beneath the green The Map at Dartmouth
beneath the green
Copyright Š 2019 by the respective authors Published by Tiltfactor Press ISBN 978-1-7327985-0-2 Book design by Nancy Sepe Editorial support by Danielle Taylor Assistant editing by Sophia Whittemore and Casey Smerczynski Special thanks to Christina Seeley, Garnette Cadogan and Peter Carini, and for support from the Humanities Labs from the Leslie Center for the Humanities at Dartmouth College for this publication of students’ opinions and projects that solely claim to represent their own unique voices.
“ Regular maps have few surprises: their contour lines reveal where the Andes are, and are reasonably clear. More precious, though, are the unpublished maps we make ourselves, of our city, our place, our daily world, our life; those maps of our private world we use every day; here I was happy, in that place I left my coat behind after a party, that is where I met my love; I cried there once, I was heartsore; but felt better round the corner once I saw the hills of Fife across the Forth, things of that sort, our personal memories, that make the private tapestry of our lives.” – Alexander McCall Smith, Love Over Scotland
9............................................................................................................INTRODUCTION
15............................................................................................................LEGACIES Dear old Dartmouth, give a rouse For the College on the hill, For the Lone Pine above her, And the loyal ones who love her.
37............................................................................................................EXPERIENCES Dear old Dartmouth, set a watch, Lest the old traditions fail. Stand as sister stands by brother. Dare a deed for the old mother. Greet the world from the hills with a hail! For the sons of old Dartmouth, For the daughters of Dartmouth. Around the world they keep for her Their old undying faith.
65............................................................................................................GREEN And the granite of New Hampshire Is made part of them ‘til death. And the granite of New Hampshire Is made part of them ‘til death.
CONTRIBUTORS The maps in this book were collected from Dartmouth College students and were designed during the summer 2018 term for Professor Mary Flanagan’s course THE MAP. The students vary in class year, major, geographic origin, and experience. The fastmoving 10-week term encompassed research in the campus archives, critical writing, visiting cartographers, exploring surrounding cities, and designing a (seemingly infinite) number of maps. Some maps evolved to be more like statements. Others took a more traditional look at land and landscape. Still others explored experience and the mind. One thing is for certain. None of these maps go quietly. Each possesses a message, a unique voice. They shout and sing. Each map is clearly a medium of expression. No map is just lines on paper — not when you find the story behind it. Enjoy these stories.
SPECIAL THANKS to the students for their openness in creating their maps. We hope you enjoy the exploration. From Professor Flanagan
Invisible Cities by Italo Calvino is a surrealist attempt to describe Venice. But the city, like people, is composed of multiple facets. The way that Calvino describes these cities changes in focus, whether it’s a glittering underworld, a mystical garden, or a place of living history and lions. But, still, it’s the same city Calvino is describing. The same place can appear a thousand different ways to different people, shaped on differing experiences and values. Our campus, and our four years here at Dartmouth College, follows that same, wonderfully fantastic logic. The same campus can look to be a haven for some, or an underworld for others. No map is objective or neutral. For an adventurer, the seas might have had monsters. For a city-dweller, the skyscrapers might fade into the background, while a tourist might see them as giants ready to devour them. This is a compilation of maps, neither wholly objective, nor wholly subjective. Think of putting on different-colored glasses, not all the lenses rosy. Like a surveyor, we invite different viewpoints on architectural legacies, environmentalism, and experiences.
THE GREEN At Dartmouth, it represents multiple things. A sprawling expanse of freshly mowed grass and trimmed trees, a hub for student activity. It’s also our school colors, though school spirit may not necessarily be the be-all and end-all of campus life. Whatever your perception, welcome to the underworld Beneath the Green. I hope you have a pleasant journey, and many future returns. – Sophia Whittemore
LEGACIES
Burning Bridges Alec Linden I sought to juxtapose the modern river crossings of the Hanover area with those lost to history. Although I only focused on the last incarnation of the many toll bridges in place before the construction of the Ledyard bridge, its burning is meant to both represent a literal arson that occurred to that specific bridge (torched in 1854 due to anger over tolls), and also as an end to the troubled history of the bridges that preceded it. The Ledyard Bridge has seen three reconstructions since the original. The rope ferry (represented by a stick towards the back of the map) faced a far less dramatic end as its use faded with the opening of a toll-free bridge, which I tried to represent through its slow descent into the waters of the Connecticut. The free bridge is the new standard for the Connecticut river and has been essential in fostering close ties among cross-river communities. For a region like the Upper Valley, so centered around the river, the history of crossings has had an immense impact on local culture and society, very much influencing the way we live our lives here today. Source: Norwich Times
17
For the College on the Hill Cameron Lee left:
Poet Richard Hovey, Dartmouth Class of 1885, wrote the song “Eleazar Wheelock” that describes a mythical founding of the College. This song served as the inspiration for Walter Beach Humphrey’s murals that decorated the walls of the faculty dining Hall starting in 1938. The Hovey Murals came under scrutiny for their derogatory depiction of Native Americans and women. They were ultimately covered over and currently sit in the basement of ‘53 Commons (formerly Thayer Dining Hall).
