%"& #$ "!
(
- 01 / 2 )/ ' (# ) *
3
6
. 9$
,8
+ , -
2
. 1
5, 67
/ 8 -
-34
: ( ;: * Email:momeni@tkcco.com
'< = $
%& ' ( ) ! ")
*+
/0
C&8 ) D E
)( 1 !+ +
+ (F G 7 + /+ :+
4 1 !+ !
( <3 1 GT ! " !+ S &
K G ! 1! "
+
(
,
-( (
! + 2 >
/0
! ") 3 4/ 5 6
?+ )@ 1 A + B
- & ) % ! *+ -( > ; % B ' M + * D - N 1+
8) 9:
>
. B
GT ! " ! 1
3B
)( 1 !+ B 8 CR
<31 +
+ ( I + *UV/
(Y Z; @
"
3B +
: 3L ) CL 6
! 1! " < % 1 < 3 W+ L+ !+ X . 0
6 ); : 0+ < .
*+ + .
3 ( 1 H+ I+ !+ B ,
1+ 70 )1+ 3 . )1+ ; %
. )1+ B 7 (+ 6 CNG LNG > ANG
'() 7
+
E [+ +
+ = ( !+ " D
CJ
" D
; + KG
B
%OP
+
(
>
C
G 8+ .)B+ I
I 8! 1! " 7 7D 2
"
5 (
)( 1
7\ )1+ ] +
(Y
LNG 8 ANG 8 CNG '< : ' (# / @ : )< 3: ) '>
] + ] +
G8
" N B \ _ C B B + N B \ _^ G8
" N B \ _ a X N B \ _` 1 3
)
_b
%"& #$ "!
< + ?) )
!+ 7( B 7 1 8
7
+
> B
UR
+
(+ 7
c
1 > 3 0 I ) 1+ 7 B+
. B D 8 C0 " D +
( +
)0 I
(7 + ! 1
GT ! "
(
/0
+
+
%C
+ +
(
;@
71 8
"+
;(+ ! 1
] 6
7 ! +
?+
D
(
@ ; hT +
;
3I T >
+
"
:+ R 7 F
( j2 70 )1+ <C
30 B. "
7 B+
1 F
! ! 4 L
( :+ + )0 B
B
k
( :+ +
] D V8 i1
1+
+
)( 1 !+
1+
/0
(Y
3 ": 08 ;
( <3 1 (!
"+
B ' M + * D - N 1+ . B
L (
! ". ) 1+ ; %
; ! "
(o
' C / 1+
?
(
.
4
*+ Y
CO
)( 1 !+ B 8 CR
D >(HC) 7 ( %
%0+ l ;@
HC
/
B!
>(CO)
0 m
B $fL *
> 7
8
3B
" D
<31 +
0 %0+
H+ I+ !+ n6
VC
;(
; + KG
G 8+
I
5
B
%OP
5
! " !+ T ;@ >
$ 1 * G 0 8 + C3 70 )1+ *!+
@ )D I 7 70 )1+
! " > SO2 p
"+
: 3L ) CL 6
L
+ +
A B) /+
(
g 2&8 > 3 +f"
+ + + ' 4C
+ + )% ! A & !+ )9 I
0 D 8
(
L
( : 0 ! 1! " ] 6 7\ 0 D 8 C0 " D
/0
()
3 0 B 7 0 ) 1+ dI G 7;CL !+ " D e& >
( 8 )1+ 7 " *
+ L+ 7;I 7 h T +
1+
. CW +
0
] D V8
8
!+ 7 3
) 3L 7
+
-
8
. ) 1+ 7 ;CL : !+ K
3 ; ? )1+
CB
[
" " * G 0 8 g; *+ Y
B ! "+
UR .
"
!">
/ +
0 B
)( 1 !+
1+ 7 ;CL !+
L : 7M 70 + ' M + [ J
"
"
+
3;I + > ! 1
( ! "+ !+ /
70
%
07
0 D 8 3( 1>
] +K
/0 4 L
:+ R 7
:+ R 7 :+ + 3( 1. C 4 1 qG 1
+ 1+
L
4 L
7 :+ +
/0
1+
GT ! " K
7V +
4 L )( 1 :+ R 7 )( 1 + !+ :+ 8 (
!"
