Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
Nominl Outside Wall
Inside
Anari cn=Anari, o, ou, email=anari2011 @gmail.com, c=IR
S-40 Steel
Pipe Sizing Criteria Schedule 40 Steel Design: 3'/100' PD , 10 fps max vel
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
High: 5'/100' PD , 12 fps max vel Maxim: 7'/100' PD , 15 fps max vel Design
High
Maxim
Pipe Diameter Thickness DiameterP.D. perVelocity Flow P.D. perVelocity Flow P.D. perVelocity Flow Size
(in)
(in)
(in)
100 ft (ft/sec) (gpm)
100 ft (ft/sec) (gpm)
100 ft (ft/sec) (gpm)
0.38
0.675
0.091
0.493
3.0
0.9
0.5
5.0
1.7
1
7.0
2.5
1.5
0.50
0.840
0.109
0.622
3.0
1.6
1.5
5.0
2.1
2
7.0
2.6
2.5
0.75
1.050
0.113
0.824
3.0
2.1
3.5
5.0
2.7
4.5
7.0
3.3
5.5
1.00
1.315
0.133
1.049
3.0
2.4
6.5
5.0
3.2
8.5
7.0
3.7
10
1.25
1.660
0.140
1.380
3.0
2.6
12
5.0
3.7
17
7.0
4.5
21
1.50
1.900
0.145
1.610
3.0
3.2
20
5.0
4.3
27
7.0
5.1
32
2.00
2.375
0.154
2.067
3.0
3.8
40
5.0
4.8
50
7.0
5.7
60
2.50
2.875
0.203
2.469
3.0
4.3
65
5.0
5.7
85
7.0
6.5
97
3.00
3.500
0.216
3.068
3.0
4.8
110
5.0
6.3
145
7.0
7.6
175
3.50
4.000
0.226
3.548
3.0
5.3
160
5.0
7.0
200
7.0
8.5
250
4.00
4.500
0.237
4.026
3.0
5.8
230
5.0
7.6
300
7.0
8.8
350
5.00
5.563
0.258
5.047
3.0
6.4
400
5.0
8.3
520
7.0
10.3
640
6.00
6.625
0.280
6.065
3.0
7.7
690
5.0
10.0
900
7.0
12.2
1,100
8.00
8.625
0.322
7.891
3.0
9.0
1,400
5.0
12.0
1,900
7.0
14.1
2,200
10.00
10.75
0.365
10.02
2.7
10.0
2,500
3.8
12.0
3,000
5.8
15.0
3,700
12.00
12.75
0.406
11.94
2.1
10.0
3,500
3.0
12.0
4,200
4.6
15.0
5,200
14.00
14.00
0.437
13.13
1.9
10.0
4,200
2.7
12.0
5,100
4.1
15.0
6,300
16.00
16.00
0.500
15.00
1.7
10.0
5,500
2.3
12.0
6,600
3.6
15.0
8,300
18.00
18.00
0.562
16.88
1.5
10.0
7,000
2.0
12.0
8,400
3.0
15.0
10500
20.00
20.00
0.593
18.81
1.3
10.0
8,900
1.8
12.0
10400
2.6
15.0
13000
22.00
22.00
1.250
20.75
1.1
10.0
10500
1.6
12.0
12600
2.4
15.0
15700
24.00
24.00
1.360
22.64
1.0
10.0
12500
1.4
12.0
15000
2.2
15.0
18700
26.00
26.00
0.750
25.25
0.9
10.0
15500
1.3
12.0
18600
2.1
15.0
23300
28.00
28.00
0.750
27.25
0.8
10.0
18100
1.2
12.0
21700
2.0
15.0
27100
30.00
30.00
0.750
29.25
0.7
10.0
20800
1.1
12.0
25000
1.9
15.0
31300
32.00
32.00
0.750
31.25
0.6
10.0
23800
1.0
12.0
28500
1.8
15.0
35700
34.00
34.00
0.750
33.25
0.5
10.0
26900
0.9
12.0
32300
1.7
15.0
40400
36.00
36.00
0.750
35.25
0.4
10.0
30300
0.8
12.0
36300
1.6
15.0
45400
Schedule 40 Steel
S40-Crit
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
CLOSED SYSTEMS
Design Criteria:
3’ Frictional Pressure Drop per 100’ Pipe Length with a Maximum Velocity of 10 ft/sec
Figure - 1
Friction Loss for CLOSED Piping Systems: Schedule 40 Steel
Schedule 40 Steel
S40-Crit
Source: Carrier Systems Design
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
OPEN SYSTEMS
Design Criteria:
3’ Frictional Pressure Drop per 100’ Pipe Length with a Maximum Velocity of 10 ft/sec
Figure - 2
Friction Loss for OPEN Piping Systems: Schedule 40 Steel
Schedule 40 Steel
S40-Crit
Source: Carrier Systems Design
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP
COPPER Nominal Pipe Size (ins) 0.25 0.38 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
Copper , Plastic
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
Physical Dimensions and Sizing Criteria (ASPE Data Book) Type K Copper Type L Copper Type M Copper Pipe Sizing Criteria Diameter (ins) Diameter (ins) Diameter (ins) Velocity Loss in Flow Outside Inside Outside Inside Outside Inside Ft/sec PD’/100’ GPM 0.375 0.305 0.375 0.315 0.5 0.402 0.5 0.43 0.5 0.45 1.0 3 0.5 0.625 0.527 0.625 0.545 0.625 0.569 1.5 3 1 0.875 0.745 0.875 0.785 0.875 0.811 2.0 3 3 1.125 0.995 1.125 1.025 1.125 1.055 2.5 3 7 1.375 1.245 1.375 1.265 1.375 1.291 3.0 3 12 1.625 1.481 1.625 1.505 1.625 1.527 3.5 3 17 2.125 1.959 2.125 1.985 2.125 2.009 4.0 3 35 2.625 2.435 2.625 2.465 2.625 2.495 4.5 3 70 3.125 2.907 3.125 2.945 3.125 2.981 5.0 3 110 3.625 3.385 3.625 3.425 3.625 3.459 5.5 3 160 4.125 3.857 4.125 3.905 4.125 3.935 6.0 2.5 225 5.125 4.805 5.125 4.875 5.125 4.907 6.5 2.5 380 6.125 5.741 6.125 5.845 6.125 5.881 7.0 2.2 575 8.125 7.583 8.125 7.725 8.125 7.785 7.5 1.9 1105 10.125 9.449 10.125 9.625 10.125 9.701 8.0 1.5 1835 12.125 11.315 12.125 11.565 12.125 11.617 8.5 1 2800
PLASTIC Nominal Pipe Size (ins) 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
Physical Dimensions and Sizing Criteria
(ASPE Data Book)
Schedule 40 PVC Schedule 40 CPVCPolyethylene (75 psi) Pipe Sizing Criteria Diameter (ins) Diameter (ins) Diameter (ins) Velocity Loss in Flow Outside Inside Outside Inside Outside Inside Ft/sec PD’/100’ GPM 0.840 0.622 0.840 0.622 0.782 0.622 1.050 0.824 1.050 0.824 0.824 1.000 1.315 1.049 1.315 1.049 1.300 1.050 1.660 1.380 1.660 1.380 1.710 1.380 1.900 1.610 1.990 1.610 2.000 1.610 2.375 2.067 2.375 2.067 2.567 2.067 2.875 2.469 2.875 2.469 3.500 3.068 3.500 3.068 3.670 3.068 4.500
4.026
4.500
4.026
6.625 8.625 10.750 12.750
6.065 7.981 10.020 11.938
6.625
6.065
Cu-PVC
4.820
4.026
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
Copper Pipe Sizing Chart
Design Criteria:
3’ Frictional Pressure Drop per 100’ Pipe Length with a Maximum Velocity of 10 ft/sec
Figure - 3
Friction Loss for Copper Piping Systems: Types K, L, & M
Copper , Plastic
Cu-PVC
Source: Carrier Systems Design
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP
Pipe Sizing Criteria:
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
