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: : : URL: www.HVAC.ir Emai : HVACR@HVAC.ir
HVACR
HVACR
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[
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]
. . DOE2 . . . . . )( : . :
. . m2 . )( . )( . .
. )( ) ( . )( . .
: MBtuh ) ( 13 MBtuh :
) ( 3.5 240 Tons ) ( 215 Tons :
) ( . . )( : DOE2
)(
. . CAV } CAV { )FCU( . FCU . .
)(
. . . . : . : . . . . / oC . / oC . oC
. . . / . . : Opportunities )ECO( Evaluation of Energy Consumption . : :VAV CAV
CAV . FCU . )( DOE2 . DOE2 . 762 MWh DOE2 DOE2 . . )( . . )(
)( . . . DOE2 DOE2 FCU CAV HVAC . HVAC FCU
)(
. / oC . ECO :
ECO . / . hp / hp / hp / . hp )( DOE2
:
. . U ECO / 6.17 w/m2.K . / 1.33 w/m2.K . :
ECO )( / oC / oC / oC
DOE2 )(
. . . VAV . ECO VAV . VAV . . :
TES . ECO . . . . TES . . .
ECO . )( )( VAV CAV / / / . . . VAV CAV . : )( . Andreas J .EnergyEfficient Motors: Selection & Application Marcel Dekker New york1992. ARI American Refrigeration Institute Statics about US Refrigeration Equipment Shipment Website :http//www.ARI.org .1999. ASHREA Ventilation for Acceptable
. .
. :
)(
ECO )(
Control Methods for VAV Systems ASHREA Transactions 101(2)6131995. EIA Energy Information Agency Energy Facts 1991 DOE/EIA Washington DC1994. EIA Annual Energy Review Department of Energy Energy Information Administration http//www.doe.eia.gov 1998 Herberl J.S .and Claridge D.E .An Expert System for Building Energy Consumption Analysis :Prototype Results ASHREA Transactions 93(1)9791987. Ke Y .and Mumma S.A .Using Carbon Dioxide Measurements to Determine Occupancy for Ventilation Controls ASHREA Transactions103(3)1997. Kreider J.F .and Rabl A .Heating and Cooling of Buildings McGrawHill New York 1994. Mayer P.W .Residential Water Use and Conservation Effectiveness :A Process Approach MS Thesis University of Colorado 1995. Turiel I .Present Status of Residential Appliance Energy Efficiency Standards a n International Review Energy & Buildings 26(1)51997. Akbari H .Huang J .and Davis S .Peak Power and Cooling Energy Savings Energy and Buildings 25 1391471997. Moncef Krarti Energy Audit of Building System An Engineering Approach2000.
: 1- Constant Air Volume 2- Fancoil Unit
195 (11)321995. BPA High Efficiency Motor Selection Handbook .Bonneville Power Administration Portland OR 1190. Braun J.E .Reducing Energy Costs and Peak Electrical Demands Through Optimal Control o f Building Thermal Storage. ASHREA Transactions 96(2)876888 1990. DOEUS Department of Energy Energy Efficiency for Buildings Directory of Building Energy Software Wishington D.C. 2000 .A n updated list Website :http//: www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/tools_directory/ Elovitz D.M .Minimum Outside Air
Indoor Air Quality Standard 6 21989 American Society of Heating Refrigeration and AirConditioning Engineers Inc . Atlanta GA .1989. ASHREA Handbook of HVAC Systems and Equipments American Society of Heating Refrigeration and AirConditioning Engineers Inc .Atlanta GA .1996. Avery G .Updating the VAV Outside Air Economizer Controls ASHREA Journal 31(4)141989. BNP Florida Campus Cuts CFC Use as well a s Energy Consumption Air Conditioning Heating and Refrigeration New
)(
John Siegenthaler : :
[
.
]
. . . . . . : . . ) ( . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 1/2 in . 3/4 in. 5/8 in. .
. . . . . . .
. . . . mesh( )wire . . . . . . . .
. . . . ) ( . ) ( .
. )( .
. CAD )( .
. . psi . )( . PVC
)(
. . PVC . 1 1/ in. . 1 1/2 in. 4 . . . . . )(
. . . . ) ( . . 20 Btu . . . . . psi . . .
. . . . . . . . . lb .
. . . . . . . 1 1/2 in. . 1 in. . 1/2 . . . PVC .
