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o High Mach Personality
In the psychological literature (e.g., Christie and Geis, 1970; Jones and Paulhus, 2009), Machiavellianism is defined as a personality trait that refers to “a strategy of social conduct that involves manipulating others for personal gain, often against the other’s self-interest” (Wilson et al., 1996, p. 285). Several mechanisms can explain the use of unethical strategies. First and foremost, Machiavellian individuals have a cynical, negative worldview, always expecting the worst from other people (Christie and Geis, 1970). In the second place, High-Machs are emotionally detached from their own actions, allowing them to engage in unethical behaviors without experiencing negative feelings like guilt or remorse (e.g., McHoskey et al., 1998; Wastell and Booth, 2003). Finally, Machiavellianism comes with a strong self-focus and egoism (Fehr et al., 1992) resulting in a lack of attachment and commitment toward others or the organization (Zettler et al., 2007).39
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Dale Hartley, a retired professor of business and psychology, believes that Iago is a master manipulator by nature, a schemer who utilizes lies, tricks, and other people to achieve his goals.
While Iago displays several typical characteristics of “High Mach” individuals such as emotional detachment, friendliness, and performed honesty, the question of motive makes “diagnosing” him impossible. As things go, Machiavellianism requires a goal, but Iago’s motivations alter throughout the play. This aspect has led many to forego a psychological examination of the character, seeing in Iago pure evil and viciousness made flesh.
38 Short for Machiavellian 39 Belschak, Frank D., et al. “Angels and Demons: The Effect of Ethical Leadership on Machiavellian Employees' Work Behaviors.” Frontiers, Frontiers, 1 Jan. 1AD, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01082/full.
