[REDACTED] by Nancy Couling

[REDACTED]

els ves s

´t t rac k

can we lin e o

There are estimated 100 75 000 vessels at the high sea at any given time

t ide uts

his

BERGEN 24h

ALBLASSERDAM, NL - BERGEN, NO - ARKHANGELSK, RU Name: LADY ISABEL Vessel Type - Generic: Cargo Status: Active MMSI: 246248000 Call Sign: PDGZ Flag: Netherlands [NL] Gross Tonnage: 3322 Summer DWT: 4250 t Length Overall x Breadth Extreme: 88.05 x 14.46 m Year Built: 1997 Home Port: DELFZIJL Builder: •••••••••• Owner: •••••••••• Manager: •••••••••• Carrying:

BERGEN

ono mic borders

CHICA GO

E LS NGH ARKA GIBRALTAR

OSLO

mariti me ec

SINGAPORE

ALNA CANCA EZMA PA SUNA

SUEZ CANA SHANG H L AI

NO RW EG

NORTH SEA right now

IAN

RE NC H

BERGEN, NO - GIBRALTAR- LA SPEZIA, IT

NEWCASTLE

Builder: •••••••••• Owner: •••••••••• Manager: •••••••••• Carrying:

DOG GE

Name: WILSON BLYTH Vessel Type - Generic: Cargo Status: Active MMSI: 249311000 Calling signal: 9HQP4 Flag: Malta [MT] Bruttotonn: 2446 Summer DWT: 3680 t Length Overall x Breadth Extreme: 87.9 x 12.8 m Year Built: 1995 Home port: VALLETTA

K AN RB

BREMERHAVEN SINGAPORE, SG - BERGEN, NO - SUEZ CANAL, EG AMSTERDAM

ROTTERDAM

LONDON

AIT STR

0 km

40 km

200 km

D OF

Name: TRINA Vessel Type - Generic: Cargo Status: Active MMSI: 218705000 Call Sign: DFVI2 Flag: Germany [DE] Gross Tonnage: 13058 Summer DWT: 11940 t Length Overall x Breadth Extreme: 159.8 x 24.34 m Year Built: 2008 Home Port: HAMBURG Builder: •••••••••• Owner: •••••••••• Manager: •••••••••• Carrying:

Store Lungegårdsvann

Redaction The limit where ships dissapear from trackers. Shown in relation to Bergen

2020 1500% increase in container carrying capacity in 50 years.

Sea blindness - noun

When one is not aware of the heavy traffic at sea and the environmental footprint it has on the planet, ”out of sight out of mind”.

Departure 05 Sep 2020 Qingdao Qianwan Container Co Ltd China

Arrival 25 Oct 2020 Bergen Greencarrier Terminal Norway

Transit Time

50 Days 50 days

Qingdao - Qingdao Qianwan Container Co Ltd China

Departure 05 Sep 2020 06:00

Vessel/Voyage MAGLEBY MAERSK

2 days Ulsan - Busan International Transhipment South Korea

Arrival 09 Sep 2020 16:00 Departure 09 Sep 2020 17:00

The Incredible Journey of [REDACTED] The time is [REDACTED] on a beautiful [REDACTED] morning. In the port of Bergen, the ship Dollar Spirit is unloading tons of [REDACTED] and soon it will be filled with [REDACTED]

40 days

Bremerhaven - NTB North Sea Terminal Bremerhaven Germany

The crew has seen the entire world, but never set their foot on land. The most beautiful was [REDACTED] followed closely by [REDACTED] Mr. [REDACTED] has been sailing for [REDACTED] years. He has seen it all and says [REDACTED] things happen at the high seas, when the crew has no entertainment but themselves.

Arrival 19 Oct 2020 06:00 Departure 22 Oct 2020 22:00

Vessel/Voyage JSP SLEIPNER

3 days Bergen - Bergen Greencarrier Terminal Norway

“Once, when we were just outside [REDACTED],my friends [REDACTED] and [REDACTED] got into a [REDACTED]. It was wild, [REDACTED] everywhere. [REDACTED] and [REDACTED] had to go to [REDACTED] to get [REDACTED].”

Arrival 25 Oct 2020 14:00

While Mr. [REDACTED] spends up to [REDACTED] months at sea, sometimes even longer, the pay being as low as [REDACTED] and the conditions being borderline [REDACTED] he says he mainly does it for his family. The days can really differ, even though the view is the same. Unlimited ocean in every direction, the biggest differences being in night and day. Mr. [REDACTED] has never been religious, for him it's about ports and freighters not thoughts and prayers. Many of his crew mates are religious, it helps them with their loneliness. “We spend up to [REDACTED] weeks at sea, we are only [REDACTED] crew members, so you spend a lot of time alone, both willingly and unwillingly. Religion is something most seafarers keep to their cabins, like my friend [REDACTED] will eat pork and taste alcohol, even though he is a muslim, and [REDACTED] drinks to fit it, but it goes against his baptist beliefs. They hope that god will forgive them and understand why they do this.” More to come

Vessel/Voyage MAGLEBY MAERSK

Cars

Shipping

Shippings share of norwegian transport of goods.