'
+ F
/ 8+ F
GT ! " > o
B (7
*
: i 0 8>F 1
D C
3;VD+ [+ + >
B V /8 : !+ :
3;
)
p 7
" 3 / 6 C0 " 5
3 ( 1 !+
: 6 6 !+ T ;@ 5 C 70 (liquefied petroleum gas) LPG K ! " 7 :+ 8 CNG
!" + 2 j 0
: 1 B 0 G? 38 !+ +fD . )1+ . B
GT ! "
5
] D V8 : " p
)1+ h - : 3L 1
3( 1
L7
3 ( 1 + 7;CL !+ . ?
i 1 87
) 1+ : 8
CR 70 (compressed natural gas )
%"& #$ "!
h B7
2
CI )
3(
1
1 7 )G % )(
1
+ !+
1+
+ 7
U( - . : B
. 2
CI )
.: *+ . + 7 @;" 8
G8 S &
!"j 0
+ :
;%
.+! : T 1 * G 0 8
3 ( 1 *+ + !+
V/
/0
5 j 0
D 1 %0+
(7 1 8 ; +K
8 GR 7\
+
p 75
/
( G? 7
L
(Y 7D % . B
)( 1 ! 1 !1
D 8
!1
(Y :! @ ! 7 C 7 )G%
; +E
+. B
E
+ 7pIU
?
:+! +
•
GT ! " :
•
.
(
I * G 0 8 !+ :
R
•
- 01 / 2 ' (# )
71 J I F I
8F +
•
fI
C3 !+ X : @ > CNG
W+ L+
(Y +
•
g; *+ Y
$1
( !"
" ;L
3 ( 1 7 )G% C0 - & )% ! " D
CO HC > NOx p
' M+ *
;%
!
1 )( 1 < % 1 (CNG) ! 1
. )1+
<0+ 8 E 70 . $fL
3 /6 > B
L ! 1
C GT
! 1 K > <0+ 8 : !+
GT ! "
.)(+ 6 < + ( CNG :! @ [+ +
( 7 7 + + . + 7 B+
CNG / @ -D
7 " 2
+ V D )1+ :! @
... q 8 1+ : C%
+
/ s@/
(All metal ) CNG-1 : ) 3D – 9
+ , CNG
+
tC
1+
:! @ 7 "
0 ) 2 !+ : CT+ + / )%8 >
@1
7D D > mcs )\ B
)%8
+ I+ T +.
G? !+ $ @ u
+ f4 +
j8 + 0
+
{ z , x v w 8! " :! @ )( 1 + Y
G
%+
1+
)%8
3/ ! [+ + :! @
. B
/@ (
–
] D [ 7c " D
5 :! @
C + . )1+ '!5 "
(
4 %(
1+
"
8
7D +
.
CD | / )\ B )( 1 (! :
)
(( V & M _ VALLOUREC & MANNESMANN TUBES )) )\ B :
D 8 *5
&
Y*
7
34 Cr Mo 4 [
v] D 5 n L!+
7D D n L :
"
10.84 #–TUBES # Hot Finished Seamless # DIN 1629 =
! 1 7 ( \ ) UR '
F
>
-? > +
) @J
2
* @/
7D D . B
%"& #$ "!
(Hoop Wrapped )CNG-2 . H + + )C%?
L7 ) +
!+ • CR CNG :! @
B ) 28 R B )3L 1+
v ) ! ~ \ .)1+ . B
( jB 6 )
/ 70 )1+ 7L 8 : B 7 V
+ I+ T
+ CNG :! @ !+ [ . B
D+ 70 + B 7 ( 1 '
B + :/ : @ [
1+ ;6 a D
+ 8 CNG :! @ !+ [
5
)! ~ 0
+ !
.
B tC
&
1+ VB 6
R B )3L
. B
85
+ , CNG
:‚ %0+ ! "
' [ :! @ 7 )G% + .
/
:/ + ' 1[ : @
(Y + /
D+
70 +
/ C&8
D
5
!+ eR > 85
+ , CNG D
J+
)! ~ 0 B
/ @ (% 5 !+ :! @
A1+ + !+ :! @ 7 "
+ , CNG
D+
+ + !+ CNG :! @ 7 " +
B 7(1 '
C&8 ) ; ? > )3L
(Fully Wrapped )CNG-3 . H
3+
/ @ ! J=*
U OP 7
D T K-2 ( b) VB .
