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: : URL: www.HVAC.ir Emai: HVACR@HVAC.ir
HVACR
HVACR
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HVAC
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Don Beaty, PE : : HPAC :
[
(
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)
. ) ( . . . . . : . . . . . . . RaisedFloor Plenum . )Underfloor UFAD Air Distribution(
. )( . .
. ( . . ) . .
. . . / . ( ) . .
. : .
packaging electronic ( .) .
. . . . . . . . ( . ) . . . . . .
. / . . . . : ( )
HVAC . . : . . )( .
)(
. / ( ) . . . HVAC . . : cfm= cfm+ cfm : = cfm = cfm = cfm
. . . )b( )a( .
. .
)( . .
. . . ) ( . . : . . . ) ( ( . )
. .
( ) )( . . ASHRAE .
) oF ( . )T( : )Tcfm( )Tcfm( )(
. )a( .
. )b( . .
: . Tcfm= Tcfm+ Tcfm T : T= (Tcfm+Tcfm)/cfm
T )Tcfm( . )Tcfm( . . )ASHRAE( . oF . ASHRAE . ( ) ( ) .
BIBLIOGRAPHY ASHRAE. (2001). ASHRAE fundamentals handbook (ch. 14, 26). Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE. (2005). Datacom equipment power trends and cooling applications. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. ASTM. (1995). STP 1255: Airflow performance of building envelopes, components and systems. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International. ASTM. (2003). E779-03: Standard test method for determining air leakage rate by fan pressurization. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International. Bauman, F. (2003). Underfloor air distribution design guide. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers. Bauman, F. (2003, December). Designing and specifying underfloor systems: Shedding light on common myths. HPAC Engineering, pp. 26-28, 30, 34-36, 38-39. Beaty, D. (2005, January). Commissioning raised-floor plenums. HPAC Engineering, pp. 48, 50, 52, 54-56. Jenkins, C., & Anderson, K. (2002, October). Mission critical real estate. ASHRAE Journal, pp. 26-29. Patankar, S., & Karki, K. (2004, June). Distribution of cooling airflow in a raised-floor data center. Paper presented at ASHRAE symposium, Nashville, TN. Persily, A.K. (1999, March). Myths about building envelopes. ASHRAE Journal, pp. 3947. Schmidt, R.R. (2004, June). Thermal profile of a high density data center: Methodology to thermally characterize a data center. Paper presented at ASHRAE symposium, Nashville, TN. Tate Access Floors. (2005, February). Controlling air leakage from raised access floor cavities.Technical bulletin 216. Retrieved August 3, 2005, from http:// w w w. t a t e a c c e s s f l o o r s . c o m / p d f / air_leakage_bulletin_march2005.pdf
ASHRAE . . ( .) ASHRAE . References 1) Beaty, D. (2004, August). Raised-floor environments for offices, schools, and data centers. HPAC Engineering, pp. 22-24, 26, 30-33. 2) Beaty, D. (2004, November). Specifying underfloor plenums. HPAC Engineering, pp. 42-44, 46, 48. 3) ASHRAE. (2004). Thermal guidelines for data processing environments. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
. . . . . . ASHRAE . .
)( . ASHRAE
: ABMA :
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. : ) ( ) ( . .
) ( . .
.
.
)FHD( FHD : ( .) . . .
: ( :) . ( :) . . : .
) ) (
. .
. . . )gpm( )gph( (
) ( . )( .
. ) ( .
.
.
)( . .
. .
. .
. . . . ) (
. . ) ( .
. . .
. . Btu . . . . . .
. . oF . oF . . . oF . . . Btu . . . . !
. . .
. : ) ) ( ) . . . oF oF . . oF .) + ( ) ( )( . . ) ( . Btu : gph 8/25 temp_rise 1/0/= Btu %efficiency 1680 8/25 80 10/ = : 0/80 Btu .
.
:
) ( . . . . . . )( . Btu/h . . . . oF oF . . . ) ( . . . ) ( . . . . . !
[
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oF . . . . . . )( . . . . .
. . . . . . . )( . . . . . .) ( . oF . oF .
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HVAC SHLOMO ROSENFELD, PE :
: HPAC :
. . . HVAC . . HVAC
. HVAC . . . ) ( . . HVAC . . . . .
[
HVAC
]
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. . . HVAC .
