NANO News 23 by NANO

.--alumni.org nanonews nanonews nanoshinbun ナノ新聞 NF-POGOAlumniE-Newsle�er–Volume23,May2023 -NF-POGOAlumniNetworkfortheOceanMonitoring ourocean

NF-POGOAlumniE-Newsle�er–Volume23,May2023

Inthisissue:

FromtheEditorialBoard………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1

NF-POGOVisi�ngFellowshipforShipboardTraining

ZuleicaDuarte…..…………………….………………………………........................…........………......................2

CarolaFerronato……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3

NANOResearchProject:

Ensenada(Mexico)station…...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4

SalambôandKuriatIsland(Tunisia)stations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………5

TEPAST(Indonesia)station…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7

Researchcommunications:

HindAzidane…………………….………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………….…9 HadeerIsmail………………………………………..…………….…….…………………………………………………………………………………12 Scientificeventsannouncements........................................................................................................................................................................13

Coverphoto SamplingatNANO-DOAPTEPASTsta�on. Credits:LantunPDewan�

DISCLAIMER: NANONewsle�erisnotapeerreviewedpublica�on.Readersshouldthereforebeawarethatar�clesin NANONewsle�ermaycontainfaults,andreportinforma�onthathasnotyetbeenacceptedorendorsedbythescien�fic community.

Ar�clecontentsrepresenttheviewsandopinionsoftheirauthorsanddonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoropinions ofNANO.Publica�onofanar�cledoesnotcons�tuteanendorsementbyNANO,NForPOGO.

Theoceanisourmightyallyinmi�ga�ngclimatechange.Ithastakenup90%oftheheat trappedintheatmospherewhichmakesitbearthebruntoftheclimatecrisis.Itis�meto puttheoceanatthecentreoftheglobalagenda.Becauseweliveononeplanet,itis�me totakeac�on!

Con�nuous�me-seriesmeasurementshavebecomeprerequisitesformonitoringand forecas�ngthechangesthathappenintheocean.DuringtheCOP27climateconference thatwasheldinSharmEl-SheikhinEgyptlastyear,theGlobalOceanObservingSystem (GOOS),ledbyUNESCO'sIntergovernmentalOceanographicCommission,proposed monitoringprogrammessuchastheOceanObservingCo-DesignProgramme,whichaims tohighlighttheimportanceofoceancarbonobserva�on.

InthisnewissueoftheNANONewsle�er,wearedelightedtofeaturesomeofthemost recentresearchfindingslinkedtotheNANOGlobalProject“AGlobalStudyof Deoxygena�on,OceanAcidifica�on,andProduc�vityatSelectedSites”(NANO-DOAP). NANO-DOAPaimstoadvanceknowledgeandobserva�onofthecoastaloceanby collec�ngdatafromaseriesofexis�ng,orestablishingnew,monitoringsta�ons,allledby NANOmembers.Sta�onsfeaturedinthisissuearelocatedin3con�nents.

Inaddi�on,wehearfromrecentaddi�onstotheNANOfamily,ZuleicaAlmeidaDuarte andCarolaFerronato,abouttheirexperiencesontheNF-POGOShipboardTraining ProgrammealongthearchipelagoofCapeVerdeandtheNortherncoastofSpain, respec�vely.

Next,wehaveareportontheimpactofCOVID-19lockdownonwaterqualityalongthe Atlan�cMoroccancoast.Dr.HindAzidaneandcolleaguespresentedresultsfromsatellite data�meseriesanalysisofthetotalsuspendedma�erfordifferentloca�onsbefore, duringanda�erthelockdownperiod.Finally,HadeerAbdotellsaboutherresearchwhich focusesmainlyonimpactofanthropogenicpressuresontheso�coralsalongtheEgyp�an coastoftheRedSea.

Inourfinalsec�on,weannouncetheupcomingscien�ficeventsinmarinescience,which canprovideyouwithmoreopportuni�es!

Yourssincerely,

M��w�B�l�z� Editor-in-chief

NANOwasfoundedby:

ShubhaSathyendranathandTrevorPla�-FormerExecu�veDirectorsofPOGO SophieSeeyave-ChiefExecu�veOfficerofPOGO

NANOandNANONewsaresupportedby: PartnershipforObserva�onoftheGlobalOcean(POGO)

TheNipponFounda�on(NF)

EditorialBoard: MárcioSilvadeSouza,YohanDidierLouis,AdreejaCha�erjee,SudheeshV,LilianKrugandFionaBeckman.

Contactus: --alumni.org

Editorialdesignandlayout: LilianKrug

NANOwebsite: .--alumni.org

FromtheEditorialBoard

NF-POGOVisi�ngFellowshipforShipboardTraining

MissionOpenSea(2021)

ZuleicaAlmeidaDuarte

Alumnusprofile: h�ps://nf-pogo-alumni.org/profile/Zuleica%20Almeida%20Duarte/

MynameisZuleicaAlmeidaDuarte.I'mfromSãoNicolau, CaboVerde.I'mastudentinthebiologicalsciences courseattheTechnicalUniversityoftheAtlan�c. BetweenOctober30�� toNovember15��,2021,Ireceived trainingonboardthePortugueseNavyship,D.CarlosI,around thearchipelagoofCaboVerde.Duringtheexpedi�on,Ihadtheopportunityto learnhowtocollectsamplesforthedetermina�onofpH,disolvedoxygen(DO), metals,nutrientsandphotosynthe�cpigmentsusingtheRose�esystemandCTD probes.Onboard,Ifilteredsamplesforphotosynthe�cpigment,pH determina�onandDOdetermina�on.