18
Winter Carnival Dates Cameron Lee right:
This map draws attention to the underlying rape culture of Dartmouth’s Winter Carnival tradition. Prior to becoming co-ed, Dartmouth students brought women to campus as their winter carnival dates. In the 1940s, approximately 1200 women came to campus every year. The map depicts the journeys taken by women from the eight most popular colleges. The quotes on the poster are from the Dartmouth Pictorial’s Carnival Issue of 1940, which asked Dartmouth students the criteria they used to choose their dates.
19
ROTC “Riots” Casey Smerczynski It was the beginning of a time where peace and war fought, ironically enough. Students all over the United States were protesting the Vietnam War, including those at Dartmouth College. On May 5th, 1967 over two hundred students showed their opposition towards the war by protesting the colleges ROTC student’s Armed Forces Day parade. Thirty-five State policemen stood between the protesters and the ROTC students. “Your Business Here Is Not Learning To Kill” “Don’t Be Misled By Fancy Uniforms — The Business of ROTC Is Killing” “War Is Good Business — Invest In Your Sons”
20
Fill the Bowl Up! Alec Linden The concept behind this map is simple — try to juxtapose iconic Dartmouth imagery with the history of colonialism and systemic racism these symbols arise from. The center image is the flag of the Western Abenaki, the First Nation which occupied the area before colonial encroachment, surrounded by cutouts of the Hovey Murals. The Murals, now available by appointment only, were on display in the dining hall for decades. The scenes depict a drinking song written by Richard Hovey (the lyrics of which the title of this map refers to) in the late 19thcentury. It describes Eleazar Wheelock’s journey north to “Teach the Indian” yet only succeeding in introducing them to rum. The racism inherent in both the song and murals is obvious, and serves as a lasting reminder of the inequity that lies beneath the symbolism/tradition of Dartmouth.
21
22
Mister Rogers’ Critics Casey Smerczynski Fred Rogers went to Dartmouth College for 2 years, but that’s rarely acknowledged. In 2002, he was elected to be Dartmouth’s commencement speaker, and instead of celebrating a man who dedicated over 30 years of his life to spreading kindness and acceptance, protests arose over his credibility. Mister Rogers is a hidden gem to Dartmouth College and has not gotten the recognition at the school which he deserves. This map takes place during the 2002 commencement protests, and I portray Mister Rogers as constantly smiling past the disrespectful quotes hurled by students at him. I juxtaposed the hate against quotes that represent his caring life lessons. Both this campus and the rest of the world could learn a few things about pure acceptance and being kind.
23
24
Topographical Map of Hanover, NH Drawn by F. B. Scribner, 1874 This map, held in the Rauner Archive, clearly depicts the size of Hanover in the latter Nineteenth Century. It documents an offensive racial slur in the name of an island (which is now known as “Gilman Island�) on the Connecticut River.
25
Alternative West End Graham Hazlett This map portrays what the west end of campus might have looked like, if a master plan done by Jens Fredrick Larson had come to be in the 1920s. In it, he wanted an expanded area of campus where Thayer, Tuck, and the river cluster currently sit, with greenspace and new buildings dispersed throughout. In a time when Dartmouth is currently planning to expand the West End of campus, I think it’s interesting to consider what it could have looked like from a plan proposed almost 100 years ago.
Early Minorities of Dartmouth Jenny Peterlin Minority enrollment at Dartmouth is documented as early as the 1800s. This map presents the history of minority enrollment based off early registrar records. Working in the archives, I compared the total undergraduate enrollment to the number of people in each cultural group, overlaying the labels that the administration used over the oldest map that I could find in the College’s catalogue.