. ! HVAC . . . . . . . .
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)( . . . . . . . . .
.
Mike Scofield, PE :
: HPAC :
. : . )IEC/DEC( / . . IEC/DEC . . . . IEC/DEC . IEC/DEC . oF )TEC( . )offpeak( TES . . TES
[
( DEC )
]
. . . ( ) . oF . . )VAV( / IEC ) ( . cfm
. . . . IEC/DEC . IEC/DEC oF . oF IEC . oF . oF oF . oF
. IEC/DEC . IEC/DEC ! ( DEC ) . DEC ( . ) )IEC( . . .
/DEC 10.000 cfm 2.25 gpm IEC . : oF oF . oF o F DEC IEC . . ) ( . .
. . . ( ) . . . IEC/DEC .
. . . . . . . . ) ( .
. . )*
. oF oF . oF . oF )VAV( oF oC . . DEC DEC . oF DEC . )*
.
. VAV . . . )*
. )*
10000 2.25 gpm . cfm
. oF oF . oF . . . . .
. )( IEC/DEC : )*
. .
. . . IEC/DEC . IEC/DEC . . . . IEC/DEC . References 1) Scofield, M., & Dunnavant, K. (1999). Evaporative cooling and TES after deregulation. ASHRAE Journal, 41, 31-36. 2) Supple, R. (1982). Evaporative cooling for comfort. ASHRAE Journal, 24, 36-42.
. . oF . IEC/DEC . oF oF . oF oF IEC/DEC . . IEC/DEC . . . . . IEC/DEC
. oF . . . . )Phenol( . 700 ppm . . . . IEC/DEC .
Gerhard W. Knutson, Ph. D. :
: ASHRAE Journal :
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[
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]
. .)PEL ( OSHA )ACGIH( )TLV( . . )OEL( PEL )( . . PEL ) ( . . . . . . . . ( . )
( ) . . ( : )( ) ppm PEL . PEL . PEL . )( V Q A )( Q = VA : . . . . ( . ) .
. . . . . . . ( .) )settling velocity( ( . ) . :
. )( ) OEL TLV PEL( PEL . . TLV : )LEV( . . )LEV( ) ( LEV . . . . . .
. . . )( . . . . . . . .
. . )VP ( . . . . . ( . ) ( . )
. ) ( ) ( . ( . .) ) ( V . ) ( ) ( )450m 3/s( 5000 acfm . : Q = 0.5 4 R2V ( Q=L W V )face opening( ) Q = 0.5 x LV : .
. )(
.
PEL )(
. )( . . . . . . . )( . . . V . Q . )( ) ( ) ( : Q =V )10X2 +A(
X V . A ( ) actual m 3/s(2700 acfm . ) 1.2 )( . . .
. . . . . . : ) . . . ) )( . :
)( . . . . .
. .
. . )( . )( ) ( . )(
. .
. ( ) ( )
. . )(
Q = 1.4 PHV
H P . V . ) ( . ) ( ) ( )4 3) 3 100 = 5000 acfm . Q =1.4(2.8actual m3/s ( . ) . . . . . . )( . . . .
. )( ) ( . References 1. American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA). 1989. Odor Thresholds for Chemicals with Established Occupational Health Stan-dards. 2. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 29 CFR, Part 1910, Subpart Z (Table Z1, Z- 2, Z- 3, and several sections for specific compounds). 3. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 2002. 2002 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents. 4. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 2001. Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practices, 24 th Edition. 5. 2001 ASHRAE Handbook— Fundamentals, chapter 16, Airflow Around Buildings.
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HVACR
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. . . . . MULTI ZONE . . . . . . . ! . . CARRIER ASHRAE .
HVACR
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HVACR
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. . . . . . . CARRIER ASHRAE . . .
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:
. . . . . . CAD CAD . . . . . CAD . . . CAD CAD . . .
HVACR
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. CAD . . CAD CAD .
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CAD . . CAD .
. CAD . .
HVACR
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. . . . . . . . . . : CAD
. . . . CAD . . CAD . . CAD .
HVACR
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TEBA .
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HVACR
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. . ) ( . . OEM . . .
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HVACR
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)R744( ○
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CFC12 HFC134a/HC600a/HC290 ○
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. )( . ( . . ) . ) ( kWh/Day kWh . A )( . ... ) ( ... . . .