A�ertheexpedi�onIhadtheopportunitytotraveltoPortugaltoanalyzethe samplesattheIns�tutoHidrográfico(IH),inLisbon.AttheIHlaboratories,I learnedhowtodeterminephotosynthe�cpigmentsintheThermoevolu�on spectrometer,metalsandsemi-metalArsenicbyatomicabsorp�onspectrometry, andnutrientsbymolecularabsorp�onspectrometry.Inaddi�on,Ialso par�cipatedintwoexpedi�onsontheTagusRiver.

Thetrainingexperiencewasveryrewardingandwonderful,asIhadthe opportunitytomeetnewpeopleandgettoknowali�lebitoftheircultures.BeingmyfirsttripoutofCaboVerde,it wassignificantinmanyotheraspects,besidescontribu�ngdirectlytotheendofmydegree.Italsohelpedmemake upmymindonpursuingamaster’sdegreeinmarinebiology.

CurrentlyIamdoinganinternshipattheCommunica�onsdepartmentof Biosphere,anNGObasedinMindelo,CaboVerde.Previously,Ihave workedwiththemonseveralcampaignsfortheconserva�onand protec�onofseaturtlesintheSantaLuziaNaturalReserveandonthe sharkcaptureandtaggingproject.

Wordsfallshorttoexpressmygra�tudetothankNipponFounda�on, POGOandtheIHfortheopportunity,especiallyDr.CarlaPalma,myhost supervisor.Ihopebothorganisa�onscon�nuewiththisnoblegoalof helpingunderprivilegedcountries.

Contactus: info@nf-pogo-alumni.org

NANOwebsite: www.nf-pogo-alumni.org

NF-POGOVisi�ngFellowshipforShipboardTraining

RADIALESCruise(2022)

CarolaFerronato

Alumnusprofile: h�ps://nf-pogo-alumni.org/profile/carolaferronato/

IamanoceanographerandIamcurrentlyenrolledinaPhD posi�oninbiology,tostudyphytoplanktonecologyinshelf seas.Ihadtheopportunitytopar�cipateinaNF-POGO-IEO ShipboardTrainingProgramme,whichincludedseveraldaily mul�disciplinarycruisesalongtheNortherncoastofSpainand laboratoryworkattheIEOACoruña.This3-monthtrainingfocusedonsampling andprocessingplanktoncommuni�es,theirabundanceandbiomass,andrelated physico-chemicalparameters.Ilearnednewtechniquestoiden�fymicrobial/ phytoplankton/zooplanktonsuchas:flowcytometry,flowcam,zooscanandDNA sequencing.Addi�onally,Ilearntabouttheequipmentandmethodologyusedto measurechlorophyll-aconcentra�on,dissolvedoxygenandinorganicnutrients, amongothervariables.Furthermore,Ihadthechancetocollaborateinan icthyoplanktonresearchcruisetoassessthebiomassofsomeimportant commercialfishspeciesoftheNEAtlan�c.Overall,Igainedmoreexperiencein fieldsamplingaswellasintheplanning,prepara�onandexecu�onof oceanographicexpedi�ons.Thistrainingprogrammeisanexcellentpla�ormfor capacitybuildingandfordiscussinginterdisciplinaryresearchtopicswithother colleaguesandexperts.

Iwouldliketothankallwhocouldmakethispossible:myhostsupervisorsDr.MartaMVarelaRozadosandMaría AngelesLouroPico,greatprofessionalsandexcellentpeople.AlsotothePOGOstafffortheirtremendoussupport duringthewholejourney.Andlastlytomyparentsupervisor Dr.ValeriaGuinder forencouringmetocon�nue developingmyscien�ficskills.

Contactus: info@nf-pogo-alumni.org

NANOwebsite: www.nf-pogo-alumni.org

NANOGlobalProject(NANO-DOAP)Ensenada(Mexico)sta�on DinoflagellatesbloomsmayaffecttheMexicanNANO-DOAPsta�on:studyingtheirbioop�calcharacteris�cs

AdrianaGonzález-Silvera* andMarianaLarios-Muñiz

UniversidadAutónomadeBajaCalifornia,FacultyofMarineScience,Mexico *Alumnaprofile: h�ps://nf-pogo-alumni.org/profile/agonzal/

TheNANOGlobalProject(NANO-DOAP)“AglobalstudyofDeoxygena�on,Ocean Acidifica�onandProduc�vityatselectedsites”hastheobjec�veofmonitoring thelevelsofoceanacidifica�onanddeoxygena�onworldwidebasedondata collectedfromaseriesofcoastalsta�ons.Oneofthesesta�onsisinTodosSantos Bay,Ensenada(BajaCalifornia,Mexico)wherethePhytoplanktonEcologyTeam (POPEYE)hasbeenoverseeingthisandotherprojectssince2016.

TodosSantosBayislocatedonthenorthwestcoastofBajaCalifornia,Mexico,between31°40’–31°56’Nand 116°36’–116°50’W(Figure1).Itisasemi-enclosedcoastalwaterbodywhereharmfulalgalblooms(HABs)areregularly recordedandassociatedwithwastewaterdischarges(domes�candindustrial)andagriculturalrunoffcausingstrong economicconsequencespar�cularlyaffec�ngthedevelopmentofbivalvemolluscandtunacultures.Oneofthemost recurrentspeciesthataffectthebayisthedinoflagellate Lingulodiniumpolyedra whichhasbeenassociatedwiththe produc�onofparalyzingtoxinssuchassaxitoxinsandyessotoxins;suchbloomscanlastfromweekstomonthsinthebay.

