Proceedings of the Nantucket Historical Association: Forty-sixth Annual Meeting

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Nantucket Historical Association

Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting July Thirtieth

1940

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Nantucket Historical Association

Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting July Thirtieth

1940

COPYRIGHT 1940 BY THE NANTUCKET HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION

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Officers PRESIDENT

Edouard A. Stackpole VICE PRESIDENTS

Thomas H. Giffin

Fred V. Fuller

Charles P. Kimball

Bassett Jones Flarry B. Turner

Everett U. Crosby SECRETARY

Mrs. Oscar B. Eger TREASURER

Robert D. Congdon CURATOR

Mrs. Walton H. Adams AUDITORS

Miss Cora Stevens

Col. Louis J. Praeger

COUNCILLORS

Mrs. Molly Mc. Taylor

Term Expires 1941

Col. Louis J. Praeger

Term Expires 1941

Mrs. Alfred Shurrocks

Term Expires 1942

Miss Mary Turlay Robinson

Term Expires 1942

Miss Cora Stevens

Term Expires 1943

Charles A. Selden

Term Expires 1943

Clinton T. Macy

Term Expires 1944

Dr. George A. Folger

Term Expires 1944

LIFE COUNCILLORS

Mrs. Florence Osgood Lang Edward F. Sanderson Miss Annie Alden Folger 5.

Committees Finance Committee—Robert D. Congdon, Miss Cora Stevens, Fred V. Fuller.

Membership—Mrs. Alfred F. Shurrocks, Charles P. Kimball, Col. Louis J. Praeger, Miss Annie Alden Folger, Miss Cora Stevens.

Historical Rooms and Meeting House—Everett U. Crosby, Mrs. Walton H. Adams, Miss Annie Alden Folger, Mrs. Alfred F. Shurrocks.

Old Mill—Harry B. Turner, Col. Louis J. Praeger, Bassett Jones.

Oldest House—Fred V. Fuller, Miss Annie Alden Folger, Clinton T. Macy, Miss Mary Turlay Robinson.

Whaling Museum—Charles P. Kimball, Miss Mary Turlay Robin­ son, Mrs. Walton H. Adams, Charles A. Selden, Harry B. Turner, Thomas H. Giffin, Dr. George A. Folger.

Publications Timothy White Papers, by Rev. Myron S. Dudley.

Vol. 1, No. 2, 1898, 50 cts.

Nantucket Lands and Land Owners, By Henry Barnard Worth.

Vol. 2, No. 5, 1906, 1928, 50 cts.

The Title and the Nantucket Insurrection. Vol. 2, No. 1, 1901, 50 cts.

The Settlers, Their Homes and Government.

(Map.) Vol. 2, No. 2, 1902, 50 cts.

The Indians of Nantucket.

Sheep Commons and The Proprietary.

Vol. 2, No. 3, 1902, 50 cts.

Vol. 2, No. 4, 50 cts.

Ancient Buildings of Nantucket.

Vol. 2, No. 5, 1906 (reprinted 1928) $1.00.

Indian Names, Wills, Estates, Index.

Wills and Estates, Continued.

Vol. 2, No. 6, 1910, 50 cts.

Vol. 2, No. 7, 50cts.

A Century of Free Masonry on Nantucket, by Alexander Starbuck.

Vol. 3, No. 1, 1903, 50 cts.

The Horseshoe House, by William F. Macy.

50 cts.

"Ye Olde Mill," by William F. Macy.

25 cts.

Proceedings of the Annual Meetings of the Nantucket Historical Association from 1895 to 1940.

6.

ANNUAL MEETING The forty-sixth consecutive annual meeting of the Nantucket Historical Association was held at the century-old Friends' Meeting House on Fair Street adjoining the "Historical Rooms," on Tuesday afternoon, July 30th. The little meeting house was filled to over-flow­ ing and, despite the humid atmosphere, most everyone remained throughout the proceedings to enjoy an interesting two-hour program.

The meeting got under way promptly at 3:00 o'clock, with the President, Edouard A. Stackpole, presiding. In welcoming the as­ sembly he remarked briefly upon the work done by the Council of the Association during the past year, referring especially to its active work in directing the progress of the Association, and mentioning the spirit of co-operation displayed by the chairmen of the various exhibits.

Following the established custom, the record of last year's annual meeting was not given, it having appeared in the files of the local newspaper and been printed in the "Proceedings" of the Association.

Due to the recent illness of the Curator, Mrs. Walton H. Adams, the reading of her report was dispensed with. It will appear in the annual report. Mrs. Adams had made a steady convalescence from her illness, her many friends were glad to learn, although her familiar presence was much missed.

Mrs. Oscar B. Eger, Secretary of the Association, read her report of the year's activities. This revealed that the membership has not fallen off in proportion to the years during the mid 1930's, the total membership to date being 728—a total which allows the Association to maintain its record as being the largest historical society in the Bay State League. Mrs. Eger's report also made mention of the frequent meetings of the Council and its activities.

A report was read concerning the operation of the Old Mill during the first two months of the season. This report showed that, up to July 27, the Mill had taken in $289.43, and that Nathan Thurston, the miller, had sold 1,260 lbs. of meal. This is Mr. Thurston's second year as miller, and he has proven of considerable help in maintaining this important exhibit. From 1939 to 1940, the Mill's income has increased from $218.00 to $913.16 a year. Mrs. Frederick Ackerman, a former chairman of the Old Mill committee, was present, and she declared that the Old Mill would pay off all expenses incidental to its repair through the sale of the corn meal.

7.

The Chairman of the 1939-40 Old Mill Committee, Bassett Jones, found that business would keep him from the island much of the summer and therefore resigned his chairmanship. The Council accepted his withdrawal with regrets, the President announced. Mr. Jones very generously has underwritten the expense of repairing the Mill during the winter, when a serious accident was suffered as a result of a heavy gale and the rotting of wood at certain vital joints. He not only met the expense of the repair, but it was through his energy and lookout that an important piece of material, needed for replace­ ment, was obtained from the mainland.

The present chairman of the Old Mill Committee is Harry B. Turner, Editor of The Inquirer and Mirror, and a Vice President of the Association. He has been actively interested in the work of the Association for many years, and a little more than quarter of a century ago wrote the first detailed article concerning the Old Mill and its unusual wooden machinery.

The report of the Treasurer, Robert D. Congdon, was inadvert­ antly omitted from the minutes of the meeting, but it appears in these Proceedings. To date the Association's finances are definitely in the black, and with the receipt of the Sidney Mitchell legacy a few months ago, the Council voted to pay off the $5,000 mortgage on the Whaling Museum. Thus, with its tenth anniversary being observed this year, the Whaling Museum is sailing on its voyage unemcumbered with "shipyard fees" ready to establish new records with each season. Last year it reached a record high for admissions, with more than 9,000 visitors during its 12 weeks of opening.

The report of the Nominating Committee was then read by the Secretary as follows: President—Edouard A. Stackpole.

Vice Presidents—Fred V. Fuller, Harry B. Turner, Everett U. Crosby, Bassett Jones, Charles P. Kimball, Thomas H. Giffin.

Secretary—Mrs. Oscar B. Eger.

Treasurer—Robert D. Congdon.

Curator—Mrs. Walton H. Adams.

Councillors for Three Years—Dr. George A. Folger, Clinton T. Macy.

Auditors—Miss Cora Stevens, Col. Louis J. Praeger.

The above list was sponsored by Miss Grace Brown Gardner, Earl S. Ray and Dr. William E. Gardner for the Nominating Com8.

mittee. Upon motion, duly seconded, the meeting voted that the Sec­ retary be instructed to cast one ballot for the above named officers.

This was done, and they were declared elected.

The President then called upon Mrs. Ruth Dame Coolidge, a member of our Association, who was this spring elected President of the Bay State League. At each meeting of the League, which is a combination of practically all the historical societies in Massachu­ setts, a roll call of the various associations is conducted, and Mrs. Coolidge has for several years represented Nantucket. It was a con­ siderable honor to our Association, therefore, to have one of its members chosen as the active head of the Bay State League.

Mrs. Coolidge spoke briefly of the work of the League. She told of the value derived from the maintenance of its work, and of the great need in these trying days of keeping alive the spirit of our forbears. *

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The first of the speakers on the afternoon's program was Mrs. Florence Bennett Anderson, whose latest book, entitled "A Grand­ father for Benjamin Franklin," about to come from the printers, is a work deeply cortcerning the early settlement and history of Nantucket.

Mrs. Anderson is always a delightful speaker. Her years of service as an educator, coupled with her pleasant personality, have made for an appealing mode of address. Her book is a story of Peter Folger, (father to Abiah, Franklin's mother), and of his associates on Nantucket—a re-creation of the settlement and early history of the island. It is dedicated to her brother, William Crosby Bennett.

In reading from her preface, Mrs. Anderson stressed the fact that for two decades after its purchase from Thomas Mayhew in 1659, the white settlement of the island was an independent com­ monwealth, and during the latter half of the 17th century its life as a community offers many startling disclosures to the historian.

Mrs. Anderson read her chapter titles, stopping to explain how each fitted into the thread of her biography, and her listeners followed her with deepest interest. There can be no doubt that Mrs. Anderson's latest volume is a very definite contribution to the distinguished (though small in number) list of books which contain original re­ search and which are devoted to little-known phases of the island's history.

Upon resuming her seat, Mrs. Anderson was asked by Everett U. Crosby if she had ever seen the 17th century printing of Peter Folger's "A Looking Glass For The Times." Mrs. Anderson replied that she had not and that her investigations indicated that this printing, to which Franklin referred in his "Autobiography," is not 9.

extant. She added that, in her research, she had used a copy of the 18th Century printing, as well as the venerable hand-written copy, presumably Folger's own, which is in the archives of the Historical Association. That very extraordinary document she transcribed last summer. Mr. Crosby also stated that he had been unable to locate the traditional 17th-century printing of Peter Folger's tract. * * * * * * * * * The next speaker on the program was Everett U. Crosby, a Vice President of the Association, whose books on Nantucket architecture, "95% Perfect," and "Nantucket's Changing Prosperity," represent carefully documented examples of well-planned work. Mr. Crosby is now publishing a new book which represents considerable research into old-time silversmiths, the making of lightship baskets, old street signs, and will also contain a Nantucket bibliography.

Mr. Crosby spoke on "Silversmiths of Old-Time Nantucket." It is one of the island's historical features which has never been thoroughly explored. Not only has he delved deeply into the subject as it relates to Nantucket, but Mr. Crosby has uncovered evidence of an American silversmith named Barrett, who worked on Nantucket, and who wrote a little four-page document concerning his designs.

The hand-written document has never before been brought to the attention of an historical association.

His talk consisted of highlights from the section of his book devoted to silversmiths. He mentioned as definitely established island silversmiths, eight men—Benjamin Bunker (1751-1842); William Hadwen, (1791-1862); George Cannon, 1767-1835); James Easton, (1807-1903); Frederick C. Sanford, (1809-1890); Easton & Sanford; Allen Kelley; Henry A. Kelley, (1815-1869) ; Edward G. Kelley, (1818?); James S. Kelley, (1820-1900).

As possible island silversmiths he mentioned Benjamin F. Gardner, Jonathan Gorham, William P. Stanton, Nathaniel Easton, (?) Jack­ son, S. and J. Barrett, and a number of others.

In connection with S. and J. Barrett, who did silversmithing in the middle of the 1700's, Mr. Crosby has come upon a remarkable four-page document, hand-written, which represents a treatise on designs for silver spoons, written in 1753 by one "Joseph Barrett, silver smithe of Nanntockit." This document is bound to create considerable interest to all collectors of American silver.

Mr. Crosby's forthcoming book is not only to include short bio­ graphies of these island silversmiths, but will be illustrated with their so-called makers' marks," as well as spoon designs, and reproductions of the J. Barrett silver treatise. * * * * * * * * * * Announcement was made of the prize-winners in the annual high 10.

school historical essay contest. The three winners were present and came forward to receive their prizes. The awards were as follows: Robert Bennett—"The Voice of a Nantucket Attic."

Eileen McGrath—"Nantucketers in the Gold Rush."

Alice Mae Terry—"Nantucket—Through the Years."

Robert Bennett received the first prize of $5, and the Misses McGrath and Terry were awarded prizes of $2.50 each. It is hoped that high school students next year will continue to carry along the eontest inaugurated in the local schools by the late Alexander Starbuck. The prize essay of Robert Bennett will be found in this issue. *

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Last year, at the request of the President, Miss Anna Gardner Fish consented to write a biography of the Rev. Myron S. Dudley, who was the prime mover in the formation of the Nantucket Historical Association in 1894. Miss Fish was present to read her paper to the meeting.

In presenting the biography, Miss Fish revealed the knack of catching the essence of the late Mr. Dudley's personality and convey­ ing it to her listeners. It was a most interesting paper, portraying a unique man—a man of vision and energy combined—whose interest and foresight led to the launching of the Nantucket Historical Association.

