:
: :
. .
: : :
: : URL: www.HVAC.ir Emai : info@HVAC.ir
HVACR
HVACR
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R152a
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Mike Pauken, P.E. :
:
[
]
. . . . ) /( . . . )( . . . . . : Marsha Ackerman . . . . . :) ( George Westinghouse Nikola Tesla . . . .
/( . Walter Pierce ) Pierce . . .
)(
AudiffrenSingrun )( .
. . . . . . Charles Tellier George Merz Tellier . David Boyle Raoul Pictet . . . Alfred Siebert .
. ) ( A.Garfield ! Garfield . . . . Woolworth . . . San Antonio Milam . Wrigley Building )( Tribune Tower ) (
. . . : General Electric . . . . . . ) ( . . .
Audiffren . . . . . . Willis Carrier . . . . .)( .
. . . . AudiffrenSingrun Marcel Audiffren . Audiffren . Albert Singrun . . Audiffren Manville General Electric . Johns . AudiffrenSingrun . )( . . . Electric . General
)( . .
( 6000 Btu/h ) . ) :) ( . House & Home House Beautiful General Electric . Carrier General Electric . East Ridge . . Carrier Weathermaker Carrier . Wheathermaker Home ,Progressive Architecture Architectural Record House . . Raleigh
Electric ) (
General ( .) Schenectady General Electric
. . Frigidaire . General Motors . . Universal Cooler York General Electric Kelvinator Strang
Carrier Copeland . De La Vergne . . ( ! ) Throne PhilcoYork . ( 3675 Btu/h ) Westinghouse . . ( 92000 Btu/h
. ) ( . . ) ( ) ( . . . . / . . . :
. . . . . . . . . . . C.C.Rouse ) ( . .
. . : . . William Levitt . Carrier . Levitt . : . . . . . . .
. ) ( . House & Home . . . . House & Home
)(
. . :) ( Consumer Reports . : . . . : . . . ) oC( oF .
. : . . . . . John Kenneth Galbraith The Affluent Society . Vance Packard . : . The Wastemaker
. . )( . . .)( . . . . . William Whyte .Jr . : . Whyte
. . . . . AC . . : . . . . 1 forcedair heating system 2 forced draft 3 natural draft 4 cooling fountain
:
. . . / . ) /( /( / . ) . . . . . . . . . .
) oC( oF . oF . ) oC( oF . ) oC( . ) oC ( oF . . . . . . . : .
:
. ( . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . )NEMA4,4X(
[
]
. . . . . . . 300 PSI . . 0.033% 300 psi
. . .
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.
( ) ) ( .
/ / . . .
. .
. . : )( . : . . . . . )(
. . . ANSI/ISA S51.1,...( )ASME B40.7, )( . . . ( ) . : :
0.33% . 50 psi 100 psi . . . . 0/2,0/200,0/2000 . 0/300 .
: RS485 IEEE488 RS232, 422 )Multidrop( . . 4/20 mA 0/10 VDC 0/5 . . . . . )DAC( . . resolution
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. . ( ) :
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)IV( )SV( )FS( :
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. . : . : : . : . : ) ( . : Update . . sample rate Dreser Industries Inc. :
. : . . . : . . . . : . :)( . : . : . :
. : . . . : :Accuracy . : . : )IV( )SV( : )R(
: )IV( )SV( )FS( :
Mike Schell & Dan Int-Hout :
:
[
.
]
)DCV( . RealTime . . DCV CO2 DCV . . ASHRAE Standard 62 . : . . . ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 621999 D ( .) . 366 ppm Mauna Loa Hawaii . .
. . . . . . .
. . . (1.2 met [70 W/m2]) . . CO2 DCV . . DCV .
. ) ( . . . )( .
Standard 62-1989 15 cfm ) 7 L/s( ppm . 1000 . 15cfm 1100 ppm )7 L/s( .
