: : : : . .
: : : :
: : URL: www.HVAC.ir Emai: HVACR@HVAC.ir
HVACR
HVACR
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Sean McGowan :
: EcoLibrium TM :
[
]
) ( Oceanic Princess . . HVAC . HVAC . oC oC . . . )VAV( . Copeland MTA kWr . Laval Alfa . . . . . .
. ( . ) . . . . .
. . . oC . ) oC( VAV . . . .
. . . . Systems . Dampa . . VAV ( .)
. . . . . Princess Oceanic ) ( . . . . VAV . .
. )( Princess . Oceanic : . . .
. . ) ( SOLAS SOLAS . . . SOLAS . . HVAC
)(
! Candace Ovid :
:
( . ) .) ( . . ) ( . . HVAC ASHRAE . ARI . . . HVAC . . . . . . .
[
]
. feedforward HVAC . . . . . .
. . . . . . . )( . .
. . . . . . )( . . )( . .
. . . . . . REFERENCES: 1) U. S. patent #5,172, 416 (Allie, et al) and U. S. patent #5,396,561 (Popovich). 2) U. S. Patent #4,677, 677 (Eriksson). 3) U. S. Patent #4,677, 676 (Eriksson). 4) U. S. Patent #4,665, 549 (Eriksson, et al).
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . ) ( . . . .
Yvonne Scott- Younis & Mark Sparling :
: CARRIER CORPORATION :
[
]
. . . . . : . .
. ( ) . .
. . ) ( ( ) . .
) ( . . ( . ) ( ) .
. . . ) ( HVAC . . : : . : . : ) ( . : . :
. . : : . . : . : . : ( )
. : . . . . ( ) . . . . .
. . ( . ) : . : . : . ! . . .
. . . . )DCV( . . . CO2 . ) ( . . ASHRAE . CO2 .
. :LCD . : . : . . . . : . .
James “Jim” Netzel : : PUMPS & SYSTEMS :
[
]
)MTBF(
. . . )MTBF( . . . . . : . . .
MBTF . . )HOAT( . MTBF
. . . )( . . . .
. . ) ( . . . :
Film Transfer . .
. : Abrasive Wear
) . ) .
) . . .
Adhesive Wear . . . . . . . 60 Rockwell C . . . .
. : : : . : . MTBF . . . . . . .
.
.
. . . . . .
Fatigue Wear . . . .
References 1. Netzel, J. P. and Sabine,E. P., “Towards Reduced Pump Operating Costs, Part 3Minimizing the Effects of ear W and Optimizing Pump Proceedings of the Efficiency,” 19th International Pump Users Symposium, Turbo Machinery Laboratory, Texas A& M College Station, TX, University, Pgs.145- 156, 2002. 2. etzel, N J. P. “Improving Engine Coolant System with the Science Performance of Sealing Technology,” Society of Automotive Engineers, Annual Meeting, Detroit, Michigan, March 2003.
Impact Wear . . . Erosion . .
. . . Filming
. . Corrosive Wear . . .
Joanna Turpin :
[
]
. . . CO2 . . . . CO2 . CO2 . . .
. . . CO2 . . . .
. . . : )CO2 ( .
. .
. . . HVAC ! . . . . . . . .
( . ) CO2 . . CO2 . CO2 . . . : . : . .
. CO2 . . . . . ASHRAE 62 CO CO2 ) ( . . CO2 . . CO2
. . . . LonTalk BACnet . . . .
. . . CO2 ( ) . . . . .
)BAS( . . ( ) . . . .
Ricardo Lira : :
[
]
. . . . . : . Btu . )( )( . . . ) ( . )Wet Media(
. .
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)Spread( )Rise( )( )Throw(
( .) . ( ) . )Spread( )Rise( ) ( . )Throw( . oF
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W. Edward Montz :
:
. .
[
]
. . . . . HVAC . HVAC . . HVAC . . ( . )
. . )UVGI( . HVAC . . . . HVAC .
. . . . . )( . . HEPA . .
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. UVGI . . UVGI . UVGI . . . UVGI . UV . . UV . . UVGI .
. . . . HVAC . ( ) . . . HEPA HEPA . . HEPA . . HEPA . )ULPA( UVGI .
. . )NADCA( . . . cfm . . . . . .
HVACR
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Gary Street : : CEP :
. . . . . . . . : . )R&D( . . . . . . . R&D . .
HVACR
[
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. . . . . )FOIA( .
. . . . .
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. : R&D . . . R&D . . . . R&D .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . : . .
R&D . . /patft/index.html( Network )www.uspto.gov Delphion Intellectual Property www.delphion.com . .
. . . . . . .
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outline . Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !
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Illinois Agencies . . . . . . : . x . x . . . . . .
Steve Wilson : CEP :
. . . . !. . . . . ! . . . : :
. : . . : . . .
HVACR
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HVACR
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HVACR
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:
. Jacob Perkins . )NH3( )Co2( . )So2( . San Antonio TEXAS Milam . Thomas Midgely . CFCR12 . Willis Carrier . . ) ( : . . . . )( . . . .
[
]
( )... )... ( . Zeotropic Azeotropic . R22 )CHClF2( R12 )CCl2F2( R13 )CClF3(
. . . . ( )...
. .
Zeotropic Azeotropic )(
. Zeotropic . . . ) ( . 34-1989
. / . Zeotropic . )( . Zeotropic . )( Zeotropic )Counterflow( )Subcool(
/R143a/R134a( R502 )R22/R115(
. R404A)R125 Azeotropic NonAzeotropic . Zeotropic Azeotropic / )Boiling point( Zeotropic NonAzeotropic . Point( . .)Avg.Boiling
.R1150 : X R1270 : Z Y . . Rxyzp
X ( = .) Y . Z . P . ) Zeotropic( R600 R500 )Azeotropic( R400 ) ( R700 ) ( . : )R0217 ( R217 ) ( C3F7Cl + . = : . ) ( R600a R600 C4H10 R216 . C3F6Cl2 ) (
Z . : )R022 ( R22 ) ( CHClF2 . C2H2F4 R134a ) ( . X Zeotropic . R407A R407C . X . Azeotropic . R507 R502 . Z Y . X . R600 . R630 . Z Y . X : R718 R717 .R744 Z Y . X
. ASHRAE . Dupont R . R : . Rxyz
X . R22 )R022( R12 )R012( : X . R134a R114 : X . R290 : )X= ( Y
)( Nimbus-7
)CCl2F2( :R12 oC . . )( . 700 . ARI R134a ) ( C2H2F4 oC . R134a R12 .
)CCl3F( :R11
+ oC . . . )ARI700 ( . HCFCR123 R11 R11 HCFCR141b . and Assessment cheme( NICNAS )National Industrial Chemical Notification
HCFCR123 .
)(
:
: R407 . R134a R125 R32 R32 )( R407A R407C R134a )40( R125 )40( )52( R125 )25( R32 )23( . R134a : )Br( )Cl( B . B . : )R013B1 ( R13B1 ) ( CF3Br . )R022B1 ( R22B1 ) ( CHBrF2 . : C R RC316 . ) ( C4Cl2F6
. . . depletion potential( global warming potential( ODP )the ozone . GWP )the ODP . ( . ) . .
oC R502 . ARI700 . R507 R403B R404A . Rhodia . Dupont )R403B()R417A()R413A( HFC . ODP MO( . )POE AB R12 R502 R22
R12 R134a ppm oC ppm R12 . R12 . R414B R414A R413A :R22 )CHClF2( oC . R12 R22 . . R12 . )R22/R115( R502 R22 . R115 R502 . R22
)Greenhouse . . Co2 ( . ) SF6 PFC HFC . . GWP . )Co2( ( R744
R11 ODP CFC ODP CFC R11 ODP HCFC BFC . ODP )Br( OPD . ODP . HFC ODP . ODP . GWP . . gases( .
. ) oC( . . : Cl +O3 )Br+O3
O2 + ClO O2+BrO(
( ClO )BrO . . ... HCFC CFC .
. ODP GWP . PFC . ODP . GWP HC . GWP . ISO 55149 EN 378.2000 . )NH3( GWP ODP . . . )CO2( . . .
)( HFC : . ... R507 R404A R134a ) ( PFC R14 R218 : ... R116 )( HC R50 R600 : ... R290 )NH3( : ... R718 )H2O( R744 )CO2 ( R717
. GWP CFCR12 GWP CFCR11 GWP HCFC HFC . . GWP GWP .
. R410A R407C : ( R22R134a : ) : . ) (
environmental warming impact( TEWI )total GWP . TEWI TEWI . Co2
R502 R404A
( R13 R23 : ) R503
CFC . HFC HCFC HCFC . ( . ) ODP . HFC HCFC CFC ODP CFC HCFC HFC
: )( CC . ... R10 : )( CFC . ... R11 R12 R502 : )( BFC . ... R22B1 R13B1 : ) ( HCFC : ... R402B R401A R22:
)()MO(
: Mineral Ester Polyol
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. . DX . )Flooded( ( .) . ) ( )(
. / . : ASHRAE A ppm . B ppm . : PSI oF . : . . : . .
GWP ODP )( .
POE . . . . SUNOCO Suniso Shell Clavus Shell . HCFC HFC . CFC : 1 - ISCEON Refrigerants Programmes andInformation)www.isceon-refrigerants.com( 2 - A Technical Handbook About Refrigerant Applications (www.swep.se) 3 - Bitzer Refrigerant Report 4 - ASHRAE Refrigeration Handbook (www.ashrae.org) 5-McQuayInternational (www.McQuay.com) 6 - The Australian Institute of Refrigeration Air Conditioning and Heating Inc (AIRAH) (www.airah.org.au) 7 - Dupont Suva General Replacement Guide And Technical Information ) w w w. d u p o n t . c o m / S u v a ( a n d (www.refrigerants.Dupont.com) 8 - Atofina , anufacturer Of Refrigerants (www.atofinaChemicals.com) 9 - International Institude of Refrigerants (www.iifiir.org) 10 - A-GAS Company , Manufacturer Of Refrigerants (www.agas.com)
Rhodia Dupont . AB POE MO R416A HCFC Dupont . POE POE MO . AB MO MO POE AB MO .
HCFC ( POE ) HFC POE . HFC R134a POE PAG . )NH3( R717 )Co2( R744 . PAO MO . R422A HFC )(
. CFC HCFC HFC
/ Dagma I.Jahnig, Douglas T.Reindl,Ph.D & Sanford A.Klein,Ph.D : ) ( : ) ( ASHRAE Transaction 4379-2000
:
. / ( . ( ) )ARI-540-91 . ) ( . . . . . oC)oF( . / oC)oF( . . ) AHAM( . / / . . ) ( / )Rating( / oC )oF( / oC )oF(/ oC . )oF( . / /
[
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/ . )( (4/3fps) 4/3m/s, (3/5fps)11/ . 5m/s )( . / )oF (oC ) / oF ( / oC . )oF(/ oC )oF( . ARI 540 (1991) . / ARI 540 / . ) ( )( .
)( =X =Tevap =Tcond =C1000C10
/ )( R-12,R-134a . . / oC)oF( . ( . ) o o ) F( / C )oF( oC )oF( / oC )oF( / oC . )( ( )( . )
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C . . . . . . P )( . . P C .
. ) A4 ( )exponential(
=C =Pdischarge =Psuction =n )( . )( )( . n C ) ( . n C . n C C . ) ( )( ( ) .
. . . )( . f e d ( .) A ) ( / oC )oF( / oC / oC ) oF( . ) oF( / oC ) oF( )( . A . A )( . ) ( . . . .) ( )( . )( )( .
. )( . comb
Psuction=(1-8p)pevap Pdischarge=Pcond
P . k n . . comb . )(
.
B .) (
B . . . )( . . . . .
. ) A4 (
. oC)oF( oC)oF( . )( )( . . . . . . . (Haideretal.1997:Bullard 1998) ) ( . . .)oF( / oC . )oF( oC )oF( / oC .
. . . ) ( . . / . )oF( oC . . ( )A4
. )( )( )( . . )( . )oF( oC . . .
. )oF( / oC / rating . . ASHRAE23-1993 . : 1-10-Goefficient polynmials 2-Correlated 3- Compressor map 4-Bivariate cubic polynomial with cross-terms 5- Unweighted least squares regression 6- Rounded 7- Objective function 8- Specified bounds 9- Normalize 10- Weighted 11- Clearance 12- Bicubic polynomials
: ARI. 1991. AR/Standard540, A methodfor presentation of compressor performance data. AirConditioning andRefrigeration Institute. ARI. 1999. AR/ Standard 540, A methodfor presentation of compressor performance data. AirConditioning and Refrigeration Institute. ASHRAE. 1993. ASHRAE/ANS/ Standard 23-/ 993, Methods of testing for rating positive displacement refrigerant compressors and condensing units. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. AHAM. 1993. AHAM Guide to the National Appliance Conservation Act. Washington DC: Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers. http:/ /www.aham.orgimfrs/govt/ effic/naecagd. pdf. Bullard, C. 1998. Personal conversation, experimental data. Haider, I., M. Lavannis, and R. Radermacher. 1997. Investigations of the EPA refrigerator analysis (ERA) software: Compressor map and ambient temperature effects. ASHRAE Transactions 103 (1): 608-618. Jahnig, D. 1999. A semi-empirical method for modeling reciprocating compressors in residential refrigerators and freezers. M.S. thesis, Solar Energy Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Klein, S.A., and D.T. Reindl. 1999. Develop data base for determining optimum compressor rating points for residential refrigerator and freezer compressors, Final report, ASHRAE Research Project RP-870. Threlkeld, J.L. 1962. Thermal environmental engineering. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
. . ) ( . . ) ( . )oF( oC / )oF( oC /
. ) ( . . ) ( . . )( )oF( oC . . .
Haider ( . )D
Kazuhiro Fukuyo , Taichi Tanaami & Haruko Ashida :
: Elsevier :
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]
. . )( . . . . . . . . . ) ( . . . . )(
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: 1- Jet slot 2- opening 3- gril 4- buoyancy 5- Chiller box 6mergin
References [1 ]Cortella G, Manzan M, Comini C. CFD simulation of refrigerated display cabinets. Int J Refrigeration 2001; 24: 250 –60. [2 ]Chang WR, Lin JY, Hsu HC. Air .ow simulation and energy estimation for household refrigerators/ freezers. Proc 52th Annual Int Appliance Technical Conf, Columbus, OH, 2001; C- 2@ 1130. [3 ]Patankar SV, Numerical heat transfer and .uid .ow. McGraw- Hill; 1980. [4 ]Kumada H, Mabuchi I, Kawashima Y. A study of jet impingement heat transfer ( 2) : mass transfer on a cylinder in the potential core region of a two- dimensional jet. Transactions of Japan Society of Mechanical Engineering 1972; 38( 315) : 2915 –26 [in Japanese ]. [5 ]Kumada H, Mabuchi I, Kawashima Y, Hirata K. A study of jet impingement heat transfer ( 3) : mass transfer on a cylinder in the developed region of a two- dimensional jet. Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineering 1974; 40( 330) : 471 –8 [in Japanese ]. [6 ]McDaniel CS, Webb BW. Slot jet impingement heat transfer from circular cylinders. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 2000; 43: 1975 –85.
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GEORGE C. BRILEY, P. E. :
:
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