Jakarta Kota Kampung - Border Conditions and Infrastructure Opportunities

Jonathan de Veen Graduation Abstract 2014

JaJakarta Grafuation work

Jakarta: ciy of villages As New York is often labeled the ‘Big Apple’, Jakarta is often called the ‘Big Durian’. The ‘durian’ fruit is infamous for being smelly outside, while the inside surpasses the flavor of many other fruits . When looking at Jakarta a similar observation could be made, at first hand the city could be experienced negatively. The pollution, the slum-like area’s, the traffic jams all contribute to this experience. However, getting to know the city better could lead to an alternative sentiment.

Jakarta can be understood as a blend of Kota (the formal city) and Kampung, the (traditional villages).The great ‘taste’ of the city can be found within these Kampung.

For the greater part Jakarta is defined by these urban villages. Depending on the exact definition, 60 to 80% of Jakarta’s population lives in the Kampung. Spatially, Jakarta could therefore best be described as an endless carpet of urban villages.

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Within the Kampungs many residents form strong communities. These groundbased villages provide jobs, services and housing to resident people with various levels of income. However the Kampung are facing numerous serious problems, ranging from very basic ones, such as poor infrastructures to a multitude of complex and interconnected city-wide problems. One of the most striking ones is Jakarta’s complex land-ownership system. Officially, Jakarta’s municipality does not even recognize the Kampung as legal settlements. Therefore large Kampung areas have become subject to land speculation.

Phase: Departement: Tutors: Research group:

Result:

Msc 3/4, 2014 The Why Factory Winy Maas, Ulf Hackauf Martin Sobota Mark van den Ouden, Hendrikus Lambers, Sander Bakker 8.5

Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

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Urgencies of Jakarta Analysing the city As the area of Jakarta has grown exponentially so has its name.

A naming tradition started in the late 1980’s by incorporating each engulfed city’s first letters.

From the combination of Jakarta, Bogor, Tangerang and Bekasi emerged a new name: ‘Jabotabek’.

However, in 2030 Jakarta will have expanded so much, and in this process overtaken so many adjacent cities, that it should be called ‘Jabodetabekasepususesuci’.

An unpronounceable name for a mega-city that has become so addictive to growth that it will become uncontrollable.

Our research tried to understand and map some of Jakarta’s urgencies. The topics we tried to address were a wide-ranged: emcompassing land ownership issues, permanent gridlocks, problematic village mentality and annual city-wide floodings. It soon became clear that the situation is extremely complicated. Some threats could be understood from a macro economic perspective, others could best be described on a socio-cultural level.

At the start we were quite overwhelmed by the complexity of these urgencies. An architectural proposal neglecting even only even one of these issues would in the end feel quite naive. Since all the urgencies are in fact quite inter-related, addressing them simultanoulsy appeared to be the only way forward in our eyes.

Therefore we agreed upon a radical hypothesis that would facilitate solving all the urgencies simultaneously.

Jabodetabek and Jakarta / Expected population growths 4

Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

Density in the city center has dropped with 55% in the last 40 years

Yearly floodings About two months per year, a third of the city is inundated.

The sewer systems and canals of Jakarta cannot cope with riverwater flows. Rising sea-levels threathen large parts of the city.

Land subsidence The city is sinking at a fast rate.

Mainly due to ground water extraction which takes place illegally all over the city.

Since only 14% of the population has access to water (2010), people continue to extract ground water.

Pollution Pollution of air and water becomes increasingly apparant in the inner city.

Rain visibly brings down the smog of all vehicle exhaustures. Due to a village mentailty, the rivers crossing the city are used as open sewages.

Poor residents build their homes on sediments of trash in the river-bays.

Data graph ‘donut’-effect / Conceptual risk map of Jakarta

Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

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Jakarta 200%: Ja-Jakarta Hypothesis for 2030 Although official numbers forecast differently, we expect an continueing decrease of the population in the city center of DKI Jakarta due to the increase of the middle class. The middleclass, which will be doubled in 2020 (BCG, 2013), will either move to the suburbs or enlarge their spatial demand per capita within the city center. In general, an increasing amount of city would decrease the net capita per square km. The municipality will become incapable to effectively manage the dramatically enlarged city.

We believe stopping the urban sprawl to be the first and most critical step in solving the city’s problems. The projected urban growth should take place within the center of DKI Jakarta.

Concentrating growth within a limited area will tighten the grip on handling the many interrelated urgencies.

