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: : URL: www.HVAC.ir Emai: HVACR@HVAC.ir
HVACR
HVACR
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:
[
.
]
: . . ( ) . . . . . :
: : )( ) . )
m2 . kg . m2 . . ) ( . . . .
. . . . )( . ) ( . )( mm . . m2 cm cm m2 kg kj/c
) )( . . . . . . .
) ( ) .
. )( )( )( . .
. )( . m / m . . ) : )
. . . ( ) . )( . .
)(
)(
. )(
)( Ct . Ct = . .
)( . V1A1 = V2A2 = V4A4 = V5A5 +V6A6 )( V5A5 = VrAr = VeAe )( r A . . A1 = A4 = A6 = A7 A5 = A8 = Ae = 2A1 Ar = 15 A1
)(
)( . . . oC . . . CPe CP1 )( . . p V0 CP1 )( . CPe CP1 = / . CP = CPe CP1 = )( CPe = / . )( e . . . .
( V2 ) ) . . = 3mm )( . : pr Ka Re . :
n fs f .
. ( =3mm . ) = 0/15mm . ( V1 )( )(
) ( )( : V0 = m/s H = m P23
)(
. n
. Bi = /
)(
/ . n = / n = : ) ( m V0 = 5m/s V2 de = cm )( . = 2m/s Ka = 0/0272W/moC oC Re = Pr = / . f/fs = h = 15/72W/m2 oC . Biot Kc t Bi = ht/kc t = cm . ( Kc = 0/671W/moC h = 15/72W/m2 oC
)( . ( )( ) . ) ( . V0 = 5m/s H = m h = 15/72 W/m2 V2 = 2m/s / oC . oC . oC . oC 5m/s = / )( . cm ) ( oC oC . ( ) ( . ) . :
Cpa a T' T Cc Pc t j i . .
. j i .
ma Qi,j
m/s )(
. : a( H = b( V0 = / m/s ) oC oC ( ) oC oC ( = ) oC oC ( ) oC oC ( c( d( =
. i .
m
m/s )(
m . / m3/s hr . / . . . .
hm h Cpa . w' Am
w .
B1 C1
. A1 . . : ) . : ) . . . ( . ) .
. . . )a Met . clo )b . / )c . A3 ( / )d . ) Ar . A 1 ) ( ) ( C1 B1 . C1 B1 A 1 . .
. H : . hm ma ) ( ) ( ( . H ) . )( . Twb = 15oC Tdb = 25oC . ) ( . . . ( H )... ) ( . m/s m/s ) ( H = m ) ( To= 40oC V0 = 5m/s V3 = 1/ 3 = T3 = 25oC . 5m/s V0 = 15m/s ) ( V3 = 4/5m/s 3 = )( 0 = T0 = 25oC V0= 5m/s = / )( T3= 17/5oC 3 . V3 = 1/5m/s
:
. . . . . . . . )ESCO( . . . . . . . . :
.
[
]
.)
. . . . .
. . . . . . . (
. )O&M( .
. . . :
. . . )
: . . . . :
: ( .) . . . )LCC( . .
.
. ( . ) . . .
. ) : . : ( .)
. : . . .)HVAC ( .
)(
.) ( ( (. ). ( ). () ( ). ( ). ( . ). )
: . : . . . ( .) HVAC .) ( )
: .