[REDACTED]

PORT OF BERGEN The port is our largest and oldest traffic hub. The port is in itself a traffic artery in the sense that it is through the port goods and people move from boat to shore, on to other means of transport, or to other boats heading elsewhere. Vågen is normally ice-free in winter, and has always been a good harbor all year round. Along Bryggen at first, and eventually Strandsiden. Through the 15th and 1600s century, Nøstet, Skuteviken and Sandviken were also used as ports with the associated buildings. Laksevåg, Møhlenpris, Jekteviken, Dokken, Nøstet, Strandsiden, Vågen, Bryggen and Sandviken, were largely developed at different times. Laksevåg was the last developed harbour area.

HISTORY

PORT OF BERGEN

THROUGH HISTORY

1745

IMPORT - EXPORT

1757

PEAS AND PAPER

WHAT COMES IN AND OUT OF BERGEN

BAS OCEAN SPACE II 2020

1768

1885

1907

1950

SANDVIKEN AND SKUTEVIKEN developed from the late Middle Ages and beyond in the 17th century until 1880s when there was a continuous row of sheds just broken at Rothaugen

VÅGEN, BRYGGEN AND STRANDSIDEN

During history, most of the waste produced in Bergen has been thrown into Vågen. Much of this waste has been used as filling material to expand the city. The waste was emptied directly into Vågen or came with the roads and sewers that all ended up there.

this area is the city’s medieval area, at the same time as a large development has taken place over the last hundred years industrial enterprises and rural idyll to an area where the area is totally utilized in connection with port-related activities.

Bradbenken before it was utbygget between 1934-39

NØSTET has evolved from being an area with self-grown building structure, boathouses and small wooden piers to a modern harbor area.land areas with fields and natural shoreline, with pleasure grounds, Jørgen Thormøhlens various industrial enterprises and rural idyll to an area where the area is totally utilized in connection with port-related activities.

MØHLENPRIS, JEKTEVIKEN AND DOKKEN have undergone major changes, from being land areas with fields and natural shoreline, with pleasure grounds, Jørgen Thormøhlens various industrial enterprises and rural idyll to an area where the area is totally utilized in connection with port-related activities.

LAKSEVÅG is the sub-area that was last developed, in 1800- century, and is characterized by the fact that it was an important area for industrial development from the mid-1800s.

FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE

WHAT IS FOC

GLOBAL ROUTE

OWNERSHIP

FROM A TO Z

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

HABITATION

NOISE

EMISSIONS

INTERWIEVS

[REDACTED]

It was especially the stockfish trade that was the background for the first port acticity and urban rise in Bergen.

TØNNEPENGER

1603

For 400 years all ships going in to bergen and passing this barrel have had to pay a fee. Today tønnepenger is about 160 000 kr a year, and goes to the home for elderly sea fares.

Sea farers fattighus Bergen

1646 Copy of Isac van Geelkerck's fortification map of Bergen from 1646. The oldest known map from Bergen.

1588

”Scholeusstikket”

INDUSTRI REVOLUTI

Mooring rings are known from the Middle Ages

1350

Before the fridge and limited possibilities to store food, Europe needed the stockfish from Lofoten. Since Bergen was situated in the middle it was the perfect place for transshipment. It was especially the stockfish trade that was the background for the urban rise in Bergen. The Hansiatic office opened in Bergen in the 1350.

WWII 1917

1960

Plan for expanding the port at Dokken.

In the 60’s the development of the offshore industry gave a new dimension to the Norwegian shipping industry

1970 The shipping crisis in the 1970-80s led to oversupply of vessels and led to a lower number of Norwegian registered ships.

The foundation for the modern shipping industry was settled when Norges Rederforbund, with prime minister Christian Michelsen as president, was founded.

1909

Hilmar Reksten was one of Norway’s largest shipowners of all time. He grew up in Nordnes and established his shipping business in 1929. Reksten was accused for tax cheeting after WWII, but is also known for helping establishing festspillene in Bergen in 1953, and donating considerable sums to charity and culture. Reksten bought the worlds biggest machine-tanker, the Octavian. He ran his business with high risk, and had huge sucecess until the oil crisis in 1973.

1866-1914

Bergen tonnage in relation to transition from sail to steam

1980 Norwegian International Ship Register (NIS) to keep at all some ships under the Norwegian flag and prevent Norwegian ships from flagging out. This led to 1800 sea men losing their job.

1929

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1866

1870

HISTORY

1871

1875

1878 1880

1881

1885 1890

1891

1895 1900

1905

1910

1914

PORT OF BERGEN

THROUGH HISTORY

IMPORT - EXPORT

PEAS AND PAPER

WHAT COMES IN AND OUT OF BERGEN

IAL ION

BAS OCEAN SPACE II 2020

THROUGHOUT HISTORY

QUAYS With the introduction of steamships came the need for a new port technology infrastructure, where the larger stone quays are the most important element. In Bergen, the tradition of drywalling quays lasted a long time, until we in 1960s began to cast the quays.

1768

1851

Bryggen as i looked like in 1768, at the time when hansakontoret closed. Drwan by J.J. Reichborn.

The Bergen Steamship Company (BDS) was Norway´s first privately owned shpping line. Until it was sold in 1984 it had a special position in the port of Bergen.