27
28
Babes in Boyland Jenny Peterlin During the early years of Dartmouth’s coeducation, Babes in Boyland was created for the purpose of showcasing the difficulties and the resilience of the female population on campus. The text, images, and newspaper clippings were significant events that point to the spot that they occurred on campus. Unsettling lyrics from the Cohog song that was performed by a fraternity on campus, who won the “Hums Competition” during Green Key of 1975, border the map. this page: detail
29
Architectural Legacies Kevin Hu This map of Dartmouth College tells the story behind the design of its buildings — of its architects and their individual influences on the campus we see today. Charles Rich, an American architect who practiced in NYC, and Jens Fredrick Larsen are responsible for planning the core campus in the late 1800s and 1900s. As the College moves into its latest Capital Campaign, members of the community should wonder what lasting impacts the new buildings will have in Dartmouth’s campus personality — how they will produce for current students, how they will attract talented faculty and students and how they will fit in with the past and the future.
30
31
32
Red Dartmouth Hall Kevin Hu Built in 1984-92, the original Dartmouth Hall provided classrooms, a dormitory, a library and a museum. The ~118 year old wooden building burnt down on February 18, 1904 by faulty wiring. A new Dartmouth Hall, changed from wood construction to steel and masonry construction, opened on February 17, 1906 with a dedication ceremony. During the ceremony, the new Hall had not been painted yet, and I wanted to emphasize that it held its natural red brick color as it stood between the painted white Thornton and Wentworth Halls. The new 1906 Dartmouth Hall was a victim of another fire on April 25, 1935. Jens F. Larsen remodeled the building after the 1935 fire. The College again remodeled the building in 1972 and plans to remodel again with funds from the Dartmouth 2018-2022 capital campaign.
33
The Hood Museum: Inherited Legacies Kevin Hu Named after Dartmouth alumnus and milk-products magnate, Harvey P. Hood, the Hood Museum at Dartmouth College holds collections and archives of American, Native American, European, African and Melanesian art. In 1985, Charles Moore designed an architecturally well-received structure nestled between a brick Romanesque building of the late 19th century and a postmodernist structure of the Sixties. In early 2019, Dartmouth College plans to open a renovated museum designed by Tod Williams and Billie Tsien Architects (TWBTA). TWBTA’s plan for the museum, a gray-white brick brutalist structure commands a presence to the College green but masks Moore’s original solution. Moore was Tsien’s thesis advisor.
34
Webster Hall Nuggets Kevin Hu Designed by Charles Rich, Webster Memorial Hall opened to the Dartmouth campus in 1907 as an auditorium and concert hall. Webster Hall temporarily served as Hanover’s local theater, the Nugget, when it burned down in 1944. In 1998, the building was remodeled and renamed to house the Rauner Special Collections Library. In the ceiling of the current building, the original light bulbs from Webster Hall’s “movie theater” days were left in place as a memorial design element.
The Dartmouth Master Plan: Unrealized Kevin Hu
The Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital Kevin Hu Named in memory of his wife who had died at age 53, the Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital was founded in 1887 by Hiram Hitchcock — a proprietor of the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City. Hitchcock was inspired by the Johns Hopkins Hospital, a complex originally intended for 400 patients. The original Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital was demolished in 1995. Today, few remnants of the hospital enclose a large parking lot that stands on the site of the original hospital.
The College’s original plan for the campus was to build around the college green until it filled. Unlike many college campuses, Dartmouth’s rural environment provided an unrestricted canvas for its future. As the College approaches its 250th anniversary next year, it has commissioned several master plans over its history. Charles Rich was the first architect hired by the College to create an expansion plan in 1895, a second master plan from John Russel Pope in 1922, a third master plan from Jens Frederick Larsen (the College’s architect in residence) in 1928, a fourth from Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich in 1957, and a fifth from Lo-Yi Chan in 2002. A north campus master plan was commissioned from Moore Ruble Yudell in 2001. The College commissioned a campus master plan in 2013 and a west end master plan in 2017 from Beyer Blinder Belle.
35
EXPERIENCES
38
Delta Alpha Hazing Cameron Lee Delta Alpha was a freshman hazing society. This map shows various hazing rules for the freshman class in 1910. Different sets of rules were assigned to freshman according to their dorm.
39
The Dartmouth X Cameron Lee The Dartmouth X refers to the changing levels of desirability for males and females throughout their tenure at Dartmouth. According to this idea, men become more attractive while women become less attractive. This map exposes the sexist, underlying tone of rapeculture that the X perpetuates. The data on sexual assault is from Dartmouth’s 2015 AAU Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct.
