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URL: www.HVAC.ir Emai: HVACR@HVAC.ir
HVACR
HVACR
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Elovitz D.M .Minimum Outside Air Control Methods for VAV Systems ASHREA Transactions 101(2)6131995. EIA Energy Information Agency Energy Facts 1991 DOE/EIA Washington DC1994. EIA Annual Energy Review Department of Energy Energy Information Administration http//www.doe.eia.gov 1998 Herberl J.S .and Claridge D.E .An Expert System for Building Energy Consumption Analysis :Prototype Results ASHREA Transactions 93(1)9791987. Ke Y .and Mumma S.A .Using Carbon Dioxide Measurements to Determine Occupancy for Ventilation Controls ASHREA Transactions103(3)1997. Kreider J.F .and Rabl A .Heating and Cooling of Buildings McGrawHill New York 1994. Mayer P.W .Residential Water Use and Conservation Effectiveness :A Process Approach MS Thesis University of Colorado 1995. Turiel I .Present Status of Residential Appliance Energy Efficiency Standards an International Review Energy & Buildings 26(1)51997. Akbari H .Huang J .and Davis S .Peak Power and Cooling Energy Savings Energy and Buildings 25 1391471997. Moncef Krarti Energy Audit of Building System An Engineering Approach2000.
:
1- Resistance 2- Constant Air Volume 3- Variable Air Volume 4- Energy Management and Control System 5- Thermal Energy Storage
. TES
Andreas J .EnergyEfficient Motors: Selection & Application Marcel Dekker New york1992. ARI American Refrigeration Institute Statics about US Refrigeration Equipment Shipment Website :http//www.ARI.org. 1999. ASHREA Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality Standard 621989 American Society of Heating Refrigeration and AirConditioning Engineers Inc . Atlanta GA .1989. ASHREA Handbook of HVAC Systems and Equipments American Society of Heating Refrigeration and AirConditioning Engineers Inc .Atlanta GA .1996. Avery G .Updating the VAV Outside Air Economizer Controls ASHREA Journal 31(4)141989. BNP Florida Campus Cuts CFC Use as well as Energy Consumption Air Conditioning Heating and Refrigeration New 195(11)321995. BPA High Efficiency Motor Selection Handbook .Bonneville Power Administration Portland OR 1190. Braun J.E .Reducing Energy Costs and Peak Electrical Demands Through Optimal Control of Building Thermal Storage. ASHREA Transactions 96(2)876888 1990. DOEUS Department of Energy Energy Efficiency for Buildings Directory of Building Energy Software Wishington D.C. 2000 .A n updated list Website :http//: www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/tools_directory/
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[1] American Solar Energy Society )ASES( 2400 Central Avenue Unit G1 Boulder CO80301 (303) 4433130 Fax :(303) 4433212 [2] EREC Energy Efficiency and renewable Energy Clearing house [3] Solar Energy Industries Association )SEIA( 122 C Street NW 4th Floor Washington DC 20001 (202) 3832600 Fax:(202) 383267 [4] http//:www.solel.com
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. . . . ) ( / . . )Instrumentation( Condition Monitoring . shut down ... . Predictive Maintenance )PdM( . Condition Monitoring )CM( . ( . ... ) Mean Timeto Repair )MTTR( . )Repair Time( )MTBF( . Mean Time Between Failures