[
)(
]
. . R11 . ) (
)( . . . . .
. . ( ) . : ( ) . ) (
...
)( . ... : ) ( )( :
: Tube( )Capillary
. ( )
. . ) (
) ( oC ( ) ) ( A.B.S . o C oC oC . .
A.B.S
. oC) ( oC o C ( ) . ) ( ) ( A.B.S ... oC . oC o C .
. ) ( . )( ) ( . ) ( ) ( . . .
. ( ) . ( oC ) . .
.
. . : ( ) .
. g/cm3
( ) . :
) ( . . ) ( . )(
. .
. . ( ) . ) ( ( ) )( .
. )( . ) ( . : Q=hA T,h=f(V)
: W :Q W/m2oK :h m2 :A
:T m/s :V )( Tube Wire and )( . )( ( . .) . o
K
)( . ) ( . ) Tdry bulb( : .) ( : 1/ui=Ai/Aoho+xAi/KAm+1/hi
: :Ui Btu/hr.ft -2 .oF-1 ft2 :Ai ft2 :Ao ft :x -2 o -1 Btu/hr.ft . F :ho ft2 :Am Btu/ hr. ft- :hi 2
.oF-1
Ao/Ai ( Ui . ) . )Plate and Tube( )Wire and Tube(
) R-11 ( . )( ... . . )( . : C=K/X
: )W/m. k ( :k )m ( :x )W/m k ( :C . cm . cm . . o
2 o
)Hermetic( . ( )Rotary( ) ( ) . ( )
. . ) ( : 1/h=1/hi+ X1/K1+ X2/K2+ X3/K3+1/ho
: ( :h )W/m .oK : hi ( )W/m2 .oK A.B.S : x1 )m (
. ) ( . ( : ) )Wcomp( = : Wm=Wcomp/
e
: :Wm )W ( )W ( :Wcomp : e ) ( . )(
. )( ( ) . ( ) ) ( .
. ...
: )( . ... ) (
. / / / / : Cc = |C2-C1| C1 = P cos 1 C2 = P cos 2 : ( :Cc ) F :C1 ) F ( :C2 ) F ( )W ( :P :cos 1 ) ( ) ( :cos 2
/ . ... .
( A.B.S :k1 )W/m .oK : x2 )m ( g/Cm3 :K2 )W/m .oK ( g/Cm3 : x3 ( )m :K3 )W/m .oK ( :ho )W/m2 .oK ( h h ( : ) Q=hA T
=Q )W ( =h )W/m2 .oK ( ( =A )m2 = T )oK (
.
... . . . .
) . .
( ) . ( . ) ( ) . )... (
. . .
(
)... ( . . )WTO( . : Roy.j.Dossat
ISO 5155 :
Dossat.J.Roy . .
. 1 kWh/Day 365 Day/Yar = 365 kWh/ Year 365 kWh/Year 340 Rials/kWh= 124100 Rials/Year kWh/Day :
. . MWh ( ) ! . .
. . ( ) ) ( . ( . )... .
David Tanner : : Forum :
[
]
. . . Massey . . . . . . . .
. oC oC )( . . )H )H
)( )( )(
. . . ) ( . . . : ) (
. . . . ) ( . .
( ) .
. C ++ . . ( ) .
. . .
. . ) ( : )M ( )M ) / )M )M )M )M
( . ) . .
)( ) (
)H )H )( ( )H ) )H )H )zone( . Z Y X . )( ) ( . oC .
)( ) (
. . . . )(
) . ) ( . . ( ) ) ( . .
. . . : . . . )( (
)(
. oC +/oC oC . ( .) ) ( . . . ( .)
. . : . . ( .) .