Schedule 80 Steel
Schedule 80 Steel
S-80 Steel
Extra Strong Steel Outside Wall
XS Steel
Outside Wall
Pipe Size Veloc
Diameter Thickness Diameter Flow
Diameter Thickness Diameter Flow
(ins)
(fps)
(ins)
(ins)
(ins)
(gpm)
(ins)
(ins)
(ins)
(gpm)
0.375
1.0
0.675
0.126
0.423
0.5
0.675
0.126
0.423
0.5
0.500
1.5
0.840
0.147
0.546
1
0.840
0.147
0.546
1
0.750
2.0
1.050
0.154
0.742
2.5
1.050
0.154
0.742
2.5
1.000
2.5
1.315
0.179
0.957
5.5
1.315
0.179
0.957
5.5
1.250
3.0
1.660
0.191
1.278
12
1.660
0.191
1.278
12
1.500
3.5
1.900
0.200
1.500
20
1.900
0.200
1.500
20
2.000
4.0
2.375
0.218
1.939
35
2.375
0.218
1.939
35
2.500
4.5
2.875
0.276
2.323
60
2.875
0.276
2.323
60
3.000
5.0
3.500
0.300
2.900
100
3.500
0.300
2.900
100
3.500
5.5
4.000
0.318
3.364
150
4.000
0.318
3.364
150
4.000
6.0
4.500
0.337
3.826
215
4.500
0.337
3.826
215
5.000
6.5
5.563
0.375
4.813
365
5.563
0.375
4.813
365
6.000
7.5
6.625
0.432
5.761
600
6.625
0.432
5.761
600
8.000
9.0
8.625
0.500
7.625
1,275
8.625
0.500
7.625
1,275
10.000
10.0
10.750
0.593
9.562
2,230
10.750
1.000
9.750
2,320
12.000
10.0
12.750
0.687
11.374
3,150
12.750
1.000
11.750
3,370
14.000
10.0
14.000
0.750
12.500
3,810
14.000
1.000
13.000
4,120
16.000
10.0
16.000
0.843
14.312
4,995
16.000
1.000
15.000
5,490
18.000
10.0
18.000
0.937
16.124
6,340
18.000
1.000
17.000
7,050
20.000
10.0
20.000
1.031
17.938
7,850
20.000
1.000
19.000
8,800
22.000
10.0
22.000
2.250
19.750
9,510
22.000
1.000
21.000
10,750
24.000
10.0
24.000
2.438
21.562
11,340
24.000
1.000
23.000
12,900
26.000
10.0
26.000
1.000
25.000
15,240
28.000
10.0
28.000
1.000
27.000
17,780
30.000
10.0
30.000
1.000
29.000
20,510
32.000
10.0
32.000
1.000
31.000
23,440
34.000
10.0
34.000
1.000
33.000
26,560
36.000
10.0
36.000
1.000
35.000
29,880
S80-XS
Maxim
S-80 Steel
Nominal Maxim
Sch 80 , XS Steel
Inside
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
Inside
Maxim
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP
CAST IRON Nominal Pipe Size (ins) 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 30 36 42 48
Physical Data
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
Hydraulic Handbook
Colt Industries
125 PSI Cast Iron Diameter (ins) Outside Inside 3.96 3.06 5.00 4.04
175 PSI Cast Iron Diameter (ins) Outside Inside 3.96 3.00 5.00 3.96
250 PSI Cast Iron Diameter (ins) Outside Inside
Pipe Sizing Criteria Velocity Loss in Flow Ft/sec PD’/100’ GPM 3.1 4.5 100 2.8 5.1 200
7.10 9.30 11.40 13.50 15.65 17.80 19.92 22.06
6.08 8.18 10.16 12.14 14.17 16.20 18.18 20.22
7.10 9.30 11.40 13.50 15.65 17.80 19.92 22.06
6.00 8.10 10.04 12.00 14.01 16.02 18.00 20.00
7.22 9.42 11.60 13.78 15.98 18.16 20.34 22.54
6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00
2.9 2.6 2.7 2.5 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.2
6.8 7.7 9.0 9.7 9.4 9.6 10.0 9.2
600 1,200 2,200 3,400 4,500 6,000 8,000 9,000
26.32 32.40 38.70 45.10 51.40
24.22 30.00 35.98 42.02 47.98
26.32 32.74 39.16 45.58 51.98
24.00 30.00 36.00 42.02 48.06
26.90 33.46 40.04
24.00 30.00 36.00
1.2 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.5
10.0 10.0 9.5 9.3 9.8
14,000 22,000 30,000 40,000 55,000
ALUMINUM , BRASS Nominal Pipe Size (ins) 0.38 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
Handbook for Mechanical Engineers : Baumeister & Marks
Aluminum Schedule 40 Diameter (ins) Thickness Outside Inside (ins) 0.675 0.493 0.091 0.840 0.622 0.109 1.050 0.824 0.133 1.315 1.049 0.133 1.660 1.380 0.140 1.900 1.610 0.145 2.375 2.067 0.154 2.875 2.469 0.203 3.500 3.068 0.216 4.000 3.548 0.226 4.500 4.026 0.237 5.563 5.047 0.258 6.625 6.065 0.280 8.625 7.981 0.322 10.750 10.020 0.365 12.750 12.000 0.375
Iron , Aluminum , Brass
Aluminum Schedule 80 Diameter (ins) Thickness Outside Inside (ins) 0.675 0.423 0.126 0.840 0.546 0.147 1.050 0.742 0.154 1.315 0.957 0.179 1.660 1.278 0.191 1.900 1.500 0.200 2.375 1.939 0.218 2.875 2.325 0.276 3.500 2.900 0.300 4.000 3.364 0.318 4.500 3.826 0.337 5.563 4.813 0.375 6.625 5.761 0.432 8.625 7.625 0.500 10.750 9.750 0.500 12.750 11.750 0.500
Fe-Al-Br
Brass (85% Cu, 15% Zn) Diameter (ins) Thickness Outside Inside (ins) 0.675 0.494 0.092 0.840 0.625 0.108 1.050 0.822 0.114 1.315 1.062 0.127 1.660 1.368 0.146 1.900 1.600 0.150 2.375 2.062 0.157 2.875 2.500 0.188 3.500 3.062 0.219 4.000 3.500 0.250 4.500 4.000 0.250 5.563 5.062 0.251 6.625 6.125 0.250 8.625 8.000 0.313 10.750 10.019 0.363 12.750 12.000 0.375
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
( f = 0.2083 x (100/C)^1.85 x Q^1.85/D^4.8635 ) PIPE DESIGN BASED ON HAZEN WILLIAMS FORMULA Source: Cameron Hydraulic Data, 1926-62 Values of C High (smooth, clean) Average Design (old) Pipe Material Low (old, corroded) Copper, Brass, Tin, Lead, Glass 155 to 120 140 130 Cast Iron, Wrought Iron, Steel (seamless) 150 to 80 130 100 C= 155 represents new, clean smooth surfaces C = 80 represents old, corroded, rough surfaces
Sizing Criteria: 3’ PD per 100’ Pipe Length
Pipe Sizing Criteria for Cast Iron and Steel: Cameron Hydraulic Data, Old Pipes: 1926-62C = Pipe Size (ins) 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
Cast Iron Steel : Sch-40 & Sch-80 Flow Velocity Loss Flow Velocity Loss (gpm) (fps) PD/100' (gpm) (fps) PD/100' 1 1.1 2.1 2.5 1.5 2.9 5 1.9 3.2 10 2.2 3.1 14 2.2 2.7 28 2.7 2.9 45 3.0 2.9 75 3.5 2.9 80 3.5 3.0 110 3.7 2.8 120 4.0 3.1 160 4.1 2.9 170 4.3 3.2 280 4.6 2.8 300 4.8 3.0 450 5.1 2.8 500 5.6 3.2 1000 6.4 3.0 1000 6.4 3.0 1800 7.4 3.0 1800 7.3 3.0 3000 8.5 3.2 3000 8.5 3.2