) × . )× . CO2 ( . ) DCV 6,1,3,4 )× . CO2 )× . Standard 62-1989 . ANSI/ASHRAE 1000ppm . 15cfm . )7 L/s( 700ppm 1000ppm . . . )IMC(
. . . IC62-1989-27 . . 62-1999 IC62-1989-27 CO2 DCV . 1998 : ASHRAE Standard 62 CO2 : ASHRAE )× . ( )6,1,3,4 )× . )( . ) (15 Cfm [7 L/S] ( . )(
: McGraw Hill . CO2 DCV . ... : ( . ) ... : . )1000ppm( /ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 : ANSI ) (
CO2 )(
CO2 )( NDIR
. . . . )( . )( . . 980ppm CO2 . 50± ppm . : .
CO2 )(
CO2 )(
CO2
. . . HVAC . Dispersive Infrared Detection :Non )NDIR( CO2 . )( . NDIR . . CO2 . IR .
403,3,1 : 403,3 . . BOCA BOCA ,UBC, SBC . :CO2 CO2 . CO2 HVAC . . HVAC .
. . )( . . NDIR . . . HVAC
. . /( . ) . VAV ) ( . : DCV CO2 . VAV . .
. CO2 . . . . . ) ( . . :
:CO2 CO2 . . . . . : : CO2 DCV : . . / .
. ± . )0.9 L/s( 2cfm . 1cfm . )0.47 L/s( . .
. 62-1999 . . . . : . . )7 L/s( 15cfm )9 L/s( 20cfm .
. . : ( . ) . 62-1999 ( ) .
: . . CO2 DCV . . CO2 . . . 1 Drift 2 PhotoAcoustic 3 Proportional 4 ProportionalIntegral
:
( ) . CO2 DCV ) ( . . CO2 . . . . . . . . .
. : . CO2 DCV . DCV : DCV . . . / . CO2 DCV . . CO2 DCV
R152a Mahmoud Ghodbane, James A. Baker & Prasad S. Kadle :
:
R134a )( R152a HFC152a . GWP R134a R152a . R134a R134a GWP R152a . VTMS6 R152a . . R134a R152a . . R152a R134a R152a . R134a R152a . R152a . R134a GWP . . R152a SAE 2003 . SAE . . R152a R152a . R134a . R134a
[
R134a
]
)(
) /( / R134a . R152a : )( . . . . R152a ) oF ( oC R134a . )( . /+ / oC 152a . R R134a . .
R152a R134a . . R152a R152a )TXV( TXV . . R152a
. R152a R152a . R134a
: )( . R152a R152a . . ) /( /
)(
)(
)(
. . )(
)( . HVAC R152a . R152a . . . . Air Bag
)(
)(
. R152a . oC ) 40% 100 Fx( . )( R152a . R134a 152a )( R . R152a )COP( COP . R134a 152a . R GWP R134a ( )R152a R152a /( )R134a / R134a . :
: / ( .) R-152a . o C 1034Kpag . )150psig( 1034Kpag .) ( / ( 152a .) R . / . R152a / . . R152a . ) ( R152a . ) (
/ . )5psig( 35kPag . . . . )( )( R152a .
( .) )( HVAC . R152a . HVAC R152a .
R152a )(
)(
)(
)(
. . R152a . R134a : . R134a CO2 R134a . R152a . R152a
. R152a R134a )c ab( )( . . . R152a R134a . oF( oC ) . ) /( / / R134a ) /( . R152a c a . .
: R152a . )( )( . . . . . R152a . . : )(
. R152a HVAC . . . R152a . . . R134a :
1 .global warming potential 2 .Directed Relief System 3 .Soak Temperature 4 .Average Breath Temperature 5 .Average Discharge Temperature
. R152a : . . R152a R134a . R152a . R152a /( ) R152a / R134a . R152a ( )
R152a . . : R152a . R134a R152a . R134a R152a . R134a R134a . R152a )(
Gary D. Lougheed and George V. Hadjisophocleous :
:
atrium . . . . . . Fire Protection Engineering : . : . . . . . . . . . .
[
]
. . . . . : )( . . .
: . .
. ( ) . .
)(
)(
. .)( ASHRAE )RP899( CFD . .
)( . . .
)(
. . . .)( . . . :Plugholing . .
. . : . . . ) ( NFPA 92B )2000(
. NFPA 92B )2000( . . RP899 . CFD
. CFD )(
. )( . . :
: = mmax = TS = TO =d ) ( = . ) ( / = C / / / . :Ceiling Jet
92B )1995( Tewarson )1995( )( . NFPA )Q/V( Q/V . . . .