Triangeldoc

1850

thousand sailors

In 1875 Norway was the world’s third largest shipping nation with 60 000 sailors.

1875

2020

2018

1999

The Port Council, the highest body in the Port of Bergen, has decided to move the freight port in Bergen from Dokken to Ågotnes in Fjell municipality.

Norway has one of the world’s largest fleets. Nearly 1 900 Norwegian controlled vessels and rigs operate worldwide. Norway has the worlds fifth biggest fleet measured in value. About 40% of this fleet is owned and driftet in and out from Bergen

24 h

From 1999 to 2006, the fleet fell back by 29 percent and the number of Norwegian seamen declined by 20 percent

2004 In January 2004, the ship MS Rocknes capsized in Vatlestraumen south of Bergen. 18 people died and 45 km of coast line was polluted with oil- and diesel spillage.

ASKØY

ÅGOTNES

DOKKEN 8 km

SOTRA

24.

VATLESTRAUMEN

FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE

WHAT IS FOC

GLOBAL ROUTE

OWNERSHIP

FROM A TO Z

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

HABITATION

NOISE

EMISSIONS

INTERWIEVS

[REDACTED]

PEAS AND PAPER

Following a ship from Bergen.

Pulp paper At Bergen Port the redacted reporter asked: - What’s in the containers? We don’t open the containers. But we export a lot of paper waste. - Where does it go? We don’t know, but it goes to Rotterdam first. What comes back is peas for the Toro factory.

By ship, Norway exports paper waste to 31* other countries than Vietnam.

The

paper

you’re

From Bergen port, pulp paper goes to Rotterdam. It takes 53 hours. It stays in the port for many hours and is moved around by large trucks and cranes.

Pulp paper goes to Bremerhaven. Yes that is backwards. The yourney takes between 30 and 48 hours.

Peas come from other countries.

Pea containers arrives Bergen.

holding

*By ship, Norway exports pulp paper to: 1. Netherlands 2. Vietnam 3. Germany 4. China 5. Denmark 6. Thailand 7. Belgium 8. Japan 9. Turkey 10. India 11. Indonesia

HISTORY

12. South Korea 13. Mexico 14. Spain 15. Taiwan 16. United States 17. France 18. South Africa 19. Sweden 20. Greece 21. Brazil 22. Austria

your

or 37*

hand

might

end

Vietnam.

By ship, Norway imports pulp paper from: 23. Switzerland 24. Malaysia 25. Colombia 26. Slovenia 27. Hong Kong 28. Portugal 29. Italy 30. Poland 31. Chech Republic 32. United Kingdom 33. Singapore 34. Gambia

BERGEN HARBOR

THROUGH HISTORY

1. Sweden 2. Brazil 3. Spain 4. Germany 5. United states 6. Denmark 7. Israel 8. United Kingdom 9. France

IMPORT - EXPORT

PEAS AND PAPER

WHAT COMES IN AND OUT OF BERGEN

BAS OCEAN SPACE II 2020

Pulp paper goes to Vietnam. One of the 17 countries which norway exports paper waste to.

From Vietnam port it goes to where it is or maybe

Bergen - Vietnam takes 37 days, and stops at 7 ports.

But before that, it goes to Port Langier Mediterannee in Morocco and Salalah in Oman.

Pea containers goes to Kokstad storage with a trailer. 1000 other vehicles conataining port everyday.

Pea containers goes to Arna Toro Factory.

Toro with peas is shipped to Toro products with peas are sold in ebery grocery store in Norway.

pass through the

*By redacted mode of communication, Norway imports peas from: 1. Lithuania 2. Latvia 3. Estonia 4. Denmark 5. France 6. Belgium 7. Russia 8. United Kingdom 9. Sweden 10. Guatemala 11. China FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE

GLOBAL ROUTE

WHAT IS FOC

FROM A TO Z

12. Greece 13. Peru 14. Italy 15. Finland 16. Kenya 17. Zimbabwe 18. Germany 19. Egypt 20. New Zealand 21. Ireland 22. Netherlands

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

23. Ethiopia 24. Morocco 25. Pakistan 26. United States 27. Canada 28. Hungary 29. India 30. Zambia 31. Iran 32. Spain 34. Ukraine HABITATION

NOISE

35. Moldova 36. Australia 37. Tanzania 38. Mexico

EMISSIONS

INTERWIEVS

[REDACTED]

What arrives at Bergen Port in a week

Coal coal

ONE CONTAINER

accompanied semitrailers traileracc unaccompanied semitrailers trailer

accompanied semitrailer

import vehicles import vehicle

liquid bulk goods liquid bulk

dry bulk goods

containers larger than 40’ container general cargo

general cargo

containers smaller than 40’ larger than 20’

containers 40’ 40’ containers containers 20’ steel goods 20’ containers steel

HISTORY

BERGEN HARBOR

THROUGH HISTORY

IMPORT - EXPORT

PEAS AND PAPER

WHAT COMES IN AND OUT OF BERGEN

BAS OCEAN SPACE II 2020

The employees at Bergen Port says 1000 cars pass through the gate every day

semitrailer

trailer

liquid bulk

45’ container

40’ container

FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE

GLOBAL ROUTE

WHAT IS FOC

FROM A TO Z

ENVIRONMENTAL 20’ container IMPACT

HABITATION

Legend

Metal ores, stone, sand gravel, clay, salt, cement, lime, fertilizer, manufactured construction materials