Steel : XS Flow Velocity Loss (gpm) (fps) PD/100' 1 1.4 4.0 2 1.5 3.2 4 1.8 3.3 8 2.0 3.0 12 2.2 2.9 24 2.6 3.0 40 3.0 3.2 70 3.4 3.0 100 3.6 2.9 140 3.9 2.9 260 4.6 2.9 400 4.9 2.7 900 6.3 3.1 1700 7.3 3.0 2800 8.3 3.1
Pipe Sizing Criteria for Cast Iron and Steel: Cameron Hydraulic Data, Old Pipes: 1926-62C = Pipe Size (ins) 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00
Cast Iron Steel : Sch-40 & Sch-80 Flow Velocity Loss Flow Velocity Loss (gpm) (fps) PD/100' (gpm) (fps) PD/100' 1 1.5 2.9 1 1.4 2.5 3 2.2 4.1 3 2.0 3.2 6 2.5 3.6 6 2.3 3.1 10 2.6 3.1 10 2.5 2.9 15 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 30 3.2 2.6 30 3.1 2.5 60 4.1 3.3 60 4.0 3.1 90 4.3 3.0 90 4.2 2.8 140 5.0 3.2 140 4.9 2.9 190 5.2 3.0 190 5.1 2.8 350 6.2 3.2 350 6.0 3.0 550 6.8 3.1 550 6.6 2.8 1100 7.8 2.8 1200 8.2 3.0
Hazen-Williams Sizing
Haz-Will
Steel : XS Flow Velocity Loss (gpm) (fps) PD/100' 1 1.3 2.0 3 1.9 2.7 6 2.2 2.7 10 2.4 2.6 15 2.6 2.4 35 3.5 3.1 60 3.9 2.9 100 4.6 3.2 140 4.8 2.9 200 5.3 2.9 350 5.9 2.8 600 7.1 3.2 1200 8.1 2.9
100 Steel: XXS Flow Velocity Loss (gpm) (fps) PD/100' 2 4 6 12 20 40 60 90 160 280 700
2.3 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.7 3.1 3.3 3.7 4.0 4.8 6.0
11.7 4.7 3.6 2.9 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.2 2.8 3.1 3.2
130 Steel: XXS Flow Velocity Loss (gpm) (fps) PD/100' 1.5 1.6 2.7 3 1.8 2.6 6 2.2 2.6 12 2.6 2.7 20 3.2 3.3 35 3.4 2.7 60 3.9 2.9 100 4.4 2.8 150 5.0 3.1 200 5.1 2.7 400 6.4 3.1 650 7.1 3.0 1300 8.3 3.0
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
Dynamic Pressure Losses through Fittings EL = L/D* D (EL = Equivalent Length. L=Pipe Length, D = Pipe Diameter) Velocity Pressure Factor (K) for Water : K = C*D**E: Pressure Drop (PD) = K*VP FITTING IDENTIFICATION ColRo Description w A8 90 deg Elbow: Regular Screwed
Pipe Fittings Data
L/D Factors Name
K Factors
Water Glycol Brine Diesel Petrol Steam
Gas
Coeff C
Expon E
EL90-RG-SC
45
53
61
45
36
30
35
1.5
-0.6092
A9
90 deg Elbow: Long Radius Screwed EL90-LR-SC
25
29
34
25
20
15
20
0.75
-0.8787
A10
90 deg Elbow: Regular Flanged
EL90-RG-Fl
45
53
61
45
36
30
35
0.45
-0.253
A11
90 deg Elbow: Long Radius Flanged EL90-LR-FL
25
29
34
25
20
15
20
0.4
-0.463
A12
45 deg Elbow: Regular Screwed
EL45-RG-SC
25
29
34
25
20
20
25
0.35
-0.1365
A13
45 deg Elbow: Regular Flanged
El45-RG-FL
15
18
20
15
12
15
20
0.22
-0.1414
A14
Return U-Bend: Regular Screwed
BEND-RG-SC
90
105
123
90
72
70
75
1.35
-0.5
A15
Return U-Bend: Regular Flanged
BEND-RG-FL
90
105
123
90
72
70
75
0.425
-0.255
A16
Return U-Bend: Long Radius
BEND-LR-SC
50
59
68
50
40
45
45
0.426
-0.5182
A17
Tee: Line Flow Screwed
TEE-LF-SC
20
24
27
20
16
20
25
0.9
0
A18
Tee: Branch Flow Screwed
TEE-BF-SC
65
76
89
65
52
65
70
1.85
-0.3747
A19
Tee: Line Flow Flanged
TEE-LF-FL
20
24
27
20
16
20
25
0.265
-0.4695
A20
Tee: Branch Flow Flanged
TEE-BF-FL
65
76
89
65
52
65
70
1
-0.2851
A21
Strainer: Basket
STRAINER
90
105
123
90
72
70
75
2.4
-0.5609
A22
Union / Coupling
UNION
45
53
61
45
36
30
35
0.083
-0.6644
A23
Inlet: Bell-Mouthed
INLET-BM
20
24
27
20
16
20
25
0.05
0
A24
Inlet: Square-Edged
INLET-SE
45
53
61
45
36
30
35
0.5
0
A25
Outlet: All Types
OUTLET
65
76
89
65
52
65
70
1
0
Fittings
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP
Varkie
C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
Dynamic Pressure Losses through Valves EL = L/D* D (EL = Equivalent Length. L=Pipe Length, D = Pipe Diameter) Velocity Pressure Factor (K) for Water : K = C*D**E: Pressure Drop (PD) = K*VP
ColRo w A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 A29 A30 Valve Fittings Data
FITTING IDENTIFICATION Name Description Water Angle : Screwed ANGLE-SC 175 Angle : Flanged ANGLE-FL 175 Balancing BALANCING 350 Ball BALL 10 Butterfly BUTTERFLY 50 Check Swing : Screwed CHECK-SC 150 Check Swing : Flanged CHECK-FL 150 Gate : Screwed GATE-SC 10 Gate : Flanged GATE-FL 10 Gate : Electric Motor GATE-EM 10 Gate : Pneumatic Motor GATE-PM 10 Globe : Screwed GLOBE-SC 350 Globe : Flanged GLOBE-FL 350 Globe : Electric Motor GLOBE-EM 350 Globe : Pneumatic Motor GLOBE-PM 350 Lock Shield LOCK-SHIELD 10 Plug Cock PLUG-COCK 150 Pressure Reducing PRV 10 Quick Open QUICKOPEN 350 Pressure Regulator PR-REG 10 Relief / Safety RELIEF 0 Solenoid SOLENOID 350 Foot Valve FOOT 50
Glycol 205 205 410 12 59 176 176 12 12 12 12 410 410 410 410 12 176 12 410 12 0 410 59
Valves
Brine 238 238 477 14 68 204 204 14 14 14 14 477 477 477 477 14 204 14 477 14 0 477 68
L/D Factors Diesel GasolineSteam Gas 175 140 150 200 175 140 150 200 350 280 30 350 10 8 10 10 50 40 0 0 150 120 75 100 150 120 75 100 10 8 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 8 10 10 350 280 300 350 350 280 300 350 350 280 300 350 350 280 300 350 10 8 10 10 150 120 130 150 10 8 10 10 350 280 300 350 10 8 10 10 0 0 0 0 350 280 300 350 50 40 0 0
K Factors Coeff C Expon E 4.5 4.5 4.25 4.25 12.5 12.5 0.24 0.24 12.5 12.5 3.5 3.5 2 2 0.24 0.24 1 1 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 0.24 0.24 12.5 12.5 0.24 0.24 12.5 12.5 0.24 0.24 0 0 12.5 12.5 0.8 0.8 5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Skidmore, Owings Merrill
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS Liquid Water
Glycol
Brine
Diesel
Petrol