)(
: . . . ( )( .) . )(
)(
REFERENCES [1] Tanner, D. J. (1998). Mathematical modelling for design of horticultural packaging. PhD thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. [2] Tanner, D. J., Cleland, A. C. and King, P. D.(1999). Design of apple packaging using a mathematical modelling methodology: A technology transfer case study. Proc. 20th Int. Congr. Refrig., VI: 511 – 518. [3] Tanner, D. J., Cleland, A. C., Opara, L. U. and Robertson, T. R. (2002). A generalised mathematical modelling methodology for design of horticultural food packages exposed to refrigerated conditions: Part 1, Formulation. Int. J. Refrig. 25: 33- 42. [4] Banks, N. H., Maguire, K. M. and Tanner, D. J. (2000). Innovation in postharvest handling systems. J. Agric. Engng. Res., 76: 285- 295. [5] Amos, N. D. (1995). Mathematical modelling of heat and mass transfer and water vapour transport in apple coolstores. PhD thesis, Massey University, New Zealand. [6] Bazan, T., Chau, K. V. and Baird, C. D. (1989). Heat transfer simulation of the bulk cooling of fruits. ASAE Paper No. 896559. [7] Chau, K. V., Gaffney, J. J. and Romero, R. A. (1988). A mathematical model for the transpiration from fruits and vegetables. Trans. ASHRAE 94( 1): 1541- 1552.
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. . . .
)(
. . . . .
)( ( ) ( )
)R744( DR Michael Bellstedt :
: Forum :
[
)R744(
]
)R744( . . . R744 R744 . ( .) . .
)Flooded( )COP( HCFC CFC . HFC . .
HFC )SGG( CFC HCFC )R290( )( . HFC . HCFC CFC .
. R12 R11 )CFC( R22 R13 . R502 . HCFC CFC CFC HCFC . R134a R410a R407c R404a R507 . HCFC CFC
)R717( . )R744( . . R22 . . )/ oC( . . . . . )cascade( )( . . . ( ) )( R717 . . / )/ oC ( . : . . . . oC oC . :
. . . ) ( . PLC . . . . R744 / . / . . oC .
. R744 HFC HCFC . oC . . : : : oC : . . . 7 m3/h . . . . . . .
. . : ( ) . . ) ( . )R744( ( .) R-4.4a / . oC
R744 HFC . HCFC R744 . R744 . . HCFC HFC HCFC HFC R744 . / .
. . . . . . / . R744 .
: . . . . R744
. . . . . . . .
. . R744 . R744 . . .
/ ) ( . . . . . . .
. ) ( . . . . R744 . . ) ( . . R744 . REFERENCES 1. IPCC Working Group report, 2001 2. IPCC Working Group report 1995
. . R744 . HFC/HCFC : ) ( . . R744 . : R717 R22 . R404a . R717 . Unilever Nestle
. . ppm . . . oC . . . . . . . . .
HFC134a/HC600a/HC290 CFC12 Joseph Sekhar S., Russel Premnath R., and Mohan Lal :
: Forum :
. CFC CFC 12 )( HC HFC 134a HFC 134a . . )POE( )POLYOL ESTER( HC . . CFC POE HFC 134a . HFC 134a . . CFC12 CFC12 HFC 134a/HC600a/HC290/HC600a . COP . ) ( BIS . CFC12 . CFC12 CFC12 . CFC12 . . CFC12 134a . POE HFC
[
CFC12
]
134a
CFC12 HFC . CFC12 HFC 134a HFC 134a /HC600a . / . CFC12
CFC12 . HFC 134a . CFC12 HFC 134a oC / CFC12 .
)(
CARE30 ( HC ) . CFC12 . )(
HC600a HFC 134a HC600a . HFC 134a . HC600a HFC 134a HC . )HC 290( . 134a HFC HFC 134a . HC .
HC HFC 134a .
HC290
HC600a / / )(
)( CFC12 . HC HFC 134a . CF31 HC . . HFC 134a . )( HFC 134a HC600a . . HFC 134a HC
M09 . CFC12 ) ( . )( . . . . M09 /
)COP( HC ) M09 ( HFC 134a . CFC12 REFPROP ) ( . oC . )( CFC12 o C oC oC
. )( HC HFC 134a . CFC12 HC . HFC 134a CARE30 .
)(
. / . / . oC . . oC oC . oC oC . oC . .
/ . . )data logger( . CFC12 )M09( . CFC12 / . CFC12 . BIS oC . .
)(
/ . . . / . . / . . ) ( . . .
)(
M09 . . M09 / . M09 CFC12 HFC 134a .
. . oC . . . CFC12
)(
. . . )Dimmerstat(
)(
M09 CFC12 . . )( M09 . CFC12 M09 ( )
. . . REFPROP
)(
M09 . . .
)(
M09 . M09 CFC12 . CFC12 M09 . + oC . . CFC12 . . oC M09 . oC . oC . M09 . CFC12 CFC12 . M09 . M09 CFC12 .