Onboth8�� June2019and23�� March2022,whenwewerereturningfromtheNANO-DOAPsta�on,wehadthe opportunitytocollectsamplesfromthreedifferentsiteswhenastrongbloomof L.polyedra wasdeveloping(seeFigure 1).Chlorophyll-aconcentra�on(Chl-a)rangedfrom10to36.2mg/m³ andphytoplanktonabundancefrom121,120to 717,800Cel/L(Table1)changingthewatercolourtored(Figure2).AsatelliteimagefromOLCI-FRsensor(Sen�nel3;300 mresolu�on)from23�� Marchallowedthevisualiza�onoftheextentofthisbloomwhichcoveredalmosttheen�rebay. Onthisday,wetooksamplesatsta�onS3whenChl-awasat8.2mg/m³.Watersamplesfromthethreesta�onswere takentoanalyzethelightabsorp�onproper�esofpar�culateanddissolvedmaterial.On23�� Marchwealsodeployedthe RAMSEShyperspectralradiometer,aninstrumentthatmeasuresmarinereflectance(Rrs₍�₎).Indoingsowehadthe objec�veofdeterminingsomeop�calcharacteris�cspecifictothisdinoflagellatebloomthatcanhelpustomodifyor proposenewalgorithmsfortheremotedetec�onofthistypeofbloom,aslongasmoredataareacquired.

Somepeculiari�eswereobserved.First,thestrongchangeinRrs₍�₎ whencomparingtheNANO-DOAPsta�onandsta�on S3,whichwascharacterizedbyachangeinthe blue:greenra�o(indicatedbythearrowsinFigure 3),acharacteris�cfeaturerelatedtotheincreasein Chl-a.However,therewasalsoastrongdecreaseof Rrs₍�₎ intheUVpartofthespectrum.

Thespectralshapeofthelightabsorp�on coefficientbyphytoplankton(aph₍�₎)anddetritus andcoloureddissolvedorganicma�er(adg₍�₎), between250and700nm,wereexamined(Figure4) andcomparedtotheaveragespectrumofthe NANO-DOAPsta�on,wherenobloomhasbeen detected,andChl-aisingeneralbelow2mg/m³

Theaph₍�₎ spectrafromthesta�onsaffectedby L. polyedra werecharacterizedbyapeakaround380 nmthatisnotobservedintheNANO-DOAPsta�on. Also,theadg₍�₎ spectrashowedsomepeaks between310and380nm,mostpronouncedat310 nmatsta�onS2whichwasthatwiththehighest Chl-a(36.2mg/m³).Thepresenceofthesepeaksin theUVpartofthespectrum(between310and360 nm)hasbeenassociatedwithlightabsorp�onby mycosporine-likeaminoacids(MAAs)thatsome surfacebloom-formingdinoflagellatescanproduce asaphotoprotec�vecompoundagainsttheUV radia�on.Itcanbefound

Contactus: info@nf-pogo-alumni.org

NANOwebsite: www.nf-pogo-alumni.org

NANORESEARCHPROJECT

Figure1-Satelliteimageofchlorophyllaconcentra�on(mg/m³)at300mof spa�alresolu�on,fromsensorOLCIFR(Sen�nel3).Mapdepictsthegeographical loca�onoftheNANO-DOAPsamplingsta�onandofthethreeopportunitysta�ons (S1,S2andS3).

inthecytoplasmofacell,whichexplainsthepeaksobservedinaph₍�₎,andalsocan bereleasedinwater,explainingthepeaksobservedinadg₍�₎.

Theseresultsares�llunderanalysisandwearelookingformoredatathatcanhelp ustoconfirmthepa�ernsobserved.First,asatooltoimplementsometypeof warningsystemfor L.polyedra bloomdevelopmentusingsatelliteimagesorbuoy pla�ormsandalsotounderstandtheroleofMAAsynthesisforthisspeciessuccess and/orfortheen�rebayecosystem(includingtheNANO-DOAPsta�on).

Acknowledgments

WethankMariaEsterGuzmanHernandezforthemicroscopiccountsofthesesamplesand allthestudentsandprofessorsattheNANO-DOAPsta�oninEnsenadawhohavebeen par�cipa�nginfieldcampaignsandlaboratoryanalyses.Also,wethankCONACyTforthe grantreceivedbythestudentsM.E.GuzmanandM.LariosMuñizandprojectCF-1327711.

Figure3-Spectralshapeofthelightabsorp�oncoefficientbyphytoplankton(aph₍�₎, le�)andbydetritusandcoloureddissolvedorganicma�er(adg₍�₎,right)forthethree sta�onsaffectedby L.polyedra bloomandfortheNANO-DOAPsta�on.Arrowswere usedtoemphasizethoseregionsoftheelectromagne�cspectrawheremore pronouncedchangeswereobserved.

NANORESEARCHPROJECT

sensingreflectance (Rrs₍�₎)measured atsta�onsS3and attheNANO-DOAP sta�on.

NANOGlobalProject(NANO-DOAP)SalambôandKuriatIsland(Tunisia)sta�ons Coastalhydrographicmonitoring:nearlyfouryearsofNANO-DOAPinTunisia HoussemSme�

FrenchInterna�onalJointLaboratory:ContaminantsandMarineEcosystemsoftheSouthMediterranean PreparatoryIns�tuteforEngineeringStudies(IPEIT),UniversityofTunis Na�onalIns�tuteofMarineSciencesandTechnologies,Carthage,Tunisia

*Alumprofile: h�ps://nf-pogo-alumni.org/profile/hsma�/

Thepar�cipa�onofNANOmembersfromTunisiaintheNANOprojectstartedin2012withthe NANO North-WestAfricaproject:Observa�onandmodelingofcoastalhydrodynamicsanderosion.Then, in2017,IjoinedtheNANO-DOAPprojectwhichledtotheestablishmentofthree�me-seriessta�ons offthecoastofMonas�rcityandnearKuriatislands(centraleasternTunisia).Theseislands(Figure1) arelocated18kmoffthecoastofthecityofMonas�randconsistoftwosmallislands:theSmallKuriatandtheGreat Kuriat,0.7km² and2.7km² inarea,respec�vely.Largeareasofseagrass(Posidoniaoceanica)meadowscoverthe