Temperature -30 0 30 60 100 150 210 Density (lb/cu ft) 62.42 62.37 62.00 61.20 59.81 Specific Gravity ( = Density / 62.4 ) 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.96 Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) 0.00 12.17 7.39 4.76 3.20 Specific heat (Btu/lb oF) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 Density (lb/cu ft) 67.98 67.55 67.11 66.55 65.74 64.68 63.12 Specific Gravity ( = Density / 62.4 ) 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.05 1.04 1.01 Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) 595.00 190.00 85.40 48.60 22.60 12.50 6.40 Specific heat (Btu/lb oF) 0.70 0.73 0.76 0.78 0.81 0.85 0.88 Density (lb/cu ft) 78.59 78.21 77.71 77.21 76.09 Specific Gravity ( = Density / 62.4 ) 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.24 1.22 Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) 171.70 77.50 34.70 21.80 8.90 Specific heat (Btu/lb oF) 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.71 Density (lb/cu ft) 59.20 57.40 56.10 54.90 53.00 51.10 Specific Gravity ( = Density / 62.4 ) 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.85 0.82 Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) 376.70 161.50 80.70 48.30 29.10 7.50 Specific heat (Btu/lb oF) 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52 Density (lb/cu ft) 46.10 45.50 44.90 44.70 44.30 42.40 Specific Gravity ( = Density / 62.4 ) 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.68 Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) 11.00 9.80 8.80 7.00 5.50 3.00 Specific heat (Btu/lb oF) 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52 Properties
PROPERTIES OF HIGH TEMPERATURE HOT WATER
Increase in Frictional Pressure Loss due to Pipe Age Hydraulic Handbook by Colt Industries Multipliers Temp Satur. Density Specific Kinem Sp. Heat deg F Press lb/cu ft Gravity = Viscos Btu/lb oF Pipe Age Small Medium Large psig sq ft/sec Years 1” 3” 4” to 12” 14” - 48” Density/62.4 212 0 59.81 3.2 1.0055 0 1 1 1 0.96 220 2.5 59.63 3 1.0068 5 1.4 1.35 1.3 0.96 240 10.3 59.1 2.7 1.0104 10 2.2 1.9 1.6 0.95 260 20.7 58.51 2.5 1.0148 15 3.6 2.7 1.8 0.94 280 34.5 57.94 2.3 1.02 20 5 3.5 2 0.93 300 52.3 57.31 2.1 1.26 25 6.3 4.2 2.1 0.92 350 119.9 55.59 1.9 1.044 30 7.25 4.73 2.2 0.89 400 232.6 53.65 1.7 1.067 35 8.1 5.2 2.3 0.86 0.83 450 407.9 51.55 1.5 1.095 40 8.75 5.58 2.4 45 9.25 5.93 2.6 50 9.6 6.23 2.86 STANDARD MOTOR SIZES 60 10 7 3 1 50
Fluid Properties
2 60
3 75
5 100
7.5 125
10 150
Fluids
15 200
20 250
25 300
30 400
40 500
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
STEAM PRESSURE CLASSIFICATION AND PIPE SIZING DESIGN CRITERIA Pressure Classifications
Pressure
Vacuum: Less than 0 psig Low: 0 to 15 psig Medium: 15 to 30 psig High: 30 to 150 psig High: 150 to 250 psig
Initial Steam
Class
Sizing Criteria
Press (psig)
Low Low Medium High High High
3.5 12 30 50 100 150
Maxim System
(psi/100ft)
0.25 0.5 0.75 1 2 2
Maxim Veloc
PD (psig)
1 3.5 7.5 10 20 25
(ft/min)
4,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 10,000
LOW PRESSURE STEAM PIPE SIZING CRITERIA : Flow Rates of Steam (lbs/hr)
Pipe
1/16
Initial Steam Saturation Pressure = 3.5 psig
Initial Steam Saturation Pressure = 12 psig
Sizing Criteria: PD (psi) per 100 feet of Pipe
Sizing Criteria: PD (psi) per 100 feet of Pipe
1/8
1/4
0.5
3/4 0.75
1 1.0
2 2.0
1/16
1/8
1/4
0.5
3/4 0.75
1 1.0
2
0.063
0.125
0.063
0.125
0.75
9
14
20
29
36
42
60
11
16
24
35
43
50
73
1.0
17
26
37
54
68
81
114
21
31
46
66
82
95
137
1.25
36
53
78
111
140
162
232
45
66
96
138
170
200
280
1.5
56
84
120
174
218
246
360
70
100
147
210
260
304
430
2.0
108
162
234
336
420
480
710
134
194
285
410
510
590
850
2.5
174
258
378
540
680
780
1150
215
310
460
660
820
950
1370
3.0
318
465
660
960
1190
1380
1950
380
550
810
1160
1430
1670
2400
3.5
462
670
990
1410
1740
2000
2950
550
800
1218
1700
2100
2420
3450
4.0
640
950
1410
1980
2450
2880
4200
800
1160
1690
2400
3000
3460
4900
5.0
1200
1680
2440
3570
4380
5100
7500
1430
2100
3000
4250
5250
6100
8600
6.0
1920
2820
3960
5700
7000
8400
11,900
2300
3350
4850
5700
8600
10,000
14,200
8.0
3900
5570
8100
11,400
14,500
16,500
24,000
4800
7000
10,000
14,300
17,700
20,500
29,500
10.0
7200
10,200
15,000
21,000
26,200
30,000
42,700
8800
12,600
18,200
26,000
32,000
37,000
52,000
12.0
11,400
16,500
23,400
33,000
41,000
48,000
67,800
13,700
19,500
28,400
40,000
49,500
57,500
81,000
Steam-Condns
0.25
1/2
Size
Steam and Condensate
0.25
1/2
2.0
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
MEDIUM PRESSURE STEAM PIPE SIZING CRITERIA : Flow Rates of Steam (lbs/hr) Initial Steam Saturation Pressure = 30 psig
Initial Steam Saturation Pressure = 60 psig
Sizing Criteria: PD (psi) per 100 feet of Pipe
Sizing Criteria: PD (psi) per 100 feet of Pipe
Pipe
1/8
1/4
1/2
3/4
1
2
Pipe
1/8
1/4
1/2
3/4
1
2
Size
0.125
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.0
2.0
Size
0.125
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.0
2.0
0.50 0.75
7
10
14
17
19
28
12
17
21
25
35
22
32
39
45
64
0.50 0.75
8
16
20
28
40
49
57
81
1.00
32
45
64
79
91
129
1.00
40
57
81
100
115
163
1.25
70
99
142
174
202
283
1.25
89
127
179
219
253
358
1.50
110
156
220
270
312
440
1.50
139
197
279
342
395
558
2.00
223
316
446
546
630
892
2.00
282
282
565
691
800
1,130
2.50
368
520
735
900
1,040
1,472
2.50
465
660
930
1,140
1,318
1,860
3.00
675
953
1,340
1,652
1,905
2,690
3.00
853
1,205
1,690