: . )2000( . NFPA 92B ( . ) . 1 gravity venting systems 2 Smoke Interface Height
:
. . . )( . . )( .
NFPA 92B )2000( . CFD
: : OD/m = D = Dm = Q = V = Xa = Hc .
)(
Wayne Kirsner Pe :
:
[
]
: . . . . . . : . )( oF . . . ( 0.5 psia oF . .) . . . .
. : oF 0.5 psia . 0.5 psia oF . 12 psia
: : . .
)( . .
. . . 60psi ( .) Joukowski )( 600 psi .
. . .
. . . . . . . 30 psi . . .
600 psi . )( 600 psi . . : )( . )( . .
. :
( ) / oF . . . oF ( . )
. )( .
( / .) . . ( ) 3C 3B ( .) . 40 psi 3C ( ) .
.) 3A ( . . / ( .) . / ( 40 psig .)3A oF oF ( .)
:3A . .
: . B 31.1-122.1.7 ASME . . . . 3A . . . oF . : 40 psig . .
: . . . ( .) .
)( . . . . . .
: 3B .
. . / . . . . : . . : .
. . . :Joukowski Po = : Po = cv : ( =c =v ) . / . c : po = (60 1b x c.f.x 4300 fps x 1 fps)/gc = 55.6 psi
. :
1 Column Closure Waterhammer 2 condensationinduced waterhammer 3 superheat 4 water spring
. . : . . .
. . )60 psig ( . . psi . . .
. :3C
W. Mark Pierce, Jolanda N. Janczewski, Brian Roethlisberger & Mark G. Janczewski :
: Mehdi@tolouie.com www.Tolouie.com
[
ASHRAE
]
)ASHRAE( : . ) . ) . ) / . . 161P : . ) ( . . . . . . : . .
: ( )... (
. .
)( .
)( .
. . . )( . . . FAA NASA . :
VOC ) ( . . )( . : . ) ( ) ( . . . . / . . 10 cfm ) /( ) /( 10 cfm ) /( 20 cfm . ECS . . ) ( . oF /( oF ) o ( . )/ oC . . )HEPAtype(
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) ( ) ( . ) : . . )(
. .
. . . / / .
)(
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. . . . . . . ) /( / . . . . / VOC ) /( /( / / ) . ) /( VOC
: . . . ( ) ( . ) ( ) . . . . : )( . ( . ) . . .
/( )621989 : . . . : )( . ( ) . : ) ( . ) ( : . ) ( : . : ) ( . .
ECS . )/ oC /( oF . / . / / . . : . )( . HEPA . 62- 1989 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard D ) ( : . =V0 =N .) ( = Cs .) /( ( / / = Co )
( RSP ) . / . / . / . ) ( . . ) ( . . . . )/ oC /( oF . ) oC( / oF ) ( ) oC /( oF / .
: . . . . . . . .
. . . : . . )( . . . )( . . . .
/ / . . / ( ) / / . ( / ) . / / / . / . : )( . ( ) : .
. . . 62 1989 ) ( . . / ) ( / . . . 1 coach class 2 business class 3 first class 4 combined mean load factor 5 risers
:
. . . .
. . . :
)(
)(
)(
HVACR
:
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!
. ) ( .
[ ]
. : . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
HVACR
. : . . . . . . : . .
. . . . . . . . !
. .... . . . ( . ) . ... : . ... . . . .
. . : . . . . . . ! . .
. . . . . . : . . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . )unit( HVAC . . .
HVACR
[
]
. . . . .
. . . . . .
.
. .
. . . . . .
HVACR
. . . .
. . .
.
. . !
. Carrier . . . . .
.
. . . . .
. ( ) . . . . . ) ( .
HVACR
. . . . . ! . . .
. !
.
. . . .
[
.
: . . . .
:
. . . ) ( !
]
:
:
. . . :
. . .
:
. . . . . :
. : . . . : . .
HVACR
: :
: . . . . :
. . : . . . :
. .
:
. . . :
. . . :
. . ) ( .
. . . . . . Tweet/Garot :
. . . . . . . . Tweet/Garot . Tim Howald . . . . . . . .