Contactus: info@nf-pogo-alumni.org

NANOwebsite: www.nf-pogo-alumni.org

Table1-Datafromthesta�onsaffectedbythe Lingulodiniumpolyedra bloom. Figure2-Redcolourofthewaterseen fromtheboatsternonJune8�� 2019. Figure4-Remote

bo�omoftheseaaroundtheIslands.TheKuriatislandsareaprincipalnes�ngbeachfortheloggerheadseaturtle(Care�a care�a)andmanybirdspecies.Theseislandsareanidealloca�onforlong-termmonitoringofessen�aloceanographic variables,astheyarerela�velyfarfromthemainsourcesofanthropogenicac�vi�eslocatedalongthecoastline.They cons�tuteahotspotfortourismandar�sanalfishing,andarepartoftheMediterraneanconsor�umofmarineandcoastal protectedareasasanimportantconserva�onsiteforseveralmarinespecies.

Giventheirrela�velyeasily-accessibleoffshoreloca�on,theKuriatIslandsareidealforlong-termmonitoringofselected essen�aloceanographicvariables.AspartoftheNANO-DOAPproject,abi-monthlysamplinghasbeenmaintainedattwo sta�ons:(S1)nearthecoastofthecityofMonas�rand(S2)nearKuriatislandssinceMarch2019(samplingatathird sta�on,S3,occurredun�lDecember2020).OngoingfieldworkiscarriedbimonthlyatS1andS2.Acoastalfishingboatis hiredtohelpwiththefieldwork.UsingahandheldYSI/Xylemenvironmentalmul�-sensor,temperature(Temp),salinity (Sal)anddissolvedoxygen(DO)aremeasuredinsurfacewater.Theconduc�vityandDOprobesarecalibratedeverytwo months.Herewepresentforthefirst�methe preliminaryresultsfrom�me-seriesdata collectedatthenearshoresta�onS1,from March2019toAugust2022(Figure2).The datashowthepredominanceoftheseasonal cycle,typicalofthesouthMediterraneansemiaridclimate.HigherseasurfaceTempandSal wererecordedduringthesummerdryperiod (June-Sep)whilecoolerandfresherwater occuredduringthewinterseason.The concentra�onofDOwasinverselycorrelated toTempandSal.

NANO-DOAPac�vi�esintheKuriatislandsstudysitealsoincludedpublicoutreach.Anoutreacheventwasorganizedwith agroupofteenagersbroughtbyaFrenchyouthassocia�onwhowerecomple�nganinternshipwiththeNGO“Notre GrandBleu”.Par�cipantswereintroducedtotheimportanceofcoastalwaterqualitymonitoringandtheinstrumentsthat canbeusedforsuchwork.Mycollabora�onwiththeNGOdatesbackto2017,duringtheincep�onoftheNANO-DOAP project.

Currently,thesta�onrepresenta�veandtwomembersoftheNGOareinvolvedinthefieldwork.Thereisalsoaplanfor futurecollabora�onwithalocaluniversity(HigherIns�tuteofBiotechnology)thatcanhelpmaintainthestudysiteand possiblyinvolvebachelorstudentsinenvironmentalsciencesandmasterstudentsinmonitoringandmanagementof coastalenvironment.

Futureplansforcoastalobserva�onsattheTunisiansite“KuriatIslands”includesamplingofotherEOVs(i.e.sealevel height,chlorophyll-a;pHandnutrients)andpublicoutreachevents,especiallyfortheyouth.

Contactus: info@nf-pogo-alumni.org

NANOwebsite: www.nf-pogo-alumni.org

Figure2-Time-seriesofTemperature,SalinityandDissolvedOxygencollectedatNANO-DOAPsta�onS1fromMarch2019toAugust2022. Figure1-NANO-DOAPTunisiansta�onsinKuriatIsland FieldworkandOutreachattheTunisianNANO-DOAPsta�on.Photos credit:H.Sme�.

NANOGlobalProject(NANO-DOAP)ThePangandaraanTEPAST(Indonesia)sta�on Ini�a�veforlong-termmeasurementsinEasternIndianOcean NoirP.Purba*,IbnuFaizalandLantunP.Dewan�

UniversitasPadjadjaran,Indonesia

*Alumprofile: h�ps://nf-pogo-alumni.org/profile/Noaa1782/

IndianOceanCharacteris�cs

Recently,oceanmonitoringhasbecomeapriorityinglobal studies.Intheeraofglobalwarmingandclimatechange, in situ datawithcon�nuousobserva�onareessen�altopredict shi�sinoceancondi�ons.With NANO-DOAP,weini�ate monitoringoneofthecomplexsystemsintheEasternIndian Ocean.TheEasternIndianOcean(EIO)isoneofthemostimportantoceansintheworld,withhighdiversityinecosystems andfishspecies.ItislocatedbetweenAustraliaandIndonesiaandhasconnec�onswiththeAntarc�candtheSouthern Ocean.Thisareahasrecentlybeenrelatedtoseveralphenomena,suchasglobalwarming,ElNiñoSouthernOscilla�on (ENSO),andIndianOceanDipole(IOD).

Inthisproject,wecarriedoutcon�nuousmonitoring atPangandaraanBay,locatedonapeninsulaonthe southcoastofWestJava(-7.716�S,108.508�W).This areaisknownforitsupwellingthatusuallyoccurfrom JunetoOctober.Duetothehighproduc�vity,this loca�onhasbecomeanimportantfisheriesloca�on.In general,thedynamicsofthisareahaveaverycomplex circula�on.PangandaraanBayisalsowellknownforits ripcurrents.Besidesthat,onaseasonalscale, PangandaraanareasareinfluencedbytheAustralian andAsianMonsoons.Thestudyareaisalsoproneto naturaldisasters,par�cularlyearthquakesandtsunami waves.

