTIONS
Water Ions Plasma proteins
Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobulin
Hormones Dissolved substances
1. Maintain the osmotic balance between the blood and the interstitial fluid. 2. Provide a defence against injuries and diseases.
PLASMA CONSTITUENTS
The main transport medium in the body
FUNCTIONS
Water Ions Plasma proteins
Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobulin
Hormones Dissolved substances
Clotting factor that help blood clotting.
PLASMA CONSTITUENTS
The main transport medium in the body
FUNCTIONS
Water Ions Plasma proteins
Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobulin
Hormones Dissolved substances
Antibodies that help in the body’s defence.
PLASMA CONSTITUENTS
The main transport medium in the body
FUNCTIONS
Water Ions Plasma proteins
Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobulin
Hormones Dissolved substances
Control physiological activities in the body.
PLASMA CONSTITUENTS
The main transport medium in the body
FUNCTIONS
Water Ions Plasma proteins
Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobulin
Hormones Dissolved substances
1. Contents of nutrients, waste productions and respiratory gases. 2. Important for the production of energy, growth and the maintenance of health.
CELLULAR COMPONENTS
Consist of erythrocytes, leucocytes & platelets
Erythrocytes
Leucocytes
Platelets
CHARACTERISTICS Shaped like a biconcave disc. Does not have nucleus. 7.5 µm in diameter.
Characteristic 1-3 give large TSA/V for rapid diffusion.
Haemoglobin is an oxygen-cayying protein pigments that give the erythrocytes its red colour. Haemoglobin contains a heam group that contains an iron atom and is the site of oxygen binding. 120 days lifespan – destroyed in the liver. Constinuosly manufactured in the born marrow of long bones, the ribs, the skull and the vetebrae. As erythrocytes mature – lose their nuclei and mitocondrion – giving the bioconcave-disc shape.
CHARACTERISTICS
Fragments of large cells from the bone marrow. Have no nucleus. 2-3 Âľm in diameter. Important role in blood clotting.
CHARACTERISTICS Colourless and have nuclei and mitocondrion. Irregular in shape. Less than 1% of the volume of blood. Larger than red blood cells. Made by the stem cells in the bone marrow. Their collective function is to fight infections in various ways . Leucocytes can squeeze through the pores in the blood capillaries and fight the panthogens in the interstitial fluid. Classified as either granular or agranular
GRANULOCYTES
EOSINOPHILS BASOPHILS
LEUCOCYTES LYMPHOCYTES
AGRANULOCYTES MONOCYTES
Engulf and digest bacteria and dead cells.
NEUTROPILS
GRANULOCYTES BASOPHILS
LEUCOCYTES LYMPHOCYTES
AGRANULOCYTES MONOCYTES
Release enzymes to combat inflammation in allergic reactions; also kills parasitic worms
NEUTROPILS
GRANULOCYTES
EOSINOPHILS
LEUCOCYTES LYMPHOCYTES
AGRANULOCYTES MONOCYTES
Involved in combating inflammatory and allergic reactions
NEUTROPILS
GRANULOCYTES
EOSINOPHILS BASOPHILS
LEUCOCYTES
AGRANULOCYTES MONOCYTES
Produce the immune response against foreign substances
NEUTROPILS
GRANULOCYTES
EOSINOPHILS BASOPHILS
LEUCOCYTES LYMPHOCYTES
AGRANULOCYTES Engulf and digest bacteria and dead cells
HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS 3 Types of human blood vessels
Arteries
Cappillaries Wall (one-cell thick)
Lumen Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle Connective tissue (elastic fibres)
Vein
HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS
Arteries Thick, muscular, elastic
WALL
LUMEN
VALVE
Capillaries
Veins
One-cell thick, Thin, no muscule, less muscular, no tissue less elastic
BLOOD CONTENT
DIRECTION OF BLOOD FLOW
BLOOD PRESSURE
FUNCTION
HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS
WALL
LUMEN
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Small
Very small
Large
VALVE
BLOOD CONTENT
DIRECTION OF BLOOD FLOW
BLOOD PRESSURE
FUNCTION
HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS
Arteries
No valve
WALL
LUMEN
VALVE
Capillaries
No valve
BLOOD CONTENT
Veins Have valve which maintain the one-way flow of blood
DIRECTION OF BLOOD FLOW
BLOOD PRESSURE
FUNCTION
HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Oxygenated blood at the Oxygenated Deoxygenated blood except arteriole ends blood except and the pulmonary the pulmonary deoxygenated artery vein blood at the venule ends
WALL
LUMEN
VALVE
BLOOD CONTENT
DIRECTION OF BLOOD FLOW
BLOOD PRESSURE
FUNCTION
HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS
WALL
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
From the heart to the organs
From arteries to veins
From all parts of the body to the heart
LUMEN
VALVE
BLOOD CONTENT
DIRECTION OF BLOOD FLOW
BLOOD PRESSURE
FUNCTION
HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS
WALL
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
High
Very low
Low
LUMEN
VALVE
BLOOD CONTENT
DIRECTION OF BLOOD FLOW
BLOOD PRESSURE
FUNCTION
HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS
WALL
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
To transport blood quickly at high pressure from the heart to the tissues
Allow rapid gaseous excgange between the blood and the body cells by diffusion
Allow blood from the tissues to return to the heart
