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Greg Cunniff and Brett Zerba :
: HPAC Engineering :
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HVAC . . . . . )( . )( . . . ( . ) . )wet rotor( . . ) ( . . . / . . . ) ( . . . ) (
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. . . . . . . REFERENCES I) Stethem, W.c. (1995). Single-pipe hydronic systems-historical development. ASHRAE transactions,101, 1251-1259. 2) ASHRAE. (2001). ASHRAE handbook of fundamentals. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
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John Kettler :
: ASHRAE Journal :
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. ASHRAE ( . . )Relief Fan )( . . ( . ) . ) ( . )SR( / )( )( )SE( / . : . ) ( . / . . cfm )F ( cfm )A ( / ) L/s( ) L/s( cfm . ) L/s( . . . ) ( . in.wg ) Pa(
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( SE .) References 1. Taylor, S.T. 2000. "Comparing economizer relief systems." ASHRAE Journal 42(9)33-40. 2. ASHRAE Guideline 16-2003, Selecting Outdoor, Return, and Relief Dampers for Air-Side Economizer Systems. 3. Van Becelaere, R. 1998. "Mixing box damper testing." ASHRAE Transactions 104(2). 4. Krarti, M. "Techniques for measuring and controlling outside air intake rates in variable air volume systems." ASHRAE RP-980 Final Report. 5. Kettler. J.P. 1998. "Controlling minimum ventilation volume in VAV systems." ASHRAE Journal 40(5):45-50. 6. Felker, L. 2002. "Minimum outside air damper control." ASHRAE Journal 44(4). 7. Kettler, J.P. 2000. "Measuring and controlling outdoor airflow." ASHRAE IAQ Applications Winter.
( ) . SE . )A SEA ( SR : . . . ) ( : ) in.w.g ) Pa(( . .
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HVAC Lan Xie and Kenneth Cooper :
: ASHRAE Journal :
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HVAC CASE STUDIES
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RSES Journal . : HVACR . : HVACR . :Chilling Out . HVACR : . HVACR : . HVACR : . HVACR : . . : RSES Journal 1666 Rand Road Des Plaines IL 60016 USA Fax :8472975038 http//:www.rsesjournal.com
RSES Journal )RSES( HVACR . HVACR . . HVACR . RSES . HVACR . RSES Journal : HVACR . . MSAC Hotline )MSAC(
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AERCO AERCO Benchmark 3.0LN( NOx BMK 3.0LN . Benchmark 3.0 Low NOx )BMK
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. 100-470 CFM . . Radon Mitigation Kit Dryer Boost Kit . Dryer Boost Kit Mitigation Kit . ) ( Radon . PVC . Marley Engineered Products Marley . SPX . : Holly Seeley Shorey & Associates Inc. 864-242-5407 hseeley@shoreyandassociates.com
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Detlef Westfalen, Kurt Roth and James Brodrick :
: ASHRAE Journal :
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References 1. Bergles, A.E. 1998. "Techniques to enhance heat transfer." Chapter 11 of Handbook of Heat Transfer, 3rded. W.M.Rohsenow, J.P. Hartnett, and Y.I. Cho, eds. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill. 2. Bullard, C. W. and R. Radermacher. 1994. "New technologies for air conditioning and refrigeration." Annual Review of Energy and Environmentpp. 113-152. 3. Gidwani, A., M. Molki, and M.M. Ohadi. 2002. "EHDenhanced condensation of alternative refrigerants in smooth and corrugated tubes." HVAC&R Research 8(3). 4. Jacobi, A.M. and R.K. Shah. 1998, "Air-side flow and heat transfer in compact heat exchangers: a discussion of enhancement mechanisms." Heat Transfer Engineering, 19(4):29-41. 5. TIAX. 2002. "Energy consumption characteristics of commercial building HVAC systems-Volume III: energy savings potential." Final Report to U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Building Technologies. 6. DOE. 2005. "2005 Buildings Energy Data book." Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/.
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Heat Exchangers ) (
10. This type of plate heat exchanger is the most common type and typically uses NBR gaskets for applications up to 230? or EPDM gaskets for applications up to 320?. 12. These columns in large plate-type heat exchangers hold the carrying and guide bars. 14. An allowance factor taken into consideration in the sizing of heat exchangers due to scale accumulation on heat transfer surfaces. 16. These components of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger are usually made of steel pipe, brass, or stainless steel with inlet and outlet nozzles made with standard flange openings in various orientations to suit piping needs. 18. These pans are made of stainless steel and are often installed under plate heat exchangers to contain leakage on start-up or shutdown that is due to gasket failure or condensation.