It was indeed a pleasure to hear Miss Fish, and she was warmly applauded as she took her seat. Her paper in full will be found in these Proceedings. *

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The concluding speaker of the afternoon was James Monaghan, a summer resident of Nantucket, who has become a keen student of island history. Two years ago, Mr. Monaghan read a paper before the annual meeting on "Anti-Slavery in Nantucket." This year his paper was taken from the journal of a famous anti-slavery Friend who twice visited Nantucket, and was entitled "John Woolman in Nantucket."

Mr. Monaghan's paper described in brief detail the early life of this remarkable but little known man, and then went on to quote from Woolman's account of his second visit to Nantucket in 1760.

The speaker, whose 85 years bear but lightly on his shoulders, was given vigorous applause as he took his seat. His was an interest­ ing contribution to the program and it will be found printed in these Proceedings. *

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In behalf of the Association, the President made acknowledge-

11.

ment of the pleasure and honor felt by all members upon the acqui­ sition of the Shurrocks' collection of "Indian Artifacts of Nantucket," presented a few weeks ago by Mr. and Mrs. Alfred F. Shurrocks, members of the Association, and which is housed in a special cabinet in the Museum.

Not only have Mr. and Mrs. Shurrocks given this most complete and valuable collection of island aboriginal implements, but they have had a catalogue printed, at their own expense, with the collection classified and individual donors mentioned. This handsomely printed catalogue, published in some quantity, was also placed at the disposal of the Association.

"We are indeed fortunate to secure such an extensive and val­ uable collection," said the President. "It is not only a fine exhibit in itself but is a definite contribution to our Americana and would reflect credit on the collection of any similar association anywhere in our country."

Following the adjournment of the meeting, many went into the Museum to see the Shurrocks' collection, and a number of the cata­ logues were purchased. * *

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A number of people lingered after the adjournment of the meet­ ing to express their individual pleasure in the program. Such ex­ pressions are always pleasing, especially when they come from those who have been faithful attendants at each annual meeting, and to whom much of island history and tradition is known. The more inter­ esting are annual meetings, the more interesting become our listeners —whether member or friend.

—E. A. S.

12.

Secretary's Report Mr. President, Members and Friends of The Nantucket Historical Association: Another year has closed and we are again assembled here in this historic meeting house for our 46th annual meeting. The officers and members of the Association extend cordial greetings to old friends and new who have gathered here today with the love for former years, and no doubt with suggestions of new values and new estimates of historic interest. The Council anticipates from year to year this annual meet­ ing, seeking to find new ways and methods to interest returning friends and members.

The report of our Curator will tell of the work involved and of the interesting and valuable accessions which have come to us during the year. The Treasurer will give you in detail the financial trans­ actions of the year and will show the prosperous condition of its monetary affairs. Your Secretary has been busy with the usual cor­ respondence and the list of members. Response to roll call at the close of the fiscal year, June 30, 1940, reveals the following: Life Members Sustaining Members Annual Members Junior Members

97 25 528 29

Total 679 New Members since June 30...

9 Present Total

688

In the fall, Mrs. Shurrocks, Chairman of the Membership Com­ mittee, very kindly conducted a drive for membership which showed the following results which are most gratifying to the Association: Life Members, 5; Sustaining Members, 6; Annual Members, 24—Total, 35 members.

In connection with the above let me again urge that your Secretary and Treasurer be informed promptly of any change in the address of members so that our mailing list may be correct and complete.

13.

The Council during the past year has held its regular meetings for the consideration of matters incidental to our work and for the transaction of routine business, all of which have been well attended.

There is no falling off of interest among the resident members of our Council, which is gratifying, as it is most important to the welfare of our Association that these meetings be well attended.

Council meetings for the transaction of necessary business were held on Sept. 16, 1939, October 3, 1939, Nov. 8, 1939, Jan. 29, 1940, and July 22, 1940. With your permission I will dispense with the summary of details concerning the business of the year.

One of the outstanding accessions of the past year is the collection of Indian artifacts, presented to the Association by Mr. and Mrs. Alfred F. Shurrocks, who have spent many years in collecting, as­ sembling and cataloguing the various items. The Association is indeed fortunate in receiving this valuable exhibit of Island history.

We do not seem to have as many plans for the future as usual. We must see what remains for us to do. We have lately had it impressed upon us that not only the growth but the very life itself of the Associ­ ation is threatened when it feels satisfied and content with what has been accomplished. So we must not rest inactive, even if no special work appears at the moment, but seek further opportunities for use­ fulness, remembering that, while the history of the past is secure, the present is in our care, and the future may depend on what we think and do and accomplish in our day and generation.

Respectfully submitted, CATHERINE RAY EGER, Secretary.

14.

Curator's Report Mr. President and Members: Having been forced by illness to forego the pleasure of attending the Annual Meeting and rendering my report as Curator, it is with a feeling of delinquency that I submit my annual report of the year's work.

The attendance at the Historical Museum last year was nearly 1400 visitors, with the usual expressions of appreciation of a fine exhibit from them all. There have been many acquisitions, all of which have been gratefully received. The most outstanding presentation has been the exceedingly fine collection of Indian Artifacts, collected on Nantucket and presented to our Association by Mr. and Mrs. Alfred F. Shurrocks. This collection is displayed in a handsome cabinet, of special construction and consists of over 900 points, or arrow heads, some of which are made of imported materials such as English flint, red and yellow jasper and possibly green chert. The native materials are quartz of various colors, porphyritic feslite, slate and chert. There are also over 400 stone artifacts made of granite, basalt, slate and some of white quartz; also many pieces of Indian pottery, sinkers, hammerstones and other articles. Altogether this is a remarkable collection, and we are grateful to the donors for their desire to place it in our Historical Museum, where all may enjoy it. Mr. and Mrs. Shurrocks have also printed several hundred copies of a brochure containing a description of the collection and several fine cuts. These are to be sold for the benefit of the Association at ten cents a copy.

Another collection of Nantucket relics was presented by one of our devoted members and consists of three canes with ivory heads, a box of old combs, a silver knitting sheath marked "Micajah Gardner to Anna G. Derrick, Dec. 28, 1855, aged 73," a miniature of an unknown person, a spy glass in excellent condition, a very interesting scrimshaw box, and a gold bracelet with the following interesting description: "This bracelet was made from a beautiful shell from South America, which was presented by a sea captain relative to Miss Judith J. Derrick (afterwards Mrs. George G. Fish), then teaching in the Nantucket High School. She took it to Mr. Sanford Kingsley, jeweler, requesting him to make from it a brooch and bracelet.

Later he notified her that, on account of the outbreak of the Civil War, he could not obtain any gold. She responded by sending him a $20 gold piece, which she had received from the Nantucket Bank in payment of her services as a teacher—the last payment of the kind that they could make, and believed to be the last gold piece thus paid out. From it Mr. Kingsley fashioned this bracelet and a a brooch, now lost, which was equally delicate and exquisitely wrought. Its value lies not only in the associations surrounding it but also in its exemplification of the jeweler's skill.

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Among other accessions this year is a wooden foot-stool made by Peter Brock, while on a voyage to China; a model of the sail-boat Clara, which sailed in Nantucket waters; a pair of old iron curling tongs and a fluting iron; a rafter pin from the old Swain house in Polpis; a darn­ ing basket owned and used by a Nantucket lady; a pair of white satm laced boots and a small sampler marked "Mary Langton."

As a reminder of the Nantucket Railroad we have received an old iron rail which was found by the highway department when digging in Easy street. Another relic, found by the highway department, is a gilt button marked "Conductor."

Through the kindness and interest of Mr. McCormick-Goodhart, Secretary to the British Legation at Washington, we have received an autographed letter of Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart., written in 1827 to Rear Admiral Sir Charles Ogle, Bart., concerning Hector Coffin, Admiral Coffin's agent for the Magdalen Islands.

Two American flags have been added to our collection, one with 22 stars and one with 38 stars. Before this Association was formed there was a museum in the Nantucket Atheneum, which at one period was kept by Henry C. Clapp. While renovating the east room of the Atheneum recently a sign-board was found which advertised this museum. This board has found a place in our collection.

We have purchased the deed to the land on which the Pacific Club now stands, dated 1765, signed by Richard Macy, Joseph Macy, Robert Macy, Francis Macy, Jabez Macy and Nathaniel Macy. It was made out to William Rotch, who afterwards built the brick structure there in 1772, now known as the Pacific Club, and bears his signature.

Additions to the library have been "The Beard Family," compiled

by Ruth Lindenburger; "Highlights of the Folger Family," compiled

by Harriet M. Grover; a fine catalogue of the works of Eastman John­ son, that well known painter who resided in Nantucket many years ago; several books of the records of the Nantucket Agricultural Society, dated from 1860 to 1918; and a large number of volumes dealing with the early American maritime history, of ships and shipping, and whal­ ing, purchased on generous terms.

An excellent oil portrait of Charles W. Colesworthy has been donated, also a fine portrait of Capt. Joseph Mitchell, and a photograph of Mrs. Mitchell, said to have been the "prettiest girl on the island."

Framed photographs of Capt. and Mrs. Joseph C. Chase have also been received, as well as a collection of 17 small photographs of Nantucket people and three daguerreotypes.

Mr. Everett Crosby has become interested in old silver and the makers of silver, and during the past winter he very kindly took some of the pieces from our museum to New York for identification as to maker and period, which will be added to the cards on the several pieces.

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At the Oldest House last year there were 1600 visitors, and the care of the House was in the able hands of Mr. Clinton Macy. It was with regret that we were obliged to accept the resignation of Mr. Macy this summer, as he has accepted an excellent opportunity for a better business position. We were fortunate to secure a real Nantucketer to fill the position of custodian, and we are pleased to announce that Mrs. Francis E. Folger now acts in that capacity at the Oldest House.

The Whaling Museum had a most successful year and admitted over 8000 visitors. There were some new accessions to the collection.

Among them were a fine collection of books which were purchased; five excellent whales' teeth; an excellent collection of scrimshaw, which was also purchased, and several pieces of scrimshaw which were donated.

We were presented with an old iron vise which formerly was in the Big Shop, that well known building which stood on Saratoga street. Another donation is an old lift from the sail-loft moved to Squam.

The Whaling Museum is our most popular building and is made particularly interesting by having as its Custodian a real whaleman, Captain George Grant. Inasmuch as the hours are long and our whaler is kept very busy with hundreds of people coming and going, it was thought best to help out during the busy hours by appointing an assistant. We were able to secure Mr. John Kittila, a retired Coast Guardsman and a man splendidly capable of filling the position, to serve as Assistant Custodian.

The year has been a busy one, with the many letters that have to be written and catalogues to be kept up to date. The history classes of the Academy Hill High School made a tour of inspection of both museums in May, and we hope they found their visits educational as well as entertaining.

A new strip ticket has been prepared for use this season, the price of which is seventy-five cents and admits the purchaser to each of the four buildings owned by the Association.

There is also the regular card of admission to all the exhibits, which costs one dollar and may be used for the full season.

We wish more visitors to our Island would take the time to visit the Historical Museum, as it is there that they will find a collection of articles which have been assembled to show the historical past of our Island people. Many of these relics were brought home from foreign places by our whaling captains and merchantmen, and have finally found a resting place in this fine museum.

Respectfully submitted, NANCY S. ADAMS, Curator.

17.

RECEIPTS Cash Balance, July 1, 1939 General Account—Dues, Sales and Gifts

$81.47 $786.00

Museum Accounts Fair Street—Admissions and Sales Oldest House—Admissions and Sales Whaling Museum—Admissions and Sales

$408.20 462.00 2095.55 $2965.75

Investments Life Memberships Income Credited Estate of Sidney Mitchell Bequest Estate Mary Durfee Loan Payments

$105.00 3.60 8312.50 250.00 76.00 $8747.10 $12580.32

18.

DISBURSEMENTS General Account—Postage, printing, supplies Salaries

$611.84 $400.00

Museum Accounts Fair Street—Attendants and Maintenance Oldest House—Attendants and Maintenance Whaling Museum—Attend, and Maintenance

$521.00 405.03 1625.19

Investments Life Membership Account, N. I. S. Permanent Fund—Mitchell & Durfee Bequests Notes Paid—Whaling Museum Mortgage Loans

$1011.80

$2578.22

$105.00 3500.00 5000.00 72.00 $8677.00

Old Mill Special Account $34.20 256.25

Insurance Note and Interest

$290.45 22.81

Cash Balance June 29, 1940

$12580.32 ASSETS $25000.00

Land and All Buildings Collections in All Museums

$10000.00

$35000.00

Trust Accounts— Nantucket Institution for Savings Bonds and Stocks

$16373.34 157.50 $16530.84 $51530.84

Audited By— Miss Cora Stevens Col. Louis J. Praeger Respectfully submitted, ROBERT D. CONGDON, TREASURER. 19.

THE OLD MILL. That the Old Mill can be made self-supporting is now clearly demonstrated. It is in good repair and operates daily throughout the summer season, whenever wind is favorable. At other seasons it will be operated for grinding corn in order that meal may be procured to meet the demand, which continues steady throughout the winter.

Since it was repaired and placed in working order, the Mill is being operated on a practical basis and the treasurer of the Historical Association now handles its accounts as a part of his duties, as he does in connection with the other institutions owned by the Association.