2,090
2,410
3,410
3.50
990
1,405
2,010
2,470
2,850
4,020
3.50
1,275
1,800
2,550
3,120
3,605
5,090
4.00
1,420
2,020
2,850
3,490
4,025
5,700
4.00
1,800
2,550
3,610
4,462
5,100
7,220
5.00
2,625
3,720
5,260
6,450
7,450
10,550
5.00
3,320
4,710
6,660
8,150
9,440
13,300
6.00
4,315
6,100
8,650
10,600
12,200
17,300
6.00
5,475
7,725
11
13,420
15,450
21,900
8.00
9,000
12,700
18,000
22,000
25,420
36,000
8.00
11,360
16,100
22,800
27,900
32,200
45,550
10.00
16,400
23,200
33,300
40,250
46,500
65,750
10.00
20,800
29,400
41,500
51,000
58,900
83,250
12.00
26,350
37,250
52,500
64,500
74,500
105,500
12.00
33,300
47,100
66,700
81,750
94,500
133,200
HIGH PRESSURE STEAM PIPE SIZING CRITERIA : Flow Rates of Steam (lbs/hr) Initial Steam Saturation Pressure = 30 psig
Initial Steam Saturation Pressure = 60 psig
Sizing Criteria: PD (psi) per 100 feet of Pipe
Sizing Criteria: PD (psi) per 100 feet of Pipe
Pipe
1/2
3/4
1
2
5
Pipe
1/2
3/4
1
2
5
Size
0.5
0.75
1.0
2.0
5.0
Size
0.5
0.75
1.0
2.0
5.0
0.50
21
26
30
43
68
0.50
23
29
33
47
75
0.75
50
61
70
99
160
0.75
54
66
77
109
172
1.00
100
120
140
200
320
1.00
109
134
155
220
347
1.25
220
270
310
440
690
1.25
241
296
341
483
764
1.50
340
420
480
680
1,080
1.50
375
460
532
751
1,185
2.00
690
850
980
1,390
2,190
2.00
760
930
1,075
1,520
2,410
2.50
1,140
1,400
1,620
2,280
3,610
2.50
1,250
1,535
1,775
2,550
3,960
3.00
2,090
2,560
2,960
4,180
6,610
3.00
2,280
2,815
3,245
4,590
7,260
3.50
3,120
3,830
4,420
6,250
9,870
3.50
3,430
4,200
4,850
6,850
10,880
4.00
4,420
5,420
6,260
8,840
13,960
4.00
4,840
5,930
6,850
9,700
15,350
5.00
8,170
10,020
11,580
16,350
25,840
5.00
8,950
11,000
12,700
17,950
28,400
6.00
13,420
16,450
19,020
26,840
42,410
6.00
14,710
18,070
20,800
29,500
46,500
8.00
27,930
34,250
39,580
55,870
88,280
8.00
30,650
37,550
43,400
61,400
97,100
10.00
50,970
62,500
72,230
101,900
161,100
10.00
56,000
68,500
79,100
112,000
177,000
12.00
81,810
100,300
115,900
163,600
258,500
12.00
89,900
110,200
127,100
179,600
284,100
Pipe Slope (in. / 10 ft)
1
1
2
2
3
4
5
Pressure Drop (psi / 100 ft)
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
Steam and Condensate
Steam-Condns
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
Pressure Drop (psi/100’) sizing criteria for open gravity (sloped pipe) condensate return CONDENSATE FLOW RATE (lbs/hr)
Condensate Return Pressure = 0 psig
Supply Steam at 5 psig Pipe Size
Supply Steam at 15 psig
PD (psi per 100 feet)
Pipe
1/16
1/4
1
0.063
0.25
1.0
Size
Supply Steam at 30 psig
PD (psi per 100 feet)
Pipe
1/16
1/4
1
0.063
0.25
1.0
Size
PD (psi per 100 feet) 1/16
1/4
1
0.063
0.25
1.0
0.5
240
520
1100
0.5
95
210
450
0.5
60
130
274
0.75
510
1120
2400
0.75
210
450
950
0.75
130
280
590
1.0
1000
2150
4540
1.0
400
860
1820
1.0
250
530
1120
1.25
2100
4500
9500
1.25
840
1800
3800
1.25
520
1110
2350
1.5
3170
6780
14,200
1.5
1270
2720
5700
1.5
780
1670
3510
2.0
6240
13,300
a
2.0
2500
5320
a
2.0
1540
3270
a
2.5
10,000
21,300
a
2.5
4030
8520
a
2.5
2480
5250
a
3.0
18,000
28,000
a
3.0
7200
15,200
a
3.0
4440
9360
a
4.0
37,200
78,000
a
4.0
14,900
31,300
a
4.0
9180
19,200
a
6.0
110,500
a
a
6.0
44,300
a
a
6.0
27,300
a
a
8.0
228,600
a
a
8.0
91,700
a
a
8.0
56,400
a
a
Supply Steam at 50 psig Pipe Size
Supply Steam at 100 psig
PD (psi per 100 feet)
Pipe
1/16
1/4
1
0.063
0.25
1.0
Size
Supply Steam at 150 psig
PD (psi per 100 feet)
Pipe
1/16
1/4
1
0.063
0.25
1.0
Size
PD (psi per 100 feet) 1/16
1/4
1
0.063
0.25
1.0
0.5
42
92
200
0.5
28
62
133
0.5
23
51
109
0.75
91
200
420
0.75
62
134
290
0.75
50
110
230
1.0
180
380
800
1.0
120
260
544
1.0
100
210
450
1.25
370
800
1680
1.25
250
540
1130
1.25
200
440
930
1.5
560
1200
2520
1.5
380
810
1700
1.5
310
660
1400
2.0
1110
2350
a
2.0
750
1590
a
2.0
610
1300
a
2.5
1780
3780
a
2.5
1200
2550
a
2.5
980
2100
a
3.0
3190
6730
a
3.0
2160
4550
a
3.0
1760
3710
a
4.0
6660
13,800
a
4.0
4460
9340
a
4.0
3640
7630
a
6.0
19,600
a
a
6.0
13,200
a
a
6.0
10,800
a
a
8.0
40,500
a
a
8.0
27,400
a
a
8.0
22,400
a
a
Supply Steam at 100 psig Pipe Size
Supply Steam at 150 psig
PD (psi per 100 feet)
Pipe
1/16
1/4
1
0.063
0.25
1.0
Size
PD (psi per 100 feet) 1/16
1/4
1
0.063
0.25
1.0
0.5
56
120
260
0.5
43
93
200
0.75
120
260
560
0.75
93
200
420
1.0
240
500
1060
1.0
180
390
800
1.5
750
1600
3,320
1.5
570
1210
2500
2.0
1470
3,100
6450
2.0
1120
2350
4900
2.5
2,370
5,000
10,300
2.5
1800
3780
7800
3.0
4,230
8,860
a
3.0
3200
6,710
a
4.0
8,730
18,200
a
4.0
6,620
13,800
a
6.0
25,900
53,600
a
6.0
19,600
40,600
a
8.0
3,400
110,300
a
8.0
40,500
83,600
a
Steam and Condensate
Steam-Condns
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Skidmore, Owings + Merrill, LLP
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
PROPERTIES OF STEAM
Steam and Condensate
Enthalpy btu/lb
Press
cuft
Liquid
Latent
psig
deg F
cuft
Liquid
Latent
26.8
180.1
970.3
65
311.8
5.49
281.8
901.3
25.13
183.6
968.1
70
316.4
5.18
286.2
898
218.7
23.72
186.8
966
75
320.1
4.91
290.4
894.8
221.7
22.47
189.8
964.1
80
323.9
4.66
294.4
891.9
4
224.5
21.35
192.7
962.3
85
327.6
4.44
298.2
899
5
227.3
20.34
195.5
960.5
90
331.2
4.24
301.9
886.1
6
229.9
19.42
198.2
958.8
95
334.6
4.06
305.5
883.3
7
232.4
18.58
200.7
957.2
100
337.9
3.89
308.9
880.7
8
234.9
17.81
203.2
955.6
105
341.1
3.74
312.3
878.1 875.5
Press
Temp
psig
deg F
0
212
1
215.5
2 3
Volume
Temp
Volume
Enthalpy btu/lb
9
237.2
17.11
205.6
954.1
110
344.2
3.59
315.5
10
239.5
16.46
207.9
952.5
115
347.2
