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: : URL: www.HVAC.ir Emai : info@HVAC.ir
HVACR
HVACR
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Guy Levy : :
)SJE( . . ) ( . . SJE SJE . . . . . : . SJE . . SJE .) ( . ejector . . . . . . .
) ( . . . . . : SJE . . : : . . ( )
. . SJE
. : SJE . .
. . . : . : . . . . . . . . . . oF . (
. . Throttle . Superheat : . . . . : . . : . . : )(
SJE . . . . : . : . . : )(
. . SJE / in.Hg psig oF . / in.Hg . : SJE . . : . . . . SJE . SJE . . 1 .Steam Jet Ejector 2 .Booster 3 .Hotwell 4 .Drop test
:
. . . . . . . SJE . )Midwest( . SJE . oF oF . : : . . .
.) . . )HEI( . . . . . . : ) ( ) ( . . . . :
. . . HVAC . . . . : . :
[
]
: . . . . . . . . . . : . .
: : . . : . . : . . . 1 Eddy Current 2 Electrical Disturbance 3 Scanner 4 Rupture Disk 5 Freeze Stat
:
/ . . . . . : . . . . .
. ( ) . : . . . . . . . . . /
Elena Toldo : :
[
CO
]
.
. : . CO CSPC . CO CSPC . CSPC . CO CSPC . . . : . . . . CO .
Earl Todd . Sears Merchandise Group : . . . . .
. . . CO CO . CSPC . CO . HVAC .
. . Laclede County ! . . . .
CO . John Eversole ( . Hazmat .) . . . CO /
CO . CO . Roseville . . CO CO . . . .
. . Bethesda CSPC ( . CSPC .) Goldstein Switzer . Quantum Group Mark . CSPC .
CO MOS . . CO bio mimetic colormetric chemioptic . . reset Mark Goldstein UL2034 CO First Alert . . CO MOS . CO
Chemioptic . CO MOS ( American Sensors ). CO . )GRI( . CO . CO .
. . . . . HVAC : . ( MOS ) Colormetric Biomimetic
CO . . / . CO . . CO CO UL-2034/CSA 6.19 . . .
GRI : CO CO . CO colormetric . MOS MOS . : / :First Alert ) / : Nighthawk ) / :American Sensor ) CO .
. MOS . . . : . : . ! .
Richard W. Trent :
:
Seawolf )SSN21( . . . . HVAC& R . . : . . . . . . . . Seawolf ) ( HVAC . Seawolf . .
[
]
)Resistance Heat( . . . . . . . . . ) ( . :
. ) ( . . . . Seawolf . . ) ( ) kW( . kW/m3 :
. . . . . . Seawolf .
CO2 )(
)(
( . ) :)COH2( COH2 . COH2 . . Hopcalite CO2 . . )(
. : . . . . FOG :VENT . . :
. . )Oxygen Candle( . . . . :)CO2( CO2 . . )MEA( MEA CO2 )Boiler Stripper( .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. : . . COH2 CO2 . . . . : . . .
HCl HF R114 R12 R236fa R134 a ( °C( oF )HF( . )°C( oF )( CO2 . : )HCL HF( CO2 . . LiOH . : ( ) )capillary attraction( . )absorption( . . . .
Richard W. Trent :
:
. . HVAC . . . . ) ( . . . . : : . )( . . . . . . . . ) ( . . : .
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]
: =
. . . . : . . . . :
. . . : . . . . . . .) (
. . . . . . . . . : )(
. PVC . . . )( .
: . . :Drift Eliminators
. . . .
)( .
: . . . .
. . . : / . . : : . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . )( . . . 1 .Sump 2 .Sump Screen 3 .AntiCavitation
:
. . . . . . : . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ) ( . . .
:Makeup valve . . . : . . . : . :
D. Robinson : :
PDEC PDEC . . PDEC . . Seville . . . . )PDEC( . . . . . PDEC . . PDEC . . PDEC PDEC . . . PDEC
[
.
]
)PDEC(
. . : Seville . ) ( PDEC . PDEC .) ( )( . . ( ) . . . PDEC
.)( PDEC PDEC . .)( PDEC . . . )( ( ) PDEC . ( ) PDEC . ) ( . .
. .