40
41
42
Lessons Chinedum Uche This map was inspired by our class canoeing trip. There are many messages present in this image; some speak of the necessity of comfort zones and choice, another speaks of the importance of growth, and a couple speak of the power of difference and community. Some people on the trip did not have much experience outdoors and felt uncomfortable. However, the different identities on the trip added a healthy balance. Some students who were on the trip were more outdoorsy, enjoyed the trip, and provided support for those who did not have a similar background.
43
44
Sexual Assault at Dartmouth Eleanor Wilson In 1988, M. Moore Robinson was visiting Dartmouth as an accepted student before matriculating. On this visit, M. Moore Robinson was sexually assaulted by Kevin Acker, the man in the photo. M. Moore Robinson attended Dartmouth for two years, speaking openly about her assault but ultimately transferred to Brown. It was revealed in other newspaper articles that Kevin Acker was a repeat offender and went on to continue to sexually assault women. Kevin Acker only started to care about the charges when it was realized that he actually may have to pay the consequences and feel administrative action, which would “ruin his post-graduate plans�. M. Moore Robinson, on the other hand, was most likely traumatized by the assault everywhere on campus to the point where she had to transfer.
45
46
She Laughs, He Laughs, You Laugh Jenny Peterlin Inspired by the script of You Laugh, (35-minute series of skits designed to focus on feelings and perceptions of Dartmouth’s first women) this piece presents a generalized perspective of women and a men at Dartmouth. You Laugh was written and produced by eight Dartmouth women in response to the 1975 Green Key Hums. It was first performed at the HOP in front of an all-female audience, but eventually made its way to the public stage and was performed twice at Rollins Chapel.
48
I am a woman. I got to Dartmouth. Do you know what that is Supposed to mean? It means I've got 3.2 men a knocking on my door. All hustling me just to get me on the floor. I'm flattered and praised when I'm coquettish and sweet. So I've learned to bat my eyes and ponder my feet. It means I change my men once every three weeks. Just like spoiled melons they begin to reek. I get them garden fresh and hold them while they're strong. But when they start to rot- Hey man they are gone. It means down at frat bars where egos fall with ease I'll tossle guy's hair, their bodies I tease. Yes, my Dartmouth animals- they must be rough. The games I demand raze all but the tough. It means Dave, Jim and Larry pander all to my needs. In my inverted harem they can't even sneeze. I've found my milk and honey, its paradise without cost. Too bad the beguiled "shmen," their paraYou Laugh 1975 dise they've lost.
I am a man. I go to Dartmouth. Do you know what that is supposed to mean? It means there’s a third of women here for me. To win the rest of her I must play hot hands now freeze. But when victorious oh I crow and sport her like a crown. The highsigns all pour in. I’m the man renown. It means I join a frat to buy me a name.I chug the Bud by the gallone to fill me with fame. I long for days past when Brew Deanster made boys men When ‘twas Men you puncked not keyboards and Dartmouth was your friend. It means giggling bitches now infest my life like lice. They rot away tradition and poison my life’s spice. For the sake of dear old Dartmouth let’s fumigate our throne. With a bit of disinfectant we’ll be rid of all those crones. Cohogs go home. That’s right. I’ll not go out with out a fight. I’ll go piss on Wood ward’s walls I’ll rade the cohogs at Thayer Hall I’ll pursue the pig books anew Then I’ll go out and fuck them 1975 Part 2 blue. You Laugh
49
Revitalization Sophia Whittemore For my map, I reached out to the Dartmouth Linguistics department and was provided with help from Professors Whaley, Stanford, and Peterson. I learned of the Linguistics research done at the college to preserve languages that are losing local speakers. Some of these languages have only a hundred or so speakers, often even less. This research is crucial to maintaining the cultural heritage and identity of peoples around the world.