3.46
318.7
873
11
241.7
15.86
210.1
951.1
120
350.1
3.34
321.7
870.7
12
243.8
15.31
212.2
949.7
125
352.9
3.23
324.7
868.3
13
245.9
14.79
214.3
948.3
130
355.6
3.12
327.6
865.9
14
247.9
14.31
216.4
946.9
135
358.3
3.02
330.4
863.7
15
249.8
13.86
218.3
945.6
140
360.9
2.93
333.1
861.5
16
251.7
13.43
220.3
944.3
145
363.4
2.84
335.8
859.3
17
253.6
13.03
222.2
943
150
365.9
2.76
338.4
857.2
18
255.4
12.66
224
941.8
155
368.3
2.68
340.9
855
19
257.1
12.31
225.7
940.6
160
370.6
2.61
343.4
853
20
258.8
11.98
227.5
939.5
165
372.9
2.54
345.9
850.9
21
260.5
11.67
229.2
938.3
170
375.2
2.47
348.3
848.9
22
262.2
11.37
230.9
937.2
175
377.4
2.41
350.7
846.9
23
263.8
11.08
232.5
936.1
180
379.5
2.35
353
845
24
265.4
10.82
234.1
935
185
381.6
2.3
355.2
843.1
25
266.9
10.56
235.6
934
190
383.7
2.24
357.4
841.2
30
274.1
9.45
243
928.9
195
385.8
2.19
359.6
839.2
35
280.7
8.56
249.8
924.2
200
387.8
2.13
361.9
837.4
40
286.8
7.83
256
919.8
210
391.7
2.04
366
833.8
45
292.4
7.2
261.8
915.7
220
395.5
1.95
370.1
830.3
50
297.7
6.68
267.2
911.8
230
399.1
1.88
374.1
826.8
55
302.7
6.23
272.4
908.1
240
402.7
1.81
377.8
823.4
60
307.3
5.83
277.2
904.6
250
406.1
1.74
381.6
820.1
Steam-Condns
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Skidmore, Owings Merrill, LLP
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
Example:
6800 lbs per hour of steam flow in a 2 ½ inch pipe at 100 psig pressure. What is the pressure (psi) drop per 100 ft length of pipe and the flow velocity? Answer: psi/100’ = 11 velocity = 32,000 fpm
Figure - 17 ASHRAE
Steam Flow Rates at Various Pressures and Velocities for Schedule 40 Pipe
Steam Pipe Sizing Charts
Steam-Charts
Source:
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Skidmore, Owings Merrill, LLP
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IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
Figure – 18
Steam flow at 30 psig Source: ASHRAE
Design Criteria: 0.75 psi per 100 ft pipe Max Vel = 6,000 fpm
Figure – 19
Steam flow at 50 psig Source: ASHRAE
Design Criteria: 1.0 psi per 100 ft pipe Max Vel = 8,000 fpm
Steam Pipe Sizing Charts
Steam-Charts
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IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
Figure – 20
Steam flow at 100 psig Source: ASHRAE
Design Criteria: 2.0 psi per 100 ft pipe Max Vel = 10,000 fpm
Figure – 21
Steam flow at 150 psig Source: ASHRAE
Design Criteria: 2.0 psi per 100 ft pipe Max Vel = 10,000 fpm
Steam Pipe Sizing Charts
Steam-Charts
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP
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IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
Natural Gas Pipe Sizing Tables and Charts Steel Pipe - Schedule 40 Downstream Pressure DPress Pipe Dimension (in) (psig)
1/2"
3/4"
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
5
9.5
355
745
1,400
2,880
4,310
8,305
9
515
1,080
2,030
4,160
6,240
12,020 19,150 33,860 69,060 ######
8.5
350
730
1,370
2,815
4,210
8,120
8.1
475
995
1,875
3,850
5,770
11,100 17,700 31,300 63,840 ######
7.6
300
630
1,190
2,440
3,650
7,040
7.2
440
910
1,720
3,530
5,290
10,190 16,240 28,710 58,560 ######
6.6
290
615
1,160
2,380
3,565
6,865
10,940 19,345 39,460 71,390
6.3
395
830
1,560
3,210
4,810
9,260
14,760 26,090 53,210 96,260
5.7
245
515
970
1,990
2,990
5,730
9,140
5.4
355
745
1,400
2,880
4,310
8,310
13,245 23,415 47,760 86,400
4.7
240
500
940
1,935
2,900
5,580
8,895
4.5
315
660
1,240
2,540
3,810
7,340
11,695 20,680 42,170 76,300
13,240 23,400 47,730 86,350 12,940 22,880 46,600 84,420 11,215 19,830 40,440 76,170
·
inlet upstream pressure is more than 5 psig (35 kPa)
·
fittings factor 1.2 - equivalent pipe length = pipe length + 20%
16,160 32,950 59,620 15,730 32,080 58,030
For natural gas the nominal BTU/cf varies from about 900 to 1100 BTU/cf. In general it is common to set ·
1 Cubic Foot (CF) = Approx 1,000 BTUs
·
1 CFH ≈ 1 MBH
·
1 Btu/h = 0.293 W
LP Natural Gas
Natural-Gas
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP
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IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
Steel Pipe - Schedule 40 Capacity of Pipe (MBH ≈ CFH) Pipe SizeInside (in) Nomin al dia
Pipe Length (ft) 10
20
40
80
150
300
1/2"
0.622
120
85
60
42
31
22
3/4"
0.824
272
192
136
96
70
50
1
1.049
547
387
273
193
141
100
1 1/4
1.38
1,200
849
600
424
310
219
1 1/2
1.61
1,860
1,316
930
658
480
340
2
2.067
3,759
2,658
1,880
1,330
971
686
2 1/2
2.469
6,169
4,362
3,084
2,189
1,593
1,126
3
3.068
11,225
7,938
5,613
3,969
2,898
2,049
4
4.026
23,479 16,602 11,740
8,301
6,062
4,287
5
5.047
42,945 30,367 21,473 15,183 11,088
7,841
6
6.065
69,671 49,265 34,836 24,632 17,989 12,720
8
7.981 ###### ###### 70,916 50,145 36,621 25,895
·
pressure less than 1 1/2 psig·
pressure drop 0.5 inches water column
·
specific gravity of natural gas·
energy content in natural gas 1000 Btu/lb
·
1 Cubic Foot (CF) = Approx 1,000 BTUs·
·
common to use fittings factor 1.5 - equivalent pipe length
1 CFH = 1 MBH
in table above = pipe length + 50% For natural gas the nominal BTU/cf varies from about 900 to 1100 BTU/cf. In general it is common to set
LP Natural Gas
Natural-Gas
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Copper Tubing - type K
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
Copper Tubing - type L
Capacity of Pipe (MBH ≈ CFH)
Capacity of Pipe (MBH ≈ CFH)