)(
PDEC . DSP DOE2 BLAST ACCURACY . EASY Giabaklou . CHEETAH Ballinger
.)E ( PDEC ) : PDEC ) PDEC PDEC . )( . . )( A D C B CO2 . . ( ) ( E A )
)(
PDEC )(
. )E D( PDEC ( ) . )(
. . . .)( )A( )B( )C( PDEC )D( PDEC . )E( . ( PDEC ) A . D C B .
g' g )td( : )(
)vm( . EU . . [ Vw/Vm ]+1 . . PDEC DSP DSP . :)( PostProcessing : . : . )0.5 ach -1 ( )1.0 ach -1 ( )2, 5, 10 ash-1 ( )1, 5, 10, 15, 20 ach-1 ( PDEC . . .
. td PDEC DSP . ( .) Seville . td . DSP . . . )Vw( )?a( )Va(
. . . PDEC . PDEC . ESPr PDEC DSP . : ) ) . . . )(
td t . . t' . PDEC )(
. )( . 26 oC PDEC . PDEC . . . . PDEC 26 oC 20 . . PDEC
. . PDEC . PDEC 20 ach 1 . PDEC 20 ach 1 PDEC . PDEC
PDEC ) ( ) ( )(
)26oC 24oC ( . . PDEC . . . . . . . 26 oC . . . 1 ach 1 PDEC ach 1 5 ach 1 . 20
. . . Seville ESPr . : . ( 100mm 0.35 W m-2K-1 U value U value ) 2.75 W m-2 K-1 .
.
. 20 ach 1 ( Seville .)
)(
PDEC )(
oC 2 ach-1 1 ach-1 ( .)
. PDEC . oC . )27 W m-2 54 W m-2(
)(
. . 27 W m2 50/50 / . . 300 W m-2 . )A : )D )E PDEC .) ( PDEC PDEC )1, 5, 10, 15, 20 ach-1( 1.0 ach-1 . : PDEC 1.0 ach-1 4.0 ach-1 0.5 ach-1
) PDEC . . ESPr . ) ( . )to( oC . 0.1 ach-1 PDEC )ti( oC PDEC . . / .
. . : )( . . . ESPr . . .) ( . . . (
) ( )( )b PDEC )a : )c
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. . PDEC 13:00 . . ti < to . . )( ( )( )11a ( ) 11d . )( ) ( PDEC
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. . PDEC . . . CFD . PDEC . . PDEC 1 Convective 2 Capture Zone 3 Bulkhead Duct 4 Overheating 5 Nodes
:
)(
Seville . . PDEC . PDEC : . . PDEC . PDEC Seville ( .) PDEC .
. BEMS . . . )( . BEMS . . )( . . ) ( .
) ( )(
[
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]
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . .
)(
. . SPORE NITRIFYING FORMING NITROGEN FIXING DENITRIFYING SULFATE REDUCING .IRON .
. . . . . ) (
. . . / )EPA( . . . . .
. NASA . . .
)(
)( .
. . . . .
. ... . . .
. . .
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:
G.S. Gregory : :
[
. .
]
. . .
. . Bellevue Straford Hotel . . . Legionnaire .Legionellae . . . ASHRAE . ASHRAE
. . . . . . . .
Pontiac Fever
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . Legionellosis : .
. . . . ASHREA . . ( ) . )( . . HVAC . .
. oC ) oF( oC . ) oF( . . . . . . . ASHRAE : . . . . . . . . ASHREA
. . . . . . . ASHRAE : . . . . .
. . . . . . . . : . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ASHRAE ASHRAE
. ( ) . ).... ( . . ASHRAE . . ( ) . . . . . .
. . ASHRAE ( ) . . . . . . . .
. . ASHRAE . . . : . . . . .
. ASHRAE ASHRAE . . . . . . .
. . . . : . ) ( . . . . . . .
. . . . . )( . . HVAC ) ( .
. . . . )( . . . . .
. . : . . . . . . . . :
1. Sharrar, R.G., ìFollow up - Respiratory Disease - Philadelphia,î Morbidity Mortality Report,25(1976):270, 275ñ276. 2. Stout, J.E., et al., ìPotable water as a cause of sporadic cases of communityacquired legionnaireís disease,î The New England Journal of Medicine 326(3). 3. See e.g., Nei v. Boston Survey Consultants,Inc., 388 Mass. 320 (1983).
. . . ASHRAE . . . . . . . .
. . ASHRAE . HVAC . . . . . .
