TIME FACTOR AND ARCHITECTURE OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING
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TIME FACTOR AND ARCHITECTURE OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING KISELEVA NADEZHDA Vologda State Technical University, Russia KIYANENKO KONSTANTIN (Graduate thesis faculty adviser) Vologda State Technical University, Russia
ABSTRACT The study stems from theoretical and practical aspects of adaptive structure design. The goal of this study is to develop a new method for affordable housing and urban residential environment design through the study of adaptable structures. Created method opens up an opportunity to determine new potentials for use of residential space. Taking into account the dynamism and variety of residential living, the method helps to forecast the possible adaptations of dwelling during its lifetime and therefore prolong its service life.
KEYWORDS affordable housing; scenario planning; programming; permanent frame; adaptive structure.
Figure 1. Social processes
INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH METHODS
Currently in Russian residential design practice the essential qualities of architecture as adaptability, flexibility, changeability and transformation are perceived as a privilege of luxury housing or commercial building. The hypothesis of this research is that these qualities are even more necessary within the affordable housing realm. Inhabitants in the subsidized housing sector usually have no chance to move to a new housing unit each time when dynamics of their residential life causes a conflict with current living conditions.
In the aspect of stated problem the author considers theoretical and design approaches of Wright, Le Corbusier, Hertzberger, Priemus, Cache, Lynch, Schroeder, and also concepts of two-level development of space of Habraken, Kendall, Brand, Laugier, Semper, Duffy, Leupen, Heijne, van Zwol, be considered. The aim of the research is the consideration of spatial structures as the main source for adaptation in the architecture of affordable housing. The key stages of the research are: 1. a study and review of basic concepts and techniques in the sphere of “adaptability” and “adaptive structures”;
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2. architectural programming for adaptive residential environment design; The research methods are: -analysis of social problems and observation of different residential life models; -consideration of the latest theoretical and design approaches in architecture of adaptive housing; -survey and interviewing of residents of several well-known adaptive social housing complexes in Denmark and Netherlands; -application of considered approaches into the affordable housing model development.
as kitchens, bathrooms and stairs is built, this core organizes a particular structure that specifies the space and order of future development. The building is being built gradually, according to the occurrence of needs or opportunities.
Figure 2.1 Quinta Monroy, 2004. Arch.Elemental
TIME CYCLES The source of requirements of adaptability in the architecture of social housing is the overlapping of a dynamic residential life with the inability of inhabitants to adjust into it. Major demographic, cultural and economic processes and their time cycles are identified and studied as a precondition and a ground for adaptation. "Mini cycle" is presented as a change of events within days, weeks and months. "Midi cycle" is a type of changes a from one to ten years long period (changes in family size, lifestyle, income and social status etc.). "Maxi cycle" presented in research as chain of changes within a longer than ten years period (changes in building codes, financial and building industry cycles, "aging" of population, processes of modernization and globalization in society, culture and economics, etc.). THE CONCEPTS OF ADAPTABILITY RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE
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The interest in “time factor” in the residential architecture sphere had been formed in late XVIII century and is still actual in our time. The study gave that the six basic concepts of adaptability are created till now. The concept of "GROWING HOUSE", "SOUND HOUSE" was applied first time in the twentieth century, by F.-L. Wright in the project of "Broadacre City". Later these concepts had been repeatedly used by H. Herttsberger. ("growing house" in Almere), R. Cepezed (residential unit «Heiwo»), A. Aravena (quarter «Quinta Monroy»). (Fig.2.1) According to the "GROWING HOUSE" concept in the first stage of construction the part of house components
The concept of "OPEN PLAN AND DIRECTING" originated in the late 1960s. This concept provides an opportunity to inhabitant to determine a particular spatial structure of home. The first experiment was performed set in Galgebakken (Denmark) by architects H. Marcussen and J.P. Storgaard and achieved a success the project was dubbed in Greve town.(Fig. 2.2) House, according to this design method, gets plenty of opportunities for division of diverse space within a special system of wooden rails. Whereas the walls as a mobile element allow residents to create their own unique structure.
Figure 2.1. Flexibo. 1972.
The concept of "SUPPORT AND INFILL" or "OPEN BUILDING" was first appeared in the early 1960s by Dutch architect N.-J. Habraken. An idea is to divide the residential structure into two components: stable over time constructive as engineering basements and independent from it free replacement “infill” with the form of residential units or cells. This structuralism idea formed the basis of numerous projects and buildings, ranging from Archigram’s (1960) proposals to the residential complex «Next 21" in Osaka (1996) (Figure 2.3). The concept of "SUPPORT AND INFILL" was a key idea in the international movement called "Open Building".