NOISE

EMISSIONS

INTERWIEVS

[REDACTED]

oil

HISTORY

BERGEN HARBOR

THROUGH HISTORY

IMPORT - EXPORT

PEAS AND PAPER

WHAT COMES IN AND OUT OF BERGEN

BAS OCEAN SPACE II 2020

FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE

GLOBAL ROUTE

WHAT IS FOC

FROM A TO Z

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

HABITATION

NOISE

EMISSIONS

INTERWIEVS

[REDACTED]

1 week

DEPARTING

if all goods came in 40 ton containers

out of port

434

573

16.964

agriculture

food

manufactured

construction

oil

unloading

ARRIVING

3 agriculture

food

382

515

3.079

manufactured

construction

oil

Legend Agricultural producs, forestry producs, fishing products

HISTORY

Food products, beverages, tobaco and animal fodder

BERGEN HARBOR

THROUGH HISTORY

Other manufactured goods, grouped goods and other goods

Metal ores, stone, sand, gravel, clay, salt, cement, lime, fertilizer, manufactured construction materials

IMPORT - EXPORT

PEAS AND PAPER

Coal, oil and chemicals and chemical products

WHAT COMES IN AND OUT OF BERGEN

BAS OCEAN SPACE II 2020

What does Norway export to Lativa by ship? October 6. Oct 6,

17:01 Bergen port 20:00 Simonsviken

Oct 8,

18:05

Tracking a random ship in Bergen harbour for 13 days

1. Crude fertilizers and crude minareals 2. Wood, lumber and cork 3. Iron and steel 4. Fish and prep thereof 5. Crude animals and vegetable materials

Oct. 12, Riga, Latvia 00:30

What does Norway import from Lativa by ship?

Oct 4, Teesbrough

00:14

1. Wood, lumber and cork 2. Feeding stuff for animals 3. Petroleum and petroleum goods 4. Vegetables and fruit 5. Cork and wood manufactures

VESSEL NAME NAOS AGE: 24 YEARS TYPE: GENERAL CARGO

Sept. 29, Moerdijk

18:05 Tracking a ship which was in Bergen port on October 6th for 13 days, from September 29th to October 12th.

TRAVEL TIME

Bergen Odda Husned Haukesund Håvik Stavanger

COMES FROM

62%

OF WHAT ARRIVES BERGEN PORT COMES FROM DOMESTIC PORTS

LEAVES FOR

86%

OF WHAT LEAVES BERGEN PORT GOES TO INTERNATIONAL PORTS

Many routes from Bergen go to German and Dutch ports like Bremerhaven and Rotterdam first. From there, the routes go to all of the seven seas.

The image shows travel time from Bergen to common destinations.

BERGEN CONNECTIVITY FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE

GLOBAL ROUTE

WHAT IS FOC

FROM A TO Z

FREQUENT ROUTES The image shows shipping routes with stops in Bergen offered by SEA CARGO

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

HABITATION

NOISE

EMISSIONS

INTERWIEVS

[REDACTED]

FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE THE WHY GUY 1

What does Flags of convenience mean?

But why?

Why bother with that??

When a vessel is registered in a country other than the ownership

To avoid workers rights and unions in it’s own country

To avoid regulations and some operating costs in its home country

And to pay less or no tax.

What does that mean?

Why would you do that?

It means that you pay the workers on board very low wages and do not have to worry so much about human rights and stuff like that

Is this legal?

Oh yes! It is a big business you can buy flags for your vessel easily

Because we want to get as rich as possible and we don't have time to lose money

Time is money you know

If you have money

WHERE ARE SHIPS REGISTRATED? Money, money, money Must be funny In the rich man's world Money, money, money Always sunny In the rich man's world Aha aha All the things I could do If I had a little money It’s a rich man’s world It’s a rich man’s world ABBA

10000

24% GREECE

78%

NORWAY

30%

JAPAN

25%

CHINA

NORWAY

2500

25%

LIBERIA

TAX ON INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES IN BIG SHIPPING OWNING NATIONS

HISTORY

PORT OF BERGEN

PANAMA

MARSHAL ISLANDS

2020

2010

2000

1995

1990

1980

1970

1960

0 1950

Panama

Pakistan

Mrashall Islands

Liberia

S-Korea

Japan

India

Greece

China

5000

1900

PANAMA

1800

18%

7500

1700

Merchant fleet

Bangladesh

% of world total

16%

HONG KONG

TAX ON INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES IN NATIONS WITH MOST REGISTRES FLAGS

THROUGH HISTORY

IMPORT - EXPORT

PEAS AND PAPER

WHAT COMES IN AND OUT OF BERGEN

BAS OCEAN SPACE II 2020

THERE ARE OVER 50,000 MERCHANT SHIPS TRADING INTERNATIONALLY.

Port -noun

THE WORLD FLEET IS REGISTERED IN OVER 150 NATIONS.

- A town or city with a harbour or acces to navigable water where ships load or unload.

Strait -noun

- A narrow passage of water connection two seas or two other areas of water.