. . . )( .
. . . .
)( . .
) ( U . / . . . . . . . / . 1/4 in .
. . R11 R19 . R30 . ) ( . . . .
. . . PEX . . . PEXALPEX PEX . . 3/4 in. 3/8 in. . 1/2 in. 3/8 in. . . 3/8 in. 1/2 in . 3/4 in 5/8 in. . 5/8 in . 3/4- in .
PEX ALPEX PEX . PEX PEX . PEX . oF Kitec . PEX . PEX PEX . PEXALPEX . . . . .
. )( . linked( PEX )cross )(
Vanguard : . )( Entran IPEX's Kitec PEXALPEX .Maxxon's Infloor PEX Heatway's
: : :
Susumu Horikawa, kazuhiro Otaka
. . .)( )( . )( : / m ) oC . . A3 ) : . I II oC . . . oC )D5( ) oC . / m . oC A5 ) . . )( )( D3 ) . oC
[
. )SF6(
]
. / / )( / . SET )
oC . )( PMV SET .
)( Range : Full :
oC . ) . ) . )(
)(
. )
. )(
)(
oC . ) A3 D5 / oC D5 . A3 / oC MRT . . . )SF6( . . Kvisgaard ( . .) )( . : ) . . )
. . : . ) ) . )( )( .
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. ) . )( )( . . . )( )(
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HVAC Cristopher K. Wilkins, P.E. & Brian A. Waters :
:
[
HVAC .
]
HVAC
HVAC HVAC . . . : ) ) . ) ) ( HVAC . : . . HVAC : . )BSL( ) ( ) ( . . . . . .
. . IVC . . . . )snorkel( . : )BMBL(
. . . ( ) . . .)( . . )IVC( . . ) (
.HVAC . HVAC ( ) . . HVAC . . . . . microisolator
. . 10 ACH 10 ACH . . IVC BSL3 10 ACH . IVC HEPA NH3 CO2 . . . ASHRAE . 0.85 cfm 5 ACH . 10 ACH . . . BSL1
) . . . . ) oC ( oF . . . . . . . 200 ppm 25 ppm . . 15 ACH .
NIH
. HVAC HVAC . : ) ( ) ( . NIH . . . ( . )(
. . . . . ) ( . . . . .
)(
. BSL . . HVAC . . . . . )( . . . . . BSL4 N1H . BMBL
. . HEPA . . . HVAC . . . . HVAC . HVAC . .
. . . ABSL3 . . . N+1 . . . . .
. HVAC . HVAC . NIH HVAC : . . . )BMBL( . HVAC ABSL4 HVAC
. . . . BSL3 )(
HVAC . )15 ACH ( ) oC oF ( ) ( . . )BSL( . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
Michael Uniake :
[
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]
. . . . . . )( . ) ( R R . . . . . . . . / . . . .
. .
.
. )( .
)( . .
.
. )( .
. . R4 R3 R1 . .
. . .
)(
.)( )( . .
. . . )( . .
. . . .
. . .
)(
. . . . . .
. .
. .
)(
)(
)(
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HVAC Kenneth M. Elovitz, P.E. :
:
. . . . )( . )NC( . . . ) ( . : . . Lw PWL( . Lp SPL( .)1 pw ( 1012 w ) ( 20 N/m2 ) .) / 2 10-5 N/m2 20 N/m2 . . ( .) / RMS .)RMS( ) ( . ( RMS ) (
[
]
. . : . . .
: dB =10 log )P/Pref( ^2 = 20 log )P/Pref(
: . ASHRAE Applications
)(
. ) . . )(
30 . 5in. wg TSP 23195 cfm )( . .)( : .)( )(
: Lw = Kw + 10 log Q + 20 log p + C : =Lw .)dB re 1 pw ( ( =Kw 1 cfm Lw .) in 1. TSP cfm =Q =P .)dB( =C . . ( ) . .
. . . ) ( . . ASHRAE Applications HVAC )SMACNA( . ASHRAE Applications .
. .)( A . ( 94dB ) 89dBA . . . )( 93dBA 89dBA 94.5 dBA ) ( ( .) 109.45pw 94.5 dBA 2.8 10-3 w 108.9pw 89 dBA 0.79 10-3 w . . : . . . . . breakout loss
ASHRAE Applications . ( )( ) . ) ( . . 23195 cfm . 7610 cfm / )(
. . . . HVAC . . :
× )(
A )(
A )(
Lp = Lw5 log V3 log f 10 log r +25 : ( =Lp )dB re pa re =Lw ( 10-12 w dB ) =V =f =r . . 5 log V 10 log r )( . . )( . : )( NC 50 . NC 50 ( . )
6 . . . . : . . . . / . ASHRAE Applications . . : )(
)( ASHRAE Applications . ( . ) . . )( . . SMACNA . )( .)( dBA dBA . . dBA )( . . )( ( ) 62 dBA 27 dBA . 89 dBA . 108.9 pw 1.6 10- w 106.2 pw 0.79 10-3
. ) ( . . . . . . . . . . T . : . . .
. . . ( HVAC .) . . : . HVAC . : SMACNA 4 in.wg . .
. . NC 45 . HVAC . . )NC 45( . NC 45 NC 25 . NC 45 . . ( . ) )( . .
Kenneth M. Elovitz, P.E. :
:
. : . . HRV . HRV . .)( . HRV . HRV . HRV : .)( ( .) HRV . . Ventilation Institute Product Directory HRV
[
HRV
]
. HRV . : . ( HRV ) . . .
HRV
HRV . . . HRV . HRV . HRV HRV . HRV . . HRV
www.hvi.org ( . Home .) HRV .
oF
HRV )( . . .
HRV . HRV HRV . . Ft2 cfm . cfm
. / ASHRAE 62 / . . )0.5 ac/h( ( .)
. HRV HRV
: HRV )( ) ( . . .
.) . . . . . . in
)( . .
. HRV ( .
)( . .
in cfm . . ) ( . . . .
)(
. . . .)( PVC . PVC ( )ASTMD 2729 PVC ( .
HRV )( : . in
. HRV . . / .) ( Tape )1520cw ( HVAC )www.venturetape.com( Venture . . .
. . in . in . ft / / . . / . )( / .
)( . )( .
. HRV . . HRV ( .) HRV HRV . )( . in in . in . / in ft . . . .
. . HRV . . . . HRV . . HRV HRV . . . . . HRV
Ft .) PVC . . PVC . . . HRV . . ft HRV . . HRV . HRV . HRV . . PVC . in
ERV
HRV . HRV ERV ERV . ERV ERV ( . ERV ) ERV . . ERV HRV ERV . . HRV ERV . . ERV .
. PVC . / . . . . : HRV ( ) ( HRV ) ( HRV ) .
. . in ( ( in PVC )in ) . / in in . PVC . PVC . . PVC PVC . . . . . . .
Cristopher K. Wilkins, P.E. & Brian A. Waters :
:
[
) ( “CRACKAGE“
]
. . . : ) ) HVAC ) . HVAC . . HVAC . . . . ANSI/ASHRA62 )OA( OA . . / . . ) (
( . ) ft3 CFM )ACH( : 1.0 ACHcfm = V/60
ACH . / ACH . Post 1973 ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 . 0.25ACH ACH . / state HVAC Lowa . Fargo
. . OA : ) : = + ) ( ) : = ) ( HVAC . . . Ft.MyersFla ) ( CRACKAGE
. . . ))2.5Pa( 0.01 W.C ( . . . . . ) ( . ) ( ( ) .
0.2 W .C. )50 Pa( . 0.2 W .C. )50 Pa( AC . . . . . ) ( . HVAC . . . . . IAQ HVAC Fort myer Fla
. )Fundamentals( ASHRAE : . ) ( . . )0.02 W .C. )5 Pa(( . . HVAC . )0.2 W .C. )50 Pa(( )0.2 W .C. )50 Pa(( . . . . . 0.0004 W .C. )0.1 Pa(
. . . )ACH( )50Pa( W .C. / . ) ( ( . ) ACH )50 Pa( W .C. ))2.5 Pa( 0.1 W .C. ( HVAC . . . : ACH 50 . )0.2 W .C. )50 Pa(( ft3 CFM 50 )0.2 W .C. )50 Pa(( . .
. DCV . )scfm( . Polyicynene waterblown . . foaming . . ) ( . 29851 CFM50, 2.3, ACH50 0.2 W .C. )50 Pa( . . 0.1 W .C. )2.5 Pa( 328 1cfm (15L/S) . (
.)
7800( 84000 ft2 .
)1pa(
)m2 . . 1ACH )2.9m( 9.36ft . 13020 CFM )6144L/S( . . . ( 9 ft .) . )overhang( ) ( . . . . ) ( . . (
. 0.04w.c . 41.991CFM50 3.2ACH50 0.2w.c. )50pa( 41,991 cfm )19815L/S( 3.2 . 0.5cfm/ft2 ACH50 (2.5L/S Per m2) (0.1w.c (25pa)) HVAC . ( OA 6200s CFM (7654L/S) )15 CFM (7L/S) . . . . . )DCV( OA
. n=0.50 n n . 0.1 W .C. )2.5 Pa( . 7289cfm (3440L/S) 3281cfm (1548L/S) 0.01 W .C. )2.5 Pa( . . n n=0.50 2817L/S 3963L/S . n=0.50 . . n .
HVAC . vs : ( P2/ P1) = (Q2/Q1)1/n
n=0.5 HVAC HVAC : / / n / . . n / n . / )n=0.69( )n=0.544(
). . HVAC .
ASHRA Hand book fundamentals . HVAC . . HVAC . . : 1- 2000 ASHRAE Hand book HVAC systems and Equipment .Formula1 Page 18.6 chapter 8 2- Cummings Jo et al .1996. “Uncontrolled airflow in nonresidential buildings“ Florida solar energy center 3- 2001 ASHRAE Hand book fundamentals. References at end of chapter 26.
. HVAC . . . ( )ACH . ASHRAE . . . HVAC . . . .
HVAC . )( . : HVAC . OA : OA AHV .
William Ryan, Ph.D., P.E. :
:
. . . . . . .
. )( . . . o F . ) oC (
. HVAC .
. .
. . . .
. Btu . Effect( )Single . )( /kWh
. oF Btu/kWh . )15 psig (
)(
)(
GTI )(
GTI )(
)( ( .) multipass .
. . . . oC oF .
)( ) ( . . . ) oC( oF .
)(
)(
)( ) oC( oF
)( ) oC( oF
) oC( oF . oF oF . oF . ) oC( oF . oC . ( ) oC( oF
. . . . ) oC( oF oF . . )(
)( . . . . . . .
) ( )(
) . . . . oF ( )/ oC( ) oF
. )( . . . oF(
) . ) oC( oF . . ) oC( oF )( . ( oF ) ) oC( oF )(
. . . )( . . . . . .
. . . . . )(
oF )( . ) ( ( . ) . . .
CHP )(
)( ) (
)(
. .
/ . ) ( .
)(
)(
)( . )CHP( . . . ) ( . ( . ) . /( ) ( CHP . ) )( : CHP . . .
. . ) oC( oF . . . . . . . . . . .
. ( ) . )( . . )( . . . . ( oF . ) oC ) oC( oF . oF . . )( . .
. . . ) ( . . . . . . )( . . . CHP . .
HVACR
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[
]
. . . . . .
. . . . )Noise( QM( )AB ABQM . .
HVACR
. ASV . . DN 40 DN 15 : 3100 h/I . )ASV( ASV
. . ASV . ASV .
: )ASV( ASVP . ASVM . 10kpa )0.1 bar( ASVI ASVM ASVP 5-25kpa . ASVPI . Presetting . ASV
:
[
]
. . . . . . . . . . )R&D( . . .
. . ( QFD ) . . ) ( . .
HVACR
. . . : . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
( .) . . . . . : Eastman Kodak .
: . . . . . . . .
. . . . . R&D . .
. WIN . Kodak . : . WIN / . . . BP
HVACR
. . . Kodak . . WIN . . WIN
. / R&D . Kodak . )benchmarking( . . . )WIN( Kodak .
. : . . . . . . .
. . R&D . : Philips Eindhoven . Akzo AMP . Akzo R&D AMP . . Swatch ABB . . .
. R&D . . BP . . . . . . :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HVACR
[
]
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . ) ( . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
HVACR
: . : . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . !
. ) . ) . . ) . . . . . . . . .
. )( . . ) . . . . . ( . ) ) . . ) . ) . )
. . . . ) . . . . . . . . )
HVACR
:
mK
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Modelica CO2
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/
mK G. Thummes & M. Theib :
:
)ADR( . K )PTR( )FAA( ADR FAA . PTR . PTR / W Giessen . K W / K . GM kW PTR . . High Tc Bi2223 A/min . / K K . / A / . mK FAA . mK mK . ADR Gao Matsubara mW K PTR . / K . / K / W PTR PTR . 4K . mK )ADR( .
[
)ADR(
]
( ) X . : :)PTR(
ADR . ADR
.
)( (b) . PTR (a) TP TM T2 T1 .PTR . FAA
:
)a( )( PTR . . PTR . . PTR . . ) ( . PTR dc .
. )b( PTR :
. Bi2223 High Tc BiSrCaCuO . / / Bi2223 . . mW PTR )(
:)ADR( PTR ADR . )b( . ADR )( . . : . NbTi / )( . / H . / K . / A/T PTR . .
dc dc . a ( . ) HoCu2 Pb5% Sb ErNi . : PTR . cp / bar bar topeak . / peak PTR . )( / . / K PTR / K K W / K / W .
)b( . .)T1T2 TM( Speer FAA .)b TP( Speer CMN . mK :ADR )( ADR . / / . / . / T A/min . . FAA PTR
FAA . . . dc . )b( . : ADR Pt
ADR PTR )(
. . NbTi :
. )FAA( FAA )S=R ln 6( mK . / K . FAA . FAA ADR .)b (
T2 T1 Q2 Q1 . )( .
PTR . / / NbTi . FAA mK / T mK . . )( X ADR . ADR . : 1 Ferric Ammonium Alum)Faa( 2 Molar Spin Entropy 3 Kevlar
) B=0 . mK FAA mT . NbTi . . / T . mK FAA / )( . / FAA )( mK / . mK mK . mK
FAA )( . mK .
:
. )( )( . T . / T/min / / . / / / / FAA T . . . / T/min . ( )(
)TP( )TM( )T2( PTR )( FAA
William Ryan, Ph.D., P.E. :
:
[
. . . .
]
: .)area monitor( )leak pinpointer( . . ( . ) . .
. . ( .) : ) ( oz/yr .) ( ppm 0.25 oz/yr ppm
. CFC12 134a 134a HCFC . HCFC HCFC134a CFC12 . . HFC HCFC CFC .
) ( . . )( )( . )ppm( . 20 ppm .
TLV . )AEL=50 ppm( HCFC123 )TLV=1000 ppm( . CFC11 50 ppm CFC11 . HCFC123 . . . . : )nonselective( )halogenselective( .)compoundspecific( . .
. . : . ( ) .
. ppm . 12 0.25 oz/yr HCFC134a CFC HCFC134a CFC12 . .
)(
)IRPAS( IR IRPAS . . ppm IR ppm . . HCFC123 . .
. . . . . )IR(
)(
. . . ( HFC134a ) ppm . . . ( 5 ppm ) 0.05 oz/yr . . .
. TLV . TLV . . . . . . . . )( . . .
ASHRAE 15-94 . . . . . . ) ( . ( ) . . . HCFC22 ( )
. )UV( . . UV . UV . UV . . . 0.05 oz/yr . . HFC134a . . . .
CO2 Modelica Torge Pfafferot & Gerhard Shmitz :
:
CO2 Modelica . ThermoFluid TUHH . CO2 Modelica . . . )TUHH( . . . . )ODP( . )GWP( . )R 744 CO2( . . . . Modelica .
[
Modelica Modelica .
]
. . . Modelica Modelica . . Modelica . Modelica . . Modelica . . ) ( . ( . ) flow . . .
. . . ( K .)243.15 . :Modelica Modelica . multidomain . Modelica :
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m9 = m1 = mref (Total mass balance)
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: m3 = m4 (Total mass balance) W6 = m3 (h4-h3) (Energy balance)
: )( m5 + m4 = m8 + m6 (Total mass balance)
)( m5 Cp5T 5 + m4 CP4T4 = m8 Cp8T 8 + m6 CP6T6 (Energy balance)
: )( m6 = m5 + m7 (Total mass balance)
)( Qag = m5 h5 + m7 h7 - m6 h6 = m5 Cp5T5 + m7 h7vref -m6CP6T6 (Energybalance)
: )( m7 = m1 (Totall mass balance)
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.
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/ D.T. Kuo & A.S. Loc :
:
[
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/ . BEI Technologies . / . . / . BEI . . . BEI B512 . . B512 . . B512 . / B512 )( . B600 . . coldfinger BEI .
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