DataSummary

TheTEPASTsta�onhasbeenpartofNANO-DOAPprojectsinceSeptember2021,monitoringoceandynamicsand suppor�ngglobalobserva�onsbysamplingatafixedsta�onbetweenthe16th andthe20th dayofeverymonth.Usually, samplingisdoneinthemorningduetowindand�decondi�ons.First,watersamplesarecollectedinthreedepths (surface,10,and20metres).Theparametersmeasuredinthefieldincludetemperature,salinity,pH,dissolvedoxygen, andchlorophyll-a.SamplesaretakenusingtheNansenbo�le,andamul�parameterinstrumentmeasuresallparameters exceptchlorophyll-aconcentra�on.A1.5litresampleofwaterfromtheNansenbo�leisthenanalysedinthelaboratory basedonthechl-aprotocol.Inaddi�on,thewatertransparencyatthesta�onisalsomeasuredwithaSecchidisc. Generally,theaverageforallparametersisnotquitedifferentbetweenthesurfaceandseabed.Theaveragetemperature isaround29.70 �C,withaminimumvalueof26.70 �C(July)andamaximumof32.71 �C(June).Salinityhasanaverageof around28.68PSUwithaminimumvalueof24.70PSU(April)andamaximumof32.37PSU(October).Dissolvedoxygen hasanaverageofaround6.07mg/lwithaminimumvalueof4.17mg/l(July)andamaximumof7.33mg/l(September). pHaveragesaround7.33,withaminimumvalueof5.97(September)andamaximumof8.47(July).Chlorophyll-ahasan averageof0.040mg/lwithaminimumvalueof 0.029mg/l(September)andamaximumof 0.061mg/l(February).Finally,ocean transparencybasedontheSecchidisc,shows anaveragevalueof6.74mwithaminimum valueof4.00mandamaximumof7.13m.

Contactus: info@nf-pogo-alumni.org

NANOwebsite: www.nf-pogo-alumni.org

NANORESEARCHPROJECT

Figure1-NANODOAPsamplingloca�onsinEIO(southJavasea) Figure2-Monthlyaveragedataforone-year monitoringatthreedepths.

Thisprojectledustohavemanyexperiences.OnechallengeofsamplingintheIndianOceanisweatherandwaves.Itwas difficulttogetdatafromJunetoAugustduetoextremewaves(nearly3metres).Usually,calmwateroccursinthe morningbetween5AMand8AMfollowedbyroughcondi�onstherestoftheday.Thankstothisproject,wegained experienceinsamplingunderdifferentcondi�ons;asFranklinD.Rooseveltsaid,"thesmoothseanevermadeaskilled sailor”.Onefieldobserverandlaboratoryanalystwereinvolvedinthisproject(AnggiNugrahaandRianaC.Dewi).Their experienceenhancedandbecameafounda�onforteachingandlaboratoryac�vi�esforstudents.Thisyear,several studentsfromthefisheriesdepartmentwerealsoinvolvedincollec�ngsamples.Thelinkagebetweenfieldobserva�on andteachingisexcellent.

Inthefuture,wewilladdseveralparameters,includingnutrientcomposi�onandplanktoniden�fica�ons.Those parametersarequiteimportantsincethisareaisknownasanupwellingregionandhabitatfortuna.Itisexpectedthat thisnewsta�onwillbecomeapioneerinIndonesiaandcontributetostakeholdersandgovernmentdecision-makingfor managingtheoceanintermsofoceanhealthandsustainability.

Careerinsightssurvey

DearNANOmember,

Atthe24�� POGOannualmee�ng,acrucialtopicemergedamongNANOmembersandwas broughttoPOGO:thegrowingnumberofscien�stsleavingacademia.Wehavediscussed poten�alreasonsbehindthistrendandaimtoaddresstheissueingreaterdepthtoraise awarenessamongourmembers.Toachievethis,wehavecreatedasurveyandkindlyinvite youtocollaboratewithus.Thesurveyisen�relyanonymousandaimsnotonlytoprovideus withvaluableinsightsintothecareersofourNANOmembersbutalsotohelpuscreatea commissiontodiscusscopingmechanisms,solu�ons,andaddi�onalsupportforthoseinneed.

Thesurveyresultswillbepublishedinournextnewsle�er.Thiswillhelpusreachmembersas wellasotherresearchersandins�tu�ons,andbringgreatera�en�ontotheissuesECOPsare facing.

Wearewhowearebecauseofyou,andyour opinionisoftheutmostimportancetous.We wanttolisten.

Pleaseanswerthesurveyat h�ps://forms.gle/ 9W2JMAp6iZnT7txJA by15June2023.

Contactus: info@nf-pogo-alumni.org

NANOwebsite: www.nf-pogo-alumni.org

8 Experience

Figure3-NANO-DOAPTEPASTAc�vi�esinfieldandlaboratory. Thisini�a�veisledbyAlum FernandaDIAlzira.

¹FacultyofSciences,DepartmentofGeology,IbnTofailUniversity,Morocco ²FacultyofFisheryandMarineScience,UniversitasPadjadjaran,Indonesia ³LaboratoryofClimatology,NationalUniversityofBenin,Cotonou,Benin ⁴NationalSchoolofMines,Morocco

⁵MinistryofEnergy,Mines,WaterandEnvironment,Morocco *Alumnaprofile:https://nf-pogo-alumni.org/profile/HAZIDANE/ ⁺Alumprofile:https://nf-pogo-alumni.org/profile/Noaa1782/