Answer
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ACROSS 2. A type of shell-and-tube heat exchanger that uses one fixed and one removable straight tube bundle assembly. 6. These components of a plate-type heat exchanger are usually made of aluminum and are required in the United States by OSHA to enclose exterior channel plate and gasket surfaces. 8. Most hvac applications using this fluid are designed using shell-and-tube units. 9. Heat exchangers for hvac applications should be constructed and labeled for 150 psig at 375?F according to the applicable "Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code" published by this organization. 11. This type of heat exchanger has a leakage path that warns of mechanical failure before fluids can be cross contaminated. 13. These safety pressure valves should be installed on both sides of a heat exchanger, between the heat exchanger and shut-off valves, to guard against damage from thermal expansion when the unit is not in service, as well as to protect against overpressurization. 15. These bolts in a plate-type heat exchanger compress the plate back between the moveable pressure and fixed-frame plates. 17. These components of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger
are usually cast iron or fabricated steel; however, cast brass and cast stainless steel are available in limited sizes. 19. This type of plate heat exchanger has neither gaskets nor frames. 20. These components of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger are usually made of copper, special grades of brass, or stainless steel.
DOWN 1. An assembly in a welded plate heat exchanger consisting of two plates that are welded together at the edges. 2. Heat exchangers that can be made in U-tube, straighttube, or shell-and-coil designs. 3. Heat exchangers must accommodate these stresses associated with large temperature differences. 4. The number and spacing of these components in a shelland-tube heat exchanger controls the velocity and a significant portion of the shell-side heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. 5. These components of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger are drilled for a specific tube layout called pitch. 7. A type of shell-and-tube heat exchanger that is commonly referred to as "converters." 9. The temperature difference between the outlet and inlet temperatures of the fluid passing through a heat exchanger.
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Douglas H. Evans :
: HPAC Engineering :
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)VFD( . . )IBC( . IBC . ( ) CCBD . . . : . . : . . : . . . VFD . ( . ) VFD . : VFD .
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VFD . VFD . . ( VFD . / ) . VFD . : . . / . . . . .) ( . : )( . . / . )UPS( UPS VFD . / UPS . . . UPS : . Underwriters Laboratory( UL . ) ( :
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UL 864 . ) UL ( UUKL )FACP( ) UL 864 . FACP . )BMS( UUKL ( UL 864 )listing( . BMS ) . UL / UUKL VFD UL / UUKL VFD 508/508 C . VFD UL / UUKL . UL 864 VFD UUKL . . . . VFD : . : ) ( . . . . . . . VFD ) ( . ) ( :
. . VFD : . : . . : . : . : . . : . . . CCBD . . . . REFERENCES 1) International Code Council. (2003). International building code. Country Club Hills, IL: International Code Council. 2) Traister, J.E.(19994). Complete handbook of electric motor controls (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 3) UL. (1996). Control units for fire protective systems. Underwriters Laboratories Standard 864. Northbrook, IL: Underwriters Laboratories. 4) UL. (2003). Industrial control equipment. Underwriters Laboratories Standard 508. Northbrook, IL: Underwriters Laboratories. 5) UL. (2003). Power conversion equipment. Underwriters Laboratories Standard 508. Northbrook, IL: Underwriters Laboratories.
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. / Btu/hr A . oF . / oF B AB / oF . . / Btu/hr B = =37.220.2 =17.0 Btu per lb
= =17.00.85 =14.45 Btu per lb
=20.2 +14.45 =34.65 Btu per lb
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. cfm gpm cfm gpm )( . oF . oF . )( . A )( oF oF F . . AF . / Btu/lb F = 38.520.2 =18.3 Btu per lb =18.3×0.85=15.16 Btu per lb =0.2+15.16 =35.36 Btu per lb
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)( cfm gpm . . E : E . F . F F = Btu/lb D = Btu/lb = = 18.3 0.83=15.19 Btu/lb = 20.3 + 15.19=35.49 Btu/lb / Btu/lb G DF . E
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Harry Hondeman :
: IEA Heat Pump Centre Newsletter :
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