MANNED BY OVER A MILLION SEAFARES, OF WICH 40% ARE FROM THE PHILIPPINES.

Suez Canal -

Primary shipping routs

An artificial waterway in Egypt linking the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.

Secondary shipping routs

Strait of Malacca -

The strait is the main shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

Panama Canal -

An artificial waterway connecting the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean.

INTERVIEW When you are out in the open sea on these Cruise Liners, are you aware of the heavy traffic that is happening around you? Can you for example see the container ships sailing around you? Yeah, it depends on what channel we are in. I would be going out of Amsterdam going up to Norway for the summer season and we would see a lot of oil platforms in the north sea and then maybe not so many container ships but then usually crossing the Atlantic we were on a rot that is sheared with a lot of vessels so they are off pretty far on your side, but every time you would look out you would usually see one or two ships. Every time? Yea. They are either going the same way as you at a different speed or coming back. Yes there is usually some trafic around. But it really depends on where you are though. I did a world cruise and we went around Africa and because of the Suez-canal the current traffic around Africa is not very heavy but then if something happens with the Suez ore the price gets too high the ships are able to go around Africa for lot less money that going to the Suez, so then the traffic becomes heavy, so it is really interesting global sistem.

FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE

WHAT IS FOC

Strait of Hormuz -

The Strait of Hormuz is a strait between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.

Dale Rothenberg is a newly graduated artist from the Bergen Academy of Art and Design. He was born in the USA and did his undergraduate in Jazz piano at the Oberlin Conservatory in Ohio. In february 2014 he went on his first job on a cruise ship, stepping on board in Florida after a friend had told him about the job. Especially then two-dementionaly. Yeah, it is very deep oh my god. But in terms of two-dimensionality I think what space feels like to us is probably what the ocean felt for explorers five hundred years ago. Certainly a week is a long time to be crossing the vaters but it is also limmeting in some ways, you can actually capture the distance of it.

Has your perspective of the world changed after you started working at sea, like understanding the scale of it? Oh yea, absolutely. I have done a lot of ocean crossings at this point. I worked at the Queen Mary Two which does the Atlantic crossing. From Africa to Australia, a lot of eights or nine day crossings. Yeah, the sea is like endless but also not. It feels like in our modern times we have reached the end of the great expands in some ways. It feels like we can limit the size of the sea very concretely in our heads.

GLOBAL ROUTE

OWNERSHIP

FROM A TO Z

As an artist, do you feel obligated to inform and shine a light on environmental issues? Yeah I definitely feel that there are a lot of circumstances that have made my project more relevant but yeah it is definitely my responsibility. It would be very easy to paint a negative picture of the cruise industry as it is a very negative drain on everything it touches. But there is a culture there among the workers that is interesting and hidden from most people. So yeah I am kind of striving to capture something more realistic and more multifaceted that just cruise ships are bad, which they are. Right now I am dying to get back on a cruise ship, waiting for the industry to get back up and then at the same time I really think that they should not start up.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

HABITATION

NOISE

Do you feel that your fellow students that were graduating with you now, that they are interested in environmentalism or that it is a current theme in the art scene? I think it is an issue that comes up more often, in my class there were few students that would explore the same kind of idea and there are definitely some teachers and classes that are shaped around environmental sustainability being explored through art. But there was not as much of it as I thought there might be I guess but I think it will continue to grow. Yeah, as it is a very current issue. Yes it is super relevant. My photography practice within the body of an arti institution is very literal. It is accessible to people that might find other art inaccessible, which I like. I am not purposely going after that, but it is the byproduct of working with this kind of documentary style of photography in an artistic context. I am aiming for that right now, but it might turn into something else too.

EMISSIONS

INTERWIEVS

[REDACTED]

WHO OWNS MOST OF THE VESSELS?

TANKER VESSEL Designed specifically to transport liquids. - For example, chemicals and oil.

50 RO-RO VESSEL

18%

Design that suits loading and unloading cargo trailers onto a ship with a ramp. - For example, cars, trucks and car carriers.

Cash buyer -noun

Panama

Pakistan

Mrashall Islands

Liberia

S-Korea

Japan

India

China

Greece

0 Bangladesh

% of world total

Norweigan controlled offshore units - by flags 60

Beneficial owner -

-The Beneficial Owner (BO) is the ‘real’ owner of a ship and the company that takes all commercial decisions.

-A cash buyer is a company specialised in the trade of end-of-life vessels to beaching yards. Cash buyers pay ship owners up-front before the ship reaches its final destination and is dismantled.

40 30 20 10

United States Oil Fund (USO) - noun

-An exchange-traded fund that attempts to track the price of Crude Oil. USO invests in oil future contracts that are traded on regulated futures exchanges.

