Loudoun Civil War Map by n2design

Antietam National Battlefield 15 miles

Catoctin Cir

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Liber

King St

Pla za St

Ayr S Ayr S t t M em orial Dr

Sou th

Rd Sycolin

Rd Morve n Park

Dr Poto

o li n Rd Syc

Mou ntai n Rd Hillsboro Rd

bury rch Rd

Harmony Church Rd

Chu

Ash

Cir

Burke

Gave r Mill

Roge r

Laycoc

s St

k St

St Sydnor St

Ivandale St

St oun Loud

Hatcher Ave

23rd

Berlin Tpk

Berlin Pike

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Cedar S t

Longstre et Ave

Foxcroft Rd

Blv d

Blvd

L o u d ou n

Pacific

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Old

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Watson

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Plaza St

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Jan elia Farm Blv d

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Dunlop Mill Rd

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Silc ott Sp

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Burr

Mulberry St

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Loudoun

Bridge St

Middleburg Country 776 Inn

719 Mosby

Church St Locust St

Walraven Way

Hampton Rd

Magic

ake

Rd o nt Airm

r in g

d le R svil Willi

Lincoln Rd

HILL * ” Main St

Canby

ton H Rd all

Clay

Rd Bo tto m gy Fo g Rd

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Ave

Pickett Rd

l St dera

626

Jackson Ave

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Maple

20th Stre

32nd Street

BUSINESS

gard

8 7

Civil War Site Open to the Public

Air and Space

Historic Marker

Museum Pkwy

Gum Sp

Visitors Centers

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The Mosby Heritage Area is named for Confederate Colonel John Singleton Mosby, “The Gray Ghost,” who led his Rangers in legendary raids against Union forces during the Civil War. The five-county heritage area includes Loudoun and it retains much of the scenic and historic landscape and landmarks of its past. Self-guided driving tour brochures and audio tour CDs and tapes are available at the Visitor Center in Leesburg.

620

287

From Fairfax

Ave

Main St

611

h Was

St on ingt

ison

Civil War Horse Memorial

Jay

Blu

rty

le Ave

Red Fox Inn

Stone wall Ave e Ridge Ave

ll St

sha

Mar

E Map

626

Salamander Resort & Spa (Opening Spring 2013)

Mad

Gree n

t 21s

ille t t sv

690

@* THE MOSBY HERITAGE AREA *”

south riding

Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park 60 miles

ple

From Washington, D.C. 25 miles

Washington Dulles International Airport

r Dr ente ng C

Hirst Rd

@ * ROUND

Libe

id i

Harry Byrd Hwy 7

722 672

ilton

659 620

eC Fry

Ham

stone ridge

ust

ring

rk Pa

Loc

BUSINESS

n St

t tS

e Pick

SpringHill Suites by Marriott

Claude Moore Park and Guilford Signal Station

Hampton Inn & Suites TownePlace Suites by Marriott Best Western Inn 606 Holiday Inn Country Inn Old Ox Rd & Suites Hyatt House Comfort Inn Homestead & Suites Studio Suites 636 Washington Dulles Airport Marriott

606

leto

sby

h Rd

Fairfield Inn & Suites

dulles

Str eet

d Pen

Ox Rd

E Churc

637

846

625

From Tysons Corner

Reed St

Old

Walnut St

Hilton Garden Inn

arcola

lenah ck

brambleton

r iste

@ * MIDDLEBURG * ”

Chestnut St

Loudoun County Pkwy

Locust St

o l l)

690 Mi ll R

cascades

Sycamore St Maple St

Residence Inn

h Churc

lowes island

Lincoln Ave

Aloft

wa y (t

Ryan Rd

is Dav

772

625 Waxpoo

No Ridgetop Cir kes Blvd

sterling

w Sha

Joh

Mt. Zion Old School Baptist Church

From Warrenton

Accommodations Virginia Scenic Byways Journey Through Hallowed Ground National Scenic Byway (Rte 15) 0 0

MosbyHeritageArea.org

1 1

2 2

4 miles* 4 km*

*approximate

621

Manassas National Battlefield Park 15 miles

HallowedGround.org

Homewood Suites by Hilton

637

Palisade Pwky Hampton Inn TownePlace Suites by Marriott

Hyatt Place

Severn W ay/ Woodlan d Rd Doubletree

c View ma

287

vd Pacific Bl

The Journey Through Hallowed Ground is a 180-mile long National Heritage Area and National Scenic Byway that follows the Old Carolina Road (Route 15) from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, through Loudoun County, to Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello near Charlottesville, Virginia. It includes 9 presidential homes, the largest concentration of Civil War Battlefield sites in the country; hundreds of African American historical sites; 30 historic main street communities and downtowns; 13 national parks; numerous scenic roads, farms, wineries, rivers, natural landscapes; and much more.

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@ * JOURNEY THROUGH HALLOWED GROUND * ”

l le

Embassy Suites

Candlewood Suites Suburban Extended Stay Hotel

611

690

625 Du

Croson Ln

h Smit Rd ch Swit

rch Chu riv e

@ * PURCELLVILLE * ”

wa yD

Ga ver

broadlands

Blvd ntic

Farm well

Extended StayAmerica

enter Blv d sC

Atla

640

Courtyard by Marriott

607

rish

Aldie Mill

ridg

673

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Pkwy

Waxpool R d

Win

659

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Fai r

countryside y

BUSINESS

Lig

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uc kw ster y

A s h b ur n F ar m

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718

@ * LOVETTSVILLE *” S

Algonkian Cottages

Algo nk

lvd

Blv d

Potomac River

Wa Ge shi org ng e ton B

Days Inn

Comfort Suites

Point Rd

Bro

641 G

St.