Handbook .Bonneville Power Administration Portland OR 1190. Braun J.E .Reducing Energy Costs and Peak Electrical Demands Through Optimal Control of Building Thermal Storage. ASHREA Transactions 96(2)876888 1990. DOEUS Department of Energy Energy Efficiency for Buildings Directory of Building Energy Software Wishington D.C. 2000 .An updated list Website :http//: www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/tools_directory/ Elovitz D.M .Minimum Outside Air Control Methods for VAV Systems ASHREA Transactions 101(2)6131995. EIA Energy Information Agency Energy Facts 1991 DOE/EIA Washington DC1994. EIA Annual Energy Review Department of Energy Energy Information Administration http//www.doe.eia.gov 1998 Herberl J.S .and Claridge D.E .An Expert System for Building Energy Consumption Analysis :Prototype Results ASHREA Transactions 93(1)9791987. Ke Y .and Mumma S.A .Using Carbon Dioxide Measurements to Determine Occupancy for Ventilation Controls ASHREA Transactions103(3)1997. Kreider J.F .and Rabl A .Heating and Cooling of Buildings McGrawHill New York 1994. Mayer P.W .Residential Water Use and Conservation Effectiveness :A Process Approach MS Thesis University of Colorado 1995. Turiel I .Present Status of Residential Appliance Energy Efficiency Standards an International Review Energy & Buildings 26(1)51997. Akbari H .Huang J .and Davis S .Peak Power and Cooling Energy Savings Energy and Buildings 25 1391471997. Moncef Krarti Energy Audit of Building System An Engineering Approach2000. 1- Energy Service Company 2- Operation & Maintenance 3- Life Cycle Cost
:
ARI American Refrigeration Institute Statics about US Refrigeration Equipment Shipment Website :http//www.ARI.org. 1999. ASHREA Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality Standard 621989 American Society of Heating Refrigeration and AirConditioning Engineers Inc . Atlanta GA .1989. ASHREA Handbook of HVAC Systems and Equipments American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers Inc .Atlanta GA. 1996. Avery G .Updating the VAV Outside Air Economizer Controls ASHREA Journal 31(4)141989. BNP Florida Campus Cuts CFC Use as well as Energy Consumption Air Conditioning Heating and Refrigeration New 195(11)321995. BPA High Efficiency Motor Selection
.)( . ( .) )( . .
Andreas J .EnergyEfficient Motors: Selection & Application Marcel Dekker New york1992.
)(
HVAC Ralph F. Goldman : : Ashrae Journal :
[
HVAC
]
)( )(
)CBR( HVAC . : CBR . . ASHRAE )( . oF . oF clo . / clo clo . )WV( oF Ta )MRT( )RH( fpm ( / clo . 50 kcal/m2.hr Im .) ( )PMV(
. )( . : ) .
)M clo( . )( clo )( CBR M CBR
ASHRAE )(
. )( PMV . . )=( PMV 2 )PMV=6( )PMV=2( . Guericke . Otto Von PMV . )( . ASHRAE HVAC )MRT RH WV Ta(
. 1.75kcal/kg . 2.25kcal/kg 3.25kcal/kg .
HVAC )( . )( . !
( ) ) ( / Met . ) ( 450 kcal/h ( . ) ( Met . )
450 kcal/h 360 kcal/h Met . ( )/ kcal . . 0.83 kcal/kg.oC / . oC 1.15 kcal/kg 1.15 kcal/kg ( .)!
)(
) )( ) HVAC
/ Met . / Met ) ( / Met / Met . Met / Met kcal/h 50 kcal/m2/h( Met / =90 ) Met . )( ) ( . / Met / Met )(
( ) !
. / ) ( . . . ( oF ) )q(
. . . )M( ( ) . . . 425 kcal/h
HVAC )(
( ) . 72 kcal/m2.hr . )q( 23 kcal/m2.hr . 7 kcal/m2.hr
MacIntyre )( ASHRAE
) ) . . HVAC PMV ) ( Erequired/Emax
. / kcal . : ) )Im/clo( )
)(
. 72 kcal/m2.hr 230 kcal/m2.hr q . 440 kcal/m2.hr q )Ts( oF Ts . . CCl3 )(
)( VO2 . CO = .) ( )kcal/min( ) ( ( . )
: . = )CO( ( )VO2 L/min( ) )( ArO2
. )( PMV . .
A )(
B )(
C )(
. B A . )( )( . A ( ) . CBR . clo ) / R 5.55 kcal/m2.h . / . )Im( ) ) ( . )Im/clo( .
) . )( kcal/kg ( )2.25 . ) WBGT( . CB )( . . . clo ( ) Im/clo . CBR . C B )( . B .