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Figure 2.3 Next 21, 1996
The "CASCO" concept is related to the principle of separation, individualization and isolation. "Casco" can be called a low-rise version of the "support and infill" idea as a continuation of the N.-J. Habraken’s logic, developed in the late 1960s, with the collapse of industrial technology. Dutch word, "casco" has the meaning of a "body". Its circuit-use the model resembles the "cocoon", where all the changes take place in a confined space. The structure is a coupe that provides the necessary isolation between the cells. In the early 1970s, the Dutch architect S. Haaksma was the first who applied the concept into practice. Two-story structure of "support" like tunnel had an open area in the middle, which could be used as the empty space or overlapped one. The back side can expand the width of the structure (Fig. 2.4). R. Piano in his project in Perugia also uses the idea of a cocoon. U-shaped brackets form a double decker tunnel where the interior is flexible. And with the beams and modular panels one can build their own floors between levels (Fig. 2.5).
Figure 2.5 Casco, 1976
The concept of "POLIVALENT SPACES" nominated by H. Hertsberger and interpreted as "the quality of spaces that enables them to do used in different ways without needing to make architectural or structural changes". A classic example is the concept of a residential project "Diagon" in Delft, where are some places that provide the possibility of their different use and interchangeability (Fig. 2.6).
Figure 2.6 Diagoon housing, 1971
The concept of "LOFT" is an undivided space for live and work, which is organized using the post-and-beam structures. The unit for engineering services is driven out of the living space, the construction of double floor provides the connectivity to any place. The example is the residential complex "Australia - Boston" (Figure 2.7)
Figure 2.4 Double-height base building, 1978
Figure 2.7 Australia-Boston 2002
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PEOPLE IN TIME-BASED ARCHITECTURE In the foreign practice of designing adaptable housing its a long and repeatedly tested thing. The author decided to use this fact to find out how the residents rate the quality of similar houses of adaptability and how it is recently claimed. It was necessary to establish the direction of transformation and to ensure the viability of the concept. To do this, the author conducted interviews with the residents in the complexes of the Netherlands and Denmark, recognized model "Time-based architecture" Total authors surveyed by questionnaire and photo-fixing 10 residential and public housing complexes in these two countries. (Fig. 3-11)
Figure 5. Housing «America plads», Copenhagen, Denmark, arch. Moller, 2006. Universal, polyvalence spaces.
Figure 6. Housing «Australia - Boston», Amsterdam, 2002, arch. DKV Architecten. Concept of LOFT cell.
Figure 3. Social housing «Flexibo» Greve, Denmark, 1972 г. arch. Fallenstegnestuen ApS. Concepts of free plans and directing.
Figure 7. Housing «Developers freedom» Amsterdam, Holland, arch. Ana-architecten, 2005).
Figure 4. Dwelling «Diagoon», Delft, Holland, 19671971, arch. H. Hertzberger. Concept of polyvalent spaces.
Figure 8. Housing in Kvitsgard city, Denmark, arch. Juul&Frost. Modular structure.
TIME FACTOR AND ARCHITECTURE OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING
Figure 9. Housing «Ggrowth Homes», Almere, Holland. Architectuurstudio Herman Hertsberger, 2002. Concepts of sound homes and growing homes.
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space by removing dividing walls (Figure, 3). The residents moved kitchen to the second floor, thus, organizing on the first floor of an office and a guest room (Fig. 8). There are a lot examples of making adaptable transformations and life situations previous it. The inhabitants tell with a pride about their adaptable places and show all the majorities of a flexible design. It is established that people have a necessity to change their houses often and it can easily be done using the particular scenarios and possibilities provided by architects. The theory works successfully on the practice.
CONCEPTS OF ADAPTIVE STRUCTURE
Figure 10. Housing «fortress on the sound», Malmo, Sweden (arch. G. Wingardh , 2001)
Figure 11. – Mixed-used commercial building «INIT Building», Amsterdam, Holland, (Groosman Partners, 2003)Two levels of the façade.