The Mill is in the charge of Nathan Thurston, who fills the position of miller in a most efficient manner and is very conscientious in the per­ formance of his duties. It is through his personal efforts that so many pounds of meal are sold and sent to all parts of the country. For the season now drawing to a close, Mr. Thurston submits the follow­ ing statement: Up to Sept. 1st, the Old Mill reports the following for this season: Number of admissions—1242.

Number of pounds of corn meal sold—2,822.

Number of Old Mill booklets sold—83.

Number of Old Mill Models sold—11.

Number of Group Admission Tickets sold—40 adults and 1 junior.

Total cash taken in and turned over to the Treasurer of the Association up to September 1st—$765.60.

It is interesting to note that before the years 1939 and 1940 only 12 Old Mill booklets were sold during the season. This year the sale has jumped up to 83 booklets.

The demand for wind-ground meal is increasing steadily. On the 29th of August, for instance, a total of thirty packages of meal were mailed at the local post office to be shipped by parcels post to various parts of the country. Here is a sample of the letters which are received: Nantucket, Mass.

Old Mill, When I was in Nantucket in July I purchased a bag of corn meal and liked it. Please quote me price on five and ten-pound packages sent by parcels post to Brookline, Mass., and to St. Louis, Mo., and oblige.

Yours truly, 1712 Beacon street, Brookline. ^ *^cen +i, °W ^6 ways in which customers address the Old Mill when writing for corn meal. Here are a few samples: The Old Corn Meal Mill.

The Mill on the Hill.

The Miller at the Mill.

The Historical Mill.

The Old Mill, Rhode Island.

The 1746 Mill at Nantucket. ir,t J?T®,r°^S °^ers are on file for meal to be shipped by mail at intervals during the autumn, winter and spring The correct address should be The Old Mill, Nantucket, Mass.

20.

JOHN WOOLMAN IN NANTUCKET.

BY JAMES MONAGHAN. In my paper on "Anti-Slavery in Nantucket," read before this Society two years ago, I attempted to show that the first protest against slavery was made in America in 1688 in Germantown, Penn­ sylvania. In Whittier's elaborate introduction to his edition of "John Woolman's Journal," he says William Edmundson's remon­ strance in 1675 to friends in Maryland and Virginia on the subject of holding slaves "is one of the first emphatic and decided testimonies on record against negro slavery as incompatible with Christianity, if we except the Papal bulls of Urban and Leo the Tenth." I am glad to make this correction, although I do not know why we should agree to that exception. Whittier's statement would include the Papal bulls.

Nantucket may well be proud of her connection with slavery.

While the number of slaves held by members of the Society of Friends elsewhere was large there were comparatively few in Nantucket.

It was here that the meeting was held which inspired Frederick Douglass to undertake his eloquent plea against slavery which he gave from one end of the land to the other. The building in which this meeting was held is still standing at the northwest corner of Milk and Saratoga streets. It should be marked by our Society, so that they who run may read. On this point see also the next paragraph.

Mrs. Amelia Mott Gummere, in her edition of Woolman's Journal, 1922, page 68, says: "Woolman was greatly pleased with the simplic­ ity of life which he found in Nantucket, and he contrasted it with the wealth and luxury of Philadelphia Friends. The large meetings which he addressed were probably held in the 'Big Shop,' where the crowds attending the eighteenth century meetings often assembled.

This was a great sail-loft, which stood until recently as two houses, divided after the cessation of the whaling industry. The site was at the western end of the town, on Saratoga Street, not far from the Old Friends' Meeting House and graveyard. The meeting house would not always hold the great congregations.

"The anti-slavery sentiment had always had its upholders in the independent little island. The Registry of Deeds at Nantucket contains some interesting manumissions of slaves. In 1750, Thomas Brock freed his slave Robin by will. Deeds of manumission are recorded by Ebenezer Gardner, 1741, for slave Pompey; by William Swain, 1751, for Boston, and in 1760, the date of John Woolman's second visit, for 21.

another Boston, Maria, and their children. In 1771 he freed Essex; and Edward Carey, in 1774, freed Cato."

Mrs. Gummere spent some of her summers in Nantucket. Her edition of Woolman's Journal contains an admirable biography and a complete bibliography of Woolman. The Encyclopedia Britannica gives a list of Woolman's publications.

I do not know how I can better begin the subject of my paper than by quoting from Whittier's elaborate introduction to Woolman's Journal: "In the year 1742 an event, simple and inconsiderable in itself, was made the instrument of exerting a mighty influence upon slavery in the Society of Friends. A small storekeeper at Mount Holley, in New Jersey, a member of the Society, sold a negro woman and re­ quested the young man in his employ to make a bill of sale of her.

On taking up his pen, the young clerk felt a sudden and strong scruple in his mind. The thought of writing an instrument of slavery for one of his fellow-creatures oppressed him. God's voice against the desecration of his image spoke in his soul. He yielded to the will of his employer, but, while writing the instrument, he was constrained to declare, both to the buyer and the seller, that he believed slavekeeping inconsistent with the Christian religion. This young man was John Woolman. The circumstance above named was the starting point of a life-long testimony against slavery."

The facts of Woolman's early life are very simple and can be stated in a few lines. He was born on October 19, 1720, one of 13 children, on a farm in West New Jersey, his father and grandfather being distinguished citizens. He was educated in the Quaker schools of the neighborhood—"Schooling pretty well for a planter," as he states it. He was also a wide reader. After serving an apprenticeship with a tailor he set up a shop for himself in Mount Holley, N. J., and his worldly affairs prospered, as he says in his diary, to such an extent that he felt constrained to curtail them.

In addition to his trade, he was often employed with such matters as surveying, conveyancing, executing bills of sale, and drawing wills.

He opened a school in Mount Holley for the instruction of poor Friends children and others. This was a fine charity as there were no free public schools then. He published a primer that ran through several editions. These various activities took place before he was twenty-three years old, when he felt himself called to the Quaker ministry, and he extended his journeys for thirty years from North Carolina to New Hampshire, and from Pennsylvania to Boston, taking in Nantucket twice.

He visited Nantucket first in 1747 or 8, when he spent nearly a week here, and the second time in 1760, an account of which I will 22.

give later in his own language. He finally extended his visits to England from London to Yorkshire, where he died on October 7, 1772, after many years of continuous service for the betterment of humanity.

In addition to his Journal, which gives in great detail his min­ istration, he write important essays, among them "A Plea for the Poor," and "A Word of Remembrance and Caution to the Rich." Of these "A Plea for the Poor" was re-published as a Fabian Society tract in 1897. Whittier says in his introduction to the Journal: "Nowhere has what is called the 'Labor Question,' which is now agitating the world, been discussed more wisely and with a broader humanity than in these essays A far-reaching, moral, social and political revolution, undoing the evil work of centuries, unquestionably owes much of its original impulse to the life and labors of a poor, unlearned working-man of New Jersey, whose very existence was scarcely known beyond the narrow circle of his religious society.

"It is only within a comparatively recent period that the Journal and ethical essays of this remarkable man have attracted the attention to which they are manifestly entitled. In one of my last interviews with William Ellery Channing, he expressed his great surprise that they were so little known. He had himself just read the book for the first time, and I shall never forget how his countenance lightened up as he pronounced it beyond comparison the sweetest and purest autobiography in the language. He wished to see it placed within the reach of all classes of readers; it was not a light to be hidden under the bushel of a sect. Charles Lamb, probably from his friends, the Clarksons, or from Bernard Barton, became acquainted with it, and, on more than one occasion, in his letters and 'Essays of Elia,' refers to it with warm commendation, [He said: 'Get the writings of John Woolman by heart.']Edward Irving pronounced it a God-send. Some idea of the lively interest which the fine literary circle, gathered around the hearth of Lamb, felt in the beautiful simplicity of Woolman's pages, may be had from the Diary of Henry Crabb Robinson, one of their num­ ber, himself a man of wide and varied culture, the intimate friend of Goethe, Wordsworth and Coleridge. In his notes for First Month, 1824, he says: 'A perfect gem! A beautiful soul! An illiterate [?] tailor, he writes in a style of the most exquisite purity and grace. His moral qualities are transferred to his writings. Had he not been so humble, he would have written a better book; for, fearing to indulge in vanity, he conceals the events in which he was a great actor. His religion was love. His whole existence and all his passion was love.' One of the lead23.

ing British reviews a few years ago, referring to this Journal, pronounced its author the man who, in all the centuries since the advent of Christ, lived nearest to the Divine Pattern."

Going to and from Nantucket was serious business in those days (April, 1760). I quote from Woolman's Journal: "From Dartmouth we sailed for Nantucket in company with Ann Gaunt, Mercy Redman and several other Friends. The wind being slack we only reached Tarpawling Cove the first day; where, going on shore, we found room in a public-house, and beds for a few of us—the rest slept on the floor. We went on board again about break of day, and, though the wind was small, we were favored to come within about four miles of Nantucket; and then about ten of us got into our boat and rowed to the harbor before dark; a large boat went off and brought in the rest of the pas­ sengers about midnight. The next day but one was their Yearly Meeting, which held four days, the last of which was their monthly Meeting for business. We had a laborious time amongst them; our minds were closely exercised, and I believe it was a time of great searching of heart. The longer I was on the island, the more I became sensible that there was a considerable number of valuable Friends there, though an evil spirit, tending to strife, had been at work amongst them. I was cautious of making any visits except as my mind was particularly drawn to them; and in that way we had some sittings in Friends' houses, where the heavenly wing was at times spread over us, to our mutual comfort. My be­ loved companions had very acceptable service on this island.

When meeting was over, we all agreed to sail the next day if the weather was suitable and we were well; and being called up the latter part of the night, about fifty of us went on board a vessel; but the wind changing, the seamen thought best to stay in the harbor till it altered; so we returned on shore. Feeling clear as to any further visits, I spent my time in my chamber, chiefly alone; and after some hours, my heart being filled with the spirit of supplication, my prayers and tears were poured out beore my Heavenly Father for his help and instruction in the manifold difficulties which attended me in life. While I was wait­ ing upon the Lord, there came a messenger from the women rien s w o lodged at another house, desiring to confer with a meeting, which to me appeared weighty, T*1 as we had been at so many before; but after a short conference, and advising with some elderly Friends, a meeting was appointed, nd Wh° first moved itj and who been much Sbn7 v, I shut up before, was largely opened in the love of the Gospel

24.

"Being two days in going to Nantucket, and having been there once before, I observed many shoals in their bay, which made sailing more dangerous, especially in stormy nights; also that a great shoal, which encloses their harbor, prevents the en­ trance of sloops except when the tide is up. Waiting without for the rising tide is somewhat hazardous in storms, and by waiting within they sometimes miss a fair wind. I took notice that there were on that small island a great number of inhabitants, and the soil not very fertile, the timber being so gone that for vessels, fences, and firewood, they depend chiefly on buying from the Main, for the cost whereof, with most of their other expenses, they depend principally upon the whale fishery. I considered that, as towns grew larger and lands near navigable waters were more cleared, it would require more labor to get timber and wood. I understood that the whales, being much hunted and sometimes wounded and not killed, grow more shy and difficult to come at.

I considered that the formation of the earth, the seas, the islands, bays, and rivers, the motions of the winds and great waters, which cause bars and shoals in particular places, were all the works of Him who is perfect wisdom and goodness; and as people attend to his heavenly instruction, and put their trust in Him, He pro­ vides for them in all parts where He gives them a being.

"In this visit to these people I felt a strong desire for their firm establishment on the sure foundation; besides what was said more publicly, I was concerned to speak with the women Friends in their Monthly Meeting of business, many being present, and in the fresh spring of pure love to open before them the ad­ vantage, both inwardly and outwardly, of attending singly to the pure guidance of the Holy Spirit, and therein to educate their children in true humility and the disuse of all superfluities. I reminded them of the difficulties their husbands and sons were frequently exposed to at sea, and that the more plain and simple their way of living was, the less need there would be running great hazards to support them. I also encouraged the young women to continue their neat, decent way of attending themselves on the affairs of the house; showing, as the way opened, that where people were truly humble, used themselves to business and content with a plain way of life, they had more true peace and calmness of mind than they who, aspiring to greatness and outward show, have grasped hard for an income to support themselves therein.

And as I observed they had few or no slaves, I had to encourage them to be content without them, making mention of the numerous troubles and vexations which frequently attended the minds of people who depended on slaves to do their labor."

25.

MYRON S. DUDLEY.

By ANNA GARDNER FISH. The Reverend Myron S. Dudley, to whom more than to any other person this society owes its existence, was a man of vision and of divers activities which were by no means limited to his immediate concern, his church pastorate. With no lessening of his zeal for that special field of labor, he was able to extend his interests and fostering care to every forward-looking effort for the betterment of the com­ munity which became his home.

In preparation for his public services his background and train­ ing were enlightening. It is easy to trace from his boyhood and college days the influences which dominated his early formative years and which led him in mature life to take such a wide and purposeful outlook and active participation in civic affairs. Let us note what some of these influences were.