2013

Top 10 ship owning nations

2015

2016

2017

Norweigan flag

2018

Foreign flags

2019

2020

Norwegian controlled foreign going fleat

100

10 0

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Number of ships

Denmark

Germany

South Korea

Norway

Singapore

China

Greece

10 0

Japan

Values in USO millions

2014

WELCOME TO OWNER ANONYMOUS ,,My name is John. I own the world´s largest oil tanker fleet. I was born in Oslo in 1944 but have a Cypriot passport. Before abandoning my Norewegian citizenship I was Norway’s richest man. I live in London but go for holidays to Marbella.“

Robert Kuok

Net worth S 12,5 billion

Iris Fontbona

Li Ka Shing

John Fredriksen

Net worth S 17,4 billion

Net worth S 31 billion HISTORY

Moller- Maersk

Net worth S 21 billion

PORT OF BERGEN

THROUGH HISTORY

Net worth S 11,5 billion IMPORT - EXPORT

PEAS AND PAPER

WHAT COMES IN AND OUT OF BERGEN

BAS OCEAN SPACE II 2020

WHERE ARE THE VESSELS BUILT?

REEFER VESSEL Carrys good that have to be temperatur controlled or frozen. - For example, fish, meat and alcohol.

50 40%

40 20 10

Panama

Pakistan

Mrashall Islands

Liberia

S-Korea

Japan

India

Greece

0 Bangladesh

Designed to carrying dry cargo. - For example, sugar, fertilizer, grains and coal. - Uses a pump to unload.

China

% of world total

BULK VESSEL

IN ITS LIFETIME, A LARGE CONTAINER SHIP TRAVELS THE DISTANCE OF THE MOON AND BACK ABOUT TEN TIMES. CONTAINER VESSEL Carry standard size containers - Can be up to 400m long. - Travels at very high spead, average at 21 Knot.

End-of-life ship -noun

Dry-docks -noun - Dry-docks are mainly used in Europe. The ship is driven to an enclosed, flooded dock, the water of which is subsequently pumped out. The ship is then dismantled piece by piece in a fully contained area, thereby minimizing the risk of environmental pollution and allowing for the use of cranes to lift heavy pieces off the ship.

THE ARRIVAL OF CONTAINERS IN THE EARLY 1960´S, REVOLUTIONIZED THE SHIPPING INDUSTRY. CONTAINERS COULD BE EFFICIENTLY STACKED, ALLOWING MORE AND MORE GOODS TRANSPORTED ACROSS THE SEAS.

-A ship that has reached the end of its operational life and is ready to be scrapped.

Beaching -verb -The process in which a ship is laid on a tidal mudflat. The vessel is grounded deliberately during high tide and breaking operations usually take place during low tide when the vessel is not submerged by the sea.

WHERE ARE THE VESSELS SCRAPPED?

Average age of vessels in the Norwegian-controlled foreign going fleet 10 50 40

FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE

WHAT IS FOC

GLOBAL ROUTE

2020

OWNERSHIP

FROM A TO Z

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

HABITATION

NOISE

EMISSIONS

Panama

2019 Foreign flags

Pakistan

Norwegian flag

2018

Mrashall Islands

2017

Liberia

2016

S-Korea

2015

Japan

2014

22%

India

23%

Greece

China

45%

Bangladesh

% of world total

Average age

INTERWIEVS

[REDACTED]

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Noise pollution -noun - Environmental noise that is annoying, distracting, or physically harmful. Also called sound pollution.

Habitat -noun - The natural home or environment of an animal, plant or other organism.

Cetacean -noun - A marine mammal of the order Cetacea: a whale, a dolphin, or porpoise

Anthropogenic -noun - Something produced of caused by humans.

Pinniped -noun - A carnivorous aquatic mammal of the order Pinnipedia, such as seals or walrus.

HISTORY

BERGEN HARBOR

THROUGH HISTORY

IMPORT - EXPORT

PEAS AND PAPER

WHAT COMES IN AND OUT OF BERGEN

BAS OCEAN SPACE II 2020

400 There are fewer than

At any given time there is

75000

North Atlantic Right Wales left in the world

shipping vessels at sea

300 Over

whales and dolphins are beached every year

FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE

GLOBAL ROUTE

WHAT IS FOC

FROM A TO Z

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

HABITATION

NOISE

EMISSIONS

INTERWIEVS

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HABITATS OVERLAPPING Many cetaceans and pinnipeds have their natural habitats in frequently trafficked waters. Due to the ever increasing amounts of ships, and thereby, noise in these waters, their

NORTH ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALE HABITAT Eubalaena glacialis

homes are deteriorating and slowly dissapearing. The spaces they can occupy freely and without anthropogenic disturbance are steadily decreasing. Over the course of the shipping

industry’s rise, more animals are dying and their means of communication has altered. Collisions with vessels, beaching, net entanglement and general noise disturbance hinder their

natuarl behaviour and habitats. Multiple species and stocks are endagered and their position in the ecosystem is in jeopardy. The shipping industry has to take a large part of the blame.

Reigning, as the name says, in the north of the atlantic, the North Atlantic Right Whale is one of the worlds most endangered whale species. Only about 400 whales remain. Their mortality is mostly caused by entaglement in fishing gear, collisions with vessels, and noise pollution from vessels on the surface. The whale has it’s habitat in the northern part of the Atlantic, seen in the white spot on the map.

The orca has their habitats mostly in the Atlantic ocean as well as most of the southern hemisphere. Orcas, or killer whales, hunt in a wolf like pack making them very susceptible to vessel noise harming their ability to communicate with each other. All killer whales are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, and two populations of killer whales recieve special protection.