+
\ > 7/ B
+ @ ) ! ~ 0 jB 6 ) 0
)! ~ 0
5 !+ :! @
+ ( ^ ) VB .( : @
xۥP 7
(Fully Wrapped )CNG-3 . H B ) 28
D
/ @ (&
%\ 6+ !
G . + BF + +
(Hoop Wrapped )CNG-2 . H
. +
+ , CNG
+ . ( ` ) XB
D+ :! @
+ ) 28
' [ :! @ !+ VG1 :! @
/ @ ! K J=*
+
+
%"& #$ "!
(Fully Wrapped )CNG-3 . H
+ , CNG
@ -M 1 N ! % JL*
(All composite )CNG-4 . H 70 * 8 -?
+ > + "
>
B
+
B ) 28
&
R B )3L
D 8 ) ; ? :! @ 7 " + . B G 1+ ! " " / <3
: / + IV w 8 : @
+ ( ; 8+ ;6
D T K-2 ( Ć&#x2019; ) XB . B
)! ~ 0 C ;6
/ @ (O
D+ ' 1 [ :! @ 7 / :! @
C ;6 + !+ :! @ )
+ , CNG +
1+
5 !+ :! @
C&8 ) ! ~ 0 j0 A1 8
+ +
(
5) +
.
+ +
/
j 8 ' C8 7V D I .
(All composite )CNG-4 . H
+ , CNG
/ @ -M 1 N
+
!P J=*
%"& #$ "!
D i%I : @ ( V
5 ) )C ? . )1+
" 7 + + :! @ )C ? ) 9 > :!
G 28
2 ( ^ )F L .)1+ B +
Type
Hydraulic capacity(liter)
Max. Gas capacity at 20 MPa . Nm3
Empty Weight . kg
Cylinder Weight. Kg/ liter storage capacity
Cylinder Unit Cost . US$
Cost for Storage Capacity US$ / liter
Industrial all- steel Lightweight all- steel Lightweight all- steel Fiberwound steel Fiberwound aluminum Fiberwound aluminum All composite All composite All composite All composite
45
11
60
1.33
150
3.3
45
11
40
0.89
160
3.6
80
19
75
0.94
270
3.4
120
30
81
0.68
475
4.0
50
12
38
0.76
500
10.0
120
30
89
0.74
1100
9.1
45
11
16
0.36
700
15.0
80
19
25
0.31
800
10.0
125
32
35
0.28
1400
11.2
250
64
69
0.28
2500
10.0
[1] F L ] + 7G1 &
zPP +
/ 4
/ @ ; R ; D S 8 / -0 7 C !" q
+
V
N 2 . )1+ 7 % + . +
74
!Q9 <B D" F
: @ <MI )G% 7 (
] + :+
+ ! " ' " xâ&#x20AC;˘P : @ ) 9
D
+!+ 7
7 GD+ . )1+ D
] + B
70 )1+ + B
2 (`) (Y
%"& #$ "!
Water capacity . liters
Gas capacity m3
50 60 70 100 120
[1]
GLE ( gasoline liters equivalent)
12.5 15.0 17.5 25.0 30.0
/@
GGE ( gasoline gallons(US) equivalent)
15.6 18.7 21.8 31.2 37.4
. / ' 7U2 V ) . . &TT
, ,
4.2 5.0 5.8 8.4 10.0
@ ; D S K!9 <B
) + 70 )1+ z…Pbar :! @ d0+ I +
+ : 0 6 / d0+ I . B
x„PPP :! @
+: 0 6*
K 1: 0 6
@ X : B
! * RUT+
zPPbar :! @
+ 4 1 7L x„
+ 8 ?+ I . B
.' .W *
I
F G?
[2] .
+
? / !+ / :+ B
: 06 /
) Y2 ; Z4 . [ .
I ( i%c
B
7(1 +
0 /
\ 4Z1
1+ + i%I 70 ! @ J * RUT+ ( ZD+
: B
! +
1+ g -
† 0
(x
FMVSS 304 , “ COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS FUEL CONTAINER INTEGRITY” ( B I+ T : N 1+ : @ 70 )1+ + 1+ 8 F 1 XX ) NGV2-XX ) UR (x_z : . B7B
")1+
1+
0
8
! 1 70
B
/ j 0
8 6 :@ F 1
1 7; 1
CB (x_{
3 8 " * GR i%c
(x_‡
(+ * RUT+ ($ * RUT+ !i8
‰ 73G B 7 0 + 8
:@ † 0
0)? .