To summarize our ‘urgencies’ research we conceptualized the map of Jakarta showing highrisk area’s. On this map, the depth of the colour suggests the accumulation of the different urgencies.

XL

L

M

S

XS

XXS

Jakarta

Kebon Kacang

Sites

Community

Housing unit

Detail

System

System

System

System

System

System

- Urban fabric - density - FAR

- Urban fabric - density

- Po/km2 - FAR - open space

- OSR - designation

- function

- demographics

- Urban fabric - density

- FAR

- Po/km2

- GSI - safety

- fire prevention

dimensions

- Urban fabric - structure - constructability building site

- Urban fabric - structure - constructability - building method - flexibility - light conditions - ventilation

- Urban fabric - structure - constructability - buildling method - flexibility - materials - water resitence - fire resistence - lifespan

XL

Infrastructure - Transportation - road capacity

- main roads

L

- public transport - rails network

- main roads

- Water management - river/canal capacity

- main rivers

- water-net

- storage - Waste management - sewage capacity

- main net

M

Infrastructure

Infrastructure

- Transportation - road capacity

- main roads

- secondary roads

- Transportation - road capacity

- tertiairy roads

- small roads

- parking

- public transport - rails network

- main roads

- main stations

- Water management - river/canal capacity

- sub-rivers

- water-net - storage

- Waste management - sewage capacity

- main net

Urgencies

Urgencies

- flooding - land subsidence - traffic gridlock - pollution - waste

- flooding - land subsidence - traffic gridlock - pollution - waste

Scale based implication chart

Since most urgencies are of a different level of scale, we devised an implication chart. This chart determines which subjects should be addressed on which scale level. An outcome of this implication chart is a density map of Jakarta for 2030. On each scale complementing strategies further crystalized our densification strategy.

Jabodetabek and Jakarta / Envisioned population growth 6

Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

- public transport - platforms

- Water management - river/canal capacity

- sub- rivers

- sewage capacity

- main net

Urgencies - flooding - land subsidence - traffic gridlock - pollution - waste - privatized space - land ownership

- open space - communal space - designation - function - demographics

- designation - function

Infrastructure

Infrastructure

- Transportation - functional use - internal routing - parking

- Water management - sewage capacity

- main system

- Transportation - functional use - internal routing - parking

- Water management - sewage capacity

- functional use

Urgencies

Urgencies

Urgencies

- flooding - land subsidence - traffic gridlock - pollution - waste - privatized space - land ownership - formal rights

- flooding - land subsidence - traffic gridlock - pollution - waste - privatized space - land ownership - formal rights

- flooding - land subsidence - traffic gridlock - pollution - waste

XL Implication map Based on our hypothesis for densification we conceived a general development map for Jakarta. Incorporated strategies include: regional programmatic specialization, high density nodes (FAR & Po/m2), widening rivers together with varied forms of infrastructural improvements.

L-scale site

Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

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Project site / Current situation

Kota-Kampung border A striking characteristic of the Kota-Kampung border are its many enterprises.

These enterprises florish due to their proximity to big city (Kota) enterprises. Kampung enterprises are oriented to various traffic ‘streams’ going to and coming from the formal Kota enterprises.

However, their pragmatic and problematic positioning causes major traffic jams, a city wide problem.

Sectional perspective through the ‘Kebon Kacang’ border

Small sized- enterprises

Big city (Kota) development

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Medium sized- enterprises

Low-rise housing

Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

Mirco enterprises

Cluttered infrastructure

Current situation / Isonometric perspective of the Kota-Kampung border in Kebon-Kacang

Project site / Envisionned situation Ambitions

LVL 3

LVL 3

Following the densification hypothesis for Jakarta would mean that this Kampung area should change drastically. However, Jakarta’s characteristic Kampungs should be presevered. Therefore, my proposals aim to maintain the culture of the Kampung while introducing new infrastructure.

Preserving Kampung culture To my understanding, the culture of the Kampung can be found in its socio-economic features. A defining element is the strong sence of community. This communal sence is strong due to the Kampung’s various ‘soft spaces’.

A remarkable characteristic of the Kampung are its blurred determinations of public, communal and private spaces. At the same time economic and residential spaces seem to be intertwined. Therefore the proposals try to incorporate the spatial structure and its coincicive socio-economic features.

Project A /

Elevated Subway

Project D /

Motor-cycle elevator

LVL 0

LVL 0

New infrastructure The diffent proposals introduce new infrastructure while offering space for Kampung dwellers.

In this new situation, micro- to medium sized Kampung enterprises are oriented towards traffic streams between the Kota and the Kampung. Thus creating an enhanced symbiosis between Kota and Kampung.