Pipe Size (in)Inside Nomin Outsid al Dia Dia
Pipe Length (ft)
PipeOutsid Size (in)Inside Nomina l Dia Dia
10
20
40
80
1/4"
3/8"
0.305
15
10
7
5
1/4"
3/8"
3/8"
1/2"
0.402
33
24
17
12
3/8"
1/2"
5/8"
0.527
74
52
37
26
5/8"
3/4"
0.652
138
97
69
3/4"
7/8"
0.745
203
143
1
1 1/8
0.995
469
1 1/4
1 3/8
1.245
894
Pipe Length (ft) 10
20
40
80
0.315
16
11
8
6
1/2"
0.43
41
29
20
14
1/2"
5/8"
0.545
81
58
41
29
49
5/8"
3/4"
0.666
146
103
73
52
101
72
3/4"
7/8"
0.785
236
167
118
84
332
235
166
1
1 1/8
1.025
511
362
256
181
632
447
316
1 1/4
1 3/8
1.265
936
662
468
331
·
pressure less than 1 1/2 psig
·
·
common to use fittings factor 1.5 - equivalent pipe length ·
pressure less than 1 1/2 psig common to use fittings factor 1.5 - equivalent pipe length
in table above = pipe length + 50%
in table above = pipe length + 50%
·
pressure drop 0.5 inches water column
·
pressure drop 0.5 inches water column
·
specific gravity of natural gas 0.6
·
specific gravity of natural gas 0.6
·
energy content in natural gas 1000 Btu/lb
·
energy content in natural gas 1000 Btu/lb
·
One MBH is equivalent to 1000 BTU's per hour
·
One MBH is equivalent to 1000 BTU's per hour
LP Natural Gas
·
1 Btu/h = 0.293 W
·
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
·
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
·
1 in water = 248.8 N/m 2 (Pa) = 0.0361 lb/in 2 (psi) = 25.4 kg/m 2 = 0.0739 in mercury
·
1 psi (lb/in ) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m )
2
2
Natural-Gas
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
The capacity of a low pressure natural gas (less than 1 psi) pipe line can be calculated with the Spitzglass formula like q = 3550 k ( h / l SG) 1/2
(1)
where q = natural gas flow capacity (cfh)
h = pressure drop (in Water Column)
l = length of pipe (ft)
k = [d 5 /(1 + 3.6/d + 0.03 d)] 1/2
d = inside diameter pipe (in)
SG = specific gravity
For natural gas the nominal BTU/cf varies from about 900 to 1100 BTU/cf . In general it is common to set 1 Cubic Foot (CF) = approx 1,000 BTUs 1 CFH = 1 MBH The specific gravity of natural gas varies from 0.55 to 1.0 . The downstream pressure in a houseline after the meter/regulator is in general in the range of 7 to 11 inches Water Column, or about 1/4 psi. Example - Natural Gas Pipe Capacity The capacity of a 100 ft natural gas pipe with a nominal diameter 0.5 inches (actual ID 0.622 in ) and 0.5 inches WC pressure drop can be calculated as )5
k = [(0.622 in /(1 + 3.6 / (0.622 in) + 0.03 (0.622 in))]0.117 q = 3550 0.117 ( (0.5 in) / (100 ft) 0.60 ) 1/2 = 37.9 cfh Specific gravity of natural gas is set to 0.60 .
LP Natural Gas
Natural-Gas
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
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Fixture Data : Domestic Hot and Cold Water Fixture Type Supply Minim Fixture / Description Code PSIG GPM Bathroom Group TANK 8 0 Bathroom Group VALVE 8 0 Water Closet TANK 8 0 Water Closet VALVE 15 0 Urinal TANK 8 0 Urinal VALVE 8 0 Shower Head TANK 8 3 Bathtub TANK 8 4 Lavatory TANK 8 2 Service Sink TANK 8 3 Kitchen Sink TANK 8 3 Restaurant Sink TANK 8 3 Drinking Fountain TANK 8 2 Dish Washer TANK 8 3 Clothes Washer TANK 8 4
Private Use : Fixture Units Cold Hot Total 4.5 3 6 6 3 8 3 0 3 6 0 6 3 0 3 4 0 4 2 2 3 7.5 7.5 10 1 1 1.5 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 4 1 0 1 2 2 3 2 2 3
Conversion Table : Fixture Units to GPM Fixture Units Fixture Units Flow Flow GPM Tank Valve GPM Tank Valve 1 0 34 63 18 2 1 35 66 20 3 3 36 69 21 4 4 37 74 23 5 6 38 78 25 6 7 39 83 26 7 8 40 86 28 8 10 41 90 30 9 12 42 95 31 10 13 43 99 33 11 15 44 103 35 12 16 45 107 37 13 18 46 111 39 14 20 47 115 42 15 21 48 119 44 16 23 49 123 46 17 24 50 127 48 18 26 51 130 50 19 28 52 135 52 20 30 53 141 54 21 32 54 146 57 22 34 5 55 151 60 23 36 6 56 155 63 24 39 7 57 160 66 25 42 8 58 165 69 26 44 9 59 170 73 27 46 10 60 175 76 28 49 11 62 185 82 29 51 12 64 195 88 30 54 13 66 205 95 31 56 14 68 215 102 32 58 15 70 225 108 33 60 16 72 236 116
Plumbing Fixture Units
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
Public Use : Fixture Units Cold Hot Total 4.5 3 6 4.5 3 6 5 0 5 10 0 10 3 0 3 5 0 5 4 4 5 7.5 7.5 10 2 2 3 4 4 5 4 4 5 3 3 4 2 0 2 3 3 4 3 3 4
(from ASPE Data Book) Fixture Units Flow Gpm Tank Valve 74 245 124 76 254 132 78 264 140 80 275 148 82 284 158 84 294 168 86 305 176 88 315 186 90 326 195 92 337 205 94 348 214 96 359 223 98 370 234 100 380 245 105 406 270 110 431 295 115 455 329 120 479 365 125 506 396 130 533 430 135 559 460 140 585 490 145 611 521 150 638 559 155 665 596 160 692 631 165 719 666 170 748 700 175 778 739 180 809 775 185 840 811 190 874 850 200 945 931
FixtUnits
Flow GPM 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 500 550 600 700 800 900 1000
Minim Conn. Size Cold Hot 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.50 0.38 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.38 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.38 0.38 0.50 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.38 0.00 0.38 0.38 0.50 0.50
Fixture Units Tank Valve 1018 1009 1091 1091 1173 1173 1254 1254 1335 1335 1418 1418 1500 1500 1583 1583 1668 1668 1755 1755 1845 1845 1926 1926 2018 2018 2110 2110 2204 2204 2298 2298 2388 2388 2480 2480 2575 2575 2670 2670 2765 2765 2862 2862 2960 2960 3060 3060 3150 3150 3620 3620 4070 4070 4480 4480 5380 5380 6280 6280 7280 7280 8300 8300