B
D >
" 7 J+ H
GL+ * RUT+ !+
+ 7
+ 8
4
7/ C * RUT+
J u +.
G L * RUT+
4 M + i%c
[2].
GL+ B
%"& #$ "!
.
"
+?
CNG + 3 8 : @
1+ . /
( mcs 903-6-00000888 to 903-6-00001194 UT F d 200 15 OC(62 OF)F d
) . B s@/
!17 ( \'
+ . B s@/ ( F 1 ) Z
+ . B s@/ >
08 D 312 B F d 09 .01 :F d
1+ zPx…/€ Š 8 !+
+ . B s@/
:@
\ /
+ . B s@/ : @ )Gk
U F1
( B s@/ ( xzPL F d
% F 1 71
) +
G% :! @
i
GT ! "
: B
!71
D xO„P <MI + !+
R)
…/•
" )( 1
3 4%+
+ > B s@/
B :! @ I
+.
)k
+ 3 4%+
D T F d :+ R 7 > B
1! Š 8
D i%I : @
-
B
1+
/ :+
/@ p
+ ! " CI 7 9 70 ,
) 9
/ )%8
- 01 / 2 9 7, B
D ( :!
+ + 7\ %\ :! @ N ! 3
+ ). B
F 300 F d
CB
i%I : @ )%8 Š 8 . B s@/ : @
. B s@/ )1+ ) IU
CB
;. ] / @ + + 70 ! @ B
i
+ + + Dot :! @
; 8 q F d :+ R 7 . + + F V1 6 4 z„ / C&8 ) ; ? .
% )C 2 + "
; 8
%"& #$ "!
( Π) XB . + +
GT ! " i V
Dot / @ '< : J _ 3
' " ; 0 •P 8 OP :! 8 ^ƒUd * +?
1+
j M"
D „P 8 ‡P
I
7R CM
:! @ [
+.
" )( 1
3 4%+
GT ! "
{…PPP CI ) ; ?
!^ J=*
+ + + : ( KC M ) Cascade :! @
Vc 0
+ + F V1 6 4 z„ / B
+
C&8 :! @ [ +?
+. B
5 $ c 3c q ( • ) XB .
) 2 ;(
' A7U
' a7
"
/ @ + b !` J=*
/2 /@ .
0
B+ K
G 28 >:]
! " :! @ 7 :+ 8
8 7\ )1+ D C >
\
>:‚ %\+ >K 7
%\+
/
1+
GT ! " : C LNG
> $ .) 1+ GT ! "
>
G8 I+
B
GT ! " ! 1
(+
T7
G8 K 7 n~1 T 7\
%
GT ! "
(Y + 7 0
4 :! @ 7;CL !+
( Liquefied Natural Gas ) K B 1 (N %;1 7L – x…‡ )) 3 X/8 + L+ 7;CL !+ >
GT! "
7L _{zO/z
D 1 * G \ 8 :‚ %\+
%"& #$ "!
%ۥ !+ j
7
G 28 LNG
L : . +
/
u
GT ! " .)1+
+ zPP /
u
B
+ L : !+
L
8 41
I
( CNG )
GT ! " + …PP
+ + ( LNG ) K ! " > ! 1
8
+ 2
I
\
% .
( 7 GB
*
( ++
† . 1
> C1 x„ D+ „ 7 +
1+ 0
Approximate Gas Capacity . Nm3 40 60 80 120 160 210
[1] LNG u )( 1 : )p;u . + + !
B @G8 m
l ;@ + M +); ? B
1
! " )D I
7
1+ ) ; ?
/
GT ! " 7 )G%
D
G8
GT K ! " !+ 70
%\+
2 :
] + >
B
)( 1 7
+
&
( ) ; ? + 7 7L 8
!"
D C
Tank Weight Empty . kg 60 90 120 180 230 300
F ŽB+ m
\
GT K ! " ] + > K )D I
1+
/@ ; R
+ . \
GT ! "
( CNG )
V
: / + LNG :! @ )C ? :! (b) F L . LNG Tank Capacity . litres 75 115 150 230 300 400
/
( LNG )
. B 70
1 : 6 6 >: 8+ C\
+ CNG *
(Y p !+ . +
D 1* G\ 8 $ >
)( 1 !+
Cost . US$ 1800 2000 2600 3000 3600 4000
/ c !9 <B GT ! " <MI ' 7\ \
/B a
+ 6 M +); ?