ny Sto

way 7 Colonial High

t lS

901

King St

van syl nn e Pe Av

709

Ivy Hall Bed & Breakfast

y Wa

ashburn

621

gilberts corner

e Av

@ * HILLSBORO * ”

Zion Springs Bed & Breakfast

Gre

SpringHill Suites by Marriott

772

Pro

Delaw are Av e Maryla nd Av e Virgin ia Av e

21 ide ers Riv kwy P

Dulles

@ * HAMILTON * ”

Harry Byrd Hwy

Bro

l l) (to

629

626

267

Brad do

kwy eP

Country Comfort Bed & Breakfast

705

Longbarn Bed & Breakfast

Little River Inn

Best Western

t eri

Woodridg

22 25 26

aldie

For

267 Dulles Greenway

Resort

ne Blvd sdow Lan

mo Bel

The Woods Rd

New Rd

Loudoun Civil War @LoudounCivilWar Also, be sure to “Check-In” at Loudoun Civil War locations on FourSquare!

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643

i l ls R

Middleburg Country Inn

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659

M reen Everg

osby Hwy

ro Tru Pa

Aldie Monument

Homewood Suites Hampton d R Inn & Suites ans t Ev

vie w

lansdowne Lansdowne

Briar Patch Bed & Breakfast Inn

Holiday Inn Leesburg at Historic Carradoc Hall

Red Fox Inn

The National Conference Center

Riv

si d

Battl

Leesburg Executive Airport

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The Hunt Box at Lowelands Farm

734

Edwards Ferry Rd

ark et St

Tra il

17263 Southern Planter Ln, Leesburg, I-6 & P-1 703.777.2414 | www.morvenpark.org HOURS: April-Oct, Thur-Mon 11am-5pm; Nov-Mar 12-4pm. Rallying Point admission free. Fee for house tour. Tours on every half hour.

773

Meadowkirk

Mountvi

Goodstone Inn & Restaurant

Salamander Resort & Spa (Opening spring 2013)

Eva ns

Best Western Leesburg

Hampton Inn & Suites

For t

o lin

Trapp e

9 8 Edwards Ferry Rd

Syc

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Gateway Dr

Morven Park in Leesburg. There you will hear stories about the War’s effects on Loudoun County; get answers to your questions about where to visit, explore, and stay; watch a video presentation; and tour the former Confederate encampment that was based just yards away from the mansion then known as “Swann’s Castle.” See listing of “Loudoun’s Civil War Rallying Point: Morven Park” on reverse side for description of the Civil War history and program offered at Morven Park.

From Poolesville, MD

733

Lime Kiln

Begin your exploration of Civil War sites by visiting Loudoun County’s Civil War Rallying Point...

Sycolin Rd

748

John S M

LOUDOUN VISITORS CENTER Market Station 112-G South St, SE, Leesburg, VA 703.771.2617 | 866.771.2601 Open 362 days a year 9am-5pm; Closed Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year’s Day

Fair fax St

Ball’s Bluff Regional Battlefield and National Cemetery

Homewood Suites

Days Inn Comfort Suites

267

Cir

Roya Sout l St h St

★ MORVEN PARK ★

661

13 12

650

Civil War Horse Memorial

Ho g b a c

ille

MIDDLEBURG

Coming to explore Loudoun’s Civil War heritage? Make it a weekend! Plan your tour by visiting Loudoun’s Civil War website (CivilWar.VisitLoudoun.org), which offers an overview of Loudoun’s storied Civil War past, and includes high-def videos, 360-degree images, a timeline of major Civil War events, and more. Or, check out the new mobile website at VisitLoudoun.org for in-destination assistance and information on “What’s Nearby” dining, shopping, and more. This publication is meant to serve as a companion piece to Touring Map & Visitors Guide.

Gilead

626

★ INFORMATION

611

TRAVEL

Mount

Goose Creek Bridge

atoka

rch

Cir

15 704

White s Ferry Rd 655

Leesburg Colonial Inn

Roya l St South St

North St

Loudoun County Courthouse

h St

RALLYING POINT

860

See detail map.

ha r d

770

llv

745

R ill

s Hou

Little Rock Motel

Tutt Ln

Masons Ln

Oatlands Historic House & Gardens

lle Rd

S n ak e H

rne R

743

o tt

622

797

Steptoe Hill Rd

saint louis

744

Welbo u

yC on

Rd n w li Ne d lR Mil

743

Fox cro ft R

Norris House Cato Inn ctin

651

unison

d pR

619

upperville

r Fur

am Sw ey

en oll

630

704

611

626

Mill

LEESBURG

731

philomont Grove Middle Inn

630

Dry

820

a rt

Lla

719

lle Rd Hughesvi

ill R

St u

736

622

630

J. Patrick House Bed & Breakfast

626

Unison Rd

Union 7 Cemetery Loudoun 15 County BYPASS Mark et St Courthouse

See detail map.

Oakland Green Montrose Bed & Breakfast Bed & Breakfast

728

r Rd

Poor Hous 756 e Ln

Tho

797

Jeb

723

722

heste

700

sV alle y

rc un O Lou do

c Col

pe A ir

704

N o r th Fork Rd

730

bloomfield

p Tra

619

726

Tpk e

trail

626

oo mf ield Rd

725

Mitchell's Landing Bed & Breakfast

Di g ge

699

707

622

Poor House Farm

clarkes gap

BUSINESS

710 l St Pau St.

r eg Tel

690

d Woo

765

Rd ve Gro stin

611

Fou

704

Taylor Rd

h Walsm Ln Far

airmont

Snic kers ville

Ebenezer Church Rd

626

709

Creek Crossing Farm Bed & Breakfast lle ppe Cha Rd l l i H

626 734

760

lincoln

n col

611

Harr

Sands Rd

Lin

bluemont

llville

Ashbury Church Rd Hi l ls bo ro R

Woodgrove Rd

722

From Winchester

ille

Ivy Hall Bed & Breakfast

St / Colonial Hwy

BUSINESS

Hughes St

paeonian springs

ll Mi

Nort

15 5

Norris House Inn

LO U D O U N ’S C I V I L WA R

Hughes St

Main

See detail map.