KILLER WHALE HABITAT Orcinus orca

Killer whales roam most waters on our planet exept the deepest parts of the pacific

BLUE WHALE HABITAT Balaenoptera musculus

The Blue Whale roams all over the world exept the arctic seas eating tonnes of krill.Blue whales are the largest species of animal to ever live on our planet and are found all over our oceans exept the arctic. Due to vessel collisions and -disturbance, entaglement, and long term climate change, all it’s stocks are seen as endagered. The blue whale can be found in six of the seven seas. Only the arctic sea lacks the blue whale.

CETACEAN STRANDING Dead or lifeless whales beach or strand in numbers every year. Some individually, others in groups. If a whale is stranded individually it is highly likely that it is of natural causes, whereas a group found stranded at a beach or shoreline might indicate HISTORY

some form of human interaction. Whales crashing with an offshore vessel, whales being driven away by loud vessels, maimed whales seeking safety, and whales caught and released from fishing nets can be common causes of strandings.

BERGEN HARBOR

THROUGH HISTORY

IMPORT - EXPORT

PEAS AND PAPER

WHAT COMES IN AND OUT OF BERGEN

BAS OCEAN SPACE II 2020

NOISE POLLUTION U N D E R WAT E R S O U N D

FREQUENCIES to survive reduces. An example of trying to answer to this, the north atlantic right whale has increased it’s sonar frequency in order to communcate with others of it’s kind. Other whales use their sonar to locate prey or breathing holes. Thus, if a species won’t be able increase their frequency, it could prove to be fatal.

Scientists have discovered a clear relationship between growth in shipping vessels out at sea and measurements of low frequency noise. This poses a problem for many marine mammals as they use low frequency sonar to locate eachother, communicate and find food. As the shipping industry grows, their ability

12 sec

AMOUNT OF SHIPS / FREQUENCY OF COMMUNICATION

3 sec Sound travels about four times faster and longer per second under water. This makes communicating marine mammals simpler over longer distances, but with the steadily increasing marine traffic, their noises of communication are being dulled out.

Underwater, right next to the ship, sounds can be as loud as 170180db. The threshold for bursting your eardrums is 150db, and the threshold for (human) death is 185+ decibels. Whales and other sea animals are usually not located right next to a vessel, but they

TIME

are often located close enough for the sound to be as loud as 60 to 90 decibels. In the workplace it is mandatory to use hearing protection when the decibels exceed 85. Recommendations though, ask you to use it from around 70 db and upwards.

THE BELUGA WHALE AND THE NARWHAL Beluga whales, knows as the ”canaries of the sea”, use their vocal sounds to form groups to hunt, migrate and interact with eachother. Narwhals act in a similar manner, communicating using sonar because it is so effective in water compared to in air. A call to a mate can

FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE

GLOBAL ROUTE

reach much further than other landmammals could. In their habitats in the arctic, they are still fairly alone, little anthropocene impact. In todays climate, shipping routes aren’t particularly accessible in the Arctic Sea - yet. However, as the ice caps melt, these

WHAT IS FOC

FROM A TO Z

routes will become more and more accessible causing a disturbance to the life of the beluga and the narwhal. The beluga require air to survive, but as noisy ships pass, they will migrate closer to the north pole. This could lead to them being trapped under the

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

HABITATION

NOISE

rapid freezing ice in the fall. The free air would then be impossible to reach exept for a few holes in the ice they could find using their signals - if not disturbed. The more traffic we have in the arctic, less whales can survive, less whales will be a part of our ecosystem.

EMISSIONS

INTERWIEVS

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POLLUTION

A N D I T S C O N T R A D I C T O RY S O L U T I O N S The shipping industry as a whole is the most effective way of transporting goods. Thousands of containers on a single ship whereas a truck can only carry two. If you were to transport the same amounts of cargo with a truck it would take between five and ten thousand trips with a single truck. This efficency comes at a cost. As new regulations come into place, the ship owners are forced to limit how much sulfur their ship releases or where they are allowed to use the “dirty” fuel, the fuel that emits black as night smoke from This sound great initially step, but in the long run it really doesnt do the planet any good. Many ships can run for 20 more years, as the regulations are only forced upon new ships. Through human history the number of ships at sea has been in a steady rise.During the industrial revolution when steam and later diesel engines came into play, it increased drastically. As the ships get bigger and faster, you might think that the number of ships would go down. It doesn’t.

the shipping industry. Looking at huge amounts of research and data, its hard to believe that there ever will be a good solution to this. The efficiency of ships is on the rise, while the regulations are getting stricter. Some companies are trying to develop green ships with close to zero emissions. MAERS has said they want to become a zero emission company by year XXXX, and while this sounds promising, many believe they will instead become a neutral emission company, meaning they are researching ways to “reverse” the climate impact they produce. Creating oxygen out of CO2 and so on, reversing the damage they are doing. The shipping industry is world leading in efficiency. Meaning they transport the most cargo while producing the least amount of emissions. On the contrary the industry is also so big that they are the worst in terms of polluting and if ranked as a country they compete in the top FIVE.

Not only does this pollute the air we breathe, but it also disturbs the wildlife in the ocean, by producing loud noise, which either disorients them or forces them to change their way of communicating.