. . :
. . . . ( ) . . . . . .
HVACR
Tweet/Garot . . .
. .
. . . . . . . . . . :
Tweet/Garot
. . . . :
. Tweet/Garot Accusafe . . .
. . . . . . . :
Tweet/Garot . .
. . . . . )AGG( . . .
HVACR
. . . / . . / Tweet/Garot . :
. . . . . . .
Tweet/Garot / / . / / )EMR( .
Tweet/Garot .
:
!
[ ]
) ( . . . . : . . . . . . ! . .
. . . . . . . . . .
HVACR
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
HVACR
:
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R-134a
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NH3
:
) ( . 150K .
-100oC -100oC . . 175oC ... . .
[
]
...
. . / . Base Load . LNG .
. I 2.5MPa .
. . ) ( . / / / . / . . .
.
. . / / . ) ( . I . .)( II I II . . II . I . II . I II .
. . . MRI .
. . ) ( )(
. . METALPAK )Apr1998(
. . . Ph )(
. . / )( . . .
. . )( . PT )(
. .
. . . . . Stainless Steel . . .
. B
. . WiedemanFranz .
. . Ph )(
Ph )(
.
. .
. .
. ( ) . . . . . . . .
Ph )(
FCC
FCC . Stainless Steel FCC . . ( . ) 2024 T4 . BCC
BCC . Nb . . HCP
HCP . BCC FCC BCC
Ph )(
. . . . Al 7% Si ) ( . . . . .
)( . -196 oC ) ( . ( ) / .
)(
) (
. Ti Zr HCP . . . . . .
-196oC )(
)( . . ) ( 4% V 6% Al AISI 304 ) ( .
. . . )ELI( . . . . 1) Viscosity
:
) . 3) Debye 4) Elongation 5) Notchedbar impact test 6 ) Extra Low interstitial
(1) Askeland, D.R. The science and engineering of materials,3rd ed. PWS Publishing Company, Boston. (2) Hands ,B.A .Cryogenic engineering. Academic Press ,New York. (3)Weng ,C .NonCFC auto cascade refrigeration system .U.S .Patent 5,408,848) Aprill( (4) Rao ,M.G .and R.G Scurlock .1986. Cryogenic instrumentation with coldelectronics: A review .Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. 31:1211 .Plenum Press ,New York. (5) Radebaugh ,R .Recent developments in cryocoolers .Advances in Cryogenic Engineering 35:1191 .Plenum Press ,New York. (6)1998 ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals ,C19 (7) Mark's Handbook ,General Properties of Materials ,C6.2 .Mc Graw Hill Publications 1999.
. / 150K . 170K . oC oC . oC . ) ( 4K . . . FeC . AISI 304 . . . 14-17%Cr,18-22%Ni,1.75-( )2%Mo,0.5%Si max & 0.05%C max . . . Ti-6%Al-4%V Ti-5%Al-2.5%Sn Ti6-4 80K
. . BCC . BCC . . BCC . . FCC . . 100K . . 100K . . . .
. :
. Cronstedt . . . ) ( . ( ) ( .) . . : . . pH oC . SO4 Fe ++ ( ) ) ( . . . . ) ( . ) ( . !
[
.
]
A . . : . catalysis shape selective . . : .
. . . . : .
:
: ) ( . : . . . .
. . . . 1 Absorption 2 IonExchange 3 Desorption
:
. . . . . : AmXpO2p. nH2O =AmXpO2p+ nH2O )( AmXpO2p + nH2O = AmXpO2p.nH2O )( .
. . :
. AmXpO2p. nH2O : A X .
:
[
]
. . . )CFCs( . )( )HCFCs( )HFC( . . HFC . Co2 . . . 1K 2K/T MCE . .
:
. . M / T MCE .CP )T , B( MCE . : [curies law] M=C.B/T
.
MCE . . . cu+ . . Gd+++ mn++ . U+++ . Max / .
. MCE . :
Magnetocaloric effect )MCE( Warburg . )( . . MCE Tad Sm .
