Recent Advances in Research and Clinical Applications of Nanotechnology in Modern Cardiology Sonali S. Sali(a), Nitish Manu George(b), Swanoop R.(c) and Varun S.(b) (a) Indian Institute of Technology – Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India (b) Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India (c) Department of forensic science, University college of science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India
Aim: To probe
3+ Aim:differences To probe advances of nanotechnology in diagnosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) possible in the environments (symmetry) of various Lntreatment ions in a of nanocrystal host by using time-resolved
spectroscopy.
1. INTRODUCTION: 5. NANOROBOTICS AND GENETIC ENGINEERING IN CARDIOLOGY: One of the main cause of death worldwide is heart failure. The nanorobots may be utilized to attach on transmigrating inflammatory cells Patients suffering from CVDs survive for many years, progressive disease is associated or white blood cells, thus reaching inflamed tissues faster to assist in their with an annual mortality rate of 10% and heart failure is major cause of death. healing process. Nanomedicine is used in monitoring, diagnosing, preventing, repairing or curing The atherosclerotic lesions can be reduced due to nanorobots activation. The diseases and damaged tissues and it is gaining importance for the treatment of CVD. temperatures in the region can be turned into expected levels. We hence explore here the recent advances in the scientific field taking forward the new era of nanotechnology for the diagnosis and treatment of age old CVDs. (1) 2. CURRENT SCENARIO: Diagnosis The imaging techniques generally implied for cardiovascular disease diagnosis are electrocardiography (ECG), chest X-ray, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization and blood tests. Nanoparticles have the potential for imaging from its current anatomy based level to the molecular level with techniques covering advanced optical and luminescence imaging and spectroscopy, ultrasound, and X-ray imaging, sensors, magnetic resonance imaging, etc. Nanotechnology based particles have been used as computed tomography (CT) contrast agents tent to the based on high molecular atomic number elements such as gold, iron and bismuth with gold being used most for it gives high contrast. (1)
Treatment In pharmaceutical technology and biomedicine, nanoparticles are typically defined as particles with diameter from 1 to 100 nm and have been exploited for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Endothelial-selective delivery of therapeutic agents would provide a useful tool for modifying vascular function in various CVDs. Drug delivery systems using biodegradable nanoparticles also providing a controlled release of the model drug have been formulated. (1) 4. BIOMATERIALS USED FOR TREATING CVDs: The use of gold nanoparticles in cardiology is promising to develop fundamentally new methods of diagnosis and treatment. The nanotheranostics in CVDs using gold allows the non-invasive imaging associated with simultaneous therapeutic intervention and predicting treatment outcomes.
Imaging with high contrast produced by gold nanoparticles may reflect the effectiveness of treatment and has become a fundamental optimisation setting for therapeutic protocol. Electrospun scaffolds have shown great promise in supporting cardiomyocytes in vitro. (2)
Sensor design and capabilities of nanorobots, depending on the details of the environment and task can be designed to detect the temperature, pH, lesion details, energy supply to heart, etc. Data transmission is made easy and real time. (3)
6.CARDIOVASCULAR TISSUE ENGINEERING AND STEMCELL THERAPY BY NANOTECHNOLOGY: Cardiac stem cells (CSC), with the ability to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, hold great promise which can be integrated into collagen scaffolds incorporating poly(glycolic) acid nanofibres for engineering cardiac tissue of heart valve in vitro. Electrospun fibers have been investigated as promising tissue engineering scaffolds since they mimic the nanoscale properties of native extracellular matrix. The tissue engineering community has begun to capitalize on the inherent nanoscale nature of electrospun polymeric fibers as potential scaffolds to mimic native extracellular matrices. One aspect of tissue engineering has been the design of polymeric scaffolds with specific mechanical and biological properties similar to native extracellular matrix. (4) 7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE: Combining the application of biomolecular and cellular therapies with nanotechnologies foresees the development of complex integrated nanodevices. Nanocardiology may challenge existing healthcare system and economic benefits as cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality at present. 8. REFERENCES: 1) Evren Gundogdu et al. In book: “Cardiovascular Disease, Chapter: Nanomedicine For The Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease”, 2013, Concept Press Ltd., pp.187-201 2) Mykola Ya Spivak et al. “Gold nanoparticles - the theranostic challenge for PPPM: nanocardiology application” The EPMA Journal 2013 3) Adriano Cavalcanti et al. “Nanorobot for treatment of patients with artery occlusion” 2006, Proceedings of Virtual Concept 2006 4) Maqsood Ahmed et al. “Nanostructured Materials for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering” 1-11, 2012, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Vol. 12