. C.O. = )TcoreTskin( : ( )a ) )b .
)CB( . . ) ( . ) ( CB . ) ( . ( ) clo (
Lain Walker : :
Ashrae Journal :
. . . . )LBNL( . . . . . . LBNL . . . Underwriters . . UL 181B Laboratory . UL 181B LBNL LBNL . UL 181B . .
[
]
Laboratory Underwriters UL 181B
. . ) ( . LBNL . . . oF ) oC( . .
181BM( )UL 181BFX (
)UL 181BC( )UL . )ADC( . UL 181B . UL . : peel adhesion . UL . / ADC UL 181B .
UL UL 181B UL 181A . 181B UL .
) ( LBNL
. )(
. 181B FX UL 181A . 181B M : . )( . . . ) ( / / . . )( .
. . : ) baking test ) . 181BFX . UL UL : ) ( ) )PP( ) ) ) ) . ) .
. . . . . . . . . ( .)
. . . )... ( . ( . ) . . )( . .
. . . . . )( . . ( ) . .
)(
. 6.6 Heat Stabilized Nylon oF . . UL 181B UL 181B . . UL 181BC LBNL UL . UL ) ( .
. . . . . . . .
: b
. . )( . . )( . UL 181B . PP PP . )( :a
. . . ) ( .
. UL . UL UL . :
PP )( .
) oC( oF . . oF ) oC(
)(
) . . . UL 03 ASTM E2342 . UL . UL . .
. PP . . . . . . (
. LBNL . . . UL . ( ) oC UL 181BFX UL 181BFX . . . . . UL 181B
John Siegenthaler, P.E. : :
) ( . . . .
[
]
. . . . )( . / / . . . . . . )( . . IBR . .) ( . )( . .
. . . . . . . )TRV( )( . . . . ALPEX . PEX PEX
. . . . . . . . . .
. ( .) . . . / . . . . . . .
. . . . M . . PEX PEX . . PEXALPEX PEX PEXALPEX . ASTM F1281 PEX . psi oF PEXAL . PEX PEX .
. . . . .
. : TRV . . ) ( .
) ( . .
. . . . . . .
)TRV( )( .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . : .
. )( /
. ( . . ) . . psi . . . . . . . . . . . . .
oF ( .) oF . ( .) .
. I . I / . / / . . PEX . . / .
. )(
. B . . / : . oF . . :
b Btu/hr ( oF ) . . / . b
. )(
. . ) ( . . oF . . . . oF( ) oF . . . A . . .
: : : :
. . .
. : . . / . oF Tinlet = oF : B : . / : :
. B : :
) ( A : / oF .
: B .
A : . Tavg : . Lrounded :
:A . b . oF oF
HVACR
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[
. . )P.H.D( )E.N.S.A.IS( . . . .
]
. . )TRAINING(
. . .
. . .
HVACR
.
. )TRAINING( .
. . . . .
. . . . . .
. . .
. . .
. . ISO 9001-2000 . . ) ( Maintenance Dep. . . : weak lubrication . . . : Break Down Maintenance )BDM( Time Based Maintenance )TBM( Preventive Maintenance )PM( Predictive Maintenance /Condition Based Maintenance )CBM( )PdM( Reliability Based Maintenance )RBM(
HVACR
[
.
]
. . External Internal .
Recommendations(
)PdM/CBM(
Load )Manufacturer . . BDM TBM .
)CM( Condition Monitoring . : CM
PM . PM ( ) Coding ( )
)PM(
)TPM( Total Productive Maintenance
)BDM(
. ( ) ( ) . . )TBM(
.
( ) . Monitoring . Condition . ( ) . . .
HVACR
History Time Trend Shut Down . )RBM(
CBM )Trouble Shooting( . )TPM(
( )
... : : . . . Monitoring Condition . : CM
. . . . . . . : .
. . . . . . : . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
// . K.T.E : / . K.T.E Watanabe Kawasaki Thermal Engineering :K.T.E Kawasaki Heavy ) ( Industrial Group . Gas Turbin & Machinery :Murai K.T.E Murai : . . . . . K.T.E Gas Fired K.T.E Steam Driven . K.T.E K.T.E . . Kawasaki C.O.P . K.T.E .
HVACR
)(
[
]
. . . . ) ( . ) ( . . ) ( . . . . .
. ... .
HVACR
.
. . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . ! . . . . . .
. . . . . ... . . . .
. . . . . . .
HVACR
. . .
. . . . . . .
! . ... . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . .
HVACR
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R22
:
PTR )Pulse Tube Refrigeration( . K . Perturbation . Syracuse [] Longworth Gifford . . ASME . BPRT )Basic Pulse Tube Refrigerator( Cryogenics [] Milculin . ) ( )Orifice Pulse Tube refrigerator( . . . )( OPTR .[] K .[] kW W . .[] . : Perturbation . [] : : :
[
]
.
:
U*
T * V * U* q*h . . )(
)(
Permeability KP
:
: AS h Vgas
. Darcy : To* po* po* . Lo* qo* . * :
. : rh = Vgas/AS
:
)( )(
. )(
. : )( )(
) ( ) (
)( )( .
. Q * .
. void fraction f : :
P= T
: )( :
Vz*
. Vz * uav* q* . void fraction f Permeability
. Darcy : )(
Cm pm Tm . Km* . )( )( )( Tmd : )(
:
d a . )( )( )( )( :
[] . [] Perturbation ( qo* ) . . : )(
Perturbation . . CFD . . CFD .
1- Gifford WLongworthR .“Pulse Tube Refrigerator“Winter Annual Meeting 1963. 2- MilculinE .“Orifice Pulse Tube Refrigerator“Cryo.Eng.Conf.1983p.8399. 3- Kittel P.RadebaughR.“Development of Pulse Tube“NIST Report1982. 4- KittelP.“Ideal Orifice Pulse Tube Refrigerator“CryogenicsVol.3 21992 p.p.36 42. 5- Lee J .M .Kittel P .Kittel K .Timmerhaus D .Radebaugh R. “Useful Scaling of Pulse Tube Refrigerator “ Adv.in Cryo. Eng .Vol.421995 p.p.5667. 6- Carrier G.E .Pearson C.E.“Partial Differential Equations “Chapers8 and 15 Academic Press .1976. 7- Roach P.R .Kashani Ali.“A Simple Modeling Program for Orifice Pulse Tube Coolers“Adv .in Cryo.Eng .Vol.36 1999 p.p.7293.
)( . . . ( ) . cm . / . . . . . . .
)( )( )( Pd Tdqd )( :
)( )Z( Pd . . )Td, d, qd( )( Z Pd )Td, Pd, qd( )( . t Z . ( ) .[]
Marcus H. Wilcox, P.E. : :
[
:
]
USDA )NASS( // . . MW // kWh / hp . . . . . . . . . )( . . . . CA . . CA . . )(
. . . . )VFD( . )DC( . . ( .) . )(
. . . )( . . . )BPR( )(
. : . ) ) ) . )( oF . )psig( oF )psig( . oF )psig( oF )psig( . )( . / / . .
. . . . psig ) oF( psig . ) oF( . : . psig ( ) )CPR( . ) ( . . . . .
: ) ) VFD ) VFD ) VFD ) . . .
. / . / / ( . .) . . .
)(
. )( VFD VFD VFD .
. .
)(
)(
)(
. psig VFD VFD . . ( . .) VFD . . VFD . VFD dV/dt . VFD . . . VFD . 4-20 mA VFD . BPR 3300 Honeywell UDC 4-20 mA VFD . BPR VFD
. . . VFD rpm . . )( . VFD
. )( . VFD VFD . )( VFD . . VFD . .
. VFD )(
VFD
) (
VFD )(
. . . . . T10 T8 .