Born in Peru, Vermont, February 20, 1837, the son of Stephen and Lydia Davis Dudley, he could trace his lineage back through sturdy, substantial ancestors whose names appear in New England records as early as 1630, as prominent members of their home towns, and whose roots were firmly established in Charlestown and Concord and Littleton, Massachusetts, before his grandfather moved to Ver­ mont in 1799.

His early education was afforded by the schools of his native town, the winter terms of which, as well as of those known as "select schools" were maintained by private subscriptions and were often taught by undergraduate students from nearby Middlebury Academy.

He prepared for college at Burr and Burton Seminary ranking second in one of the largest classes in its history. He spent the full term of four years at Williams College, a fact which can be stated of only thirty out of the enrolment of eighty-three young men during the turbulent period, 1859 to 1863.

Those were the Civil War days of great excitement, and the pressure upon college youths to leave their studies and join the Union forces was well-nigh overwhelming. The advice of members of the 26.

faculty, notably President Mark Hopkins, was strongly against the abandonment of a college career which often represented the sacri­ fice of parents or friends and which offered promises of future achievement and leadership from these young men, if uninterrupted.

It was argued that few would resume their studies when hostilities were over—a prediction which was borne out in fact, for only two of Mr. Dudley's classmates returned to complete their college courses.

The closing weeks of Mr. Dudley's senior year, 1863, were sad­ dened by the ravages of the war. One of his brothers was severely wounded at Gettysburg, and another died of typhoid fever in Ken­ tucky on Graduation Day, this loss preventing Mr. Dudley from filling his assigned part in the Commencement program.

In the autumn he enlisted as a private in the Fifth Vermont Veteran Volunteer Infantry, was promoted through the ranks of sergeant and first lieutenant to captain, received a wound in the Battle of the Wilderness (May 3, 1864), participated in Sheridan's brilliant Shenandoah campaign, served through the duration of the war and was mustered out with the volunteer army in June, 1865.

In college Mr. Dudley's interests had lain along scholastic lines, and his courses provided him with rich food for the sustenance and growth of mind and spirit. If we may accept the old-time aphorism that the make-up of a college required only Mark Hopkins at one end of a log and a student at the other, we may visualize the latter as exemplified by such a youth as Mr. Dudley must have been—a youth athirst for knowledge and service, eager to utilize for others the learning he there received. His whole life reflected the inspiration­ al light which shone upon him from that great educator.

Aside from his formal studies he belonged to many literary societies and contributed to all their functions, including debates, secretarial and library work and the preparation and delivery of orations on various occasions. He was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity. After the close of the war he entered Andover Theological Seminary in preparation for the ministry and completed his studies at Union Theological Seminary at the head of a class of some forty students.

In his succeeding pastorates at Otego, New York, Peacham, Vermont, Cromwell, Connecticut, and North Wilbraham, Massachu­ setts, there may be found the same high regard for church and state, for literary achievement and the preservation of traditions and choice antiquities which marked the Myron Dudley we knew—the same evidence of broad-minded and effective service to the community.

And all of these activities were educational steps to higher things, of which his Nantucket connections may be considered to be the apex.

Mr. Dudley began his pastoral duties at the North Congregational 27.

Church in Nantucket in 1889 and soon identified himself with the best interests of the town and concerned himself with their fulfilment.

The church was sadly in need of repairs and re-decoration, and it was due to Mr. Dudley's unfaltering zeal that these needs received favor­ able attention, the interior work being done by the firm of Haberstroh and Son, who declared the results of freshly painted and stencilled walls and renewed ceiling to have made that place of worship the most beautiful in southern New England.

But, as already intimated, his fervor for action did not confine itself to his immediate affairs but extended itself to embrace and remedy all that was amiss or awaited a champion.

One of the first claims upon his spirit of reform in Nantucket was the need of a public park, an oasis whither the weary might wend their way for rest and communion with nature. Alas, that it proved so difficult to secure such a place near seashore or pond or low-spreading pines; so that, although a tract was set aside for such a purpose, it was not readily accessible and has almost drifted from memory.

Then came the Nantucket Improvement Society, which served well to awaken a communal spirit and to bind all public-minded citizens to a common cause. This flourished for several years, during which time Mr. Dudley was its president and later a life member. He gave a paper before it on "Seaside Planting"—a subject germane to the purpose of the Society.

In 1894 this merged with the Nantucket Historical Association, in which Mr. Dudley served as first vice-president and was a life councillor. Undoubtedly many of Nantucket's choicest possessions had already been taken from the island. The founding of the society came aptly to stem the tide, awaken interest in retaining old-time treasures and save them for coming generations. It is a satisfaction to know that some of the articles which had been carried off-island have later been returned to us.

Mr. Dudley's first published article recorded the exercises at the re-opening of the renovated church in Peacham, Vermont, and the dedication of a new organ there in 1872. This was followed by "The History of Cromwell, Connecticut," in 1876, the prelude to a later account for the "History of Middlesex County, Connecticut," in 1884.

Then came his Nantucket publications: "Historic Sites and Historic Buildings" (1895) and "The Timothy White Papers" (1898). In 1901 appeared "Memoir of Edwin Griffin Porter," President of the New England Historic-Genealogical Society, and "Nantucket Churches and Pastors" (1902.) In addition to these special papers, various articles —historic, religious and technical—have appeared in the proceedings of this and other societies, and in newspapers, setting forth his 28.

concern for the organizations of which he was a member—the Mass­ achusetts Forestry Association, the New England Historic-Gene­ alogical Society, the Old Colony Historical Society (as corresponding member), the Massachusetts Sons of the Revolution, the Grand Army of the Republic, and in his capacity of Department Chaplain for Massachusetts, in 1892.

Occasional hints of his attention to details appear in The Inquirer and Mirror. Thus "Looking Backward" records in 1890 the talk given

by Mr. Dudley on "Seaside Planting" before the Nantucket Improve­ ment Society, already mentioned; and again, in 1895, his characteriza­ tion of a vote passed at a special town meeting to postpone indefinitely a request for the rebuilding of North Water Street, as being irritat­ ing and too prevalent in island affairs." In April, 1901, our home paper published an interesting letter from Mr. Dudley, giving a detailed account of the courage of a seven-year-old boy of Lexington, roused from his midnight slumbers, April 19, 1775, to carry Paul Revere's message across the fields to a lonely farmhouse, warning its occupant, who was a Minute Man, that the British were coming.

This little lad became the grandfather of Miss Mary Elizabeth Marrett, who was Mr. Dudley's third wife and survived him. It is through her family that many of the facts of his life have been gleaned, but he himself has given us an insight into the motivations which molded his character and developed his personality, his openhearted acceptance of responsibility and his spirit of helpfulness.

He has said that a religious influence seemed predominant in his life—not in a narrow sense but as a pervasive controlling power; and he has laid stress upon the lasting effects upon him and his college mates, made by the master minds over them, and especially of Wil­ liams' great president, Mark Hopkins, quoting as applicable to him a passage from Zola's essay on education: "As far as possible he left books upon one side in order to compel his pupils to judge things for themselves." And he continues: "To see things for one's self, to con­ vince one's self of what one ought to believe, to develop one's reason­ ing powers and one's individuality in accordance with the reasons of existence and action, such were the principles which governed Mark Hopkins' teaching method, the only one by which true men might be created."

Well it is that this earnest and public-spirited disciple of great minds, Myron S. Dudley, should be held not only as a living memory by his contemporaries but also as a focus for the appreciation of those to whom he passed his torch of helpfulness and consecration to service, as they must in turn pass it to those who will keep alive the traditions of a great past in our beloved community.

29.

THE VOICE OF A NANTUCKET ATTIC.

By ROBERT BENNETT. I am an attic, not just an ordinary one, but a Nantucket attic.

Contrary to the usual connotation, I am not a small, stuffy area, hanging with cobwebs; mine is a fairly large and a very clean do­ main. A great many changes have taken place in my life-time. Almost all of these have had an influence on me in some way or other.

As compared with all other attics in Nantucket I take seniority over a, majority of them, having been built before the end of the eighteenth century. I shall always remember the rush of those last weeks before the wedding of young Josiah and Mary. All of the neighbors helped in the finishing of the house; no easy task in those days. After looking at some of the newer houses, however, I wonder if a great deal more about building was not known when my roof was hand-pegged together than in these days when it is possible to get a roof in sections already constructed in a factory. In fact, not a few people are eliminating my section of the house when they plan their new homes. This is indeed unfortunate because every attic could tell such a fascinating story if it were but given the chance.

My history really began several years after this house was built, that is, when Josiah became captain of his boat and began making longer and longer trips until he reached the Orient. Naturally he started to bring back treasures from there which, of course, affected me, as I became a store room for a few carefully-packed wedding presents that had been necessarily removed because of the addition of these truly beautiful ornaments and rugs.

Things did not rest long with me, though. Furniture was broken from time to time, and then the pieces previously stored were taken to replace them. The broken furniture stayed only until some sailor would take it with him on a long voyage and return with it completely fixed. If this arrangement was good for the housewife, it was doubly so for the sailor. It not only gave him an opportunity to make some 30.

more money, but—and this is probably far more important—it gave him something to do in his spare time.

Captain Josiah had been very successful on his whaling voyages, as you have probably gathered. It was possible for him to change the furniture of his house in accordance with the styles of the day.

This later turned out to be a disadvantage, rather than an advantage, when the styles dictated the ugly instead of the beautiful.

As the next generation grew up, I came to know nearly all of the original furnishings of the house as they were gradually relegated to the attic in favor of the finer things adapted from the furniture of Duncan Phyfe. There was a vast difference between the homely, nearcrude chairs and tables of one generation ago, and the rich, stately furniture of this period.

The rugs and bric-a-bac from the far East fitted in very well with the richness of the mahogany of which this new furniture was invariably made.

By this time there had been two silversmiths of importance in Nantucket. S. Barrett was one; William Hadwen was the other. The former produced mostly about 1760 and the latter about 1820. It was Mr. Hadwen who made the spoons that were given to Mary's daughter when she was to be married. These were packed in chests under my roof along with the rest of the bride's trousseau until the day of the wedding. If it were not; for the fact that I was used as a temporary store room I know that I should never have seen this beautiful silver, for things as enduring as this are not discarded readily.

My real story, however, is more often found in the people who have visited me during my long years of existence. Most of these have been children, who, for want of something to do on a rainy day, always got to the attic. Here, in days gone past, they would play near the window, and, if the house were situated right, watch the boats in the harbor. For playthings they would use, and take quite for granted, dolls and furniture that children of today would not be allowed to use because of both the monetary and sentimental value attached to them now.

When a boy was old enough he was given the privilege of climbing the walk alone whenever he wished. It was an extremely proud boy, who, taking advantage of his age, would run up the ladder and out on the walk, a,nd stand there listening to the exclamations of the younger children. When the walk fell into a state of disrepair it was removed since it really served no useful purpose.

As I have said before, the furniture in an attic is not likely to be left there long. If it is not finally reclaimed by the household, it is taken to the dump. I assure you, however, that an article must be in very bad condition before it will be thrown away. From the fact 31.

that a piece has lost all its usefulness does not justify its being thrown away. That shelf clock under the eaves bears testimony to this. For many years the pendulum has been missing, and it is fairly certain that it was misplaced by one of the children, who promptly forgot where it had been hidden.

Another witness can be found in that old mirror frame. I doubt, very much that a new piece of glass will ever be put in, and yet the family still cling to it, promising that they will have it fixed some day—when they have that rocker, and the leg of the sofa, and, well, all those other things that are waiting for the hands of some cabinet maker. Perhaps the hands of a collector will get them first. He would be a lucky person.

One small, apparently insignificant, thing that has always fas­ cinated me most is the old wooden lemon-squeezer, discarded because of its inconvenience as compared with the modern glass one operated by hand or even electricity. Yet, I think this was a rather ingenious invention. On the wooden base was a place for the glass into which the juice was to be squeezed. Above this was an insert of lignumvitae wood, punctured with holes. A handle came down on this and squeezed the lemon in between. It may be more difficult to use, but I know that the lemonade would taste better for me were this method used.

Protected by my roof there are two other things that should be mentioned. The first is the bonnet-box, and the last, but far from the least important, is the sea chest.

My particular bonnet-box was made about fifteen years after the house was built. That is, just at the time when the States were en­ gaged in the Second War with England. The inside and bottom of the box are covered with newspapers telling of this war, and of Napoleon's private life. The outside is covered with a blue hand-blocked wall­ paper in a pattern suggestive of enlarged snowflakes.

No mention of an attic could be complete without speaking of the inevitable sea chest. In my case the sea chest is the privileged receptacle of the ship's log kept by Josiah. This gives very valuable information about the islands in the Pacific which were discovered by early Nantucket whaling ships.

On top of the log is an afghan some eighty years old. It may seem difficult to believe, but it has been kept in perfect condition by being wrapped in pure handkerchief linen. It is well known that any­ thing packed in this cloth will never be touched by moths.

If you have an attic like me, treasure it. It will tell its story even though it may not be able to talk; the so-called "junk" of an attic will fascinate you with its history.

32.

NANTUCKET BAR

BY EDOUARD A. STACKPOLE. "Our fond farewells at last were said, The ship lay out in the bay; We crossed the Bar as the morning dawned, And soon after sailed away."