ROUND HILL

erry ks F

Spin

See detail map.

Marshall Dr

662

Morven Park: Loudoun's Civil War Rallying Point

Idyll Time Farm, Cottage & Stabling

PURCELLVILLE 7 28 HAMILTON

n Rd b ur

nd R d

ber

Piggott Bottom Rd

ttom Rd gott B o Pig Zion Springs Bed & Breakfast

Leesburg Colonial Inn

Cornw all St

Catoc ti n

698 704

Lou

Union

n St

BYPASS

661

657

rd Rd

601

666

o aterf Old W

711

See detail map.

waterford

r Rd

p Ras

287

719

698

and Rd

B el

s Ln

39 40 Brown

Fre Ove mon rloo t kL n

Allder School R d

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Old Wheatl

Day m Ln ont

690

44050 Woodridge Parkway, Lansdowne, VA, 20176 877.509.8400 | www.LansdowneResort.com

Millv

The Pink House

lachia

Trail R

665

Evan s Po

d sR

Montresor Rd

ett ck Lu

661

662

Appa

Ga v Mil er lR d

Clover Hill Rd

681

Silverbrook Farm

Just outside Leesburg and minutes from Washington Dulles International Airport, Lansdowne Resort is Northern Virginia and Washington, DC’s only AAA Four Diamond-rated full-service resort. Along with luxurious guest rooms and suites, Lansdowne features exceptional service, and remarkable amenities including five restaurants and lounges, a multi-pool aquatic complex, 45 holes of championship golf, and Spa Minérale, a 12,000-square-foot destination spa. It’s a great base of operations on your Civil War journey of Loudoun, and the perfect place to relax and unwind after your daily excursions.

694

Rd ord Wolf John

y Ston

Rd 719 int

611

Lan

Lost Cor ne

Stu mpto n Rd w

751

FEATURED ACCOMMODATION

HILLSBORO

Cid

★ LANSDOWNE RESORT ★

See detail map.

Ber

ll R

i rM

693

Corky’s Farm Ln

St. C

lair

lucketts

Evergree n Mill

Sag le

Mountain Rd

Milltown Rd

Ash George Rd

Lega 697 Farm Rrd d

658

Gibso

7 W Ma rket St

Cent e

e Heritag Way

vil on

Feathe rb e d L n

rris

665

673

n Pi Tow

ren’s

Ave

Harrison St

rles Cha

eya rd

Child

Blvd

n tow Mill

taylorstown

287

Vin

Point of Rocks Bridge

668

673

676

Stone Manor Vineyard and Orchard Bed & Breakfast

Bre aux

672

City Cente r

ulle

e lin Ax

Lutheran Church Rd

Ayrle e

Pkwy

Battlefield

Union Cemetery

Rd terford Old Wa

680

From Frederick, MD

Taylorstown Rd

rne Co

673

690

Lov ett sv

Ferry Rd Harpers

h Iris

LOVETTSVILLE

R le

Morven Park: Loudoun's Civil War Rallying Point

See detail map.

neersville

687

Gettysburg National Military Park 50 miles

Linden Hall Farm Bed & Breakfast

d erfor Wat

287

852

georges mill

671

Old

Georges Mill Farm Bed & Breakfast

Sou ther n Pl ante r Ln

loudoun heights es org Ge l Rd Mil

From Charles Town, WV

Ball’s Bluff Regional Battlefield and National Cemetery

The Milk Cottage at WeatherLea Farm

★ IN THE CIVIL WAR ★

@ * LEESBURG * ”

340

Harris on St

From Harpers Ferry, WV

Nor th Kin gS t

Wirt St

h S t

Churc

n Rd Hamilton Statio

Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority

659

March 2012. Brochure produced in conjunction with project partners Morven Park, the Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority, Lansdowne Resort and the Loudoun County Civil War Sesquicentennial Committee. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part requires prior written permission of Visit Loudoun. Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information included in this publication; please call ahead to confirm open hours. The inclusion of businesses is for your convenience and is not a seal of approval or a guarantee of quality of service.

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2/27/12 2:19 PM

Sites associated include: 38 37

SIGNIFICANT

IN LOUDOUN COUNTY

Sites associated include:

Prelude to Gettysburg: The Cavalry Battles of 1863: Aldie, Middleburg, and Upperville, B-11 to G-11, G-10

The Valley Campaign of 1862 and the Battle of Unison, E-8, E-9, D-9 Independent Loudoun Virginia Rangers, H-5 Documents the creation and service of the Loudoun Rangers, a pro-Union cavalry unit that was raised from Quakers from Waterford and Lovettsville. 40

★ ★ BATTLES

Waterford: Unionist Stronghold, H-5 Overview of the pro-Union village of Waterford, scene of an engagement that actually saw brother-versus-brother fighting. 39

Virginia Dept of Historic Resources marker

Guilford Signal Station: Tracking the Confederates, M-10 In June 1863, this station became a lookout for the Federal army as it tracked Lee’s advance to Gettysburg. 30

African American Itinerary Loudoun was home to a large African American population before the war, and with its Quaker communities, played a role in the Underground Railroad.