50
51
The Rainbow Sophia Whittemore Vox clamantis in deserto, a voice cries out in the wilderness. When someone who feels like an outsider at Dartmouth says it, it’s like nobody is listening to your cry for help. With layered timeline, set in the Pride symbol of the rainbow, I showcase the struggles of the LGBT+ community at Dartmouth over the years, and the progress that’s yet to come. Source: Jaden Young’s Dartmouth article, “The Fraught History of LGBT Performance at the College”
53
THE STORY OF GILMAN ISLAND by Eleanor Wilson It was Wednesday, August 15th in the early evening. Studio Art 17 students were eagerly awaiting their final class- a planned excursion to Gilman Island, with special guest Garnette Cadogan, a visiting scholar from the Urban Planning Department at MIT. The class convened at the Ledyard canoe club, where they were greeted by Maximillius the dog. Our professor, the wonderful Mary Flanagan, unexpectedly could not make the trip due to a pressing and timesensitive New York commitment, so she sent Christina Seely, a wellknown studio art professor who blends environmental system issues with art (a perfect addition to our trip). Once we all arrived to the banks of the Connecticut, the excursion began. With a party of 16, we took out two regular canoes (holding 3 people) and a clipper, an extra large canoe which held 10 people. Everyone either was wearing a life jacket or had one available in their boat (per New Hampshire boating laws). Going with the current, the trip downstream towards the island was generally uneventful. The clipper cohort, after a tough start of finding their cohesion and rhythm, picked up speed. After coasting along the suspiciously still water, we made it to the island. Clouds rolled in, but after checking our phones and seeing chances of precipitation hovering at 30%, we decided to bravely go on. After communicating with another boat heading in the other direction, we found a docking area for our three canoes. Some jumped straightaway into the water, while others hopped from canoe to canoe to stay dry. We climbed upwards onto the island and convened around a fire pit. After roaming around the island for 30 minutes, the group grew nervous, as we saw the sun disappear from the sky. We carried
54
on, skittish, for another 5 minutes, in which we were able to see beautifully colored mushrooms, magnificent trees, and an outhouse. Suddenly, thunder. “It’s just a plane!” Alec exclaimed. But after another loud rumble, we jumped into action and decided that it was safest to begin our journey home. Once we had gathered all members, many of whom were immersed in their excursion and near-hidden in the light of the evening, we began to load up the boats and head home. The two 3-person canoes loaded quickly and were ready to go. However, as they began to pull away from the shore, they saw it. “A branch!” one member exclaimed. As all of the inhabitants of the clipper looked over the left edge to see the branch, the canoe started to tip and suddenly, a scream. All members of the clipper, including Professor Seely and Garnett (WHO CANNOT SWIM), fell into the choppy water. Hearing the screams, the two boats further out 180’ed and canoed as fast as they could back to the island.
Thus began the process of draining and up-righting the 150-pound wooden vessel. A true team effort! We were able to properly rid the canoe of excess water by resting it atop a rock and tipping it sideways. With some reconfiguration, we shifted Professor Seely and Garnett into a 3 person boat. Worried about both wet phones and stormy skies, we began to paddle back against the current to the Ledyard Docks. The journey back was slow, as we were fighting valiantly against the current. With a visible strike of lightning, we feverishly paddled to be closer to shore, fearful of disaster. A positive moment of our journey was when the students in the clipper found their rhythm, and like a well-oiled machine, led the way back to the docks. We finally arrived back to Ledyard, damp but safe. Back before the sun set, we reflected on our experience and were able to talk with Garnette deeper about his experiences and writing. What a wild adventure to end a wonderful term!
55
Distance from Diversity Vinay Reddy This map depicts the lack of diversity in the geographic area around Dartmouth by showing the distances between Dartmouth and the nearest Latin, Native American, Black, and Asian majority censusdesignated places. The nearest Latin majority place is Lawrence, MA at 90 Miles away. The nearest Native American majority place is St. Regis Mohawk Reservation, NY at 147 Miles away. The nearest Black majority place is Mount Vernon, NY at 209 Miles away. The nearest Asian majority place is Palisades Park, NJ at 216 Miles away.
56
57
Getting Home Vinay Reddy This series of maps highlights the difficulty many students face to be able to afford traveling home from Dartmouth by showing various student hometowns around the world and how many hours a student would have to work at an $11/hour on campus job to be able to afford round trip travel home.
58
59
60
61
62
Minority Representation in Greek Life Vinay Reddy This map, based on data collected from a publicly available spreadsheet listing Greek-affiliated members of the class of 2020, highlights the amount of minority representation at each Greek House by mapping them on a timeline of American history and future based on when each house’s minority proportion best approximates that of the population of the United States. This map also displays Dartmouth’s student body and faculty on the timeline.
63
GREEN
The Not-Always-Lone Pine Alec Linden The idea behind this map was to demonstrate that the landscape and forests, aspects of our lives whose stagnancy and consistency we take for granted, are constantly under flux. The map follows three stages of Northern New England forest history, beginning in pre-colonial times when the forest was filled with spaced-apart, vast trees. The forest floor was mostly bare due to periodic brush burnings by Native Americans. The next stage is the peak of pastoralism and logging in the mid-19thcentury when almost 80% of New England was clearcut. And then finally the dense new growth forests we find in the area today. Hidden amongst the seemingly immaculate forests of Vermont and New Hampshire is a vast ecological and cultural history, two narratives that are very much intertwined and codependent. The landscape reflects a culture’s values and livelihoods, and will change accordingly to shifts among the people who inhabit it. The trees and soils around us are not as stable as they may seem.