Project B /

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Pedestrian stairways

Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

Project C /

Car-parking

B

A

C

D B

Envionned situation / Isonometric perspective of the Kota-Kampung border in Kebon-Kacang

E

The Vending Cascade These stairways are an attempt to solve the traffic jams that occur due to street vending.

In this design a direct path towards a subway connection is paired with slower ‘vending routes’ on large receding platforms. The countless street hawkers rely upon pedestrian flows near larger infrastucture and big city (Kota) development.

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Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

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The Vending Cascade These stairways are an attempt to solve the traffic jams that occur due to street vending.

In this design a direct path towards a subway connection is paired with slower ‘vending routes’ on large receding platforms. The countless street hawkers rely upon pedestrian flows near larger infrastucture and big city (Kota) development.

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Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

The Podium This elevated platform introduces a new ground level underneath big city (Kota) development.

Comparable to the cascade, this design is an attempt to improve infrastructure while introducing profitable new vending spaces.

The bottom level commerce is oriented towards subway-users and the workers / residents of the towers positioned on top the podium.

Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

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The Kampung Mall Inhabitants of Jakarta are used to a stop&buy culture.

Howeverm this culture leads to many problematic traffic jams.

Current re-locations efforts are not succesfull since they disconnect these enterprises from traffic flows. Therefore these enterprises pragmatically reposition themselves on profitable (but problematic) locations.

This design accomodates this culture by creating a slow pace traffic area next to existing traffic lanes. Kampung housing, which typically contains shops & services, are pragmatically linked to these parking platforms and slow pace lanes.

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Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

Action 1 The government initiates a slow pace traffic area combined with several parking layers.

Action 2 A community of Kampung enterprises builds a basic multy-leveled structure that connects to the parking structure.

Action 3 The Kampung enterprises build their private structures behind the multy-leveled structure.

Many compositions and typologies are possible, a heterogenuous stacked Kampung is the result.

Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

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The Kampung Mall Inhabitants of Jakarta are used to a stop&buy culture.

Howeverm this culture leads to many problematic traffic jams.

Current re-locations efforts are not succesfull since they disconnect these enterprises from traffic flows. Therefore these enterprises pragmatically reposition themselves on profitable (but problematic) locations.

This design accomodates this culture by creating a slow pace traffic area next to existing traffic lanes. Kampung housing, which typically contains shops & services, are pragmatically linked to these parking platforms and slow pace lanes.

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Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

Action 1 The government initiates a slow pace traffic area combined with several parking layers.

Action 2 A community of Kampung enterprises builds a basic multy-leveled structure that connects to the parking structure.

Action 3 The Kampung enterprises build their private structures behind the multy-leveled structure.

Many compositions and typologies are possible, a heterogenuous stacked Kampung is the result.

Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

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The Kampung Mountain According to countless reports (and common sense) a city such as Jakarta would benefit from functional public transport. Following the assumption that the introduced metro-line becomes a main mode of transport, all acces points towards it become highly profitable for enterprises.

For short ranges Kampung dwellers predominantly use motor-cycles. For larger distances, Kampung dwellers commute or use public transport. The new high speed-network offers them an alternative and this ramp leads them towards it.

This design introduces a motorcycle ramp which connects to a parking platform and the high speed city network. Along this new road, typical Kampung housing with shops and services can take root.

Action 1 /

Government ramp structure

Action 2A /

Maximum of 4 levels follow ‘inner Kampung’ regulation

Action 2B /

Kampung configurations maximize commercial space

Kampung housing with shops and services linked to the traffic lane

Who builds what?

1. A motor-cycle ramp with adjecant platforms is built towards a parking platform.

This first action is taken by an investor such as the government.

2. Following (self-conceived) innner-Kampung regulations, a maximum of four levels is set along the new road.

2B. A Kampung style (selfregulatory) growth should be coordinated by a third party, to maximise profitable commercial spaces along the new road.

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Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

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Kota-Kampung Integral The discussed proposals focus on the immediate border between the larger and the smaller scale: the Kota and the Kampung.

The projects are attempts to mediate between the needs of the city and the needs of common Kampung inhabitants.

All of them try to combine the need for infrastructural change with the economic potential along them.

The objective was to find solutions in which change becomes benefitial for all actors.

All proposals aim to enhance the existing symbiosis between the Kota and Kampung, ultimately leading to an integration of the two: the ‘Kota-Kampung Integral’.

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Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

Graduation Abstract - Jonathan de Veen- 2014

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