THE CIVIL WAR ★

Loudoun County Courthouse, I-7 & P-3

IN LOUDOUN COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Village of Lincoln, F-7

Mount Zion Old School Baptist Church, H-11

Oatlands Historic House and Gardens, H-9

The Village of Waterford, H-5 39

Waterford: Unionist Stronghold, H-5

Antietam and 1862 Maryland Campaign Itinerary Loudoun featured prominently in the march to Antietam as the Confederate army passed through Loudoun before crossing the Potomac in September of 1862. Morven Park, I-6 & P-1 5

Leesburg: From Paradise to Peril, I-7 & P-3

Lee Comes to Leesburg, I-7 & P-3

WATERFORD

Virginia Civil War Trails marker

Gen. Robert E. Lee’s army was gathered in the Shenandoah Valley in June 1863 and began a march north. To screen the army’s movements, Gen. J.E.B. Stuart’s cavalry entered Loudoun County to block the major passes leading to the Blue Ridge, which intersected in Aldie. On June 17, 1863, a Federal cavalry unit clashed with the 6th Virginia Cavalry. Reinforcements from both sides engaged in a nasty saber fight from which both retreated. Throughout the day, positions along these passes were won and lost.

STERLING

Lee Moves North Again: Screening Lee’s Infantry, B-11 Confederate cavalry leader J.E.B. Stuart’s campaign to shield Lee’s army as it marches north to Gettysburg.

KEY

Campaign of Second Manassas, K-13 Stonewall Jackson, sent by Lee to move around Pope’s retreating army at Centreville and cut it off from Alexandria, reached this location August 31, 1862. Here Jackson turned east toward Fairfax. 29

37 Battle of Upperville: Thus Passes a Sunday in War, B-10 On Sunday, June 21, 1863, the Battle of Upperville ended five days of cavalry engagements along the twelve mile corridor from Aldie to Upperville.

Battle of Ball’s Bluff, J-7

24 23

Lee, sensing the trap, sent J.E.B. 22 Stuart and Bayard, G-11 Stuart’s cavalry to delay McClellan 27 Battle of Unison: In the long enough to escape. The leading Wake of Antietam, E-9 forces of McClellan’s army and 33 Battle of Unison: Truly Stuart’s 900 men met on Nov. 1 Frightful, D-10 north of the town of Unison, near 34 Battle of Unison: Foiling Philomont. The next day, a Sunday the Trap, B-10 morning, the battle swirled around the Methodist Church. Shells exploded as the worshippers fled. As the Federals marched southward, they took over the church as a hospital, leaving pews stained with blood and the loft covered in graffiti. In late 1862, President Lincoln noticed that Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia, occupying an area just west of the Blue Ridge, was actually farther from the Confederate capital of Richmond than was George McClellan’s Army of the Potomac, in Maryland. He ordered McClellan to cross the Potomac with most of his 100,000man army to cut Lee off.

SOUTH RIDING

36 Upperville: Drama at Vineyard Hill, B-11 Documents the fifth day of fighting along present day Route 50 that became known as the cavalry battles in the prelude to Gettysburg.

THE CIVIL WAR ★

28 Ambush at Heaton’s Crossroads: ‘… we found in the road many broken down and burned wagons,’ F-6 In July 1864, Confederates under Gen. Jubal Early passed here on their raid on Washington.

For a themed excursion on specific Civil War subjects, visit destinations associated with the following themes at the listed sites, markers and battle locations. While not comprehensive, these sites can offer you an introduction to these topics.

Battle of Unison: Foiling the Trap, B-10 On November 3, 1862, J.E.B. Stuart’s Confederate cavalry fought a successful holding action against a larger Federal force of infantry and artillery.

35 Battle of Upperville: A Swirling Cavalry Fight, B-10 The scene of a cavalry clash on June 21, 1863 between Confederate J.E.B. Stuart and Federals under Buford.

IN LOUDOUN COUNTY, VIRGINIA

PURCELLVILLE

ITINERARIES

UPPERVILLE

LOUDOUN COUNTY, VIRGINIA,

By Nov. 3, Stuart’s resistance was broken by almost 4,000 Federal cavalry, infantry, and artillerymen. His small force escaped, but he had done his job, as Lee’s army reached Culpeper. Lincoln’s reaction to the failure was the firing of the popular McClellan, placing Ambrose Burnside in command.

The Independent Loudoun Rangers: Serving the Union, H-2 Overview of the pro-Union Loudoun Rangers, formed by men from Lovettsville and Waterford. 21

Recent research has revealed the significance of this battle. The Unison United Methodist Church is now the most prominent building in this small National Register village.

LOVETTSVILLE

Battle of Unison: In the Wake of Antietam, E-9 In November 1862, Federal cavalry arriving here clashed with Confederates, beginning the battle of Unison. 27

Battle of Unison: Truly Frightful, D-10 On November 2, 1862, the battle of Unison interrupted Sunday morning church service when an attacking force of Federal cavalry and artillery advanced on the village. 33

The Oct. 21, 1861, battle evolved after a faulty intelligence report by an inexperienced Union officer sparked a reconnaissance patrol across the Potomac River into the Ball’s Bluff area of Leesburg. Approaching open fields in darkness, the officer had mistaken a row of Sites associated include: trees for the tents of an enemy camp, and by the time the mistake Ball’s Bluff Battlefield Regional Park, J-7 was discovered, Mississippians Loudoun County encountered the Federals and the Courthouse, I-7 & P-3 unplanned, unintended battle ensued. 5 Leesburg: From Paradise The commanding Union officer, to Peril, I-7 & P-3 Gen. Charles P. Stone ordered more 7 Battle of Ball’s Bluff, J-7 & R-2 troops across, but a shortage of boats 8 Ball’s Bluff Masked Battery, J-7 allowed only 1,700 of the 7,000 9 Ball’s Bluff Masked Battery, J-7 Federal troops to cross. Eventually, the Federals fled in panic down the steep slopes and into the river, suffering 1,000 casualties with 223 killed, including Col. Edward Baker of Oregon, who became the only U.S. Senator to ever be killed in battle. The Confederates suffered fewer than 200 total casualties. Horrified Washingtonians spotted bodies of fallen Federals that floated downriver to the city.