Introduc�on

InMarch2020,thecoronavirusdisease2019(COVID-19) wasinthespotlightofnewsmediaworldwide,mainly becauseofitsimpactsontheeconomy,anthropogenicaswell asindustrialac�vi�es.TheGovernmentofMorocco implementedstringentlockdownsstar�ng23rd March,2020 andthenrelaxingitindifferentphasesfrom1st June2020. Thus,asinmanyothercoastalci�esacrosstheworld, environmentalchangeintheareathreateneditswater qualityduringthisperiod(Dantasetal.,2020;Yunusetal., 2020;Gargetal.,2020).Inthisstudy,weexaminedthisevent fromanenvironmentalperspec�vebyanalyzingtheimpact ofthepandemicovertheAtlan�ccoastandofopera�onslike dredgingontheconcentra�onofTotalSuspendedMa�er (TSM).ThemappingofTSMusingsatellitedataispar�cularly importantinawiderangeofaqua�csciencesand managementapplica�ons.ShallowwateroftheMoroccan coastisinfluencedbyTSM,especiallyoverareasthathavea strong�dalinfluencewheretheresuspensionofsediments mayreachfurtheroffshore.Thereisalsoastronginfluenceof TSMduetoHighSebouRiverrunoff(Azidaneetal.,2021). Thispandemichasprovidedagoodopportunitytoassessthe impactofanthropogenicac�vi�esontheMoroccancoast.In thisregard,wehypothesizethattheCOVID-19-induced lockdownwillhaveimprovedthewaterqualityoftheregion.

Materialandmethods Studyarea

TheMoroccancoastoftheAtlan�cOceanisanimportant regioninthelocalecologicalsystem.Thisregionexperiences strongcurrentsandvarious�daleleva�ons.Theareaharbors severalmajorandminorportsandissubjecttointensive industrialac�vi�esandurbangrowth(DPDPM,2008).Thus, asmanyothercoastalregions,environmentalchange,inland processesincludingsediment,nutrientfluxes(riverineflux), andanthropogenicac�vi�esintheareathreatenitswater quality(Bennasseretal.,1998;Bouasriaetal.,2007;Alaouiet al.,2008;DPDPM,2011b).Anincreasinglevelofsandmining, forexample,hass�rredupheavymetalsinthesedimentload fromtheSebouriverinKenitracity(DPDPM,2007;METL, 2014;JaaidiandCirac,1987).Thestudyareaissituatedinthe NorthAtlan�cOcean,onthenorth-westerncoastofAfrica, betweenSpainandWesternSahara(Figure1).Alongthe coastline,differentgeomorphologieshavebeenrecognized anddescribeddependingontopography,eleva�on,shape, andcomposi�oncharacteris�cs(e.g.,rocktypesand unconsolidatedmaterials),andthedifferentwaterbodies suchasrivers,estuaries,lagoons,anddeltasdrainintothe coast.Thelongshoredri�sassociatedwiththewavesarethe principalagentsresponsibleforthesedimentarytransport

andthesand distribu�onalong thecoat.Many researchers concludedthat thisareaalongthe coasthasa poten�alcoastal erosion(Moussaid etal.,2015;Azidaneetal.,2017).Avarietyofthepresent erosioncouldbeassociatedwithcoastalresponsetoriver sedimentsources,riversedimenttransport,andsealevelrise anddunedestruc�on.Indeed,thehigherdredgingintensity thatoccursalongtheMoroccancoastandillegalsand extrac�oncanminimizesedimentvolumes.Thesemarine ac�vi�esaremostlydistributedinthenorthernandwestern partsofthestudyarea(Figure1).

Datasetsandimageprocessing

Satellite-derivedTSMdata,consideredagoodindicatorof waterquality(e.G.,Azidaneetal.,2021)wasprocessedand mappedoverthestudyareaforperiodspre-,post-andduring lockdown.CompositesforApril2018andApril2019 representtwodifferentpre-lockdownperiods,whentourism, industrialandaquacultureac�vi�eswhere“businessas usual”.April2020andApril2021representtheperiodsduring lockdownandpost-lockdown,respec�vely.Duringthese months,suchac�vi�eswerecompletelyceased.Atotalof 240LandsatimagesoftheMoroccancoastwereobtained

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9 Researchcommunica�ons

COVID-19’simpactonthewaterqualityalong Moroccancoast H.Azidane¹*,NoirPurbaPrimadona²⁺,M.Boko³,M.E. Bouhaddioui⁴ andB.Magrane⁵

Figure1-Studyareamapswiththeloca�onof111PINS.

fromGlobColourMergedfortheperiodfromApril2018to April2021,withdailytemporalresolu�onand4kmspa�al resolu�on(Table1).TheTSMvaluescorrespondingtoour pointsofinterestweregeo-corrected,andlandandcloud areasweremaskedoutinordertoobtainverypreciseTSM measurements.Uponextrac�ngadatasettoalocalsystem, thedataweredisplayedtoaccessimagequalityandthen processedusingtheESASen�nelApplica�onPla�orm (SNAP).Figure2showsthefollowingstepsusingthelatest pla�orm.

rivermouth.SimilarchangeswerefoundinApril2019,but inlessturbidwaters.Thismayhavebeenduetohigher amountofsanddredgingconcentratedintheseáreas, consistentwiththeresultsofAzidaneetal.(2017).

However,thepa�ernofturbidityhaschangedoverApril 2020and2021.Itwasinferredthatthewaterqualityhas improvedoverthecoast.Itshowedaposi�vedropinthe levelofwaterquality.Thisindicatesthattherewaslesssand dredgingorothercoastalac�vi�es.

Moroccoisknownforitsintenseindustrialac�vi�es.Being onthebankoftheriver,theeffluentfromtheseindustries reachtherivers(e.g.Sebouriver,Oum-Er-Rbiariverand Tensi�river)andpollutetheirwaters,especiallyduringthe pre-lockdownperiod.

Ontheotherhand,alongtheMoroccancoast,itwas no�cedthattheturbiditywashigherduringtheprelockdownperiod(April2018andApril2019).Butitreduced duringthelockdownandpost-lockdownperiods(April2020 andApril2021).