—Nantucket Whaling Song.

The present jetties or rip-rap granite which form the entrance to Nantucket harbor, and make it possible for comparatively large craft to enter, stand as monuments to a lost opportunity. They were con­ structed a half century ago by the Federal government, and have been of immeasurable help in the maintenance of this island as a summer resort and yachting center—but if they had been built fifty years sooner they would have enabled Nantucket to continue as the world's largest whaling port for some years beyond the time when its star of leadership began to fade, and certainly would have continued its im­ portance until that time when economic conditions brought a natural death to the industry. But fate deemed otherwise, determining the course described in history. The jetties came in the 1880's instead of the 1820's, with the western jetty first, and were constructed to allow strong tides, entering and leaving the harbor, to keep the channel at a certain necessary depth. Their primary purpose, however, was to keep open a channel through the long shoals or sand bars which, having a maxi­ mum of only nine feet of water at high tide, were barriers to deeply laden ships, the widest of the sandy barriers having been known for nearly three hundred years as Nantucket Bar—or simply, "the bar."

As a physical barrier that for two hundred years perplexed and vexed the mariners of Nantucket, the curving shoal that stretched across the mouth of the "Great Harbor" (of Colonial days) occasioned vital chapters in the history of the Island. It probably appeared to the first settlers as a natural barrier against the use of the wide anchorage inside Brant Point, and must have been the deciding factor which led them to use the meagre harbor formed by the opening of Capaum Pond to the Sound. Certainly, those first settlers were more interested in the land than in the sea; they were satisfied by the facilities afforded at Capaum, little dreaming how the next half century would change the lives of their children. Nantucket Bar, frothing white in the teeth of a northerly gale, was a forbidding sight. It is understandable that they avoided it as long as circumstances permitted. * * * * * * * * * * The island of Nantucket is mainly a heap of glacial drift and presents a coastline of some seventy-five miles. Shaped like a crescent, 33.

with the horns some fifteen miles from tip to tip, and the greatest width at its center some four miles, the north-west, north and northnortheast shores contain a wide bay, looking very inviting to the mariner in case of a strong southerly blow. But the long shoal or Bar which runs from Great Point's inside shore to Eel Point, with smaller bars inside, presented a serious obstacle to island commerce.

Tradition tells of a certain incident brought out by the Bar which had a prophetic effect upon the settlers. At some time during the first decade of the settlement a right whale, known as a "scragg," wandered into the harbor. In attempting his return to the open sound he found that low tide had shoaled water at the bar, and he was frightened into going back into the harbor, where his spoutings were observed. At this time in Colonial New England, right whales were quite common alongshore and the Long Islanders at Southampton had already organ­ ized boat-crews to capture those whales caught in the shoal waters. In this particular case, the Nantucket business of whale-catching appears to have received its first start. The Indians aided those early endeavors.

Whale look-outs were soon erected around the shores, and boat-crews pulled far out for many captures of larger whales. Then came the short voyages to sea. Once under way, history has amply recorded how the islanders soon became the foremost exponents of the whaling industry in the colonies and, subsequently, in the world. *

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Capaum Pond as a harbor closed up some time between 1717 and 1722. Henry B. Worth, authority on Nantucket lands, declares the pond was sealed up by a storm in 1722. It was natural for the settlers to seek the spot at the western end of the Great Harbor, where the Wesco Hills slope, for their landing place. The land records show a marked activity in land buying at the Wesco lots about 1717, and "ye old landing, 40 feet wide," became the possession of Joseph Coffin in 1716. From the straggling settlement of Sherburne to the new harbor ran two roads—West Chester Street and Duke street— along which the tide of migration went while the new town at Wesco was being erected.

Straight wharf, first of four 18th-century wharves, was built in 1718, and with its building began a new era for Nantucket which, before ending, was to see the harbor here become the home port for the greatest whaling fleet in the world. Shipments of whale oil to Boston began to become frequent, and in 1720 the ship Hanover carried Nantucket whale oil directly from Boston to London, England. Soon after Captain Christopher Hussey was blown off-shore and captured the first sperm whale, it was decided to ship oil directly to London and the other large European capitals. In 1723, the brig Dolphin was built here for Paul Gardner & Sons. Sherburne had spread to the Fish Lots and West Monoomoy, and its whaling fleet was doubled twice in the decade from 1720 34.

to 1730. Just how much water the largest craft drew is a question but the Massachusetts Archives reveal that a vessel of 118 tons was built here in 1732, which means that craft drawing up to eight feet of water were able to get over the Bar. At average high tide this was the practical depth of water over the shoal.

John Woolman, in his Journal, tells of coming here in April, 1760, his second visit and a two-day journey from the mainland, and de­ scribed "many shoals in their bay, which made sailing dangerous, es­ pecially on stormy nights; also that a great shoal, which encloses their harbor, prevents the entrance of sloops except when the tide is up.

Waiting without for the rising tide is sometimes hazardous in storms, and by waiting within they sometimes miss a fair wind."

But as the whaling fleet went further on its voyages, the sloops and schooners were replaced by larger craft. In sailing out around Brant Point a vessel outfitted for a voyage often drew more than the eight or nine feet of water, and the Bar now became an obstacle with which to be reckoned. The use of lighters was then adopted, a vessel being out­ fitted in back of the Bar, allowing greater safety but insuring con­ siderably more expense to the ship-owners. Naturally, a loaded craft, returning from a voyage, similarly must be lightered before getting into the harbor and warping up to her berth. *

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The first in a series of lighthouses to be built at Brant Point's sandy end was constructed in 1746, "on supposition that the owners and others concerned in the shipping will maintain the s'd light." The importance of the light as an aid to navigators crossing the bar can be clearly evidenced by the fact that not until the Revolution was well launched, and privateers were lying in back of the Bar, did the light on Brant Point become extinguished.

The British Navy made a considerable survey of Nantucket and Vineyard Sounds, and the leadsman in the royal navy noted most carefully the best channel over the Bar, with direction as to the range with the lighthouse. The map was made by Lieut. Knight of the British Navy for the Admiralty of King George III, and it was published in London by I. F. W. Des Barres, Esq., on Dec. 1st, 1781, according to an act of Parliament. Lieut. Knight and his associate pilots were very thorough in obtaining the soundings in the surrounding waters and in getting the outline of the shoals and the topography of the island ac­ curately. The names of the localities are spelled as they sounded to the British, rather than as written by the islanders, but are correctly placed as to location. The shoals in the Sound, Muskeget channel, the Great Point Rips, the passages between the shoals of Pollock Rip and the shoals to the east are noted. Some of the natural features of the island which have since been obliterated or changed by forces of the .35

elements are shown, such as at Smith's Point, Coatue and Great Point.

A very important characteristic of Nantucket Bar at the time is not placed on this map—the presence of the several channels over the Bar. No doubt, these channels were known to local pilots but they may have been close-mouthed about it to the Admiralty agents. Then again, these channels were constantly shifting in location and it may have been that they were omitted to save too trusting a pilot.

The chart, however, does make a careful record of one entrance to the harbor over the bar, noting as follows: "To sail into Nantucket Harbor and carry the best water over the bar, on which is nine (9) feet, bring the lighthouse to bear S. S. E., then run for it giving Brant Point a birth and haul in.

The buoy on the East Flat seen in day time."

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The Bar was the scene of a number of exciting incidents during the Revolution. A principal source of danger was from British priva­ teers manned by Refugees, which preyed on the commerce of Continnental and Loyalist alike. Frequent conflicts took place between these predatary vessels and armed craft manned by Continentals sent out

by Major Dimmock at Falmouth. On one occasion quite a sharp en­ gagement took place in the harbor (June 11 1782), and again in Octo­ ber of the same. The Bar and shoals, however, were in some measure a protection as it kept a considerable number of these predatory ships at a distance from the wharves. One incident shows how captains of privateers were not always aware of the danger and, in this instance, one of them nearly lost his ship. On Sept. 13, 1779, Kezia Coffin's diary reports: "Letter-of-marque sloop got on the Bar yesterday in the night, anchored off the Cliff. The Refugees took some cannon to the Cliff and fired on her, but did not hurt her. At high water she weighed anchor and went off the Bar and is gone off clear. One or two of the Refugees were wounded by their own cannon."

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The whaling fleet grew steadily, numbering 75 vessels in 1765 and increasing to one hundred and fifty at the outbreak of the Revolution.

The sad story of the days of the Revolution is well known. Having overcome the physical handicap of the harbor barrier, the Nantucketers were forced to see their fleet decimated by the privateers and the British Navy. With the restoration of peace they again built up the industry, establishing themselves once more as the foremost exponents of this great maritime business. It was a slow, painstaking effort, but the turn of the 19th century found the Nantucket fleet consisting of twenty-two ships, most of which went to the new whaling grounds in the Pacific Ocean, where they became pioneers in discovering new whaling grounds.

At home, the growth of shore industries attendant to whaling was equally extensive—the outfitter, cordage maker, cooper, sail-maker, 36.

etc. Now, for the first time, some detail as to the trouble in getting over the Bar appears in the official records. On January 8, 1803, a town meeting was held at which it was proposed to petition Congress for relief by the dredging of a channel from Brant Point to the outer part of the outer bar.

There were a number of opinions expressed at this meeting, which showed that the islanders were not as yet convinced that the United States Congress was strong enough to grant such a request. Others argued that while the extra cost of outfitting incurred by lightering was burdensome it employed a number of men who would otherwise be idle. How curiously apt this applies to present day ecomonic practice! At length a committee was appointed to bear a petition to Congress and to use their endeavors to see that the request for aid was favorably received. The committee carried out the vote of the town, with results that, on the surface, appeared most satisfactory. Congress not only received the petition from the Nantucket commissioners but voted to have a survey made at Government expense, and to prepare an estimate as to the cost of digging a channel out through the Bar. When the surveyors arrived, a committee composed of Gideon Gardner, Isaac Coffin, Obed Mitchell, Francis Macy, and George C. Hussey was appointed to wait on them, with a larger committee to assist them.

Meanwhile, a variety of suggestions were proposed as a means of effecting the desired result. The majority of the townspeople, however, favored the original idea—dredging a channel through the bar. A group of experienced mariners, including whalemen, coasting skippers and pilots, suggested that some stone piers be constructed from Brant Point on one side of the harbor entrance and from Coatue on the other, both piers or breakwaters to extend in a northerly direction into the Sound.

They argued that the force of the tide would keep a channel at a desired depth. It was this same plan that was ultimately adopted by the U. S. Engineers—but some 80 years later!

The two government engineers who were to make the survey were Samuel Cox and John F. Williams, appointed in July, 1803, by the Hon. Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury. They arrived soon after and met with two committees selected by the town meetings.

After considerable survey and discussion of local tidal conditions it was decided that the most feasible plan for creating a channel and keeping it deep enough was through the erection of two wooden piers in approximately the same positions as proposed by those suggesting stone piers. The surveyors proposed that wooden spiles be driven down, some eight to ten feet apart and the spaces filled with plank, by which the velocity of the tides would be so increased as to scour out a deep channel. One of the piers was to extend from the northwest point of 37.

Coatue to the southwest corner of the so-called "black-flats, the other to begin about one-third of the distance from Brant Point to the Cliff shore, and to extend to the northeast corner of Cliff Shoal—both piers to run in straight lines. The estimated expense was $30,000. Sur­ veyor Williams urged the town to appoint a committee to further the proposal in Congress. He wrote: "If you get it done I hope it will ex­ ceed your most sanguine expectations and that it will prove a lasting benefit to your Commerce."

There is little question but that it would have proven of lasting benefit to the island's commerce—but destiny decided that it should be more than eighty years away. The voters again met in town meeting; the surveyors' and committee's proposal was submitted. But strong objections were immediately voiced, it being feared that the erection of piers would create a distinct hazard to large vessels entering the har­ bor, while they might also cause new shoals to form. The Town voted: "That the Town will not have any piers built on the black flats and off from Brant Point." Consequently, the idea of dredging a channel was put forth and the meeting appointed a committee and instructed it to have the original idea carried out. Congress again heard the petitioners from Nantucket—but the proposal was rejected and lost. *

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Despite the lack of water on the bar, the whaling fleet continued to grow, and the use of lighters in back of the Bar was augmented by taking the ships over to Edgartown to complete their outfitting. Old Town, as the Vineyard port was called by Nantucketers, became an important port of departure for Nantucket ships until the last days of the island's whaling.

But man-made misfortunes succeeded the ill-fated 1803 survey. The British embargoes on American commerce; the Jeffersonian policies of passive resistance; and finally the War of 1812 again dealt well-nigh fatal blows to the industry. During the decade preceding the war, how­ ever, a number of important developments took place. The Pacific Bank was founded; the Nantucket and Union Insurance companies were organized; and a ship-yard was constructed on Brant Point, where the ship Rose, a China ship, was built in 1802 for Paul Gardner, Jr. The whaling fleet increased to 48 ships, besides smaller craft, and they were all at sea—a singular coincidence. The population of this island town at this time was 6,807.