66
67
68
A Surprising Business Venture Alec Linden This map is constructed of a Dartmouth campus walking tour (cut up into the shape of the fallen school symbol of the Lone Pine), surrounded by a visual representation of the cycle of Dartmouth’s logging business, enforced on college property in the Second College Grant. Dartmouth does claim to practice only the most sustainable methods of timber harvesting, with the goal that the revenue “[provides] financial support to the College and student scholarships, and will contribute to the economy of the region” (from the Master Plan drafted in 2004). This map is not meant to be political, but merely to depict a curious and surprising component of Dartmouth’s identity. An active logging business is one of the last sources of revenue one might expect for a college in 2018 to have – surely there aren’t many scholarship students who are aware that part of their tuition cost is subsidized by cutting down trees.
69
The Green: Then and Now Callie Page The Dartmouth Green is the center of student life on campus; for centuries it has served as the forum where students play, protest, demonstrate, and celebrate. These maps trace the history of the Green from its inception to its current form, including some of the events that have taken place on its grass and the decisions that caused it to look the way it does.
70
71
The Green: Then and Now
72
73
74
Water Works Callie Page Dartmouth’s residence halls alone use 36,000,000 gallons of water per year – but where is this water coming from? This map shows the rivers and reservoirs that Hanover Water Works draws from to meet Dartmouth’s water demand. Learning where our resources come from can foster a connection to the natural environment that surrounds and sustains us.
77
What’s Really Under the Green? Callie Page These maps aim to explore the underground, behind-the-scenes infrastructure that allows the Dartmouth campus to function on a day to day basis. By literally delving beneath the Green, they expose the steam tunnels (orange), electricity lines (yellow), water lines (blue), and sewers (red) that go unnoticed during everyday life in Hanover. While perhaps not the most glamorous aspect of Dartmouth, these utilities are an important component of the college landscape.
Split Habitats Graham Hazlett This map shows the effects of human development in the Upper Valley on wildlife. In this map, land is partitioned into human developed areas (marked in grey) and forested areas (marked in color). The forested areas are partitioned by developed areas and major roads in the area. In this way, the map notes the different areas that wildlife are able to roam without encountering humans, or trying to cross roads.
80
Gone Fishing Charles Sukin This piece depicts the life of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar ) in the Connecticut River. Once an abundant species in the river, many unnatural barriers, such as dams and pollution, drastically affected the Salmon’s survival in the river. Dams have prevented these salmon from reaching their breeding ground and completely wiped the species out from the area. The image of the salmon fades out as the image of Wilder Dam, a local Hanover dam, becomes the more dominant image. Dams like this, which power our college, are the reason this species can no longer in habit our area.
81
There They Go Again Charles Sukin This map was inspired by a species classification manual of Hanover, NH and surrounding areas made in 1891 by T.W.D. Worthen. The manual lists the A. Anguilla (Eel) as an abundant species in the rivers at the time. Using descriptions of presence by Worthen, this map envisions what subsequent manuals would describe about the eels’ presence in the area. Due to hydroelectric dams, the eels can no longer migrate up the Connecticut River. As with the Atlantic Salmon, dams like the Wilder Dam, which power our school, prevent migratory species from reaching areas necessary to their survival, jeopardizing their existence.
82
83
84
Flooding Hannah Rubin This series of maps shows what would happen if the Connecticut River were to rise in 50 foot increments over time. While unlikely, sea level rise is a legitimate concern for many coastal towns. Hanover is not on the coast, so the only way for us to visualize how catastrophic this would be is to imagine if our own body of water were to rise. In fact, due to dam building, this event has happened in the past on a much smaller scale, creating reservoirs and flooding the landscape.
85
86
Stream Network Hannah Rubin The town of Hanover (placed on a map of rivers) demonstrates the connectivity of land and water and the artifice and arbitrariness of human boundaries. The rivers and streams that we depend on do not care what town they flow through. It is hard to see this interconnectedness by simple observation because one would have to survey a vast area of challenging terrain and account for human interference to trace all the creeks and brooks that make up the network of water.
87
9 781732 798502