)( M09 . . CFC12 )( . . CFC12 M09 M09 . . oC oC . )( M09 . .
CFC12 . M09 CFC12 CFC12 / kWh M09 . / kWh . CFC12 M09 . )( M09 . CFC12 M09 . ) oC ( )( REFPROP . M09 CFC12 . )( )( . . oC M09 . oC . BIS 1476
K. FIKIIN, O. TSVETKOV, Yu. LAPTEV ,A. FIKIIN and V. KOLODYAZNAYA :
: Forum :
. ( ( . ) . ) ( . . ( ) . . )IQF( ) ( . . . ( )
[
]
. . :
. . :
)( )(
)( )(
. . .
)(
: 1 i = 916.8(1-0.00015 t) : in / gs = ge in/[1-(1-(tf/t) gwin )( ge = ge [1-(1-tf/t) gw in]
)
: : D = d0 + d1 ge + d2gs + d12 ge gs ,E = e0 + e1 ge + e2 gs + e12 ge gs, F = f0 + f1 ge + f2 gs + f12 ge gs tf< t<21oC , 0/15<ge< 0/25 0/10 <gs< 0/30
. )( )Thomas( 0/1<D<45 ?m :
. )
o C/min( )~ / : 0/10<gs<0/30 0/15 <ge<0/25 :
a0=10.9, a1=-103.33, a2=-51.57 a12=-66.67
)
( ) . :
)( )(
0.15<ge<0.25 tf<t<21 C : 0.10<gs<0.30 . )(
( . ) . )( . /+/ ) ( . ) ( ) . : / oC ( )
. * = is/ 1 * = is/ 1 ) ( )( i . )
. :
:
0.15<ge<0.25 tf<t<21 C . )( )Maxwell( : )Jeffrey( :
)( i
ge = ge in/[1-(1-tf/t) gw in] )(
0.15<ge<0.25 tf<t<20 C 0.10<gs<0.30 . )( :
1 / )( ge = ge in/[1- gs = gs in/ [1- (1-tf/t) gw in] . (1-tf/t) gw in] )
. .
)( )(
gi L=334.2 +2.12 t + 0.0042 t2 :
cl = gw in (1-tf/t) gs = gs in/ [1- (1-tf/t) gw in] )( . ( .t < tf : ) ) )HFM( .
?l )(
. W/m2K ( ) . . oC W/m2K / . oC oC
/m2K W/m2K
W . W/m2K ) oC( o C . oC .
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. : 1 Micronutrient 2 Hydrofluidisation References 1 . Fikiin, A. G., 1985, Method and system for immersion cooling and freezing of foodstuffs by hydrofluidisation. Invention Certificate No. 40164, Bulgarian Patent Agency INRA. 2. Fikiin, A. G., 1992, New method and fluidised water system for intensive chilling and freezing of fish. Food Control, Vol. 3, No. 3: p. 153- 160. 3. Fikiin, A. G., 1994, Quick freezing of vegetables by hydrofluidisation. In New Applications of Refrigeration to Fruit and Vegetables Processing – Proceedings of IIR Conference, Istanbul (Turkey), Refrigeration Science and Technology, International Institute of Refrigeration, 1994- 3: p. 85- 91. 4. Fikiin K. A. and Fikiin A. G., 1998, Individual quick freezing of foods by hydrofluidisation and pumpable ice slurries. In Advances in the Refrigeration Systems, Food Technologies and Cold Chain, Ed.: K. Fikiin, Proceedings of IIR Conference, Sofia (Bulgaria), Refrigeration Science and Technology, International Institute of Refrigeration, 1998- 6: p. 319- 326 (published also in the AIRAH Journal, 2001,Vol. 55, No. 11, p. 15- 18) 5. Fikiin K. A. and Fikiin A. G., 1999, Predictive equations for thermophysical properties and enthalpy during cooling and freezing of food materials. Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 40, No. 1- 2: p. 1- 6 6. Jeffrey D. J., 1973, Conduction through a random suspension of spheres, Proceedings of the Royal Society London, Vol. A 335: p. 355- 367. 7.Thomas D. G., 1965,Transport characteristics of suspension – VIII: A note on the viscosity of Newtonian suspension of uniform spherical particles, Journal of Colloid Science, Vol. 20: p. 267- 277.
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