Loudoun Heights Clash, F-2 Site of January 1864 clash between Mosby and the 1st Maryland Cavalry. Mosby lost eight men including two of his most trusted officers. 20

PHILOMONT

UNISON

The death of Baker, as well as a disparity in casualties, resulted in an investigation by Congress, and led to the establishment of the Congressional Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War.

Aldie Mill, H-11 Aldie Monument, G-10 Claude Moore Park & Guilford Signal Station, M-10 Goose Creek Bridge, D-11 Red Fox Inn, F-11 Battle of Aldie: The Fight Begins, H-11 Lee Moves North Again: Screening Lee’s Infantry, H-11 Rector’s Crossroads: They Did Their Job, D-11 Leesburg: From Paradise to Peril, I-7 & P-3 Edwards Ferry, K-8 Middleburg: Screening Lee’s Army, F-11 Attack at Goose Creek Bridge, D-11 Cavalry Battles, G-11 Gettysburg Campaign, G-11 Guilford Signal Station, M-10 Battle of Upperville: A Swirling Cavalry Fight, B-10 Upperville: Drama at Vineyard Hill, B-11 Battle of Upperville: Thus Passes a Sunday in War, B-10 Lee Moves North Again: Screening Lee’s Infantry, B-11

Cavalry Battles, G-11 In June 1863, as Lee led his army North, Confederate J.E.B. Stuart’s cavalry screened the army from Federal observation. Clashes ensued at Aldie, Middleburg, and Upperville. 25

32 Ambush at Anker’s Shop: ‘It was a complete surprise,’ M-9 Surprise attack by Col. John Mosby’s Confederate Rangers on a Federal cavalry unit in February of 1864.

situated in Northern Virginia just 25 miles from Washington, D.C., typified the Civil War on the border, dividing citizens and families according to their loyalties to the North and South. This Civil War tour through Loudoun County will introduce you to significant battles, including the 1861 Battle of Ball’s Bluff, the 1862 Loudoun Valley Campaign and battle of Unison, and the 1863 Cavalry Battles at Upperville, Middleburg and Aldie. Meet Civil War personalities including John Singleton Mosby, the “Gray Ghost of the Confederacy,” a Ranger known for his daring nighttime raids on Federal supply, transportation and communication lines.

In Middleburg, J.E.B. Stuart had problems of his own. Early in the morning, a Federal unit of 300 made their way to Middleburg under orders to rest there. Although they encountered Confederate cavalry along the way and had information that Stuart was there, they continued on their mission. Stuart’s men beat a retreat before the Federals arrived, but one of Stuart’s aides led an arriving Confederate unit back into town to overtake the Federals, who lost six men, had nine wounded and 210 captured.

One of the County’s smallest but more significant battles began as a faulty intelligence report and led to a disastrous defeat of Union troops on Oct. 21, 1861. (See Battle of Ball’s Bluff battle description) Today, Ball’s Bluff Battlefield is a National Historic Landmark and the site of a national cemetery. Recent clearing of the central battlefield has restored it to reflect more of its Civil War period features and includes hiking trails and interpretive signs. Ball's Bluff Rd, NE, Leesburg 703.737.7800 www.nvrpa.org/park/ball_s_bluff HOURS: Daily dawn to dusk. Tours given Apr-Oct, Sat-Sun 11am and 1pm. Free

Begin your Loudoun Civil War exploration at Morven Park: Loudoun’s Civil War Rallying Point. During the Civil War, Morven Park was the summer home of Baltimore Mayor Thomas Swann. In the winter of 1861-62, members of the 17th Mississippi Regiment built a camp of more than 50 log huts here. Officers stayed in the Swann mansion. In September 1862, a skirmish on Morven Park’s eastern edges cleared the way for Gen. Robert E. Lee’s army to cross the Potomac into Maryland. Future Virginia Governor Westmoreland Davis purchased Morven Park in 1903 and developed it into an agricultural showplace. Today, depressions and artifacts remain on the former camp site, where four replica log huts have been built. Living history events take place several times a year, with demonstrations open to the public. 17263 Southern Planter LnLeesburg 703.777.2414 | www.morvenpark.org HOURS: Apr-Oct, Thur-Mon 11am-5pm; Nov-Mar 12-4pm. Tours on every half hour. RALLYING POINT admission free. Fee for house tour.

* Ball’s Bluff Battlefield Regional Park * J-7

Henry Lee Higginson and his surviving comrades from the 1st Massachusetts Cavalry returned to Aldie in 1891 to dedicate their monument on Aldie Battlefield, the scene of their greatest loss. Confederate veteran Dallas Furr, in a spirit of national reconciliation, donated the plot of ground on the Snickersville Turnpike where the Aldie monument rests. Snickersville Tnpk, Aldie

* Aldie Monument * G-10

* Goose Creek Bridge *

D-11

Rte 772, South of Purcellville

* Village of Lincoln * F-7 Vestal’s Gap Road served as the principal land route from Northern Virginia through the Blue Ridge and westward. The Lanesville Heritage Area includes the last remains of the original road, a Civil War signal station, and the Lanesville House, one of the oldest structures in Loudoun County. In June 1863, the house was headquarters for Union Gen. John Reynolds, who erected the Guilford Signal Station to keep Army of the Potomac Com. Gen. Joseph Hooker in touch with his corps. 21544 Old Vestal’s Gap Rd, Sterling 571.258.3700 www.loudoun.gov/claudemoorepark