NEW SHIP? NEW RULES

OLD SHIP? OLD RULES

Even though the levels of pollution coming from a single ship is forced down, the total number of ships at sea is increasing. This battles the main intentions of the regulations. Sixteen tanker ships pollute as much as all the cars on the planet, all 800 million of them. As our population and consumption grows, so does

BLACK CARBON

After CO2, black carbon (BC) contributes the most to the climate impact of shipping, representing 7% of total shipping CO2-eq emissions on a 100year timescale and 21% of CO2-eq emissions on a 20-year time scale Because BC is a short-lived climate pollutant, reducing BC emissions from ships would immediately reduce shipping’s climate impacts. Even though its a short-lived pollutant, its capabilities to heat up the atmosphere is many times greater than CO2

HISTORY

PORT OF BERGEN

THROUGH HISTORY

IMPORT - EXPORT

PEAS AND PAPER

WHAT COMES IN AND OUT OF BERGEN

BAS OCEAN SPACE II 2020

16 SHIPS POLLUTE AS MUCH AS ALL THE CARS IN THE WORLD

all 800 million of them

90% OF ALL SHIPS ARE BEACHED IN INDIA, PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH

VESSEL BEACHING The Norwegian Maritime Industry recently signed up to the EU Ship Recycling Regulation. These comprehensive rules dictate that ships must be recycled in an EU approved ship recycling yard, and includes harsh punishments for practices such as beaching – running a ship aground and leaving it to rot – and sinking of vessels.

One of the most important environmental aspects of shipping is what to do with the ships once they have reached the end of their life. Up to 95% of a ships body is made of steel which can be reused, sold and recycled. Unfortunately nine out of ten are sent to South Asia to be scrapped by the controversial beaching method. Ships are sent full force into a beach to ground it, leaving it to be dismantled by their workers - always underpaid, often underage. Manually dismantling these ships lead to an release of dangerous materials such as PCB and asbestos. These materials are both breathed in by the workers and washed into the seas by the tides. An overall incredibly polluting process that could have easily been avoided had ship owners chosen to sustainably recycle their vessels for a marginal profit over selling it to Asia for three million euros.

FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE

WHAT IS FOC

GLOBAL ROUTE

OWNERSHIP

FROM A TO Z

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

HABITATION

NOISE

EMISSIONS

INTERWIEVS

THE PEOPLE ON THE STREET

Christopher Olfasson Ship broker.

Bjørn Viktor Giske Project Manager - Maintenance Planning. Kongsberg Maritime CM AS

When you think about the shipping industry, what is the first thing that comes to your mind?

What was the latest news you heard about the shipping industry?

Upcoming projects underway to develop hydrogen fuel cell technology. Design unveiled for world’s 1st compressed hydrogen ship.

Johan Fredriksen

Employees on strike in the north sea and the closing of an oil rig as a result of this.

What was the latest news you heard about the shipping industry? Chane, development, green shipping future. High focus on sustainable solutions.

Øystein Gunarsson Logistical counselor.

Tore Pettersen Ship broker.

When you think about the shipping industry, what is the first thing that comes to your mind?

Now profitable the transport industry ig and how sloppy the international regulations are when it comes to environmental issues.

An old fashioned, male dominated industry which is unwilling to change - in terms of environmental issues, work environment, and the methods used within the field.

What was the latest news you heard about the shipping industry? A broken oil tanker outside Mauritsius

What was the latest news you heard about the shipping industry? -Robert Macloud no longer C.E.O of Frontline.

Snjólaug Árnadóttir postdoctoral fellow and lecturer in international law.

Anette Pettersen Kindergarden teacher.

When you think about the shipping industry, what is the first thing that comes to your mind?

The first thing that comes to mind when I think about the shipping industry is vessel-source pollution and problems associated with enforcement of international rules and standards. This also reminds me of flags of convenience – the practice of registering ships under the flag of a State they have little or no real connection to in order to avoid various rules on taxes, qualifications for crew etc.

I think of an item I recently bought online. It was a beautiful jacket but it turned out to be too small so I gave it to my sister.

What was the latest news you heard about the shipping industry?

What was the latest news you heard about the shipping industry? I am not sure, I think I heard something about future plans of moving the industrial harbour out of Bergen center, and that a new neighbourhood will come there. I guess that makes sense.

The latest news I heard about the shipping industry relates to Eimskip (an Icelandic shipping company) selling two vessels for scrap in India, in breach of waste laws.

Greenwash -verb

Blueprint of Bergen's Maritime Industries 1: SHIPPING Explorations in Ocean Space II – Vest Land North Sea Blueprints, Master course Autumn 2020, Bergen School of Architecture in collaboration with Bergen Kunsthall. Teachers: Nancy Couling & Vibeke Jensen with Julia Morrissey (assistant) and Mads Andersen graphic designer, studio boi Authors: Håkon Asheim, Guðrún Harðardóttir, Petter Ludvigsen, Tora Nitter, Helene Sørland

-A form of marketing spin in which green values and green marketing are deceptively used to persuade the public that an organization’s products, aims and policies are environmentally friendly and therefore ‘better’; appeal to nature.

Antropocene -noun -The current geological age, viewed as the period during which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment.