Landscape Arch. Work Sample - Nada Abdel-Aziz

Architecture + Landscape Architecture Work Sample 2023 Nada Abdel-Aziz

COMMUNITY RESILIENCY CENTER FOR GREENVILLE, MS Fall 2020 - Prof. Silvina Lopez Barrera, Fourth Year Studio

SITUATION Greenville is a small industrial and agricultural town, on the banks of the Mississippi river. Greenville like many other small Mississippi riverfront towns suffers from river and storm flooding, wastewater issues, fossil fuel dependence, and community issues such as health epidemics, food deserts, and limited recreational opportunities.

This community center to intended to engage local resiliency issues through a flexible community center building and a larger master plan that incorporate infrastructure for resilience and amenities for community wellbeing.

Vernacular Inspiration : Greenville Railroad Depot - Cooper Postcard Collection

Greenville, MS MS-Yazoo Delta Mississippi river

CONTEXT | CONCEPT

The architecture combines passive strategies from vernacular building, 45,000 28,500 with formal combining 45,000 them 1990 POPULATION 2020 POPULATION 28,500 1990 POPULATION 2020 POPULATION inspiration drawn from the linear 2

Vernacular Inspiration : Greenville Railroad Depot - Cooper Postcard Collection

Riverboat docked in Greenville Cooper Postcard Collection Vernacular Inspiration : Greenville Railroad Depot - Cooper Postcard Collection

Riverboat docked in Greenville Cooper Postcard Collection

dynamic rhythms of Mississippi river steamboats.

Riverboat docked in Greenville Cooper Postcard Collection

North Elevation

East Porch

Elongate north + south faces for solar energy and daylighting.

Narrow floor plates for daylighting and natural ventilation.

Deepen porches for shading and exterior gathering.

Pull apart roofs into clerestories for toplighting.

Scale down parts of the building for intimate and private zones.

3

E

D

C

B

A

Floor Plan

C

PROGRAM SPACES

B Communal Kitchen + Laundry

D Conference space

A Street Porch

C Multipurpose event space

E Classroom

4

PROBLEM SEEKING RESILIENCY STUDIES FOR GREENVILLE, MS

FLOOD ZONE MAP Data compiled from FEMA flood zone maps and MARIS, Mississippi GIS database.

FLOOD ZONE MAP PERENNIAL STREAM FLOOD ZONE MAP Data compiled from FEMA

Data from flood compiled zone maps andFEMA MARIS, flood zone maps andSTREAM MARIS, Mississippi GIS database.

INTERMITTENT Mississippi GIS database.

WATER INFRASTRUCTURE Greenville has a sewage system too large and outdated to properly maintain with its decreasing population and tax revenue. When the WATER INFRASTRUCTURE sewageINFRASTRUCTURE system is overwhelmed by WATER Greenville hasthe a sewage system too stormwater, sewer overflows large and outdated to properly Greenville has a sewage system too partially treated sewage into the river. maintain its decreasing large outdated to properly The and citywith was recently sued by the EPA population andits tax revenue. maintain with decreasing for repeated violations of theWhen Cleanthe sewage system overwhelmed by the population and is tax revenue. When Water Act. stormwater, theissewer overflowsby sewage system overwhelmed partially treated sewage into the river. stormwater, the sewer overflows The city was recently sued bythe theriver.

EPA partially treated sewage into for repeated of the The city was violations recently sued byClean the EPA Water Act. violations of the Clean for repeated Water Act.

HEALTH WELLBEING 38% Lacked any physical activity in the past month when surveyed HEALTH70% WELLBEING Overweight or Obese HEALTHBMI WELLBEING in adults 38% Lacked any physical 40% Obese BMI inmonth adults 38% Lacked physical activity in theany past activity in the past month when surveyed For Greenville, community health and when surveyed 70%isOverweight or Obese wellbeing a resiliency challenge.

Overweight or Obese BMI adults Many70% areasin have low access to food 40%such BMI in stores. adults BMI inObese adults resources as grocery Likewise, the city’s recreational spaces 40% Obese BMI in adults For community health andis areGreenville, limited.. Data in diagram above wellbeing resiliency challenge.

For community health and forGreenville, state is ofaMS from CDC Behavioral Many low access to food wellbeing is have aSurveillance resiliency challenge.

Risk areas Factor System. resources such aslow grocery stores.

Many areas have access to food Likewise, city’s recreational spaces resourcesthe such as grocery stores. are limited.. diagram above is Likewise, theData city’sinrecreational spaces for state of MS from CDC Behavioral are limited..

Data in diagram above is Risk Factor Surveillance for state of MS from CDCSystem.

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

PERENNIAL STREAM PERENNIAL STREAM PROTECTED BY LEVEE INTERMITTENT STREAM HUNDRED YR STREAM INTERMITTENT FLOODPLAIN PROTECTED BY LEVEE SITE LOCATION PROTECTED BY LEVEE HUNDRED YR FLOODPLAIN HUNDRED YR FLOODPLAIN SITE LOCATION SITE LOCATION FOOD ACCESS MAP

Data compiled from USDA Food Atlas using US Census tracts.

FOOD ACCESS MAP

FOOD ACCESS MAP LOW INCOME LOW Data compiled fromAND USDA FOODusing ACCESS USING Data from Food compiled Atlas US USDA Census VEHICLE ACCESS Food using US Census tracts.Atlas tracts. LOW INCOME AND LOW

FOOD ACCESS WITHIN 1 LOW INCOME AND LOW MILE FOOD ACCESSAND USING LOW INCOME LOW LOW INCOME AND LOW VEHICLE ACCESS FOOD ACCESS USING ACCESS WITHIN .5 MILE VEHICLE ACCESS LOW INCOME AND LOW FOODINCOME ACCESSAND WITHIN LOW LOW1 NONE MILE ACCESS WITHIN 1 FOOD MILE LOW INCOME AND LOW ACCESS WITHIN .5 LOW MILE LOW INCOME AND SITE LOCATION ACCESS WITHIN .5 MILE NONE NONE

ACCESS TO SITE LOCATION SITE LOCATION PARKS AND RECREATIONAL SPACE ACCESS TO GREENTO SPACE AND ACCESS PARKS AND 15 MIN WALKING PARKS AND RECREATIONAL DISTANCE RECREATIONAL SPACE SPACE SITE LOCATION GREEN SPACE AND 15 MIN WALKING GREEN SPACE AND DISTANCE 15 MIN WALKING DISTANCE SITE LOCATION SITE LOCATION

Community Center |

5

PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

23

KBTU/ SQ FT/ YR ENERGY USE INTENSITY MEETS 2030 CHALLENGE STANDARD CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FOR BLACKWATER TREATMENT

BUILDING ENERGY USE

RAINWATER COLLECTION 135,617 kwh/yr

SOLAR GENERATED NET ENERGY

ENERGY ANALYSIS

OTHER

44,000 kBTU/yr

23

KBTU/ SQ FT/ YR

EQUIPMENT

90,000 kBTU/yr

364,917 kwh/yr 229,300 kwh/yrDAYLIGHTING HEATING

34,OOO kBTU/yr

LIGHTING

91,000 kBTU/yr

ENERGY USE INTENSITY MEETS 2030 CHALLENGE

BUILDING ENERGY USE SOLAR GENERATED NET ENERGY 6

ANALYSIS

SPATIAL DAYLIGHT AUTONOMY (sDA)

Floor area with daylight autonomy, adequate light levels without artificial lighting for 50% or more of year.

Floor area without daylight autonomy.

135,617 kwh/yr 364,917 kwh/yr 229,300 kwh/yr

COOLING

109,000 kBTU/yr

Analysis created using Sefaira, assuming typical VAV HVAC system. Building envelope R values were based on ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guide for 50% energy savings.

WATER | ENERGY | DAYLIGHT | THERMAL COMFORT

DEMAND CONTROL VENTILATION

HVAC CHALLENGES

Occupancy levels can fluctuate wildly, such as between peak occupancy when building is in use as a storm shelter (100+ persons) to having low activity during school or work hours (1-5 persona). Many rooms such as the classroooms will lie unoccupied for a large percentage of the day.

INFILTRATION BASIN FOR STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

DCV is the use of sensors to reduce the building ventilation rate during low occupancy hours and to ramp up the ventilation rate during peak occupancy. This reduces the amount of air being actively conditioned, thus preventing unnecessary energy use.

ACTIVE CHILLED BEAMS

ENERGY RECOVERY VENTILATION

ACB require less fan energy than traditional all-air systems, while improving comfort though reduced noise.

ACB use chilled water circulated through the building to cool hot air.

Before indoor air is exhausted, an ERV system transfers heat from the warm outdoor air to the stale cold indoor air, pre-cooling the new air and reducing energy costs.

HYDRONIC RADIANT FLOORING

INDIVIDUAL ENVIROMENTAL CONTROLS

Radiant flooring systems can be comfortable at temperatures 6-8 degrees lower than conventional heating (ASHRAE).

THERMAL COMFORT STRATEGIES

TARGETS FOR SDA LEED V4: “Each regularly occupied space achieves sDA300/50% value of at least 55%” Target Achieved: 95% of floor area achieves sDA300/50%, meaning these areas receive more than 300 lux more than 50% of occupied hours.

ANNUAL SOLAR EXPOSURE (ASE) Floor area overlit more than 250 occupied hours annually WATER MANAGEMENT Floor area without excessive annual sunlight exposure.

Small scale systems, such as ductless mini splits allow dormant areas to be lightly conditioned when unoccupied while allowing individuals to control their thermal comfort in the space.

TARGETS FOR ASE

WELL Building Standard: “Annual sunlight exposure (ASE1000,250) is achieved for no more than 10% of regularly occupied space.”

Target Achieved: Only 4.4% of floor area experiences overlighting with 1000 lux for more than 250 occupied hours annually.

RAINWATER COLLECTION

Community Center |

7

DINING TERRACES

PRAIR

IE P

LAN

TI N

G

AMPHITHEATER WAITING AREA FOR PICKUP

and tributaries 270

280

Historical context 280

From the beginning of 1900

28 0

site area and surrounding blocks w STEAM MAGNET MIDDLE SCHOOL FOR JACKSON, MS

Spring 2022 - Profs. Jassen Callendar, Mark Vaughan and David Perkes, Fifth Year Studio primarily small residential units. In MS Museum of Art

SITUATION

Sanborn map, the area finally beg

develop a few small businesses, m

26 0

FOREST PLANTING

surrounding blocks are home to b

government institutions and small

businesses. The area is in a flood Jackson Fire Dept.

250

Federal Courthouse

270

250

270

250

US Post Office

250

270

8

auto sales. In its current state, the

280

John Dewey once stated that education is “a process of living and not a preparation for future living”. Contemporary educational pedagogy is changing to embody Dewey’s ideals. Project and inquiry based learning27methods 0 are becoming more common.

Progressive schools utilize their context as a learning laboratory for their students. This middle school is situated on "Town Creek", a stream in need of restoration in the midst of a decaying urban environment. The project centers around alternative educational spaces and their relationship with an ecological and educational creek environment. The school is designed to provide community programmatic assets as well as redeveloping the street and urban fabric experiences.

270

280

0

Above: Surrounding blocks, site in orange, Below: April 1979 flood of Pe Davis Planetarium

250

270

0 28

EXISTING ERODED URBAN STREAM

SPARSE BARREN URBAN FABRIC

WITH DEEP SETBACK FROM STREET

RESTORE RIPARIAN ECOLOGY INCREASE FLOOD STORAGE; AND REHABILITATE STREAM FUNCTIONS

INCREASE STREET ENCLOSURE AND INTIMACY FOR PEDESTRIANS AND REDESIGN STREET FOR BIKE + BUS + PEDESTRIAN EXPERIENCES

UTILIZE SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT TO CREATE NEW ASSETS FOR SURROUNDING RESIDENTIAL AREAS AND BRING ACTIVITY TO DEAD SOUTHERN EDGE OF DOWNTOWN

CAPITALIZE ON STREAM CORRIDOR AS LEARNING ENVIRONMENT FOR STEAM EDUCATION (SCIENCE, TECH. ENGINEERING, ARTS, AND MATH). TIE INTO ARTS AND MUSEUM DISTRICT TO THE NORTH.

Corner of S

PROJECT AGENDA 9

LANE CONVERSION FOR SIDEWALKS + BIKE LANE + TREE BARRIER THEATER + BAND

OVERFLOW PARKING AT POST OFFICE

LIBRARY

LEARNING LANDSCAPE NEW TRAIL

BUS RIDER DROP OFF CAFETERIA + SHOP US POST OFFICE

CAR RIDER DROP OFF

GYMNASIUM

NATATORIUM

STAFF + VISITOR PARKING

10

TRAI

E RI

L

P

IN G

PR AI

CRE EK

NT LA

CONTROLLED EXIT TO CREEK + STREET RETAINING WALL AS SCHOOL PERIMETER

AGRICULTURAL TERRACES

G

SW ALE W/ RIPA RIAN PLANTIN

DINING TERRACES

PRAIR

IE P

LAN

TI N

G

AMPHITHEATER WAITING AREA FOR PICKUP

FOREST PLANTING

11

K J A

B

C H

I

H K K

H

J

K

I

F

H

I

H

G

H

PROGRAM SPACES LEARNING SPACES

LARGE ASSEMBLY

A Auditorium

C Entry Vestibule

F Shop

H Learning studio

J Large collective pod

B Library

D Gymnasium

G Cafeteria

I Small group room

K Admin. or Faculty

12

E Natatorium

D

E

STEAM School | 13

GREENWAY PARK SYSTEM MASTERPLAN FOR MEMPHIS, TN Fall 2022 - Prof. Peter Summerlin, Graduate Studio III

SITUATION

The Epping Way portion of the Wolf River Greenway sits along central north Memphis. In its current condition, the site has few indicators of ownership that would decrease its perception as unregulated property. As a result of its currently isolated nature, the perception of safety is critical to public adoption. While the site is abundant in natural resources, the educational experiences of the site are limited to those facilitated by a tour guide. The current ecological exhibits are uninviting without a guide proclaiming their benefits. This proposal addresses these issues by creating a sense of adventure and identity for the site, re-imagining the ecological experiences, and supplementing the existing programming with new diverse opportunities.

14

SITE CONCEPT

a

a CONTINUOUS JOURNEY define a clear path through site that acts as a consistent thread for visitor experience

a+b

b EXPANDED PATH EXPERIENCES intertwine slower lingering moments along linear trail for a journey of expanded moments c DISPERSED UNIQUE NODES use the clear consistent path as a backbone that ties together unique and dispersed experiences

a+b+c

"Propaganda" poster as design tool, used to define character and values for new park visions.

15

GREENVILLE COMMUNITY RESILIENCY CENTER Fall 2020 - Prof. Silvina Lopez Barrera

INTENSIFYING K-12 EXPERIENCES

EDUCATIONAL NARRATIVE JOURNEYS SITUATION

The site is currently heavily used

by K-12 school groups with limited time to spend at the site. For this reason, many ecological exhibits SCALE 1”:50’ are clustered in a hub on the north side.

16

CANE BRAKE PLAZA

WORKSHOP

WETLAND WEIRS

BOAT HOUSE

CANOPY TREEHOUSE

TEACHING TERRACES

WILD + CALM PLAY

GRAVEL SANDBAR

introducing lost ecologies

making the invisible visible finding fellowship with treetops engaging all ages and abilities

home base for budding scientists launch point for aquatic sports guiding Memphis in new practices sinking into wildlife of lake edge

LEARNING HUB

OVERLOOK

AMPHITHEATER

Top: diagram of experiences and their associated program elements Bottom: diagram ofGRASSLANDS new visions + goalsPARK for the greenway and the relationships between their associated program elements SCALE 1”:100’

WEAVING CONSERVATION, JOY, ADVENTURE AND LEARNING

MULTIPLE NODES AND LAYERED AGENDAS

Greenway Park |

17

TRANSITION FROM URBAN TO WILD

CANE BRAKE PLAZA

This is the moment visitors enter the northern edge of the park. The plaza is punctured by mounds of native cane, introducing visitors to a species that once dominated the Mississippi River tributaries but now exists in rare patches.

The cane and paving form a figure ground relationship to create a transition from the urban to the wild: The paving is broken by cane patches until the relationship and proportion shifts to where the cane brake is dominant with meandering swarths of paving. The walls change from controlling the cane to being scattered into the cane. The plaza connects to the wetland weirs and to play zones to the south.

18

0"-6

" WAT

6"-18

" WA TER

18"-3

6": W ATER

36"+

: WAT

DEPT

ER D EPTH

ER D EPTH -

DEPT

H -D

H -S

WET M

HALL OW

EADO W

MAR SH

EEP MAR SH

P DEE

ATIC AQU

BED

LEARNING BEYOND SIGNAGE

WETLAND WEIRS Small changes in water depth have large impacts on plant specifics that will colonize the area. The invisible gradient of water depths is punctured by colorful weirs that label each aquatic zone in one area of the wetland: WET MEADOW > 6" deep SHALLOW MARSH = 6"-18" deep DEEP MARSH = 18"-36" deep DEEP AQUATIC BED < 36" deep This physical demarcation allows visitors to comprehend the changes of vegation and identify the different eco-types. The weirs and boardwalk begin as gentle forms in the wet meadow, only to become more turbulent and forceful upon reaching the deep aquatic bed.

Greenway Park | 19

CAMPUS DESIGN

FOR MSU COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND LIFE SCIENCES

Fall 2020 - Prof. Cory Gallo, Graduate Studio I

SITUATION The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at MSU is growing, consistently outpacing the rate of new building development. The current growth patterns of MSU are suburban, defined by car-centric streets lined with low-rise buildings setback with large lawns and interspersed parking. CALS is also adjacent to the historic quarter of campus, where buildings are organized around a great vacant central lawn. This central green model was started in the early 19th century and was propagated across the country. The goals for this studio were to propose a third alternate model of development for the future of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.

VEHICULAR ORIENTED SHARED STREET PEDESTRIAN/TRANSIT ONLY TRANSIT HUBS AND STOPS

VEHICULAR ACCESS

20

AGENDA The campus district master plan focuses on pedestrians, density, shade and functional green spaces as an alternative to current car-centric land use patterns of campus.

Four Patterns for Growth 1 - Build denser, taller building clusters around functional or recreational green spaces, creating smaller identifiable nodes across the district.

The intent is to create multiple smaller distinct places instead of one large lawn to which all else is secondary. One such node for CALS could be adding a student farm to the existing greenhouses in the center of campus.

Perspective looking north towards new pedestrian “forest” corridor

2 - Link these nodes into a web of densely forested and shaded pedestrian corridors.

East-west traffic is addressed through a loop encircling the existing core of CALS with new building clusters forming the loop’s perimeter. Pedestrian boulevards handle north-south traffic. One such corridor is a pedestrian “forest”, where a boulevard is densely planted as shown in perspective above.

3 - Green spaces and pathways can serve double duty as a stormwater management network.

MAJOR PED. BLVD MINOR PED. BLVD WALKWAYS

4 - De-prioritize car traffic by converting existing streets to be “naked” shared streets where pedestrians move freely and car traffic is subservient..

PEDESTRIAN ACCESS

21

LIVING ROOM DESIGN|BUILD

FOR GALLOWAY ELEMENTARY IN JACKSON, MS

Fall 2019 to Fall 2020 - Profs. Cory Gallo, Hans Herrmann, Suzanne Powney

SITUATION The “Living Room” at Galloway Elementary School is an outdoor learning space designed for teachers across academic subjects to pull learning and classroom activities outside. The garden features learning structures such as chalkboards, storage and a workbench to facilitate curricular activities alongside garden activities. The intents of the living room is to provide a flexible space for gathering and outdoor learning.

This garden is the first of three school gardens produced by a collaboration between MSU’s Dept. of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, and Dept of Graphic Design.

22

CONTEXT

The garden was commissioned by the Fertile Ground Project, a city-wide arts imitative. Galloway Elementary is located within the extensive food deserts of Jackson, MS. The garden is intended to be a playful, artful space for children to get excited about nutrition. Since Galloway, MSU has worked on three other school gardens, such as the Partnership school depicted to the left.

Drone imagery from Fertile Ground JXN, other images by the author.

THE TEAM

The Department of Landscape Architecture at MSU developed a modular system of sub-irrigated planters and hoops using off the shelf agricultural parts. This system has been replicated and adapted

so far to three additional school learning gardens in Mississippi. The School of Architecture produced the classroom structures and 3D printed concrete stems and benches. The Department of

Graphic Design created colorful ground paintings for activity areas and walkways, as well as educational surface graphics covering each planter.

23

DRAWING FROM PARAMETRIC DESIGN PLACE TOOLKIT CASE STUDIES FOR DIGITALLY IN CONTEXTUALISM FABRICATED CONCRETE 2020-2022 - Advisor 2022-2023 Prof. Abbey : Prof.

Franovich Hans Herrmann (Research Mentor)

SITUATION Emerging robotic construction technologies could create new possibilities for landscape architecture, particularly digitally fabricated concrete (DFC). This research imagines a potential application for DFC not yet exhibited: to create landscape structures that respond to their terrain. Digitally fabricated concrete is defined by new processes and parameters based on mechanical limitations and the properties of concrete that hardens in minutes instead of days. The toolkit helps communicate the “design space” of DFC to describe the feasible geometries for fabrication and identify the limiting process factors. The research proposes an adaptive and didactic design environment that allows 24

a designer to explore their ideas and see the implications of the fabrication system. This research resulted in a toolkit of modular scripts for DFC, demonstrated by retaining walls that adapt their geometry to their context and their varying structural loads.

Top: Retaining wall designed with a drone capture photogrammetry model of an existing amphitheater.