HVACR
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HVACR ○
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)TQM(
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) (
Eatanley Munma :
:
[
]
! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael Dell . COMPAQ IBM .
: . . : . . . . . .
HVACR
Dell . . . Michael Dell . ! .
. . . Dell . . Dell . Dell Dell . . . Dell .
. . : .! . . . . . . . . . : . :
: . . : . . . .
. . . . . .
. . : . . . . . : . 1 Mission
HVACR
:
2 vision
. . . . . : . . . . . .
. . . : . Skidmore Sales . . . . : .
)TQM( :
[
]
TQM . . . : . . . I : . II IV III . : I . . . . :
. . . . :
. ) ( . .
. . . :
. . . . . . TQM .
HVACR
. . :
TQM . . . . . ) :)QITS(
. . :)PST( ) . . :)NWT( )
. :
. . . . . . . : II . : :
. .
. . . : . . . . . . . .
. . . ) . . IV :
. . . . . . . :
. III : :
. . . . . . TQM . . : ) . . . ) .
: . . / . : .
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HVACR
[
]
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. . : . . . . .
. . . . ( )
. . . ( )
. ... . ( ) .
HVACR
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HVACR
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December Contact branislav todorovic at todorob@eunet.yu
Contact organizer at imec@imec2004.com or www.imec2004.com
February Climamed 2005
Contact organizer at www.climamed.org
Climate world 2005 Contact organizer at 43 1 402895415 fax 43 1402895454 or www.msifairs.com ASHRAE Contact ASHRAE meeting section 1791 Tullie circle NE AtlantaGA jyoung@ashrae.org or www.ashrae.org )AHR Expo(
Contact international exposition company at 2032219232 or http/: /m e m b e r s h i p .a s h r a e .o r g/t e m p l a t e /a r t i c l e d e t a i l /a s s e t i d/ www.ahrexpo.com )MCAA(
Contact the mechanical contractors association of America at 301 8695800 www.mcca.org CTI ) (
Contact the cooling technology institute at 2815834087 or www.cti.org
March . RAC 2005
August Contact organizer at 861067104602 fax 861067104603 or uhgan_huang@hotmail.com
Internoise 2004
Contact organizers at 420 224 352 310 Fax 420224355433 internoise2004@fel.cvut.cz or www.internoise2004.cz
Contact the international institute of refrigeration at 44 0208647 7033 Fax 4 4 0 2087730165 Miriam@ior.org.u k or www.ior.org.uk/gl2004
September Roomvent 2004
Contact the conference secretariat at 351 239 790 732 Fax 351 239 790 771 roomvent@dem.uc.pt or www.roomvent2004.com ISH Contact messe Frankfurt at 49 6975756457 fax 49 697575 6758 www.ish.messefrankfurt.com
AIVC Contact organizer at 32 2 655 77 72 fax 32 2 653 07 29 www.aivc.org
Contact organizer at 2033571400 or www.iehexpo.com Intercool 2004 Contact organizer at 49 0 341 6 78 8441 fax 49 0 341 6 78 8442
Contact organizer at 0208 277 5112 or www.racexhibition.com
.
Contact organizer at or www.ee.sateng.com . ISH 2005 Contact organizer at 49 69 7575 6475 fax 49 69 7575 6758 or www.ish.messefrankfurt.com
ho chi minch
Contact organizer a t 6565343588fax 65653342330or kendralee@hqlink.com
.
Contact organizer at 351 229734624 fax 351229730746 or conference@infub.pt )NADCA(
Contact the national air duct cleaners association at 2027372926 or www.nadca.com
November .
Contact organizer at 020 7973 1260.
Contact organizer a t 4 4 0 www.hvacpoland.com
2 0 7886 3109 or
Contact the U.S .green building council at 3304259330 or www .greenbuildingexpo.org ARI Contact Airconditioning and refrigeration institute at 703524 8800 or www.ari.org
Contact organizer at 3037712000 or www.afec.biz AWT Contact association of water technologies at 80085806683 or www.awt.org
ieees@aix.meng.auth.gr or www.ieees.org
AUGUST .
Contact www.swc2005.org
SEPTEMBER Indoor Air 2005
Contact organizers at 86 10 6278 1339 fax 86 10 6227 3416 indoorair05@tsinghua.edu.cn or www.indoorair2005.org.cn
OCTOBER )SMACNA( . Contact SMACNA a t 7038032980 info@smacna.org or www.smacna.org
Contact organizers at lsmith@asmusa.org or www.inceusa.org
NOVEMBER
Contact organizers at 965 4811188ext. 5804 or fax 9654847131 ARI Contact airconditioning and refrigeration institute at 703524 8800 ari@ari.org or www.ari.org
JANUARY . Interclima
Contact organizers at 33 1 47 56 52 86 fax 33 1 47 56 24 59 anne_Jacob@reedexpo.fr or www.interclima.com . ASHRAE Contact ASHRAE meeting section 1791 Tullie circle NE Atlanta GA jyoung@ashrae.org or www.ashrae.org
)AHR Expo( . Contact international exposition company at 2032219232 or www.ahrexpo.org
FEBRUARY . Mostra convegno EXPOCOMFORT Contact organizers at 39 02 48550 1 fax 39 02 48005450 mce@fmi.it or mce.fmi.it . CTI Contact the cooling technology institute at 2815834087 vmanser@cti.org or www.cti.org
APRIL
Contact the American boiler manufacturing association at 703522 7350 or www.abma.com
. +
Contact organizers at 49 69 7575 6599 or www.light building.messefrankfurt.com
MAY
Contact organizers 7 0959216429 fax 7 0959218048 or brodatch@abok.ru
JUNE .
Contact organizers at 351 22 5081763 fax 351 22 5082153 hb2006@fe.up.pt or www.hb2006.org QC ASHRAE Contact ASHRAE meeting section 1791 Tullie circle NE Atlanta GA jyoung@ashrae.org or www.ashrae.org
NOVEMBER ARI
Contact the Airconditioning and refrigeration institute at 703524 8800 ari@ari.org or http//:www.ari.org
HVACR
)ACCA(
Contact the air conditioning contractors of America at 703575 4477 or www.acca.org IIAR Contact the international institute of ammonia refrigeration at 703 3124200 or www.iiar.org
APRIL
Contact organizer at 966 1 4541448 fax 966 14544846 or info@recexpo.com
Contact organizer at kasagi@thtlab.t.utokyo.ac.jp
Contact NACE international at 2812286200 or www.nace.org
Contact the international association of refrigerated warehouses at 7033734300 or www.iarw.org
MAY :IIR Contact ristoci@ukim.edu.mk o r www.mf.ukim.edu.mk/ web_ohrid2005/ohrid2205.html
.
Contact organizer a t 6137482984 o r www.nbec.net/ conference.htm )GAMA( www.gamanet.org IEA Contact oakridge national laboratory at 8655768620 fax 865 5749331 www.ornl.gov/hp2005
JUNE .
Contact organizers at 3014055439 or www.enme.umd.edu/ceee/ ishpc )ABMA(
.
Contact the American boiler manufacturers association at 703522 7350 or www.abma.com . ASHRAE Contact ASHRAE meeting section 1791 Tullie circle NE Atlanta GA jyoung@ashrae.org or www.ashrae.org
JULY Contact organizers at 30 2310 995968 FAX 30 2310 996012
:
[
]
. . . . . . : . . . : . . . . ( )Conversational Cons ( .) .
. . . . . . . . .
HVACR
. . ..... . : . . . ! .
. . . . .
HVACR :
. : . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . ) ( . . ! . . .
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. .
. . . .
)CMMS(
[
.
]
)EAM( )CMMS( . . CMMS/EAM . . . . : . . . : . . . . (
. . . . . .
HVACR
. CMMS . . . . . . . .
) CMMS/EAM . ( . ) . CMMS . )API( . . .
. . . . . . : . . . . . .
. . CMMS . . . CMMS/EAM . . .
. . . . ) ( . . .
. . CMMS . . ) ( . CMMS .
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. . . . . CMMS . / .
. . CMMS . . CMMS : ( . ) .
:
[
]
. . . : . . . . . . . . . . ) ( . .
. . . . . . . : . ( ).
HVACR
. ( : .). . : ( .)... . . . . .
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:
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. . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . Alifie Kohn . : . .
. . . ( .) . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
Fitz Enz J .“The8 Practices of Exceptional Companies :How Great Organizations Make the Most of Their Human Assets AMACOMNew York NY)1997(. Lecky Thompson R.“Constructive Appraisals :The Essential Guide to Thinking and Working Smarter “AMACOM New York NY)1999(. Nelson B .and K .H .Blanchard “1001 Ways to Reward Employees“Workman Publishing Co .New York NY)1994(. Nelson B .“1001 Ways t o Energize Employees“ Workman Publishing Co .New York NY)1997(. Tulgan B .“Fast Feedback“Human Resources Development Press Amhesrt MA )1999(.
HVACR
. . . . . . . . ... ... email .
. . . . . . . . . .
:
[
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]
. . Carrier . . . ( . . ) . . . . : . . .
. . . . . . . .
HVACR
. . System / . Integrator . . . . : . .
. ( . ) . . . . ) ( . . . .
) ( . . .
HVACR
HVACR
HVACR
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Copeland HFC 134a CFC - 12
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Thermoacoustics
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Cryotronics Cryogenics+Electronics :
. PID . ) Rate( )Reset( )Gain( . . / . . : . .cp / k . . 10-100 V / oC ) ( . SCR . . . . . .
[
]
. . )( . . . )( . . . . . . mV/ok ) (
)( . )Set Point( ( ) . ( ) Point Set . Set Point . Set Point . . DC . Gain .
)( . . . ) ( . / .
)( . / ( ) / / / . /
. . . ) ( ) ( . . . . . / . .
Set Point 1 mV/ok
100mV =100k . . . )( . )( -50 mV/k -2.5 mV/k . ( )( ) . dp/dT (watts/kelvin) . .
. . ONOFF . . : Set Point . ONOFF . . . )Optional( . . . .
. . . . . / Set Point . ... . . / Set Point . . .
. . / . . . . .
. set point . . )rate( / . ) : ) set point . . . . . . rate .
( )( . ) . . / . . . . . / . reset inhibit . ) : ) . ) /( . . /
Reset Control . /)( )( Set Point . Set Point . : ) ) ) . . PI . . . . . .
. : . ONOff . set point . .
1 .E .M .Forgan“On the Use of Temperature Controllers in Cryogenics “.Cryogenics 14 )1974 (pp .207214.2 .A series on “process Control “published in the journal Measurement & Control Part 3 “O n/Off and ProportionalControl“ September 1984 pp .165170; Part4 “Reset and Rate Control “October 1984 pp .133145; Part 5“Selecting the Mode of Control“ December 1984 pp .132136. 3 .C .L .Pomernacki “Micro ComputerBased Controller for Temperature Programming the Direct Inlet Probe of a High Resolution Mass Spectrometer “Review of Scientific Instruments 48 )1977 (pp .14201427. 4 .W .M .Cash E .E .Stansbury C .F .Moore and C .R .Brooks “Application of a Digital Computer to Data Acquisition and Shield Temperature Control of a HighTemperature Adiabatic Calorimeter“Review of Scientific Instruments 52) 1981( pp .895901. 5 .R .B .Strem .B .K .Das and S .C .Greer “Digital Temperature Control and Measurement System“ Review of Scientific Instruments 52)1981( pp .17051708.
1- Thermal Lag 2- Reset windup 3- Windup 4- Sampling Rate
set point . 4mK 4.2K )( . ( A/D . ) 4mK / . . OnOff ( .) .)2Hz ( . . . ( ) .
. . rate . . rate set point set point . rate set point . . . . set point . ) ( . . . / . A/D .
CFC - 12 Copeland HFC 134a :
CFC
. HFC HCFC . CFC . HFC134a )R134a( CFC12 )R12( . ) . . / . )U.L.2170-2172( Copeland 3D Discus ) . HFC134a Copeland ) Mobil EAL Arctic 22 CC Copeland Ultra 22 CC )POE( : POE .ICI EMKARATE RL 32CF . o F R134a ) . . R134a R12 . ) . . . . ) HFC )a . R12 ALCO ADK )b . Alco UltraFlow XH9 XH6 )c . R134a loose fill )d . ALCO UK . XH9 . R12 R134a ) .
[
CFC
]
.
. : )I
. )a ) b . R12 )c . )d . . ) e POE . . )f . R134a ) g . POE . Copelaweld Copelametic . Copeland . )h . . . R12 )i )j . . j 3.I.a )k . ) l .
3GS ) . R134a Copeland . ) ( ) ) : ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )( ) )( ) R134a R134a
: R134a . Moduload Moduload . . Copeland R12 ) . R134a . ) R12 . R134a . ) . R134a .
) / . R134a ) R12 . . . / R134a
. R12 ) . . R134a ) . . ) . TEV . . . R134a ) . )R134a( Ultra 22 CC Mobil EAL Arctic 22 CC( )ICI EMKARATE RL 32CF Copeland 2975 . R134a PMS . ) . . . : R134a . . :
1 .Suction Reed 2 .Floodback 3 .Solid Core Driers 4 .Molecular Sieve Material 5 .Pilot Operated Solenoid Valves 6 .Thermocouple Micron Gauge 7 .Hermetic Compressors
. . j 3.II.a )k . . )l . . 998RMET00 . Copeland ) R12 . . ) . . . ) . . . POE . . . . . R134a .
( ). . ) m . : )II
. )a R12 )b . )c . . )d . . )e POE . . )f . R134a )g . POE . Copelaweld Copelametic . Copeland . )h . . R12 )i . )j
Peter Kittel : :
[
.
]
. . . pulse tube / 3He . / / . :PULSE TUBE . )( ( . ) ) ( inertance . ) ( . . . . Stirling Stirling . . . . . / . : )ADR( )(
. )( 3He . / 3He . duty cycle . / .
)(
. . Cu/GGG . . GGG / . . :3He / 3He . 3He 4He 4He / 3He . .
. Cu/GGG GGG . . Cu GGG . Kevlar SS ADR . ( Cryostat ) . . GGG . . )(
. . . . / . / . . :
1Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator 2 SorptionPumped SingleCycle Dilution Cooler 3 phase boundary 4 fractional distillation 5 sintered
. : 4He 3He ( .) . . 3He . )(
. . . Coolers :Dilution )( . 4He 3He . 4 He 3He 3He . 3He . 4He . 4He . 3
He ) (
Thermoacoustics Brad Petersen : :
. . . . . . . . . Rott . ) mm ( k . ) m ( Rott . Taconis . Taconis Rott Yazaki . . ) ( : Sondhauss . . Rijke . . .
[
.
]
.
Ceperley . Stirling . deBlock Yazaki Backhaus Stirling . Stirling . . T p s u . : u P u T
Radebaugh orifice . Stirling Stirling . Stirling . . Stirling . Urieli .
. Rott Hofler Rott . . . . Gifford . Mikulin .) (
. )( . . ( ) ! :
1 Pulsating Combustion 2 PulseTube Refrigeration 3 Broken Thermodynamic Symmetry
. Rott Olson pu . . Spoor Geller . / . Ne Ne .
. u . . . Stirling )k( . )k( )k( Wheatley .
G. Mills : :
[
]
AntiStokes Fluorescence . . . . . / oC )Yb:YAG(Yttrium Aluminum Ytterbium Ytterbium . . . . . . . AntiStokes Fluorescence Epstein )LANL( Los Alamos Rumbles Clark . )Yb: ZBLAN( Ytterbium . Rhodamine 101 Yb: ZBLAN Ball Aerospace LANL Gosnell . oC . . Yb: ZBLAN oC . / oC Yb: ZBLAN . ZBLAN )( Yb 3+
. . .
. 4
Yb 3+ phonon photon )( ZBLAN
)(
)( .
. . . . . . . Yb 3+ . ) ( . ) ( Yb: ZBLAN )( .
. . . . . / .
:
. . . . Yb )ZBLAN( . . . / Ytterbium Fluoride . . .
) (
)( /
. )( .
. . / . )( 1/8 . . . Yb:YAG . . . .
: . )( ) ( torr . 10 -4 . oC . .
. . )( . .
: . . . . . / / . ( 6.9 milliwatt/watt ) . . . 1 .Turbo Molecular Pumping 2 .thermal link 3 .LOAD MASS 4 .focal plane 5 .steady state 6 .specific refrigeration
:
/ oC . / oC . . )( . . . 4.32 watts/K / oC / . . . 2.5 milliwatt/K milliwatt/K . 3.0 . . )( . .
. . . . . )( . / . . . . / oC .
)(
)(
John J. Wollan : :
[
.
]
Los Alamos National Laboratoty Praxair . . . . . . Praxair Cryenco ( Chart Los Alamos . Chart Industries ) Chart . )TADOPTR( )TASHE( Praxair . OPTR ) OPTR( TASHE TADOPTR Los Alamos National Laboratory TASHEOPTR -161oC )-259oF( . TADOPTR . Ray Radebaugh Los Alamos Greg Swift )NIST( . . . : LOPTR .)LOPTR( TASHEOPTR .
. 109 . . . : )TASHE( . . 240oC TASHE .
) ( . . . . . . . . . :
. TASHEOPTR . LOPTR . . . 106 . TASHEOPTR . TASHEOPTR .
Chart Los Alamos TADOPTR .)( ( . )140oC TADOPTR . NIST Los Alamos TASHEOPTR .) ( . . . TADOPTR . NIST Los Alamos . TADOPTR . TASHEOPTR . . . )( : TADOPTR .) (
oC ) oF( . . . . . . . . TASHEOPTR . Denver Los Alamos . . . : ( Cryenco ) Chart Industries TADOPTR Los Alamos NISTBoulder . . .
TASHE . )TAD( TAD . TASHEOPTR . TADOPTR )(
TASHEOPTR )( . TASHE . OPTR .) (
LNG . ) ( . TASHEOPTR )(
TASHE )(
. . . . / . TASHEOPTR .) ( TASHE . . . : TASHEOPTR )( . TASHEOPTR . )( : ) .
. : :OPTR ) ( 140oC .) Chart . :OPTR ) .Carnot :TAD ) OPTR . .) ( .Carnot :TAD ) TADOPTR ) ( TASHE . . Los Alamos ! Carnot Scott Backhaus Greg Swift . Chart . TASHEOPTR .) ( . . TASHE . . OPTR
Praxair . . LNG LOPTR . . )( OPTR . . . : Praxair . . . :
1 .Heat Engine 2 .Thermoacoustic 3 .ThermoAcoustically Driven Orifice Pulse Tube Refrigerators 4 .ThermoAcoustic Stirling Heat Engine 5 .Orifice Pulse Tube Refrigeration 6 .Linear Motor Compressor 7 .Roller Bearing 8 .Oscillator 9 .Flexure Bearing 10 .Thermoacoustic Driver 11 .Resonator 12 .TubeAndShell
/ . ) . . . :LOPTR TASHEOPTR )(
/ /
LNG . TASHEOPTR LNG . ) . / . OPTR ) ( .
S. S. Verma : :
. . . ) ( .)COP ( )HCFC( )CFC( . . NH3 CO2 . ( . / ) . )( . ) ( )( )( . . . NH3 CO2 ) ( . . . ) HCFC( )CFC( . )( / )COP( . . .
[
.
]
.
. . . . HCFC CFC . HCFC CFC . . : Peltier
)HCFC CFC ( HCFC CFC . ) ( . HCFC CFC
. UVB . . .
)(
. . . .
( . .) K . )( . )(
. . . . DT DH : )DT/DH( = )t/CH()dM/dT(H
CH M H . H )dM/dT(H . T GiauqueDebye .
. ) ( . . Seebeck ) ( Seebeck . . . Seebeck Peltier . Peltier Peltier . . Peltier . Henrich Lenz . . . )( P )+ve( . N )ve( . ) ( ) ( .) (
. . . . . . . ( ) )DOE( . . ) )( ( . )( .
. . . / K . . . . . .
)(
. ZT .r=1/s Z=S2/kr Z ZT . . Tc . )gTTh(/[)+g()ThTc(] Th . T g=)1+ZT(1/2 ZT>> ZT . / / ZT . ZT .
LaFe3CoSb12 Gete/CeS Ce0.9Fe3La0.9Fe3 CoSb12CoSb3CeFe3CoSb12 : CoSb12
RhSb3IrSb3CoAs3 GaAs/AlAs . . J=S)ESDT( J Q =)sTS( EkDT S Seebeck s E ( Q T . k ) s .
)(
. . Ioffe . Peltier Abram . Bi2 Te3/Sb2 Te3 . . . . . . . )CPU( . K . Bi2 Te3/Sb2 Te3/Bi2 Se3/ PbTe/SnTe/:
) . ZT ZT . . . . . . . HCFC CFC . 1 rattling semiconductors 2 Multiple quantum wells 3 figure of merit 4 rattling guest atoms
:
. . . X RM4X12 M ; R ZT . . . ) )ytterbium Cerium ( . . KT . . mV/K Seebeck CePd3 mV/K Seebeck . K
/cm3 . Tmax kTmax . . ZT S ZT . ZT . : ) . . ) . ) . ) : Sb2 Te3/Bi2 Se3/Bi2Te3 ) Peltier ZT=0.9 . VIB IIIB . )
:
. . : . . 2KW )( 62 MWh . . . . . : . ( : . / : ) : . / . / / . . . . : . ) ( . :
[
]
. . . : 5KW
: . . . ) ( . . . : )( / oC ) oC(
:
. . . :
. . : : . :
. . . : . . . : .