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Horizontal Fixture Branches and Stacks Pipe
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
Building Drains and Sewers
Any Horiz One Stack More than 3 Br Intervals
Diam
Fixture
3 Br Interv Total for Total at One
(ins)
Branch
or Less
Stack
Br. Interval
1.5
3
4
8
2
2.0
6
10
24
6
2.5
12
20
42
3.0
20
48
4.0
160
5.0
Pipe
Max Fixture Units that may be Connected
Diam
Slope per Foot 1/4 inch
1/2 inch
2.0
21
26
9
2.5
24
31
72
20
3.0
42
50
240
500
90
4.0
180
216
250
360
540
1100
200
5.0
390
480
575
6.0
620
960
1900
350
6.0
700
840
1000
8.0
1400
2200
3600
600
8.0
1400
1600
1920
2300
10.0
2500
3800
5600
1000
10.0
2500
2900
3500
4200
12.0
3900
6000
8400
1500
12.0
2900
4600
5600
6700
15.0
7000
15.0
7000
8300
10000
12000
Plumbing Sanitary Drainage
Sanitary
(ins)
1/16 inch
1/8 inch
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
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IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
Horizontal Vent Sizing Table (BOCA National Plumbing Code)
Horizontal Branch Diam
Slope
Diameter of Vent (inches)
1.25
1.5
2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
Maximum Developed Length of Vent (feet)
(in/ft) 1.25
2.5
0.125 0.25 0.50
1.5
0.125 0.25 0.50
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
15
0.125 0.25
290
0.50
150
380
0.125
180
450
0.25
96
240
0.50
49
130
0.125
190
0.25
97
420
0.50
50
220
0.125
190
0.25
98
310
0.50
48
160
410
0.125
190
490
0.25
97
250
0.50
46
130
0.125
190
0.25
97
250
0.50
46
130
0.125
190
0.25
91
310
0.50
38
150
410
0.125
190
500
0.25
85
240
0.50
32
110
0.125
180
0.25
79
420
0.50
26
200
0.125 0.25 0.50
Plumbing Sanitary Vents
Vents
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls
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Vertical Vent Sizing Table Stack
Total
Diam
FUs to
1.25
1.5
(BOCA National Plumbing Code) Diameter of Vent (inches)
2
2.5
3
Stack
1.25
2
30
1.5
8
50
150
10
30
100
12
30
75
200
20
26
50
150
2.5
42
30
100
300
3
10
42
150
360
1040
21
32
110
270
810
53
27
94
230
680
102
25
4
5
6
8
10
12
15
4
5
6
8
10
12
Maximum Developed Length of Vent (feet)
(ins)
2
IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
86
210
620
43
35
85
250
980
140
27
65
200
750
320
23
55
170
640
540
21
50
150
580
190
28
82
320
990
490
21
63
250
760
940
18
53
210
670
1400
16
49
190
590
500
33
130
400
1000
1100
26
100
310
780
2000
22
84
260
660
2900
20
77
240
600
1800
31
95
240
940
3400
24
73
190
720
5600
20
62
160
610
7600
18
56
140
560
4000
31
78
310
960
7200
24
60
240
740
11000
20
51
200
630
15000
18
46
180
570
7300
31
120
380
940
13000
24
94
300
720
20000
20
79
250
610
26000
18
72
230
500
15000
40
130
310
25000
31
96
240
38000
26
81
200
50000
24
74
180
Plumbing Sanitary Vents
Vents
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IBM-AES Piping Software Ref-Data
ROOF DRAIN AND LEADER SIZING Rain (in./hr.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Size of Drain or Leader Diameter (in.) 2 3 4 5 6 8 2880 8800 18400 34600 54000 ###### 1440 4400 9200 17300 27000 58000 960 2930 6130 11530 17995 38660 720 2200 4600 8650 13500 29000 575 1760 3680 6920 10800 23200 480 1470 3070 5765 9000 19315 410 1260 2630 4945 7715 16570 360 1100 2300 4325 6750 14500 320 980 2045 3845 6000 12890 290 880 1840 3460 5400 11600 260 800 1675 3145 4910 10545 240 730 1530 2880 4500 9660
HORIZONTAL RAINWATER PIPE SIZING 1/8 Slope Maximum Rainfall (in./hr) Pipe Size 2 3 4 5 3 1644 1096 822 657 4 3760 2506 1880 1504 5 6680 4453 3340 2672 6 10700 7133 5350 4280 8 23000 15330 11500 9200 10 41400 27600 20700 16580 12 66600 44400 33300 26650 15 ###### 72800 59500 47600
6 548 1253 2227 3566 7600 13800 22200 39650
HORIZONTAL RAINWATER PIPE SIZING 1/2 Slope Maximum Rainfall (in./hr) Pipe Size 2 3 4 5 3 2295 1644 1310 4 5010 3760 3010 5 13360 8900 6680 5320 6 21400 13700 10700 8580 8 46000 30650 23000 18400 10 82800 55200 41400 33150 12 ###### 88800 66600 53200 15 ###### ###### ###### 95300
6 1096 2500 4450 7140 15320 27600 44400 79250
Plumbing Storm Water Sizing
Storm
HORIZONTAL RAINWATER PIPE SIZING 1/4 Slope Maximum Rainfall (in./hr) Pipe Size 2 3 4 5 3 2320 1546 1160 928 4 5300 3533 2650 2120 5 9440 6293 4720 3776 6 15100 10066 7550 6040 8 32600 21733 16300 13040 10 58400 38950 29200 23350 12 94000 62600 47000 37600 15 ###### ###### 84000 67250
6 773 1766 3146 5033 10866 19450 31350 56000
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IBM-AES Piping Design Software Ref-Data
Example of Primary-Secondary Piping Network System Terminal Units (100 gpm each)
Section No.
Cooling Coils
S12
R1
S11
R2
S10
R3
Pumps Chillers
Booster Pump
S8
S9
CHWS
CHWR
R4 S7
S6
S5 S1 S2
R8
R5
S3
R7
Cooling Coils (300 gpm each)
Chillers
Primary-Secondary Piping
S4
R6 Primary Pumps
CHW-Schematic
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BOILER PLANT
Boiler
Primary Hot Water Pumps HWS
Boiler
HWR
AHU Heating Coils
Hot Water Loop HWS HWR
HWR Booster HWS Pump
4-Pipe Units
4-Pipe Units
4-Pipe Units BLDG
Booster CHWS Pump
CHWS
Building Envelope
CHWR
Chilled Water Loop CHWS
Primary Chilled Water Pumps AHU Cooling Coils
Centrifug al Chiller
Centrifug al Chiller
Centrifug al Chiller
CHWR CWR CWS Cooling Tower
Condenser Water Loop
Cooling Tower
CHILLER PLANT CWR
Primary Plant Piping
Plant-Schematic
5 - Pipe-Sizing-Data.xls