Bottom Right: Alternate variation of a retaining wall for an existing amphitheater.

PROCESSES for terrain responsive gravity walls

SOIL VOLUME TO BE RETAINED

PRINTED ADAPTIVE WALL FORM

In the above example, the soil volume is used to expand and shrink the wall proportions. The soil volume is also used as data for adding random variations to the wall form to add visual interest.

The structural evaluation modules describe resultant forces and risks such as crushing and overtuning.

The printability analysis checks the design for issues specific to 3D concrete printing during design, providing continous feedback.

25

P R O J E C T M O T I V AT I O N S

PRELIMINARY RESEARCH

GEOMETRIC FREEDOM + RESOLUTION S U R FA C E Q U A L I T I E S REINFORCEMENT OPTIONS S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y S T R AT E G I E S

DESIGNERS + CONTRACTORS AS FINAL FRONTIER

DESIGNING FOR THE MACHINE + CHOOSING THE MACHINE FOR THE DESIGN

S I M U L AT I O N S I T E ?

LANDSCAPE A P P L I C AT I O N S

IN -SITU DFC R O B OT I C CONSTRUCTION IN + WITH TERRAIN

A P P L I C AT I O N O F D F C T O LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE FACILITATING DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

DESIGN TOOLS AND SIMULATIONS

Significant progress has been made in the fields of materials science and robotics to create systems that print concrete at resolutions as small as a water drop as well as mobile robots that print large surfaces in minutes.

These technical accomplishments indicate that implementation 26

cropped site with existing walls separated

challenges by designers and contractors are the critical limiting factor for DFC. Likewise, existing research has demonstrated the feasibility of robotic construction with digital terrain excavation and digital printing of concrete in-situ.

This research aims to provide a toolkit to alleviate designer difficulties as well as speculate on the potential applications of robotic construction to landscape architecture.

First, a comprehensive review of systems and machine parameters was undertaken to describe processes for designing for the machine and choosing the machine for design intent.

Second, the scenarios of a terrain response wall were developed to investigate how DFC might facilitate more individualized site-specific designs and perhaps even reduce material consumption.

PROJECT CONCEPT

Wall responds to soil volume actively retained

This became the basis for a series of Grasshopper modules for generating adaptive retaining walls and modules for fabrication feasibility and structural analysis.

A local amphitheater was used to simulate the potentials of DFC by replacing the traditionally constructed walls with various freeform iterations feasible with DFC technologies.

DFC Research | 27

wall width front batter toe batter

SETTING WALL PROPORTIONS

ADAPTIVE SOIL LOAD TO WALL RATIOS Base Width Toe Batter Front Batter Height above Soil

ADDING VISUAL INTEREST

RANDOM DEVIATIONS IN PROPORTION TO LOADS deviation point

added to top edge

unaltered top edge

Number of deviations Magnitude relative to soil load Randomizing seed number Frequency of cross sections

deviation point

added to bottom edge

28

The walls are created with a series of cross-sections matched to a particular soil volume fragment.

This soil load is multiplied against designer chosen ratios to determine the wall proportions.

This sets the basic wall form against which the designer can add random variations. The magnitude of these variations is also set as a ratio of the soil loads, where larger volumes of retained earth can have larger bulges in the wall form. The frequency of cross-sections, the size of the soil fragment each wall responds to can be enlarged or reduced, creating larger or finer geometries in the wall surface.

1

DESIGN PROCESS EXAMPLE 1 SET WALL PROPORTIONS 2 + 3 ADD NUMBER OF DEVIATIONS, SET THEIR MAGNITUDE, AND RESHUFFLE DESIGN WITH RANDOM SEED NUMBER

a

a

4 CHANGE FREQUENCY OF

CROSS-SECTIONS, REDUCING SIZE OF CORRESPONDING SOIL AND WALL FRAGMENTS FOR SMALLER LEVEL FEATURES.

2

5 FINETUNE PROPORTIONS

c

3

FOR SMALLER WALLS

FEEDBACK EXAMPLES a SEGMENT EXCEEDS

#

PRINTABLE VOLUME b STRUCTURAL STABILITY CONFLICT c SURFACE SLOPE EXCEEDS PRINTABLE RANGE SURFACE CURVATURE EXCEEDS TURNING RADII LAYER LENGTH IS OUTSIDE OF PRINTABLE RANGE DISCONTINUITY WITHIN PRINT LAYERS

c b b

4

5 DFC Research | 29

Nada Abdel-Aziz aziznde@gmail.com