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Transfer and Fluid Flow Hemisphere. 8 .Kays W .M .London A .L .Compact Heat Exchanger rd Edition McGraw Hill Inc .1997 9 .Ozisik M .N .Heat Transfer McGraw Hill Inc .1985 1 0 .Gneiting R .“Design and Optimization of Evaporators and Condensers of Automotive Air Conditioning System with 3D Cell Model “SAE Paper 971846 11 .Chiang E .C .Ng S .Y .C .“Computer Simulation of Refrigerant Vapor Condenser in Transient Operation“ SAE Paper 951014 12 .Ali A .A .R .Castro F .Tinaut F .V. Melgar M .“Modeling of Automotive Air Conditioning Parallel Flow Condensers with Pressure Drop Calculations "SAE Paper 954052 13 .HVAC and Powertrain Cooling Performance of two Prototype Vehicles Manufactured in Iran )EP and EP8( Report No :MIRA00383986
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1 .Davis G .L .e t a l.“Computer Simulation of Automotive Air Conditioning Components System and Vehicle“ SAE Paper 720077 2 .Khamsi Y .Mathy F .Pomme V. “Modeling of Automotive Passenger Compartment and its Air Conditioning System“ SAE Paper 971873 3 .Kyle D .M .Mei V .C .Chen F .C. “An Automobile Air Conditioning Design Model“ SAE Paper 931137 4 .Cherng J .G .Wu W .J .“Design Tool for Climate Control of an Automotive Vehicle“ SAE Paper 891966 5 .S.L .Yang and O .Arici D.C .Huang “A Dynamic ComputerAided Engineering Model for Automobile Climate Control System Simulation and Application Part I: A/C Component Simulation and Integration“ SAE Paper 1999011195 6 .Sanden Company Homepage http//: www.sanden.com 7 .Patankar S .V .Numerical Heat
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. . : . )DOAS( . T . . ) /( . . ) / /( )95 W/m²( 30 Btu/h.ft² drop ceiling gage . )0.76 mm( 22 )150 mm( 6 in . )12 mm( 1/2 in . . )( . kg/m²( 0.96 lb/ft² dropin . )22 mm( 875 in . )4.7 . )5.6 kg/m²( 1.15 lb/ft² . . . . . . . )101 W/m²( 32 Btu/h.ft² dropin
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ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA . 90-1999 )( . DOAS . . ( DOAS/ ) . )LEED( ( .)LEED DOAS/ LEED . DOAS
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. . . . . . . / DOAS VAV DOAS . : ) ( DOAS
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)/ oC( 55oF (126 w/m2) 40 Btu/ . h.ft2 (5.08 L/s.m2) 1 cfm/ft2 VAV (63w/m2) )/ oC( oF 20Btu/h.ft2 ( .) (7.9-10.6 . m2/kw) 300-400 ft2/ton : : m0oa )hoa-hret.air( . m0oa )hoahsupplyair( ( ) ( .) ( DOAS .) . (16-19 w/m2) 5-6 Btu/h.ft2 . ( (44-47w/m2) 14-15 Btu/h.ft2h . ) DOAS . DOAS
. (17300 186.000 ft2 m2) VAV . DOAS / . . DOAS . )°C( °F . . . .
( ] [ : )°C( °F . )°C( °F . DOAS . . )0.6 m( 2 ft ( . [2.43-3.04m] 8-10ft ) .
)2883 m2( 31000 ft2 Standard 90.11999 ( )ASHRAE . )( VAV DOAS/ . ) ( ft2 ) 38 76 m ( 250 125 . 0.44 btu/h.ft2.oF (0.25W/m2.oC) U 0.03 btu/h.ft2.oF (0.17W/ U U m2.oC) 0.48 btu/h.ft2.oF (2.73W/m2.oC) . . )93 m2( 1000 ft2 0.7 W/ft2 1.3w/ft2 (14W/m2) W/ft2 (7.5 W/m2) . 2 (21.5 W/m2)
. . . VAV . DOAS / . . . IAQ . .
. $$ 0.15 15/ft2.yr ($1.6/m2.yr) VAV . DOAS/ DOAS . . . IAQ . .
. . . : : kwh/kw$ 0.065/ kwh : 200 kwh/kw$ 0.052/ kwh : 200 $0.05/ kWh
: $6.94/kW : kWh )( . . DOAS / 0.1/ft2.yr $17.620 . $ ($1.07/m2.yr) DOAS / $26349
! James M. Calm, P.E. :
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) . . . . )( . . ) ODP( . . . ODP
. . . . . )( . . . ( HFC
Midgley . . . : . . . Midgley . .
. HCFC R142b R141b . / / ODP HCFC . R123 R22 ODP . / / R123 / . . R123 .
. : ) ( . R123 R22 . . ODP . HCFC ODP R22 .
. GWP . . . . . . . .
. R123 . ) TEWI( )LCWI( TEWI )( . . R123 . R134a R123 R22 ( ) . . . )( R717 . R123 . )PEL( ASHRAE 34 . R134a R22 R123 R717 .
. HFC R326fa GWP ( . )R134a R123 GWP ODP ) ( . : CFC . GWP ODP ( R152a )HCFC ( R123 R152a . )HFC . R500 R401 . )COP( . . . R123 . )ARI( R123 . R123 . R123
R123 . R11 . . HFC . ODP HFC . . HFC GWP HFC . . . ( )( ) )TEWI(
. . : . ( .) )( . ( ) R123 R22 . . R134a R22 R12 R11 . CFC CFC )R502 R500 ( . )( R717 . . . .