Forquan�ta�veverifica�on,informa�onfrom111pixels wasusedtoexaminetheTSMmeanineachpixelbox.Their loca�onareasaredisplayedinFigure1.Further,comparing theaverageTSMduringthelockdownperiod(April2020) withthoseofthepre-lockdownperiod,animportant decreasewasobserved(-40.6%onaverage)(SeeTable2). Overall,theanalysisshowedthattheTSMvalueis consistentlylowintheshallowwaterduringthelockdown �meinterval.Therefore,itseemsthatthelockdowndid haveaposi�veimpactonshallowwaterquality.

Descrip�vesta�s�csand�meseriesanalysisareusedto detectthetrendofthewaterqualityduringtheprelockdown,thelockdown,andthepostlockdownalongthe Moroccancoast.Figure5showsthetrendofTSM concentra�onofcoastwaterinApril2018,2019,2020and 2021.

ResultsandDiscussion

DailyvariabilityofsatelliteTSMconcentra�on

AremarkablyhighTSMwasobservedonGoogleEarth Engineovertheshallowregionduringthepandemic(Figure 3).TSMdatafrom1�� to30�� Aprilhasbeenstudiedfora periodof4years(2018-2021;Figure4).

Figure4showsanimportantvaria�onofTSM valuesfromnorthtosouth.InApril2018,the highestvalueswereregisteredinthenorth (Tangerregion),inthenorthandthesouthof theOum-Er-RbiarivermouthandTensi�

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Table1-LandsatimagesoftheMoroccancoastusedinthisstudy. Table2-MeanTotalSuspendedMa�erconcentra�onsalongtheMoroccancoastin2020. Figure2-Workflowofextrac�ngTotalSuspendedMa�erusingSen�nel Applica�onPla�orm(SNAP)so�ware. Figure3-TSMconcentra�on(g/m3)duringAprilforthe years2018to2021asseenonGoogleEarthEngine.

TheTSMhadspa�alvariabilitybetween2018and2021 (Figure5).Theresultsofsta�s�calanalysisshowedthat,in general,waterturbiditywaslowerinApril2020followedby 2021,duringandpost-lockdownperiods,respec�vely. Nonetheless,thenorthernsector,closetothemouthof Sebouriver(betweenPINS95and97),recordedhighTSM concentra�ononthesameperiods,likelyduetolocal popula�onac�vi�es.Collec�ngandchecking insitu data shouldbegoodstepstoiden�fythepossiblecausesofthis differen�a�on.

References

Azidane,H.,A.Benmohammadi,S.Haddout,M.Hakkou,T. Belghaba,M.Boko,andB.M.(2017).Evalua�ngtheimpactsof sea-levelriseontheMoroccancoast:quan�fyingcoastalerosion andinunda�oninaAtlan�calluvialplain(Kenitracoastal). EpisodesJournalofInterna�onalGeoscience40(4):269–278. BouasriaS.,O.S.andN.H.(2007).Contamina�onintracesmetals ifsuperficialsedimentsattheexitoireofTensi�river-Souira Qdima(MoroccanAtlan�cmargin).

Dantas,G.,Siciliano,B.,França,B.B.,daSilva,C.M.,&Arbilla,G. (2020).TheimpactofCOVID-19par�allockdownontheair qualityofthecityofRiodeJaneiro,Brazil.ScienceoftheTotal Environment,729,139085.h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/ j.scitotenv.2020.139085

DPDPM.(2007).Etudedereconnaissancegéophysiquedes gisementsdesableenvuedelaprotec�ondesplagesde l’Atlan�que.Rapportdéfini�f.Mission1:Etuded’iden�fica�on deszonespoten�ellementexploitables,176p.

DPDPM.(2008).Etudedesédimentologiedesportsetduli�oral marocain.Mission2:iden�fica�ondeszonesd’accumula�onsde sablesetpoten�ellementexploitables.Rapportfinal, n°.17124436-M2R1,92p.

DPDPM.(2011).Etuded’exper�sesédimentologiquedelaplage deMehdia(Maroc).Rapportfinal,n°1712781,81p.

Garg,V.,Aggarwal,P.,Chauhan,P.,&Aggarwal,S.P.(2020). ChangesinturbidityalongGangaRiverusingSen�nel-2satellite dataduringlockdownassociatedwithCOVID-19.h�ps://doi.org/ 10.1080/19475705.2020.1782482

ItisnowclearthatsatelliteimagesrecordedinApril(20182021)weregoodtoolsforanalysingtheTSMconcentra�on (e.g.Wangetal.,2020;Dantasetal.,2020).Withinafew monthsofthelockdown,thewaterqualityhadimprovedin thearea.Sofortheeco-restora�onofdifferentcomponents oftheenvironmentalongthecoast,thewastewaterandthe industrialwasteorotherinputelementsshouldbe managedproperly,toreducefurtherinfec�onand environmentalpollu�on,whichtendstobeama�erof concernglobally.

Conclusions

Throughourstudy,wedemonstratehowsatellitedataand �meseriesanalysisofTSMproductscontributedtoour understandingoflockdownimpactonshallowcoastalareas. Thespa�aldistribu�onandtemporalvariabilityofTSM concentra�onintheNorthAtlan�cOceanofMoroccan coastalwaterswereinves�gatedforthemonthsApril2018, 2019,2020and2021.Resultsclearlyestablishedthathigher TSMconcentra�onswereobservedinApril2018and2019, andlowerTSMconcentra�onscharacterizedinApril2020 and2021.