B @G8 7\
!
! A2
7c K )D I
I LNG )1+ 7c LNG
%"& #$ "!
-ddddddddddddddddd 01 / dddddddddddddddd2 -.YdddddddddddddddddB / dddddddddddddddd@ ( Absorption Storage ) s@/
B ' M + * 2 2&8 gGT . B
(1
+ ! " !+
! <MI
<MI 7% 2
fL
< % 1 !+
(Y $fL ) ; ?
. B
D C :! @
7 "
+ C0 :! '
3B
7% 2
(Y +
!"
(Y <MI
1+ .
+
+
B
;
$fL
+ 0 j+ +
0 G3
3 : !+ 8 +
+
%"
+ . )1+ 7 %VB + I 8 D 4c
)C ? . B
+>: 0
fL g T 7 ! "
+ • + )C ? : )1+ B fL :! @ !+
1+ 7 7L 8 eR
41
3 0
3BU8
D
/
.
B
%‡P 7 %zP !+ ! "
(Y
0 5
D 8i V
> ! " $fL ' 4 C 7
0
@;@8 7L
F
7 i;-
7% 2
:! @
70 )1+ + : / * 2 2&8
F ŽB+ +
C 1 ' " P/„ 8 P/{
(Y <MI j + +
( @;@
B E + " @;@
@;@
m !+
. )1+ ' M + F I [
"
+ > )1+
. )1+ ; :! @ +
4 L
L + 70 )1+
0 + !+
(Y !+ C0 ! "
E
4 j@
@
(Y F V1 6 4 ‡ /
0 )D I
F+
GT ! "
zP !+ C0 @;@8
! " <MI + zPP 8 „P ! 1
7V
1+
/ <MI
! " : 0 8 sD (
0 70 )1+
" s@/ !
<0 D 4c
0 :+
+ 70
j+ +i V
CR
C 1
0
' " P/•
… 8 „ US$/liter ANG :! @
. B
+
G 28
( Adsorbed Natural Gas ) ANG / @ ) l
/ </B q
I) 8
6
/
+
GT ! "
/
2 :+ 8
:! @
+ !+
7 )G%
GT ! " ! 1 <0+ C0 CO2
+ 7 @;" : B ' " k+ i 8 8
7
ANG )D I
:+
5 >!": 0
/
+
8 .
:! @ 70 o
(7 )
: / + :! @
+ ) (
+ :! @ : I+ T 7 [ J " + ? p !+ +
/
+ !+ + 7 C ( •) XB .
+ (
+ /@ f6
+
G3 + < % 1
- + > :! @ L !"
+.
(Y +
C0
/ j 0
6 ] +:
V 6 /
+ 7 + 1+ u
m 70 qG1
@ / ) , , – e J=*
(Y (
.
ANG
-
j 0 CNG
C + ANG :! @
C I+ T +
-
(Y ( CNG 7
. C . + j 0+
1+
-
%"& #$ "!
: / + CNG :! @
ANG :! @
B
ANG :! @ * @/ ( ƒ) F L
(Y <MI 7% 2 ( ‘ ) XB
. @ + ,
-f /$ 4
B
@ 5
' < \
V 1 ‡PPPP
h i@
/$ fD
fD g <_ )
7L x{P 8 {P
D
/
_ q !+ C0
+4 1
…€
‡x
+!+ 7 ' " ; 0 Dq
[1] ANG
/ @ \ i@f P– 9 <B
Gas Storage Capacitiy . Vol/ Vol
CNG
ANG
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0
5
10
15
20
25
Storage Pressure . MPa
[1] CNG
ANG ;M _
'<* ' (#
fD 6b_ U
! j J=*
: B )\ B
+ L+ )
< % 1 B! >
B " :+ + E + " " +! SD
\
(: ;R
( 7 1 8 )\ B + L+ )
0 ! 1! " 7 ! u+ J
CI > D
K L E + " " +! SD > 8
B " vd TUV 757 +
7D+
;R
D
>
.^b‘’
Y >
\
+>
;R > )2 2I
;R
.^
( 71 8 -D M
1+ N 1+ ! 1! " N 8+ )( 1 *5 8+ . ^b‘^
.`