First lets consider the "Diagon" housing (H. Herttsberger), One of residents - the elderly couple, grandchildren or guests have arrived, the owners isolated guest room by a sliding wall. (Fig. 4). The other residents created an extra room after the birth of a child, or it can serve as a hobby room also (Fig. 7). Young couple planned to rent the second floor after they child had birthed. (Fig. 8). The Woman has separated room for working and sleeping spaces. (Fig. 9). Elderly couple expanded living
The most prospective thing for adaptable architecture of affordable housing seems to be the concept of ‘layers’ developed by Steward Brand and Bernard Leupen. The idea of dividing the building into layers (categories) has been evolving for a long time. In the 18th century French architect Marc Antoine Laugier made a hut model, as the basis of the overall architecture, which allocates layers support branches and leaves of the protective (support and shell). In the next century in Germany Gottfried Semper distinguishes four categories, which are: hearth, earthwork, roofwork and enclosure. In the early 1990s, the Englishman Francis Duffy says threefold combination: shell, services and scenery. Stewart Brand, an American architect, based on the ideas of F. Duffy, identifies six layers: structure, skin, space plan, services, stuff and site. Furthermore, in the Netherlands Bernard Leupen, based on the classification of Brand and using it, the term "layer", stops on five components. He does not consider the stuff and site, but adds "access" (stairs, galleries, corridors), as he is interested in an multi-apartment housing. (Fig. 12)
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Figure 12. Evolution the concept of the layers.
The author prefers a system of five layers: structure, skin, scenery, services and access. Dividing into the layers follows the logic of a combination of fixed and variable structures. Without the definition of the building constructive constant any adaptation is impossible. The constant determines the location and nature of the change. Further understanding of the logic of forming adaptive structures in architecture led the author to idea in the possible extension of its boundaries to the living area. Based on the experience in the development of adaptive structures and the last classification B. Leupen invited to consider the components of the external living space. The unit "layers", so is applicable in the range of living cells to urban spaces. INTERPOLATION CONCEPTS OF ADAPTIVE STRUCTURE TO THE TERRITORY For the organization of adaptive living area author can determine the additional layers, as a "red facade" - the main facade like an urban screen, with the regulation of norms, "atrium" - enclosed and semi-enclosed courtyard space; "infrastructure" –is networks, and pathways communications; "parking"; "children's playgrounds"; "public spaces"; "eco places" green spaces, natural landscape. As in the building, some layers can work as a permanent structure, and create a framework for spatial changes in other layers. This program can be used as a basis to design of adaptive architectural environment (Fig. 13).
Figure 13. The layers of living area.
THE PROGRAM FOR DESIGN ADAPTIVE RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT
With the concept of "layers" it is possible to organize all levels of adaptive living environment - from the living cell to the yard area and beyond. Design becomes important to develop new spatial structures as programming architectural potential. The issue of adaptability is also relevant for people who are willing to use adaptive design solutions laid down by architect. For example, you can increase the part of the building using the resources of the out layers. The apparatus "layers" is applicable in the range from the living cells to urban spaces.
Figure 14. The program residential environment.
for
design
adaptive
The program strategy of designing adaptive living environment consists of the definition of social, functional, structural changes and their control:
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SCENARIO PLANNING AND LAYERS At first designed scenario planning for every scale of residential spaces and each time cycles, predicting the social processes. It is start project and features options of living spaces. Living environment is divided into levels of design: cell and residential urban space. And each of them is determined by its layers and tools of constructive. PERMANENT STRUCTURE AND CHANGEABLE SPACES Based on the logic of structuring principles of adaptation such as "spatial flexibility" and "functional flexibility", which introduced by the architects J. v. Eldonk, H. Fassbinder the author classified the basic concepts of flexibility in the ways of adaptability: adaptation through transformation and adaptation through using. The first way is consists of the concepts polyvalent spaces, directory plan, the second way is loft, open building, growth homes and casco. For each way and their concepts of adaptability formed the permanent structure with own set of fixed and changeable layers.
Figure 15. The examples of modeling framework for design adaptive living environment.
INTERFACE AND CONTROL The interface system is between permanent and changing structures. It is the set of variants scenario projects for every space levels and time cycles, standardized technical rules of usage, module construction for making transformation and central control of all changes by special residential architects.
CONCLUSION The result of this research is a creation of the new method for the residential environment design, through the concept of adaptive structure. The program opens up an opportunity to determine potentials for using space. As opposite to the traditional urban design approaches, the concept of adaptable structure design with a close consideration of social and spatial aspects, has been advanced during this research.
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