:
. . ( ) ) ( . :
VFD . VFD . :
VFD )(
. . VFD : . :
MBH/ hp . 300 :
) oF oF ( .
VFD )(
. )( . . . . 1 lift
. . . .
. . . . .
)(
Torge Pfafferot & Gerhard Shmitz :
:
EPA . . EPA : ) ( U.L ASHRAE ASTM EPA . ASHRAE 34 . .ASHRAE Standard 34A1/A1: : .L.U . . :EPA . . ( EPA R134a . ) ( ) ) ( . R134a ) ( R134a .D.O.T . ACR . EPA .
[
.
]
R-414B
R- 414B . R- 414B )( . :R- 414B R12 R12 . ( R22 ) R134a )( . : R 414B . R 414B .) (
:
.
)( : : / ) (
: )
. : R-414B )(
. ( ) . . . / . temperature glide : R414B . ( flooded ) . .
. ) (
. : . )(
R414B . . ) . ) . ) / . R414B . ) oF ( / 101-111 psig 106.2 psig ) R- 414B ( .) ) . . .
)( )(
CFC12 . CFC12 . R 414B CFC12 . CFC12 R 414B . . .
. : )( . R- 414B . . .
)(
. : . . . ) ( .
)(
)(
: : . : R12
. : . )(
)(
RLA .
. . : . . : . oF . . oF R 414B PSIG PSIG oF . 125 oF . 27 PSIG . : . . . :
AB . :)POE( HFC . . . . MO : ( .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : .
oF . .
. oF . ( oF ). :)AB( HCFC CFC )(
Klaas visser : :
[
]
LMTD U
. ppm )( . . ) / oC( )+ oC( ) ( . : ( PHX ) ) . ) / oC oC ) . . ) ( . . . )( R744 . Techn Gustav Lorenzen
. R717 )R744( :
: ) . . . ) . HFC . ) ( . : ) ) ( R22 . )LMTD(
PCB DDT HFC . . HFC 134a . . HFC .
. . . R22 R502 R22 R12 R12 . HCFC CFC .
. ) . . HFC ) . / . ( ) . : ) . . :
/ oC oC ) ( )COP( . / .
. .) ( : ) .)GWP( . ( ) . :)ODP( . : ) ppm ) ( TLV STEL ) ( ppm . ) HCFC CFC . ) ( HFC . : CO2 )
LMTD U . . . . n= 2 n= 4 ( ) . HFC . ) . : ) )( . CO2 R22
. . . oC . kWR . . ( . ) oC oC . .
.
. HFC HCFC CFC . . . : :
. . . : . . . .
:
. bar )MWP( .
. : oC . . . . . : ) HFC HCFC CFC . ( ) . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . HFC / . . . . .
. . . / . /
/ . . )HT( . .
. .
.
( ) ( . ) . ( oC . ) .
. . . Vi . :
.
.
kW . . . . . . .
. . )resorption( )desorber( )resorber( . : R22 / . POE POE . . POE . . . : oC R22 / . .
. . . . . . : ) ( . )C10H6( d . oC . . oC . . . . . .
. . . :
)MWP( . . . :
: / . . . . . .
( .) . . oC . . / . oC / ppm . . . :
1 Cascade 2 High Stage Hot Gas Fired CO2 Boiler 3 Temperature Glide 4 IceSlurry
A333 grade 1 27LT50
. ASTM ASB223 HFS . CDS . LT50 :
( ) oC ( .) ) oC ( . oC / )( . . . . HFC HCFC : . . . IQF . . . . . :
. . . . :
. 0.2 m/sec oC . ppm . :
. .) ( grade 1 ASB223 . ASTM A333 BS3603
Douglas T. Reindl, Ph.D. : : ASHRAE Journal :
[
)Purgers( .
]
)Purgers( . . . )NCG( . . . ) ( . . . . . . ( . ) . . )NCG( . NCG ( .
( ) . NCG . NCG . . . )CH4 ( .)C8H18 ( )( . )196 psia( . R22 NCG .
. . : . . . . . . . NCG )NH3( . . .
) . . . ) oC( oF ) ( 196 psia . oC oF . . . . . oC oF ( )
. . . NCG . . . . ( ) . . . . . ( NCG )( . ) . . NCG .
: ( ) )( ( ) . . . . ( ) NCG . )( . NCG .
. : ( .) ( ) ( ) ( ) NCG . ( NCG ) ( . ) NCG . . ( ) .
NCG )(
. . . ( ) . .
)(
. . ) oF( 196 psia . . : o F . ) oC( . .
)(
. . . . . : . . . . . .
/ . . . . . )HPR( . ) ( . ( ) . ( . HPR ) HPR . . . .
. )( . ( ) . )( . . .
. ( .) . . )(
) ( . )( . ( ( ) ) . ) ( ) ( ) ( . )HDGP( . . .
) (
. . ) ( 0.25 psi 0.25 psi . )( . . . .
)(
: . . . . . . . . . . . ) ( . .
. . . ) ( ( . ) ( . ) . . . . . . : 1 Throttling 2 Knockout Vessels 3 Floating Head Pressure
: )P2P5( )P3P6(
0
C3 : P4P7
0
. . . ( / ) . : . . . . )( . .
. . )( . C . . )TSR( . HPR TSR HPR P1 . . P2 . . C-2 C-1 )( : . P1>P5P6P7 . C2 C1
R22 Ander Johanson : :
R22 . R22 . 21)Klimat21( . Climate . R12 CFC R12 . . R134a . R12 . . R12 R134a R22 “zeotropic“ CFC . . . : . . . . . . . HCFC22
[
]
. R12 . R134a .
. . : HFC134a R12 )( . . R134a R12 R134a .
Technology( . )Royal Institute of .
... ICI DUPONT HCFCF22
R134a . R134a R12 COP COP2 ) (
. . . . . .
. . . CFC . )( . )COP( )COP( . )( )( :
( R12 . ) HFC134a . ( HFC134a .) . HFC22 HFCc22 . . Herbe.L HCFC CFC .
)(
HFC . ... Dupont ICI ) ( HFC134a HCFC22 . CFC12 R22 . . . R22 .)RE134 ( .
. .
R502 R12 . HCFC22 A HFC407C zeotropic
. EPA )( CFC . kg
zeotopic
HFC407C . . COP.R407C R22 ) (
R22 . . zeotropic )temperature glide( HFC407C . . K zeotropic HCFC22 R144 . zeotropicity . . .
CFC115 CFC12 CFC502 CFC R500 ) 51.2/48.4( . ) 26.2/73.8( HFC152a 12 .
HCFC2
HFCF22 HFC407C . R22 . . . .
HCFC22 . )( )( . zeotopic . )Lorenz Cycle( . . a zeotopic .
HFC )(
.R22 . HFC134a CFC12 . . .
. R22 zeotropic HCFC22
zeotropic . )( . HCFC22 . . . .
. HFC407C . HFC32 . . .
R22 COP )( )(
. 59 )R417A( R407C R404A ( )( .) R134a Isceon )( . )D B ) ( . R134a R12 .
. . . ( . ) . )C
)(
. R12 x ) ( x . R12 R12 COP )( . : . )A “land in“ . . . ) B )QAlt/QR22( )(
. . :
. . . . . . . :
. . . R410A R22 . R410A . R407C HCFC22 .
. CFC . EPA . )mobile( . 100 gram/Kw 50 gram/Kw HFC . .
. )( . . . .
/ / )( . . . . . .
: . : . : : : . : / : : . : : . : : : . : : . : HPK : : : : : :
. :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . ..................................................................................... : ................................. : ............. : .............. : ......................................... : ..................................................................................................................
. HVACR ).......................( )...............................( )...........................(
. . . : ) ( . .
. .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................
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) ( ......................... ) ( ......................... ......................... ) ( . ......... ......... : :
............................................................................................. : ........................... : ......................................... :/