. . )( . COP . COP )KW( / )KW( COP = = )( COP ( / )A ( oC oC .)/ /( / )B ( . ) )C ( oC .) / ( . )( )( . . . . .
( . ) . . )(
)(
. . PLC . : . . : . / oC . . )( oC . .
R-134a . . R407C . R22 . :
. . . . : : . : . : )Open drive( . .
. . . . . . . ! :
) ( ) (
. . : . . . .
. . . . . . : )(
3 Scroll 4 BuiltIn 5 Screw 6 Lift Valve 7 SemiHermetic 8 Open Drive : . ) ( !
.
. .
. . . )( ) ( .
) ( : . .
. . . . . : . : . . . . . . 1 Temperature Lift 2 Reciprocating
:
. : . . . . . . : : )( . .) ( ( ) . ( ) . :
:
[
R22
]
R22 . . : . . . . . : HVAC . :
. : . 6 psid / / 3 psid . : .
: . . . R22 L BCuP6 . . )flux( BAg28 . .
oF . oF . . . Frostat . :
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . : . . oF : . . ( ) oF / oF / oF . . .
)(
. )( . 4000 fpm . . . . . . . . ) ( . . . . . .
. : 20 psid ( ) 40 psid . . . )( . . . . : . . . . . 1 VAV 2 Entrainment 3 Pitch 4 Hot Gas Bypass Line
:
. . .
) . . . . . . . . . VAV
: . 6 psid 10psid 6 psid / . : . . )( . 3500fpm : ) .
) (
) (
:
[
]
.
/ . . . . . . 200K . . . . . WPEE2 . . . . WP / . )( . . . . Q )( . . TS
: FOM
. .
.
FOM5
)( COP . )( )( : JT
.
)(
W Q )( s2 h1 )( s2 h2 . ) ( y . :
hf . h2 h1 . QL :
COP /. :
)( /. / WP /. )( TS
y :
P2=20MPa . 6MPa 3 / /. WP . . /. WP . )( TS . . TS .
)b
)( )a
. /. . )( . COP . : mi m,mf . )(
)(
. . . / MRC . LNG . )( . . . . . )(
)(
. . . . )( . . )( . .
. : he me . : :
. . . )( .
)b
)( )a
TS . MRC )( TS MCR . )( . . . . . . . . . )( . / . . .
. )( MRC . . .
. / . . .
)(
. Tbp . )( . .
/ 0.1 MPa . )( . . 300K )(
)(
)b
: . m . . . ... . )( )( )a
. . . . . references: 1.Askeland D.R .The science and engineering of materials3rd ed .PWS Publishing Company Boston. 2 .Hands B .A .Cryogenic engineering. Academic Press New York. 3 .Weng C .NonCFC auto cascade refrigeration system .U.S .Patent 5408848 )Aprill( 4 .Rao M .G .and R .G Scurlock .1986. Cryogenic instrumentation with cold electronics: A review .Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. 31:1211 .Plenum Press New York. 5.Radebaugh R .Recent developments in cryocoolers .Advances in Cryogenic Engineering 35:1191 .Plenum Press New York. 6.1998 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals C19
:
1. Expansion Valve 2. Work Producing Expansion Engine 3. Balanced flow condition 4. Steady State . 6. Tow Stage Cycle 7. Dual Pressure Cycle 8. Mixed Refrigerant Cycle 9. Liquid Natural Gas 10. Multi component
. 4.2K 70.4W 4.2K . . . . . . )( . )(
1L/h 236W . 850 Mj/m3 1.38L/h 1W 326W . 1W MRC )(
)( )
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
. . .
: : : : : HPK : : : )( : :
. : :
. .
. . ................................. : ............. : .............. : ......................................... : ..................................................................................................................
. . . .
( ) )(
. HVACR ).......................( )...............................( )...........................( . .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................
......................................................................... :/ ....................................................................................................... : ................................................................................................................... ................................. : ......................................... : ............................... : ................................ :
......................... ) ( ......................... ......................... ) ( . ......... ......... : :