LUMEN
VALVE
BLOOD CONTENT
DIRECTION OF BLOOD FLOW
BLOOD PRESSURE
FUNCTION
Deoxygenated blood from anterior vena cava (fromto right lung head & arms)
To le ft ar m
To r ar ight m
To head
HEART
THE FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE HEART
Deoxygenated blood from posterior vena cava (from trunk & legs)
Oxygenated blood
to left lung
from left lung
from right lung
To trunk & leg
Deoxygenated blood
To le ft ar m
To r ar ight m
To head
HEART
THE FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE HEART
Oxygenated blood
to left lung
to right lung
from left lung
from right lung
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium
To trunk & leg
Deoxygenated blood
To le ft ar m
To r ar ight m
To head
HEART
THE FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE HEART
from left lung
from right lung
Atrium contract and push deoxygenated blood into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve
Oxygenated blood
to left lung
to right lung
To trunk & leg
Deoxygenated blood
To le ft ar m
To r ar ight m
To head
HEART
THE FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE HEART Ventricle contract and push deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary arteries through the semi-lunar valve to left lung
to right lung
from left lung
from right lung
To trunk & leg
Deoxygenated blood
Oxygenated blood
To le ft ar m
To r ar ight m
To head
HEART
THE FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE HEART
Deoxygenated blood
Oxygenated blood
to left lung
to right lung
from left lung
from right lung
Oxygenated blood from lungs enters the left atrium from pulmonary veins
To trunk & leg
To le ft ar m
To r ar ight m
To head
HEART
THE FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE HEART
Deoxygenated blood
Oxygenated blood
to left lung
to right lung
from left lung
from right lung
Left atrium contract and push oxygenated blood into left ventricle through the bicuspid valve To trunk & leg
To le ft ar m
To r ar ight m
To head
HEART
THE FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE HEART
Oxygenated blood Left Ventricle contract and push oxygenated blood through the to left lung aorta to the rest of the body through the semi-lunar valve
to right lung
from left lung
from right lung
To trunk & leg
Deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood
From top of the body To the rest of the body
Oxygenated blood To the lung
To the lung
From the lung From the lung Tricuspid valve
From bottom of the body
Bicuspid valve Semi-lunar valve
Nervous system – parasympathetic nerves (slow down) The pacemaker generate electrical impulses. - sympathetic nerves (speed up) Endocrine system – hormones adrenaline (epinephrine) increases the heartbeats.
Atrioventricular (AV) node Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)
Bundle of His fibres
Pacemaker is controlled by both the nervous system and the endocrine system
Bundle branches Purkinje fibres
The pumping of the heart
The pacemaker generate electrical impulses. The pumping of the heart
Electrical impulses spread rapidly over the walls of both atria causing the atria to contract rhythmically
The pumping of the heart
Impulses are relayed to the atriovenricular (AV) node The pumping of the heart
AV sends impulses to the specilised muscle fibres called bundle of His fibres, bundle branches and Purkinje fibres .
The pumping of the heart
Purkinje fibres send the impulses to the apex of the heart and throughout the walls of the ventricles .
The pumping of the heart
Ventricles contract and pump blood out to the lungs and other part of the body .
The pumping of the heart
HEART
LUNGS PULMONARY CIRCULATION
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
BODY PARTS
Contraction of the skeletal muscles around veins Sort the steps of the skeletal muscles in a correct order
Skeletal muscles contract
Veins constrict
Blood is pushed along through the veins
The valves open and allow blood to flow toward the heart
The blood flow will exerts pressure against the wall of the blood vessel
At rest, a healthy adults has a blood pressure of 120 / 80 mmHg
120 / 80 mmHg 120 – systolic pressure ( contraction of the ventricles) 80 – diastolic pressure (relaxation phase)
The negative feedback regulation of blood pressure Increased rate of nerve impulses and sent to the cardiovascular centre (in medulla oblongata) Baroreceptors stimulated INCREASE
DECREASE
NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE
Baroreceptors stimulated
Sent nerve impulses to the effectors
- Result in weaker cardiac muscles contractions. - Lower the heartbeat rate. - Cause the smooth muscles of the arteries to relax and the arteries to dilate . This reduces the resistance of the blood flow in the blood vessels. - The widening of the blood vessel is known as vasodilation. - Result in stronger cardiac muscles contractions. - Increase the heartbeat rate. - Cause the smooth muscles of the arteries to contract and this increase the resistance of the blood flow in the blood vessels. - The narrowing of the blood vessel is known as vasoconstriction.
Decreased rate of nerve impulses and sent to the cardiovascular centre (in medulla oblongata)
Sent nerve impulses to the effectors