* Claude Moore Park & Guilford Signal Station * M-10

The Horses and Mules Memorial salutes the 1.5 million equines that lost their lives during the Civil War, and is the only monument that pays tribute to their efforts. American philanthropist Paul Mellon, a racehorse owner and breeder, commissioned the bronze sculpture, which was completed in 1997. Copies of the sculpture also are on display at the U.S. Cavalry Museum in Fort Riley, Kansas, and at the Virginia Historical Society in Richmond, Virginia. Courtyard of the National Sporting Library 102 The Plains Rd, Middleburg 540.687.6542 www.nsl.org/warhorse.htm

known as the “Aldie Races.” On June 17, 1863, 2,000 Confederate troopers and 1,200 Federal troops advanced to the same town. Skirmishes at several locations led to a technical victory for the Federals, despite severe casualties. Stubborn defense of the turnpikes bought the Confederates valuable time to concentrate their forces.

SITES ★

Off Rte 50, 5 mi west of Middleburg HOURS: Park open daily dawn to dusk; Visitors Center daily 9am-5pm. Free

* Morven Park: Loudoun’s Civil War Rallying Point * I-6 & P-1

Lee Comes to Leesburg: Conference at Harrison Hall, I-7 & P-3 At this house in September 1862, Lee held a council of war that resulted in the crossing of the Potomac, invading the North, and culminated two weeks later with the battle at Antietam. 11

LOUDOUN HEIGHTS

JOHN SINGLETON MOSBY was a Confederate colonel who led a “special forces” ranger outfit assigned to the Loudoun area during 1863-65.

Oatlands: Civil War Comes to Oatlands, H-9 Account of the impact of the War at historic Oatlands, which served as a Federal headquarters in the fall of 1862. 10

19 Loudoun Branch, Manassas Gap Railroad, G-7 Work on this railroad’s Line to Purcellville, linking Alexandria with the farms of central Loudoun County, stopped in May 1857. The Civil War intervened and work never resumed.

JOHN S. MOSBY ★

Ball’s Bluff Masked Battery, J-7 Nearby is the likely site of the Confederate “masked battery” (concealed artillery) that was an object of Federal concern early in the Civil War including during the October 1861 Battle at Ball’s Bluff. 9

LINCOLN

Loudoun is also a central base for exploring the Civil War sites of the mid-Atlantic region including Gettysburg, Antietam, Harpers Ferry, Manassas, and Fredericksburg.

* Aldie Mill * H-11

Ball’s Bluff Masked Battery: ‘…held to the bluff without room to retire,’ J-7 The remains of an earthwork that may have been part of a battery that played a pivotal role in the Battle of Ball’s Bluff. 8

On July 16, 1864, Confederate Gen. Jubal A. Early passed over this road on his return to the Shenandoah Valley following his raid on Washington.

GRAY GHOST OF THE CONFEDERACY

For the next four days, fighting spread to the west to Upperville and back to Middleburg. Battles were characterized by confusion, charges, and counter-charges, with no real ground gained by either side. But on June 24, word came that large trains were crossing the Potomac heading toward their ultimate destination at Gettysburg. Lee had begun his second invasion of the North enabled by the distractions created by Confederate troops in Loudoun County.

Battle of Ball’s Bluff, J-7 & R-2 One mile east occurred the Battle of Ball’s Bluff, October 21, 1861. A Union force, which had crossed the river at this point, was driven back over it by the Confederates. 7

Attack at Goose Creek Bridge: ‘… Take That Bridge At All Hazards.’, D-11 In June 1863, this historic bridge became a strategic point as part of J.E.B. Stuart’s cavalry screen of Lee’s advance to Gettysburg. 24

Edwards Ferry: An eighty mile long 26 Gettysburg Campaign, G-11 column, K-8 (Coming Summer 2012) Marks the location where the Federal Part of the June 1863 cavalry clashes army under Hooker crossed into Maryland that saw Confederate J.E.B. Stuart’s cavalry attempt to screen Lee’s army as it in pursuit of Lee’s army in June 1863. advanced toward Gettysburg. 18 Early’s Washington Campaign, I-7 17

For more in-depth information on the people, places and events that occurred in Loudoun during the Civil War, visit Loudoun’s Civil War website at CivilWar.VisitLoudoun.org.

39401 John Mosby Hwy, Aldie 703.327.9777 www.nvrpa.org/park/aldie_mill_ historic_park HOURS: Late Apr-late Nov, Sat-Sun 12-5pm. Free Swann’s Castle: Morven Park in the Civil War, I-6 & P-1 Overview of the role the historic home played in the Civil War, whose grounds also served as camp for the 17th Mississippi during the winter of 1861-62. 6

At the end of 1862, after showing extraordinary ability as a cavalry scout Aldie Mill, H-11 for Gen. J.E.B. Stuart, Mosby was detached to operate behind enemy Mount Zion Old School lines. He believed that a minimal number of men staying at safe houses Baptist Church, H-11 over a large rural area could launch devastating surprise cavalry attacks Red Fox Inn, F-11 by day or night when a signal for a rendezvous was given. Village of Lincoln, F-7 Mosby’s operations over 28 months proved he was right. He became Goose Creek Bridge, D-11 known as the “Gray Ghost” by fearful Federal forces. His small band, 20 Loudoun Heights Clash, F-2 called “Mosby’s Rangers,” over time totaled no more than 1,911 32 Anker’s Shop, M-9 men. However, their attacks on outposts of the Union cavalry screen around Washington, guard stations, U.S. Military Railroad junctions, and communication lines weakened the morale of Federal troops and tied up nearly 14,000 of them.