Nantucket's suffering during the 1812-1815 war has been told be­ fore and, in the light of the scattering of its whale-fleet, migrations to other ports of its whale-men, and the tremendous loss of capital, it is remarkable that five years after the war again found the port with a fleet of 60 vessels and a population of 7,266. The increasing draft of the large whaleships, coasting schooners and packets again brought up 38.

the subject of dredging the bar before the voters at a town meeting.

The expense of outfitting and infitting had increased to the point where agitation for dredging the bar was heard almost constantly. * * * * * * * * * * Another factor now entered the picture. Nantucket Sound was the chief highroad for vessels bound up or down the coast. Once in these waters, if a storm brewed, the mariners were forced to run to the Vine­ yard ports for shelter, it being considered too dangerous to cross the Bar to enter this port. The proponents of stone or wooden piers urged that the construction of the same would not only materially benefit Nantucket as a whaling port but would be of great value as a harbor of refuge for vessels in the Sound.

A committee was appointed to investigate the proposition. Party politics were of course encountered, and the fact that Nantucket owned 85 out of the 152 vessels in the entire whaling fleet of this country found natural jealousies springing up among Congressional members representing other ports. But the 85 Nantucket whaling vessels—75 of which were ships—represented a total value of $4,000,000 and supplied work for 1,440 seamen on board, not counting the workers in attendant industries in sail-loft, cooperage, rope-walk, blacksmithy, chandlery, etc. The Society of Friends, which had controlled the policies of Nan­ tucket, had accomplished miracles in patient pluck and enterprise, but here was a problem that demanded worldly measures—political pres­ sure or lobbying.

Barker Burnell, our Senator to the National Congress, brought the pressure to bear. On October 15, 1825, a party of gentlemen arrived at Nantucket, including surveyors who had been appointed by the Congress to survey the shores and waters around Great Point and Coatue with the view of establishing a harbor of refuge here. Mr. Burnell had done his work well. He had pointed out that such a harbor at this point must be of immense value and importance to the whole eastern coast of this country. Located at the very focus of the most dangerous navigation in this section—shoals in and near Nantucket Sound—with no port of safety in the vicinity except Edgartown, which under many conditions would be too distant, the harbor of refuge would, in the words of the memorial, "secure an asylum to the numerous vessels plying in the neighborhood."

It is interesting to note that when Gov. Levi Lincoln, of Massachu­ setts, and his party came down for a visit this year (1825), the sloop from Falmouth bumped onto the bar and remained fast for some time before the tide released her—a rather forcible illustration to the powers on board of the obstacle which daily confronted Nantucketers. * * * * * * * * * * Nothing more was done that year (1825) but on November 21, The Inquirer, then over four years old and the island's only newspaper, 39.

recorded that a new channel over the Bar had been buoyed out by some of the master pilots, and the lighthouse on the south shore of the harbor had been moved to allow for a new range for ships using this channel. The range was given as follows: "Bring the South light and the light on Brant Point into one at the outer buoy; and the South light should be opened to the westward one hand-spike's length, to run the channel from the Bar or outer buoy to the shoals off Brant Point." *

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On the 13th of May, 1826, Col. John Anderson, in charge of the U. S. Engineer's surveying group which had come to the island the pre­ ceding year, issued a large chart of Nantucket Sound. It was the first American government chart of these waters, and included an area some thirty miles long by nineteen miles wide. Naturally, as the most important object originally was the ascertaining of the practicability of erecting a breakwater or pier near the mouth of the outer Bar, Col. Anderson included a drawing of the same. That such a breakwater was practical "no one, we think," quoth The Inquirer, "after inspecting the chart can entertain the slightest doubt."

During 1827, Congress managed to pass a bill providing for the Delaware breakwater; it also passed a considerable sum for the im­ provement of several harbors, and was discussing the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal (which must be as successful as the Erie route); but the Nantucket proposition was not brought up for any action. However, in February, 1828, Col. Anderson submitted a detailed report to the Congress which sketched the advantages of the scheme and urged its immediate adoption. The cost was estimated at $898,393.00. The report stated in part: "In compliance with orders of Col. Tottem of Sept. 10, 1827, I made hydrographical and land surveys of the north end of the island of Nantucket, with the view of erecting* a breakwater, or aftjficial harbor for the security of vessels navigating- etc., in this vic!Plty: herewith transmit a chart showing* the result of this part of the duty which I have performed."

Col. Anderson went on to mention some of the difficulties encoun­ tered, principally the lack of a suitable number of government assist­ ants and the lateness of the season when he began his work. Upon arrival here his first object was to employ men who were capable of performing the duties of oarsmen and leadsmen. He records that he found many here with a great knowledge of these waters. He states further: "The harbor of Nantucket, once made, offers to all vessels

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about 1200 coasters visit the harbor each year from all parts of the country. *

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Another interesting phase of the situation came out at this time.

Efforts to inaugurate a steamboat line had been launched some ten years before by the steamboat Eagle. The only important accomplish­ ment shown by this inadequately powered little craft was the towing over the Bar, July 24, 1818, of the whaleship George, with a full cargo of 2,016 barrels of sperm oil—the first instance of its kind in the history of the island. The incident caused no more than passing surprise, for sail was still the superior in the eyes of islanders, but it made some impression upon Captain William Moores. In February, 1828, he sub­ mitted seven drawings of a pair of floating dry-docks called "Camels," with which he proposed getting the whaleships in and out of the harbor over the Bar. By submerging the two sections of dry-dock under the vessels, then pumping out the water, they could be gotten over the Bar comparatively simply, he maintained. Nothing came of it at this time but in 1842 the same scheme of the "Camels" was successfully used by Peter Ewer. *

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To get back to the town meeting Memorial of 1828, the Congress accepted the petition but did little or nothing. Not even the maritime interests of the whaling merchants, aided by the coasting trade, could get the proposition further than the plans drawn by Col. Anderson.

There must have been considerable political maneuvering, perhaps en­ gendered by the jealous watchfulness of rival ports, whose representa­ tives could not see beyond the narrow limits of their respective com­ munities.

Disappointed, but not disheartened, the island merchants decided to attempt some dredging by raising a fund through private subscrip­ tion. A Mr. Eveleth, of New York, visited the island during the summer of 1828, with a proposition to dig a channel through the two bars by using a steam dredge and scow. He estimated the cost would be between $13,000 and $30,000, and declared that his dredging apparatus had been used successfully in Salem and other places. Several ship owners and other merchants held a conference with Eveleth, and the sum of $15,000 was raised and a contract signed' Meanwhile, in September, 1828, the government informed Nan­ tucket a special committee was to arrive from the U. S. Engineers De­ partment to investigate the Anderson plan. A special town meeting con­ vened on September 9, 1828, at which Peter Chase, David Worth, Daniel Jones, Barzillai Cottle, Gorham Coffin, Matthew Crosby, Barker Burnell, and Samuel B. Tuck were appointed a committee to confer with the engineers. Four days later the party arrived, consisting of 42.

Lieut. Jonathan Prescott and two assistants.

The Eveleth dredging machine arrived on November 1, 1828, in tow of the steamboat Connecticut, Capt. Bunker. The machine was like a catamaran, with six scoops between driven by a 12-horse-power engine, the scoops digging and delivering mud at a rate of about a ton a minute.

However, it operated only for a few square yards around the wharves, proceeding only a short distance along the channel before the money raised was exhausted. s j c *

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The reason for the failure of the one dredge becomes obvious upon studying the barriers which had to be surmounted—or cut through. To begin with, there were in reality two sand bars across the harbor mouth —both bars making out from Eel Point, at the northern side of the island, running nearly E. by N. V2 E., to end at the west side of Great Point and the north side of Coatue Point. The outer bar had 9 feet of water on it at low tide, while the inner bar had 6 feet at low water.

A buoy marking the eastern side of the channel on the outer bar gave course in a channel running by a straight line to Brant Point light.

These bars were of compactly set sand, with gullies or channels dug by tidal action—but 3 feet below this compact sand was a strata of hard clay. Owing to the great body of water in the upper and lower harbors, a tide of considerable velocity discharges between the narrow confines of Brant Point and Coatue, but its velocity for utilization in scouring out a channel was wasted due to expansion immediately after passing the point. It was this condition that led Zenas Coffin, one of the outstanding island merchants, to send a detailed plan to the U. S. Engineers, reiterating the advantages which would ensue from the driving of two rows of spiles on either side of the entrance to the harbor, one at Great Point, the other at Coatue, extending to some distance, with the intent of harnessing the scouring action of the tide. *

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Two town meetings were held in December of 1828, and Barker Burnell and Latham Gardner appointed a committee to again carry a petition to Congress. The report of Lieut. Prescott was received favorably, and on March 21, 1829, Senator Reed, in a letter to the Selectmen, informed them that a bill had been introduced in Congress to appropriate $30,000 for improving the harbor here. The House of Representatives engrossed the bill, and the Secretary of War had trans­ mitted his own report, together with the action of the House, to the Senate. The bill soon afterwards was passed and signed by President Adams.

Lieut. Prescott's report stated: "The following estimate is therefore formed in the operations for excavations. To effect the channel a dredging machine will be necessary, and one has been procured by the inhabitants of Nan43.

tucket for which they have paid $13,000. This machine is warranted to take up 300 cubic yards of mud per hour, and will work to ad­ vantage in 15 feet of water. Two cords of wood are necessary for fuel, allowing the machine to work 12 hours a day, a requisite, at $4.00 a cord. Three hands are necessary—one at $50 per month, two at $27 per month. Three scows must be used, costing $750 each, with two men on each scow at $27.00 per month. There will probably be 3 1-2 working days out of every 7. At least $1.00 a day should be allowed for the wear and tear on the machine."

In concluding his statement as to the cost of operating the dredg­ ing apparatus, Lieut. Prescott estimated that the expense of excavating per hour, or for every 50 cubic feet of sand removed, would be about $2,400. He calculated the distance to be excavated—the vertical section along the bottom of the proposed channel—as 63,000 square feet, and the contents of excavation to be 468,150 square yards. Estimating that it would take 9,363 hours to do the work, he figured the cost of the actual work of excavating at $22,515.00. As the dredging machine was to cost $13,000, the scows and operation $2,200, and allowing for any emergency, he asked the Congress for an appropriation of $44,265.56 for dredging the proposed channel at Nantucket.

The Prescott appropriation was passed and in June, 1829, the Eveleth dredging machine once more began its operations. There was another attempt to have the system of piers utilized but this met with little success and was abandoned. The dredging was not successful, ue to the filling in of the sand as fast as it was dredged. Prescott did not provide for the readjustment of the tides. Prof. Henry Mitchell declared, some 50 years later: "The attempt of the United States engineers to cut a channel through the bar at Nantucket harbor was an utter failure. It was like bailing out the sea." *

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7" 1829 SaW the last attempt at cutting a channel ' if6' Bar Until ^ j6ttieS Were built — than a half 1830 Nantucket " 3 CU"0as.f act that durinS the period from 1820 to 1830 Nantucket approached its zenith as the leading whaling port of the world, and its interests were duly recognized by merchants and politicians alike and yet the island merchants could not concentrate their desires for an adequate channel into the harbor So as t"sent a sing e V01ce for a single plan. Various conditions explain this in part The island s whaling fleet had become pioneers in exploring the mighty

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g r o u n d s u Z Z V ' ^ i8landS' findin* - w whafng g unds Many of the ship-owners, merchants and captains here were ;xetploring expedition bein*sent our wavy than trying to improve the harbor bar .n.„

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is not difficult to understand. They were riding a high tide of success.

Out of the 70,000 barrels of sperm oil imported into this country in 1828, 48,073 came in Nantucket ships. The fleet comprised 60 ships, averaging 337 tons. The captains and crews were practically all island men. During the 15 years since the close of the War of 1812 whale oil to the value of more than $14,258,323.00 had been taken, refined and sold to all quarters of the civilized world. Nantucket Bar did not appear the formidable barrier of 1803. *

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The list of marine disasters occurring on Nantucket Bar is an appalling one. Among them are recorded tragedies which touched many of the families in the whaling town. One of the worst of the catastrophes took place on the 1st day of January, 1782. Captain Robert Barker had outfitted his brig (at a mainland port) for a whaling voy­ age and, in company with another Nantucket craft, came down to the Bar, intending to come ashore and visit their families before sailing.

It was war-time, and every hour in these waters was dangerous. They had outfitted at Dartmouth (probably) for that reason. It was the last day of the old year, 1781, and the day and night were spent at home.

Next morning, at daybreak, Captain Barker and his boat's-crew, with the other whale-boats, left the wharf and pulled for the brig in back of the Bar. There was a strong nor'wester and under ordinary circum­ stances there would have been no attempt to reach the brigs until the wind dropped. But every hour of daylight endangered the vessels to the approach of privateers or British patroling ships. The whaleboat contained Captain Barker, Christopher Wyer, Jr., Jethro Coffin, Jr., Reuben Folger, Jr., Job Myrick, Samuel Ray, and Joseph Chadwick. A diary of the time records: "Just as they got on the Bar the boat overset, and all seven were drowned. Two boats from shore went out to aid them but it was impossible to render any assistance."

Disasters and misfortunes to shipping were quite numerous. A typical example was the case of the whaleship Rose, which grounded on the Bar while outward bound, October 26, 1831. It was found impos­ sible to float her and she was stripped of cargo, sails and rigging. It was not until July 31st, 1832, that the Rose was finally freed from the Bar, and she was then brought back into port and refitted. But an entire year's voyaging was lost, not taking into consideration other expenses.

The merchant ship Olive, of New York, with coffee, sugar, cocoa, etc., while anchored in back of the Bar, was caught in a storm, dragged at her anchors and went onto the shoal. She bilged and the greater part of her cargo was lost. The hull was afterwards sold to wreckers for a mere $234.

The whaleship Washington, in May, 1837, home from a voyage to the Pacific, while lightering her cargo in back of the Bar, was caught 45.

in a heavy northeast gale. The lighters cast off and were driven ashore with part of her cargo, but the Washington parted both her anchors and drove onto the Bar near the Cliff, knocking off her rudder and her stern planking. The hull filled and a considerable portion of the casks, loose in the hold, was knocked about and stove. The ship was after­ wards repaired—but her three-year voyage was destroyed. * * * * * * ** * * The most impressive incident in the series of ships lost on the Bar or its vicinity, so far as the whaleships themselves are concerned, had to do with the total loss of the new whaleship Joseph Starbuck, built at Brant Point in 1838 for the wealthy whaling merchant of that name, which had made one successful voyage to the Pacific. After being made ready for another voyage in November, 1842, she was taken in tow by steamer Telegraph bound for Edgartown where she was to complete her outfitting. In addition to her crew the ship had on board a number of ladies who intended accompanying their husbands as far as Edgartown before saying last farewells and returning home. A strong head wind suddenly became a gale and the Telegraph, unable to tow, was forced to let go her hawser, the whaleship anchoring within a mile of Cross Rip. The gale increased and the ship, with no cargo, rode high in the water and soon parted her cables. Even then it was not expectea that she would be in too great danger, for her master, Captain Charles Veeder, ordered the mizzen topmast cut away and the foresail set in­ tending to risk coming back over the Bar into the harbor rather than going out to sea in her unprepared condition.

The wind was now at gale force, out of the northwest. The Joseph Starbuck, being light, soon fell off and despite every effort of seaman­ ship drifted toward the eastern end of the Bar, where she struck and soon after went over on her beam ends. The men and women on board never expected to see morning—but the ship held together. At dawn her predicament was noted by those in the tower. Volunteers manned steamer Massachusetts and went out to the rescue. It was one of the most remarkable exploits in the history of Nantucket. The steamer pro­ ceeded to get close enough to make a line fast in the lee of the wreck.

A whaleboat made five perilous trips to bring the thirty-five people to the steamer and safety. It was a sad blow to the fortunes of the whale­ men involved but their escape from death, especially with their ladies on board, was considered providential. The Joseph Starbuck became a total loss, but $24,000 in insurance was recovered on her. *

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One of the most unusual marine happenings occurred on the Bar April 7, 1840, during a violent tempest of thunder, lightning and rain.

Several coasting vessels were lying at anchor outside the Bar, waiting for a favorable tide to bring them into port, when the storm commenced.

The sloop Abel Hoyt, Capt. Myrick, from Boston to Nantucket, was hit 46.

by a lightning bolt and Captain Myrick and two sailors knocked down and partially stunned. No one was seriously hurt and the sloop's only damage was burned signals at mast-head. Several on board the Boston schooner Ellen were thrown down and bruised, and the lightning ran down her masts into her hold, contacting some iron hoops there and setting fire to dry goods between her decks, where the fire spread. The craft drifted onto the Bar and was for some time in a critical condition, but by great efforts the crew freed her and sailed her into the harbor up to a wharf, where the local fire department aided in putting out the flames. The schooner Roxanna, from Norfolk, with a cargo of corn, was struck but not seriously damaged, although Capt. Fisher, her pilot over the Bar, was thrown to the deck. The lightning played about the masts and rigging of the packet sloop Glide, coming in over the Bar, from New Bedford, and the schooner Enterprise, for Boston, sensibly affecting the passengers on board, Even the steamboats found that the Bar presented a constant danger. In January 1855, the Massachusetts, crossing the Bar during a strong breeze, came down in the trough of a sea and struck, knocking her rudder from its pins. The anchor was let go but soon after she parted her chain and became unmanageable. The mate, Nathan Manter, with remarkable bravery and skill, leaped out upon the rudder and, at times immersed in water, managed to reeve some chains to hold it in place long enough to get over the Bar and to the safety of the wharf. *

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The lighthouse erected on Brant Point in 1746 by the Town was burned and several others were erected on the spot until the govern­ ment built the old brick structure there, which, by the way, is quite a distance to the west of the present light. In January, 1770, the Town petitioned the General Court to build a lighthouse on Great Point, to guide ships taking the Round Shoal passage, outside the island, as well as warning craft approaching the northeastern extremity. But the Revolution interfered and it was not until 1784 that the lighthouse was built on Sandy Point. Due to the increase of traffic at the Bar, the range lights across the harbor were set up early in the 1800's, but it was not until 1838 that the Cliff beacons were erected. *

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As mentioned previously, Capt. William W. Morris in January, 1828, was the first islander to agitate the use of floating dry-docks, or "Dutch Camels," to float ships over the Bar, similar to projects used successfully in Holland. Capt. Morris drew seven working plans of his "Camels," and they were shown to all ship-owners and captains. Two long pontoons, shaped like a ship's hull on one side and square on the other, were the proposition, these hulls to be towed out and lashed to 47.

the sides of the laden ship. Water was to be pumped into the hulls, at the rate of 9,000 of gallons per hour, using wind-driven devices on four machines operating eight pumps. The wind-wheels were to be 18-feet in circumference at the ends of the Camels, with heavy balance wheels on the shafts. In a good breeze it was estimated that some 150 gallons a minute could be pumped, with a hand-crank, operated by four men, for use as an auxiliary in light winds. The Morris plan was praised as most ingenious—but was not adopted at the time.

The scheme was not a new experiment, as the "Camels" were in­ vented and used in Holland by M. M. Bakker as early as 1688, taking their name from their great strength. First used by the Dutch in taking large ships over the Pampus, a passage between two sand banks of the Zuyder Zee, opposite the mouth of the river about six miles from Amsterdam, they were of various sizes, some being as long as 217 feet.

The Russians had used similar craft in the Neva, and the merchants of Venice had also used it. *

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Another decade passed, and the island scene changed materially.

New Bedford's fleet began to outstrip that of Nantucket; New London, Sag Harbor, Poughkeepsie, Hudson and many other ports sent small whaling fleets to sea. The pinch of competition began to tell—and in the necessity for cutting down expenses the extra cost occasioned by lightering ships in back of the Bar or outfitting and infitting at Old Town now showed in strong red colors on the debit side of the count­ ing house ledgers.

It was at this time (1841) that Peter Ewer, an enterprising Nantucketer, broached his idea of using the "Camels" for floating whaleships over Nantucket Bar. Even with the pressure of competition all about them, many island merchants hesitated. It was the same old influence—nature had placed the Bar there, should we attempt to tamper with the laws of nature? A touch of the passive resistance of their Quaker ancestry is in all their deliberations, and yet it took a staunch member of the Society of Friends to put the "Camels" to the test by risking his ship in them.

Peter F. Ewer's proposal of the "Camels" first appears in the year 1840, just one hundred years ago this fall. The plan was discussed in some detail and on February 27, 1841, an advertisement appeared in the columns of The Inquirer, proposing the formation of a corporation.

The comparative costs of lightering in the old manner and using the "Camels" were put forth in cold figures, and according to the estimate of Mr. Ewer the island merchants could save a total of $1,400.00 in these fees per ship.

Ewer's "Camels" did not differ materially in construction from those drawn by Morris twelve years before, except that the 1841 type 48.

was to use steam-engines to pump the water and operate each "hull" as a unit. The whaleship once inside the floating dry-docks, the water was to be pumped into the "Camels" until they had sunk to a certain level. Then chains were fastened securely, binding them to the hull of the whaleship. When the water was pumped out, the "Camels," being flat-bottomed craft, would bring the whaleship up and allow it to be towed over the Bar by a steamboat. *

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Despite the fact that detailed costs and savings were the best arguments in favor of the establishing of the project as a business proposition, it met with considerable opposition by several ship-owners.

However, Editor Jenks of The Inquirer commented: "We would especially commend the introduction of the Camels to the consideration of capitalists and ship-owners. The object of the sponsor (Mr. Ewer) is to interest the commercial public in a matter which promises much general utility. If this apparatus can accomplish what is claimed for it—and we see no possible reason why it may not—one of the greatest causes of perplexity and of loss, incident to the unfortunate natural condition of our harbor and of its entrances, will have been surmounted by its adoption.

"Of course, it is for those more immediately interested to examine the statistics presented by our correspondent; and we trust that the investigation suggested will result in the construction and successful employment of the machinery in question. If our ships can be laden and unladen at our wharves, without regard to the obstruction offered by the Bar, it is certainly a desideratum in which all classes of the community ought to feel interested."

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When a ship was sent to Edgartown or Old Town for outfitting, the outstanding expenses were as follows: Lightering ship, $110.00; Pilot to Edgartown, $15.00; Steamboat tow, $75.00; Labor, Wharf­ age, Agent's Expenses, $150.00; 1-4% extra Insurance, ship and cargo, $87.00—Total $437.50. The expense of getting the same ship into the harbor upon her return was in detail as follows: Carrying 2,254 bbls. of oil and sundries from Edgartown, $270.54; Steamboat tow, $75.00; Pilot, $15.00; Losses and extra expenses, $100.00; 1-4% insurance on an average of $40,000 -$100—Total $560.00. A single whaleship, then, had an outgoing and incoming expense of nearly $1000.00 because of Nantucket Bar, the actual cost being $997.50.

In proposing the use of the "Camels," Mr. Ewer stated the follow­ ing costs: Outward Bound—To take a ship of 350 tons over the bar and place her safely in 4 fathoms of water (@60 cts. per ton), $210.00; Steamboat to tow the Camels and ship, $50—Total $260.00. Inward Bound—For 1,934 1-2 bbls. of whale and sperm oil, and other articles equal to 311 3-16 bbls., making 2254 1-2 bbls. average (lightering charge at 17 cts. per bbl.)—$283.26 1-2 cts.; Steamboat to tow, $50.00 49.

—Total $433.26 1-2 cts. Balance on each ship in favor of the "Camels"— $693.26 1-2 as compared to $997.50—or $304.23 1-2.

For the proposed corporation figures, Mr. Ewer declared that, at the rate of 20 ships in and 20 ships out per year (below the average) the "Camels" would earn $11,871.30. As for the expenses necessary to operation, he noted the following: Foreman and engineer salaries, $500.00; 20 days' labor, for one day in fixing shores and bilge-blocks under the ships and, say we have 20 ships in and 20 ships out, making 40 days' labor for 20 men—at $1.25 per day—$1,000.00. Wharfage and repairs for one year $200.00; Fuel, oil, incidental expenses, $650.00; Insurance, at 2% of $20,000—$400.00; Agents' salaries yearly, $500.00; Net profit yearly to the stockholders on a cost of $26,000 is 33 2-3 per cent., $8,521.30. Total Expenses, $11,871.30. *

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The great advantage in costs in the use of the "Camels" as com­ pared to the methods of lightering were of primary importance, but this was by no means the only consideration which appealed to the ship-owners. First, the successful operation of the "Camels" would obviate the delay caused to ships inward bound, lying outside the Bar, waiting for lighters, especially in bad weather. This was of great im­ portance when ships were returning to rival ports and the marketing of oil at favorable prices depended upon the promptness in which it was transferred from ship to refinery at certain seasons of the year. Then there was always the risk of straining casks during the lightering process, and the resulting leakage, especially in rough weather.

As for outgoing vessels, there was considerable to be said in favor of getting supplies on board at these wharves, rather than at Old Town, or by lighter in back of the Bar. There was a saving of several weeks' interest on the oufits, pilot fees, wharfage, etc. *

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A corporation was formed in 1841 and in the spring of the year following the marine oddity collectively known as the "Camels" was launched, probably from Brant Point railways. They were similar in shape to those designed by Morris in 1828, each pontoon being 135 feet long, 20 feet beam on deck and 29 feet at the flat bottoms. They drew but 2 feet, 10 inches of water in the level, and were connected by 15 chains, ten 1 3-8 inches in diameter, five 1 1-2 inches—which bore 800 tons in weight. Each "Camel" was divided into two parts, the lower hold having several chambers into which the water was pumped for the sinking, using steam pumps, and withdrawn when the chains had made fast the whaleship within the two hulls. When the chambers were filled, the pontoons were sunk below the bottom of the whaleship's hull.