HAzidane,SHaddout,M.,Boko,K.A.A.M.,&Magrane,M.E.B. B.(2021).Mappingtotalsuspendedma�eralongMoroccancoast usingsatellitedataseries.ModelingEarthSystemsand Environment,(0123456789).h�ps://doi.org/10.1007/ s40808-021-01179-4

JaaidiP.,&C.E.B.(1987).Lacouverturesédimentairemeubledu plateaucon�nentalatlan�quemarocainentreLaracheetAgadir. Bulle�ndel’lns�tutGéologiqueduBassind’Aquitaine,42,33–51. LaïlaBennasser,MohamedFekhaoui,Jean-LouisBenoit-Guyod,G. M.(1998).Influenceof�deonwaterqualityoflowerSebou pollutedbyGharbplainwastes(Morocco).

METL-Ministèred’équipement,duTransportetdelalogis�que, M.-.(2014).Impactdelahouleexcep�onnelledu6-7janvier2014 surlesinfrastructuresportuaires.

Moussaid,J.,Ait,A.,Zourarah,B.,&Maanan,M.(2015).Using automa�ccomputa�ontoanalyzetherateofshorelinechangeon theKenitracoast,Morocco.OceanEngineering,102,71–77. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.04.044

N.AlaouiMhammedi,B.ElMoumni,A.ElHmaidi,A.Raissouni, andA.E.A.(2008).Mineralogicalandgeochemicalstudyofmud volcanoesinnorthMoroccanatlan�cmargin.

Wang,Y.,Yuan,Y.,Wang,Q.,Liu,C.G.,Zhi,Q.,&Cao,J.(2020). Changesinairqualityrelatedtothecontrolofcoronavirusin China:Implica�onsfortrafficandindustrialemissions.The ScienceoftheTotalEnvironment,731,139133.h�ps://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139133

Yunus,A.P.,Masago,Y.,&Hijioka,Y.(2020).COVID-19and surfacewaterquality:Improvedlakewaterqualityduringthe lockdown.ScienceoftheTotalEnvironment,731.h�ps:// doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139012

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Figure5-Timeseriesanalysisofsuspendedpar�culatema�er concentra�onsinMoroccoduringApril(2018-2021). Figure4-TotalSuspendedMa�erfrom2018to2021duringApril(values ing/m³;violetislowandredisthehighestconcentra�on).

HadeerAbdouAhmedIsmail

MarineScienceDepartment,FacultyofScience,SuezCanalUniversity,Egypt Alumnaprofile:https://nf-pogo-alumni.org/profile/Hadeer+Ismail/

IamanEgyp�anmarinebiologistlivinginPortSaid,Egypt. GrowingupinacoastalcitylocatedontheMediterranean Seamagnifiedmypassiontodiscovermoreaboutseasand oceansaroundtheglobe.Furthermore,thepresenceofthe endemichabitatsintheEgyp�anRedSea(Babyocean) mademecurious,todelvedeeperinitsfeaturesaswell.

increasedmyknowledgeimmensely.At theCofE,Iwasabletofurtherexpand anddevelopmyinterestinthisfield,by researchingcoldwatercoralsformy gradua�onproject.Currently,Iam workingonmyPhDthesisen�tled“CoralResiliencebased onHigh-Resolu�onCharacteriza�onof MicrobiomesintheRedSeaCorals,Egypt”.Iam makinggoodprogressinmystudywhichis segmentedtoasurvey,andcollec�ngsamplesfor gene�ciden�fica�on.MyPhDstudyissponsored by HEPCA,anNGOthatworksprimarilywith marineandlandconserva�onintheRedSea GovernorateinEgypt.Iwillneverstopobserving theRedSea’smysteriesaboutthethermal tolerancetowardsthecurrentgreatestchallenge ofclimatechange.

Finally,Ienthusias�callypar�cipatedatthe UnitedNa�onsClimateChangeConference (COP27)inSharmEl-Sheikh,EgyptinNovember 2022,asoneoftheNANOalumniinthePOGO delega�on.Ibelievethisconferenceraisedthe generalpublicawarenessaboutourenvironments andocean.

Thisinterestdevelopedintomycurrentcareerpath.Under climatechangethreaths,theRedSeaisconsideredbymany tobethelastrefugefortheworld’scorals,important organismsforprimaryproduc�onintheocean. Nonetheless,studiesconductedontheRedSeacoralreefs areverylimited.Theseorganismsencouragedmetostudy moreaboutthemintheRedSeaandotheroceanbasinsto understandtheirdifferences.Therefore,Idecidedtostudy oceanographyandgotmyBSc.fromtheMarineScience Department,FacultyofScience,PortSaidUniversity,Egypt. Iamalsoascubadiver,havingobtainedmyPADIdiving cer�fica�on,whichallowsmetostaylinkedtotheocean anditsmysteries.

Overthecourseof�me,IfeltlikeIbelongedtotheRedSea, soIdecidedtodomyMaster’sdegree,whichwasnoteasy, butItookituponmyselftolearnmoreabouttheRedSea’s secretsandconservethatpreciousnature.Mymaster's thesisconcernedthenaturalandhumanthreatswhich disruptso�coraldistribu�onalongtheEgyp�ancoastofthe RedSea.Furthermore,itrepresentedthefirstresearchon thegene�ciden�fica�onofzooxanthellahostedbyso� coralgeneraintheEgyp�anRedSea.Myresearchalso inves�gatedthethermaltoleranceofso�coralstowards climatechangebyiden�fyingthecoretaxaandthe func�onaldiversityoftheirassociatedmicro-biomes (specifically,zooxanthellae)whichcertainlyamelioratethe coralresilience.

A�ercomple�ngmyMaster’sdegree,Iwasfortunateto receivetrainingatthe NF-POGOCentreofExcellencein Observa�onalOceanography attheAWI,inGermany. Duringmy�meinHelgoland,Ihadthechanceofacquiring prac�calskillsinfieldandlaboratories,aswellasofworking withexpertsinagreatscien�ficenvironment,which

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