* The Civil War Horse: Horses and Mules Memorial * E-11

The present building dates to 1894, but the county’s courthouse has been sited here since 1758. A larger courthouse was built in 1811 and barely survived the Civil War, witnessing a shootout on its front lawn. Several pieces of pillars were salvaged and can be found today in the courtyard. Slave auctions were once held on the front steps here. Following the Oct. 21, 1861, Battle of Ball’s Bluff, 566 Union prisoners were kept inside the courthouse’s iron gates as local citizens taunted them. A bronze statue of a Civil War soldier by Richmond sculptor F.S. Sievers has stood on the lawn since 1908. 10 N. King St, Leesburg 703.737.8775 HOURS: (courthouse) Mon-Fri 8:30am4pm. Free

* Loudoun County Courthouse & Confederate Memorial * I-7 & P-3

of the last four-arched stone bridges remaining in Virginia. Built between 1801 and 1803 as part of Ashby’s Gap Turnpike connecting Alexandria to Winchester (today’s Route 50), the bridge played a pivotal role in the 1863 Battle of Upperville, creating a bottleneck for Union troops crossing Goose Creek. Later, in 1865, Col. John S. Mosby unsuccessfully sought to attack a Union group on this bridge. 946-VL-12-map_preflighted-rev.indd 2

Battle of Aldie: The Fight Begins, H-11 Overview of the cavalry clashes that served as the Confederate screen for Lee’s march toward Gettysburg. 1

5 Leesburg: From Paradise to Peril, I-7 & P-3 Overview of Leesburg’s role in the War with a focus on the Antietam campaign of 1862 and the Gettysburg campaign of 1863.

Potomac Crossings, J-4 On September 6, 1862, Lee’s army turned here to cross the Potomac in his invasion of Maryland. In 1864, Confederate Jubal Early, returning from his raid on Washington, crossed back into Virginia at nearby White’s Ford. 16

PERSONALITY PROFILE

Built in 1804, by the 1840s, Oatlands Plantation was a flourishing farm. Just before the Civil War, Oatlands housed

ALDIE

LEESBURG

15 1862 Antietam Campaign: Lee Invades Maryland, I-7 & P-3 Overview of the 1862 campaign that saw Lee’s army invade Maryland and culminated in the battle at Antietam.

Gettysburg Campaign, M-9 On June 27, 1863, J.E.B. Stuart, operating on Lee’s right, passed here on his way to the fords of the Potomac north of Dranesville. Crossing the river, he became separated from Lee’s army and did not rejoin it until July 2, at Gettysburg. 31

1862 Antietam Campaign: Lee Invades Maryland, I-6 Sharpsburg (Antietam) Campaign, J-6 1862 Antietam Campaign: Lee Invades Maryland, I-7 & P-3

We’re giving away an exclusive 2-night weekend stay at the Glenfiddich House (known as Harrison Hall during the War) in Leesburg’s historic district, where Robert E. Lee held a council of war with his high command, and where he stayed before launching his

Potomac Crossings, J-4

invasion of Maryland in September of 1862. The winner will also

Battle of Unison: In the Wake of Antietam, E-9

receive dinner for two at a Loudoun Destination Restaurant, and a

Loudoun Civil War Memorials

Loudoun Civil War book collection. To enter, go to the Visit Loudoun Facebook page and click on the Civil War tab. Or mail your name

The Civil War Horse, E-11

and address to Visit Loudoun, 112-G South St, Leesburg, VA 20175.

Loudoun County Courthouse &

Entries must be submitted by July 31, 2012. Winner will be selected

Confederate Memorial, I-7 & P-3 Aldie Monument, G-10

Union Cemetery (Confederate War Memorial), I-7 & P-2

Ball’s Bluff Battlefield (Memorials

to Sen. Edward Baker and Clinton Hatcher), J-7

randomly from participants who submit images. For more information on the Glenfiddich House (Harrison Hall), go to www.mileslehane.com/about/glenfiddichhouse.

Credit: Library of Congress

20850 Oatlands Plantation Ln, Leesburg 703.777.3174 | oatlands.org HOURS: Apr-Dec ,Mon-Sat 10am-5pm; Sun 1-5pm. Tours on the hour, last tour at 4pm. Fee for tour.

Rector’s Crossroads: They Did Their Job, D-11 Scene of a June 1863 clash between Confederate cavalry and Federal infantry and part of the cavalry engagements on the way to Gettysburg. 4

@ * LO U D O U N C IVI L WAR * ”

Established by Quakers as Goose Creek in the 1750s, Lincoln is an unincorporated village that was the first town in the post-Civil War South to rename itself for assassinated President Lincoln. Its citizens openly opposed secession and slavery and attempted to remain neutral. Some residents may have been part of the Underground

* Oatlands Historic House and Gardens * H-9

Established in 1855 on the outskirts of Leesburg, Union cemetery was created as a public cemetery open to people of all faiths. It predates three other Union cemeteries in Loudoun County established at Hillsboro, Waterford, and Lovettsville. The cemetery contains the 1908 Union Chapel and several notable monuments, including a Confederate War Memorial at the north end of the site, and an imperfectly cut 30-foot-high granite column, thought to be designed for the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., but rejected and brought to the cemetery around 1938.