. . . R123 . R236fa . . . . . . .
. ASHRAE Standard 15 . . v/v ) ( ppm ) ( . . / oF( / oC R123 ) R134a R22 . . 123 . R11 R R134a . . . . . R22 . ( R134a R123 )
. . . . References 1 Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, United Nations (UN), New York, NY, USA, 1987. 2 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Handbook for the International Treaties for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (fifth edition), Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya, 2000. 3 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations (UN), New York, NY, USA, 1997. 4 J. M. Calm and D. A. Didion, "Trade-Offs in Refrigerant Selections: Past, Present, and Future," Refrigerants for the 21st Century, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, USA, 6-19, 1997; in Japanese (translation by S. Sakaida) in
MWt . R123 . R123 . . R123 R245fa . ) ( MWt . R123 . . R245fa ( R601 . ) ( R601a ) . .
. . ( ) . LCCP TEWI LCWI . . ( ) ! . . 134a )( R717 R410A R407C R R22 R134a .
17 Inputs for AFEAS/DOE Phase 3 Study of Energy and Global Warming Impacts, Arlington, VA: Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), November 1996. 18 Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants, ANSI/ ASHRAE Standard 34-1997, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1997. Addenda to Number Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants, Addenda 34a, 34b, 34c, 34d, and 34f, ASHRAE, 1999, Addenda to Number Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants, Addenda 34h, 34j, and 34k, ASHRAE, 2000. 19 J. M. Calm, "Refrigerant Safety," ASHRAE Journal, 36(7):17-26, July 1994. 20 Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-1994, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, August 1994. Emergency Interim Standards Action for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-1994, ASHRAE, May 1998. Addendum to Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration, ASHRAE, Addendum 15c, 2000. 21 J. M. Calm, "The Toxicity of Refrigerants," Proceedings of the 1996 International Refrigeration Conference at Purdue, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 157-162, July 1996. 22 J. M. Calm, "Toxicity Data to Determine Refrigerant Concentration Limits," report DOE/CE/23810-110, AirConditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, USA, September 2000.
Science of the Total Environment, Part I - 111(1):1-24, Part II - 112(2-3):269-290, and Part III - 112(2-3):291-314, 1992. 12 S. O. Anderson and E. T. Morehouse, "The Ozone Challenge," ASHRAE Journal, 39(9):33-36, September 1997. 13 D. J. Wuebbles and J. M. Calm, "An Environmental Rationale for Retention of Endangered Chemicals," Science, 278(5340):1090-1091, 7 November 1997. 14 World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998, chaired by D. L. Albritton, P. J. Aucamp, G. Mégie, and R. T. Watson, report 44, WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Geneva, Switzerland; United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Washington, DC, USA; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Washington, DC, USA; and the European Commission, Directorate General XII - Science, Research and Development, Brussels, Belgium; February 1999. 15 P. A. Domanski, D. A. Didion, and J. P. Doyle, "Evaluation of Suction Line Liquid Line Heat Exchange in the Refrigeration Cycle," International Journal of Refrigeration, 17(7):487-493, September 1994. 16 P. A. Domanski, "Minimizing Throttling Losses in the Refrigeration Cycle," Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Refrigeration, International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, IVb:766-773, 1995.
Reito, 73(847):433-444, May 1998; International Journal of Refrigeration, 21(4):308-321, June 1998. 5 R. C. Downing, Fluorocarbon Refrigerants Handbook, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 1988. 6 B. A. Nagengast, "A History of Refrigerants," CFCs: Time of Transition, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, USA, 1989. 7 R. Thévenot, A History of Refrigeration Throughout the World, International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 1979. 8 M. O. McLinden and D. A. Didion, "Quest for Alternatives," ASHRAE Journal, 29(12):32-36, 38, 40, and 42, December 1987. 9 J. M. Calm, "Emissions and Environmental Impacts from AirConditioning and Refrigeration Systems," Joint IPCC-TEAP Expert Meeting on Limiting the Emissions of HFCs and PFCs (Petten, The Netherlands, 26-28 May 1999), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of the World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, and Technical and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, 1999. 10 J. M. Calm, D. J. Wuebbles, and A. K. Jain, "Impacts on Global Ozone and Climate from Use and Emission of 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123)," Journal of Climatic Change, 42:439-474, June 1999. 11 C. Kroeze and L. Reijnders, "Halocarbons and Global Warming,"
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