PERCENTAGES OF VARIOUS ELEMENTS IN THE HUMAN BODY
0.01% 3.7% 18.5% 3.5% 3.3%
65%
Oxygen Nitrogen Hydrogen Carbon Trace elements Other elements
TRACE ELEMENTS HUMAN Transmission nerve impulses
PLANT Sodium (Na)
Controls osmotic pressure Proteins synthesis
Magnesium (Mg)
Cofactor of enzymes Bones & teeth component ATP & Nuclei acid synthesis
Activators of enzymes Phosphorus (P)
Contractions of muscle cells Conduction of nerve impulses Main cations inside the cell
Constituent of protein & Chlorophyll
ATP & nuclei acid synthesis Cell division
Potassium(K)
Influences the permeability of plasma membrane
TRACE ELEMENTS HUMAN
PLANT Calcium (Ca)
Controls the semi-permeability of Constituent of plant cell wall plasma membrane
Component of proteins and vitamins
Sulphur (S)
Component of proteins and vitamins
Main anions outside the cell
Chlorine (Cl)
Cofactors Contraction of of many muscle enzymes cells Component of bones and teeth
MAJOR ELEMENTS CO2
Carbon
Oxygen
H2O
N2
component of organic molecules
component of water and many organic molecules involved in cellular respiration
Hydrogen constituent of water and organic molecules
Nitrogen
constituent of proteins and nucleic acids
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN THE CELL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CARBOHYDRATES
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
LIPIDS WATER
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
THE IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE CELL
The major source of energy (eg : sugars, starch, glycogen, cellulose) CARBOHYDRATES
15% of protoplasm is made up of proteins PROTEINS
15% of protoplasm is made up of lipids LIPIDS
CONTAIN C,H AND O RATIO C:H:O = 1:2:1
Simple sugars General formula : C6H12O6 Examples : Glucose (in plant and fruits) Fructose (in sweet fruits and honey) Galactose (in milk) All are reducing sugar
CH2 OH H C
OH
O
C H OH
Glucose
H
C
C
H
OH
H C OH
Double sugars General formula : C12H22O12 Examples : Maltose (glucose + glucose) – malt sugar Sucrose (glucose + fructose) – cane sugar Lactose (glucose + galactose) – milk sugar All are reducing sugar, except sucrose
CH2 OH H C OH
CH2 OH O
C H
GLUCOSE
OH
H
C
C
H
OH
H
H
C
C
OH
OH
O
C H
GLUCOSE
OH
H
C
C
H
OH
H C OH
remove water back
CH2 OH H C OH
C
CH2 OH
MALTOSE
O
H OH
H
C
C
H
OH
H
H
C
C O
C
O
H OH
H
C
C
H
OH
H C OH
HHO remove water back
CH2 OH H C OH
C
CH2 OH
MALTOSE
O
H OH
H
C
C
H
OH
H
H
C
C O
C
O
H OH
H
C
C
H
OH
H C OH
OHH remove water back
CH2 OH H C OH
CH2 OH O
C H
GLUCOSE
OH
H
C
C
H
OH
H
H
C
C
OH
OH
O
C H
GLUCOSE
OH
H
C
C
H
OH
H C OH
add water back
Hundreds or thousands of monosaccarides General formula :( C6H12O6)n Examples : Starch – in plant Glycogen – in animal Cellulose – plant cell wall All are non-reducing sugar
CONTAIN C,H,O AND N most contain S and P
Polymers (Polypeptides)
condensation
hydrolysis
Dipeptides (2 molecules of monomer) condensation
hydrolysis
Monomer
Amino acid 1
Amino acid 2 H
H
N H
O
H
H
C
R
N
C
O
H
O
H
H
C
R
C
O
Amino acid 1
Amino acid 2 H
N H
C
R
N
C
O
O
H
H
H
H
C
C
O
R H
O
H
removed water
Dipeptide H
H
N H
C
R
Peptide bone
O
O
H
H
C
H
N
C
R
C
O H
O
H
removed water
Dipeptide H
H
N H
C
R
Peptide bone
O
O
H
H
C
H
N
C
R
C
O H
O
add water
H
Amino acid 1
Amino acid 2 H
N H
C
R
N
C
O
O
H
H
H
H
C
C
O
R H
O
add water
H
Amino acid 1
Amino acid 2 H
H
N H
O
H
H
C
R
N
C
O
H
O
H
H
C
R
C
O
Amino acid 1
Amino acid 2 H
H
N H
O
H
H
C
R
N
C
O
H
O
H
H
C
R
C
O
There are about 20 naturally occurring amino acids Alanine
Asparagine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Proline
Phenylalanine
Arginine *
* essential only in certain case
Cysteine
Histidine *
Isoleucine
Leucine
Methionine
Serine
nonessential Can be synthesised by the body
Valine
essential Cannot be synthesised by the body
Animal proteins contain all the essential amino acids – first class proteins Plant proteins do not contain all the essential amino acids – second class proteins
Proteins structure
Primary structure Beta-pleated sheets
Tertiary structure
Alpha-helix chain
Quarternary structure
CONTAIN C,H AND O ratio H:O = 2:1 some contain P and N
Types of lipids
Fats and oil
Waxes
candle oil
meal Tryglycerides
barberry
Phospholipids
Found on the cuticles of the epidermis of leaves, fruits and seeds of some plant
Steroids
cholesterol Importance components in the formation of plasma membrane
Complex organic compound which is include cholesterol and hormones
Fats and oil Consist of
+ 1 molecule glycerol
condensation
3 molecules of fatty acids
O
+ 1 molecule 3 molecules glycerolof fatty acids
H
H H
O H
O
H
H
Fats and oil Consist of
+ 1 molecule glycerol
hydrolysis
3 molecules of fatty acids
O
+ 1 molecule 3 molecules glycerolof fatty acids
H
H H
O H
O
H
H
Fats and oil Two types of fatty acids saturated
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
unsaturated monounsaturated fats – one double bond H
C H
H
C H
H
C H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
C H
polyunsaturated fats – two or more double bond
Compounds – C, H, O, P and N 2 types – DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids) , RNA (ribonucleic acids) Basic units of nucleic acids – Nucleotides (nitrogen base, sugar and phosphate group) Importance - Store genetic information - Stable storage - Easy to duplicate for transmission
Importance - Solvent - Transport - Coolant – absorbs excess heat from cells - Insulator – maintain narrow range of temperature change - Reactant – condensation & hydrolytic - Give structure & support – hydrostatic , turgor pressure