Along with heritage sites and battlefields, Loudoun County’s landscape is rich with interpretation through historic markers under the Virginia Civil War Trails program and the Virginia Department of Historic Resources. A description of the markers’ content along with its map location are included here. Historic markers under the Virginia Civil War Trails program are identified with a and markers under the Virginia Department of Historic Resources are identified with a . The markers are numbered for easy reference on the map, which are identified by a circle with a number in it, and are not intended to be followed in numeric order.

ATOKA

14 Sharpsburg (Antietam) Campaign, J-6 Near here Stonewall Jackson bivouacked on the march into Maryland, September 4, 1862.

Middleburg: Screening Lee’s Army, F-11 Overview of the action in Middleburg during the cavalry clashes of June 1863, where J.E.B. Stuart’s forces screened the Confederate march toward Gettysburg.

CIVILWAR.VISITLOUDOUN.ORG

Now open only to pedestrians, the bridge is off U.S. 50 between Middleburg and Upperville, and is one 323 N King St, Leesburg 703.777.3186 HOURS: Daily dawn to dusk. Office Mon-Fri 7am-3:30pm. Free

Aldie was a strategic location, situated at the point where two major turnpikes diverged. It was the site of a March 1863 clash between Col. John Mosby and Federal cavalry that became

* Union Cemetery * I-7 & P-2

HISTORIC ★ MARKERS

Mosby never surrendered, rather he simply disbanded his men after Lee’s surrender at Appomattox.

During the Civil War, the Beveridge House, as the inn was once known, often served as a meeting place for Confederates. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart famously shared intelligence reports here with Col. John S. Mosby in June 1863. The inn served as headquarters and hospital for the Confederates. Strategy sessions took place upstairs and wounded soldiers were tended to in the tavern rooms. The pine bar, in use today in the Tap Room, was once the field operating table of a Federal surgeon. Today, the Red Fox Inn still operates as an inn and restaurant. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Founded by Quakers in 1733, Waterford became one of Loudoun’s largest towns, which included numerous African Americans. Virginia’s only Federal unit was created in 1862 when Samuel C. Means, a Waterford Quaker, accepted a commission to raise a cavalry unit, the Loudoun Independent Rangers. Despite their pacifism, Quakers from Waterford and Lovettsville enlisted. On Aug. 26, 1862, the Rangers camped here where they were attacked early the next morning. Each side lost one man, but many lay wounded inside the Baptist Church. The fight is remembered for pitting brother against brother. During Gen. Sheridan’s “Burning Raid” of 1864, Union soldiers burned Waterford barns to deny food for the Confederates and their horses. The village is a National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

* FOR OTHER LOUDOUN CIVIL WAR PROFILES, VISIT CIVILWAR.VISITLOUDOUN.ORG. *

Mount Zion Church continuously held services from 1851-1980, except for a brief period during the Civil War, while area control shifted between opposing forces. During the War, Mount Zion was a battlefield, hospital, barracks, prison, and burial ground. It was also a meeting place for Col. John S. Mosby and his Rangers. In July 1864, Union forces sent to capture Mosby and his men were defeated. The church’s graveyard holds 12 Union cavalrymen killed at that skirmish as well as two of Mosby’s Rangers and other Confederates who were killed in other battles. Outside the cemetery is an area where slaves and free blacks are buried.

Rtes 662 and 665; North of Leesburg

Stuart and Bayard, G-11 On October 31, 1862, in an attempt to screen Lee’s return to Virginia after the battle of Antietam, Confederate J.E B. Stuart’s troopers fought a series of engagements against Federal forces under George Bayard.

1862 Antietam Campaign: Lee Invades Maryland, I-6 Overview of the 1862 campaign that saw Lee’s army invade Maryland and culminated in the battle at Antietam.

Credit: Library of Congress

2 E Washington St, Middleburg 540.687.6301 | www.redfox.com HOURS: Mon-Sat 8am-9pm; Sun 8am-8pm. Free

* The Village of Waterford * H-5

MIDDLEBURG

Credit: Library of Congress

40309 John Mosby Hwy, Aldie 703.327.9777 | nvrpa.org/park/mt_zion HOURS: Tours available. Call ahead. Free

Mother of Stonewall Jackson, H-11 In this vicinity (and according to tradition, two miles east at Peach Orchard) was born Julia Beckwith Neale, mother of Stonewall Jackson, February 29, 1798. She married Jonathan Jackson in 1818 and died in October 1831. 3

Mile Hill: Cavalry Clash, I-6 In September 1862, Confederate cavalry clashed with the Federal Loudoun Rangers. 12

Credit: Library of Congress

* Red Fox Inn * F-11

2 Lee Moves North Again: Screening Lee’s Infantry, H-11 Confederate cavalry leader J.E.B. Stuart’s campaign to shield Lee’s army as it marches north to Gettysburg.

Credit: Library of Congress

* Mount Zion Old School Baptist Church * H-11

128 slaves, the largest slave population in Loudoun County. Troops moved through the property throughout the war, and at one point Confederate Gen. Nathan Evans placed his headquarters here. In 1897 the Carter family sold the mansion with 60 acres to Stilson Hutchins, founder of the Washington Post newspaper. In 1964, Oatlands mansion, its furnishings, and 261 acres around were donated to the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

Credit: Library of Congress

Railroad network. Residents eventually confirmed their loyalty to the Confederacy but refused to bear arms. Today, the Quaker Goose Creek Meeting House remains. The last Loudoun skirmish of the War took place nearby at a place called “Katy’s Hollow” in March 1865, when members of the 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry were ambushed by Col. John S. Mosby.

★ INSIDE:

* Morven Park: Loudoun’s Civil War Rallying Point * Detailed Map of Civil War Sites * Descriptions of Loudoun’s Significant Civil War Battles * Connect with Our Civil War Social Media Sites * Win a FREE Weekend in an Historic Civil War Home

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