. 770oC 358oC 19oC : .1120oC M B C . T . MCE . )( . MCE . MCE ) Tad( . :
Se Sl . Sm . ) ( . Giauque Debye MCE . )( . ) ( . . ( . )
. . S )T,B,P( = Sl )T.B,P( + Se )T,B,P( + Sm )T,B,P(
. MCE . . )( )(
)(
:
. : . . MCE . Pecharshy Gshneidner ] MCE [ Gd5 )sixGe1 x( . . . . . .
MCE [1] . [11] [5] [4]
)(
:)MCE(
. MCE )Kuhrt e t a l ()Clark and callen ( ) Ponomarev( . . . . MCE . . MCE . .
Cp )T,Bi( Cp )T,Bf( p Bi Bf S (T, B) = S (T, Bf) - S (T, Bi)
.
. :
) ( . . . .)( . . . . :
. Gd . . MCE Gd5 Si2Ge2
. . )(
. . . )( )a( . )c( )b(
. HFC , HCFC . . . )(
MCE . ( . oC ) . . MCE . . . . )( . ) ( SEER 17 .
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. . Macdougall Giauque MCE MCE . Brown . . Astronautics . . )( . . . . . MCE . . .
. . . / .
. )d( . . ) k oC( )(
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Reference: [1] http://www.qdusa.com. [2] http://www.science.uva.nl/research/mmm/ eindex.html. [3] http://www.science.uva.nl/research/mmm /17Tindex.html [4] J.C.P .Klaasse,Rev.Sci.Instrum. 68 )1997( 89. [5] C.kuhrt,T.Schitty and K.Barner, Phys.Stat.Sol.)a( 91)1985( 105 [6] B.K.Ponomarev, J.Magn. Mater. 61 )1986( 129. [7] S.Yu.Dankov,A,M.Tishin,V.K.Pecharsky and K.A.Gschneidner,Jr,.Rev.Sci.Instar.68)1997( 2432.S.yu.Dankov,A.M .Tishin,V.K .Pecharsky and K.A .Gschneidner,Jr,.Phys .Rev .B57)1998( 3478 [8] K.A.Gschneidner,Jr,.and V.K .Pecharsky,Ann.Rev.Mater.Sci.30 )2000( 387. [9] V.K Pecharsky and K.A.Gschneidner ,Jr,.J.AppI .Phys .86 )1999( 565. [10] K.A .Gscheidner,Jr,.V.K .Pecharsky ,E.Bruck ,H.G.M .Duijn and E.M .Levin ,Phys .Rev .Lett .85 )2000( 4190. [11] J.R.Sun,F.X .Hu and B.G .Shen ,Phys .Rev .Lett. 86 )2000( 4191.
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1 Keenan ,J.H .and Neumann ,EP,“A Simple Air Egector“ , Journal of Applied Mechanics ,Trans .ASME ,pp.A75A81 ,June 1942. 2 Hamner ,R.M.“An Inverstigation of an Egector Compression Refrigration Cycle and Its Applications to Heating ,Cooling and Energy Conservation,PhD Thesis,University of Alabama ,Birmingham ,1978. 3 Australian Environment Council,“ Strategy for Ozone Protection “,August ,1989. 4 Australian Institute of Tefrigeration ,Air Conditioninig and Heating)AIRAH( and Environment Protection Agency,“Air Conditioniong and Refrigeration Industry C.F.C .Phase Out User Guide “,September,1994 5 Munday ,J.T ,.and Bagster K.f ,“.A New Theory Applied to Steam Jet Refrigeration“, Ind .Eng .Chem ,.Process Des .Dev ,.Vol .16, No.4 ,1977 ,pp.442449. 6 Chen .L.T “.A heat Driven Mobile Refrigeration Cycle Analysis ,“Energy Conversion ,Vol .18 ,pp .2529 ,2978. 7 Chen ,F.C.m and Hsu ,C.T,“.Performance of Ejector Heat Pumps ,“Energy Research, Vol.11 ,John Wiley and Sons ,pp.289300, 1987. 8 Webb ,R.L ,“.Principles of Enhanced Heat Transfer “John Wiley & Sons ,1994. 9 Ghaderi Yeganeh ,M ,.M ,.Salehi, Saeeid ,M.H“ ,.Review of intube Condensation heat transfer Correlations Vol 1 ,Advances in Enhanced Heat/Mass Transfer and Energy Efficiency ,ASME ,1995.
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