The ship was then hauled in, the chains made fast, and the water then 50.

pumped out—the ship coming high out of the water, making it compar­ atively easy to tow both "Camels" and its convoy over the Bar. * * * * * * * * * * The first trial was a dismal failure. It had been an effort to get some one of the island merchants to allow a ship to be used in this trial attempt, but Christopher Mitchell & Co., one of the old Quaker firms, at length consented to allow the whaleship Phebe to be used in the all important first experiment. It was on the 22nd of August, 1842, that the Phebe was towed out by the steamer and placed in between the pontoons. The bursting of a timber in one of the water chambers brought a quick halt to the proceeding. The next day, during a second attempt, something went wrong with the other pontoon, which was explained as a misunderstanding in orders, as there was flooding of the water-chambers before the proper time. It was not until the 27th that a third attempt was made, and this time the snapping of the chains binding the pontoons to the ship brought an abrupt end to the attempt.

The ship's copper was damaged and she had to be towed back for re­ pairs.

Notwithstanding the disheartening mishaps, the owners of the ship Constitution (Charles G. and Henry Coffin) allowed their ship to be used in another trial. On September 23, 1842, the Constitution was placed in the "Camels" and the operations of pumping water in and out of the chambers successfully accomplished. Forty-two minutes later the steamer Massachusetts had towed the unit over the Bar into deep water, where the procedure was reversed, the "Camels" filled with water again by the pumps, and the ship released to proceed on her voyage.

This was the first actual success of the "Camels."

During that first year 1842, four incoming whaleships were taken in over the Bar by the "Camels" and one more taken out—making six in all that were successfully maneuvered. The James Loper, which was taken out on October 30, 1842, was the first whaleship to be taken out completely outfitted for her voyage. She did not drop anchor again until she arrived at Tahiti after rounding Cape Horn. *

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The first ship to be brought in over the Bar was the Peru, which arrived on the 14th of October, 1842, and her "cameling" was made a memorable one with a salute of cannon, the ringing of church hells, and an accompanying number of small craft. The practicability of the "Camels" was not immediately realized, because during the year 1843 only 14 out of the 33 ships which sailed and arrived took advantage of the arrangement, the others using the old methods of lightering in back of the Bar or at Old Town.

The year 1844 saw 11 out of the 34 ships arriving and departing being "cameled." In 1845, the peak year, 45 out of 57 ships were 51.

"cameled," 50,000 bbls. out of a total of 62,000 bbls. of oil being thus taken over the Bar. On May 7, 8, 9 of this year three ships were taken over the Bar, one on each day; from July 12 to 16, six ships were thus "cameled," and on October 18 two were brought in. Within 24 hours on Dec. 8 to 9, three ships were "cameled."

The next five years saw a great change in the fortunes of Nan­ tucket as a whaling port. The "Great Fire of 1846" destroyed the wharves, warehouses, and practically the entire business section of the town. Competition from other whaling ports now became doubly felt; and the price of sperm took a drop at the same time. Then came the discovery of "rock oil" refining, and finally the exodus to California, when some 800 islanders left for the "gold diggings." On June 8, 1849, the incoming whaleship Mavtha was the last ship to be brought over the Bar by the "Camels."

The island merchants made great efforts to maintain the business in the 1850's but the Civil War put the finishing touches on the final days of the industry so far as Nantucket was concerned. Had the "Camels" been utilized in 1828 it is not inconceivable to believe Nan­ tucket would have kept pace with New Bedford for many more years than history records. There can be no question but that Nantucket Bar was the main eontributary cause to the cessation of the whaling bus­ iness here before fate's alloted time. * *

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At various periods during the past century, (just as in this), there was agitation for opening the beach between the upper harbor and the ocean, at the "Haulover," so that a harbor of refuge could be established in the big basin at the head of the harbor. Proponents of the scheme argued that the tidal flow in the harbor might be altered so as to scour a deeper channel at the Bar. Another group violently opposed the idea, believing it would have the opposite effect, causing shoals in the harbor as well as piling up sand at the Bar. The controversy raged for some time, with various experienced mariners advancing arguments for both sides. The U. S. Engineers were deluged with petitions pro and con, and the Board of Harbor Commissioners, in its sixth annual report, is­ sued in 1872, expressed the opinion of the U. S. Advisory Council in regard to the "Proposed opening through the 'Haulover' at the head of Nantucket Harbor," as follows: "This experiment we hope to see tried; and while we expect no great effect upon the bar at the main entrance, even if the open­ ing at the Haulover should be maintained, we can anticipate only benefits."

Nothing was ever done with the project of the cut-through at the Haulover, although it was much talked about, even as it has been during the past decade. In 1872, however, there were no jetties to 52.

afford a deep channel at the Bar, and the fishermen wanted such an opening to serve as a short cut to the fishing grounds as well as pro­ viding a refuge in the upper harbor's large basin. *

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The tidal conditions around Nantucket are so extraordinary as to mark it as the possible landfall of Thorfinn the Hopeful who, in 1005, described similar land "past which ran strong currents, which was also the case further up the fiord." The tidal currents, swelling into the ocean about the island are a peculiarity which distinguish it from any other part of the coast. Certainly there is no other place where tides of such small rise and fall are accompanied by such strong currents which run far out to sea. Two oscillations of the tide meet to the south­ ward of Nantucket Island. From Great Point all along the coast to the north, high tide occurs at or shortly before the transit of the moon.

From Smith's Point, however, along the outer coast to the southward, high water occurs some four or five hours earlier. In 1854, the learned Prof. Henry Mitchell, (brother to Prof. Maria Mitchell) found that the line to the south of Nantucket where the tides meet intersects the shore of the island between the meridians of 70 degrees 0 minutes and 70 degrees 5 minutes.

These two movements or oscillations of the tides enter Nantucket Sound by Muskeget Channel at the west and at Pollock Rip at the east.

The flood currents at the southern end of the sound flow for four hours in an easterly direction, and then the current reverses and flows west four hours. The cause is said to be due to the double derivation of the tide above mentioned, but more sand is taken by the westerly current due to the moving sand among the several shoals and bars at the eastern entrance to the Sound. The shoals which abound here have old names: Handkerchief, Pollock Rip Slue, Stone-horse, Half Moon, Shov­ elful, Tuckernuck, Cross Rip, Horseshoe, Hawes, Norton, Skiff's Island, Muskeget Rip, etc.

Nantucket Sound as an important part of the main highway along the coast required skillful navigation due to these numerous shoals. A light-boat had been placed at Cross Rip in 1828, and in 1849 another was stationed at Pollock Rip, marking the eastern entrance to the Sound. In 1852, Shovelful was established, and six years later Hand­ kerchief shoal was guarded by a lightship.

Commerce through the Sound was increasing rapidly. In 1858, Capt. Charles Coleman, of Nantucket, for many years in command of Cross Rip, recorded as passing his station, at the cross-roads of the Sound, 30 ships, 274 barks, 2,009 brigs, 1,878 sloops, 16,377 schooners, and 932 steamboats. This is a considerable number but each year saw it steadily increased until in 1878 it was estimated that 30,000 vessels of various kinds passed through Nantucket Sound annually. It was to 53.

provide for a harbor of refuge to protect this fleet that the govern­ ment finally decided to build the present jetties, as it was stated upon good authority that at least 1-2 of the 30,000 vessels were of 12 feet draft or less and could use such a harbor.

On Tuesday, December 16, 1873, one hundred and twenty-six vessels were counted in the Sound from the tower of the South Congre­ gational Church. The water highway became even more congested in the next decade. Between July 1, 1883, and June 30, 1884, a total of 21,113 vessels passed by Handkerchief Lightship in Nantucket Sound's eastern entrance. Of this number, 18,221 were schooners and 2,247 steamers, the rest being brigs, barks, sloops and ships. These were the palmy days of sailing craft, and indicate how important an artery to commerce was the Sound. * * * * * * * * * * In 1874, Lieut. H. S. Van Ingen made a report to the U. S. Bureau of Engineers upon the condition of Nantucket harbor and the Bar. The report was favorably received and Lieut. C. K. Warren was sent down to survey the Bar and the Harbor entrance. Lieut. Warren proposed the building of a jetty out across the Bar from the Cliff Beacons, at the same location suggested by Zenas Coffin and other Nantucketers in 1828. Warren estimated that such a jetty of rip-rap would cost $112,000, and noted that it would possibly become necessary to build an eastern jetty.

Congress received the report most favorably and the appro­ priation went through the House without a hitch. How the old Quaker merchants would have stared in bewilderment at the bill which came a half century too late to aid the whaling industry which made Nan­ tucket world-famous. The appropriation was made in the year 1880.

Messrs. Cotton and Edwards, two U. S. Engineers, were placed in charge of the work here. They arrived on March 29, 1881, proceeding to secure consent of the owners of the land at the Cliff beach for the use of the land at the shore end of the jetty. The first stakes were placed just east of bug lights, the projected line to be run in a straight line to the bell buoy on the Bar. F. K. Ballou of Boston was the contractor for the erection of the jetty, and the stone was furnished by James Scully at Groton, Ct. Two large barges were engaged—the Laputa, with a capacity of 300 tons, and the Samuel Carleton, which could carry 250 tons when loaded. The tug Indian towed these two barges down on April 24, 1881, the well-known town crier "Billy" Clark sighting them first from the tower and announcing the same with characteristic energy. A severe gale threatened to delay operations, but the barges rode it out, and the first stone was dropped on the outer bar April 26 1881.

Capt. I. A. Sylvester, of Nantucket, assisted Contractor Ballou 54.

here as did James F. Codd. A small tug named the A. H. Glover, Capt.

William Fitzgerald, was used for work inside the Bar. Two more car­ goes of granite arrived on April 31 and some it was landed at Brant Point. There was a change in the U. S. Engineers' personnel at this time, also, for Engineer Lawton assumed charge of the work, fitting up the old Humane House on the Cliff as his draught-room. *

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The engineers' plan was the construction of the western jetty in a northerly direction from the beach, with a view of concentrating the ebb tide and scouring a channel through the Bar which, at that time, was a half mile in width, with a ruling depth of about 6 feet at low water. By building the jetty out about a mile, it was thought the current would scour a channel to the required depth. If the deep water of Nantucket Sound could not be reached in this manner, it was thought that a jetty would have to be built from Coatue. This was ultimately done, becoming the present eastern jetty.

The western jetty was planned to be at least 5 feet above mean low water, with the original idea that of triangular in section to about 4,000 feet from shore. The remainder of the jetty was to be 4 feet wide at the top, except at the outer end, which was to be made larger to withstand the shocks of waves and ice. *

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Even while the first stones were being placed in position and the jetty commenced to grow, the dangers of the Bar were made graphic to the engineers by wrecks of several vessels. The schooner Malabar, of and from Belfast, Me., with coal, was caught in a snow squall in the Sound and became wrecked on the Bar. Her crew was rescued by a boat's-crew from the Cliff shore, which went out to take them from a leaky boat. This was on October 4 and 5, 1881, and at the same time the three-masted schooner Edwin I. Morrison, bound for Philadelphia, drove onto Coatue flats, after getting over the Bar, and was salvaged only after several days labor and a cost of $710. In the same storm, the schooner Eliza J. Raynor, of Oyster Bay, N. Y., light, went ashore at Great Point, but was afterwards gotten off; the schooner G. F. Hath­ away foundered near Handkerchief while trying to ride out the storm, the crew managing to reach shore after being carried all along the east shore of the island to Siasconset beach, and the schooner R. Baker, Jr., with 111 tons of coal for Thomaston, Me., drove onto the Bar about 8 o'clock in the evening on the 5th and sank, the crew being taken out of the rigging at midnight by a staunch boat's-crew from the shore.

Before the first year of construction had ended, the schooner Thomas D. Harrison, a wreck in the Sound, was towed to the Bar by the steamer Island Home, and the schooner Mary Hawes nearly met the same fate after stranding on the Bar. Even a schooner laden with 55.

stone for the jetty, the Antoinette M. Aiken, was wrecked with her rocky cargo on the Bar, in October, 1882, and did not reappear until the following March.

In February, 1885, a fleet of thirty sailing vessels, mostly schoon­ ers, which had been storm-bound in Vineyard Haven, left for the dan­ gerous cruise around the Cape. Nearing Cross Rip they met large fields of ice and were forced to split up. Some of them were able to get around the Cape, some managed to return to the Vineyard, but six were caught in a gale with snow and wrecked on the shoals off Muskeget, the crews being saved in the nick of time.

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A number of islanders, in one way or another, assisted at one time or another in the building of this first or western jetty. Some quantity of the large boulders in Quaise pasture, Sauls hills and other localities, glacial deposits, were carted to barges and floated down to become a small contribution to the construction, the late James H. Gibbs often referring to the collection of stones and boulders gathered up by farmers and others.

In May, 1881, the jetty began to take form, and the engineers re­ ported themselves as being gratified by the scouring action produced in consequence by the tides. The first few hundred feet of the rip-rap granite settled in the sand, but after being built up again remained solid, much to the relief of the surveyors who had been convinced that a clay strata, some distance down, would act as a perfect bed.

During the next three years the work was continued sporadically by contract. At the time of the completion of the 1884 contract, in August, the western jetty had been built out 3,955 feet from the shore.

Lieut. Col. George H. Elliot, Corps of Engineers, reported that the outer end of the pocket of deep water at the Bar, which extended in a northwesterly direction from the mouth of the harbor, was almost precisely in the same position as when the jetty was commenced in 1881.

Neither was there any change in the Bar between this pocket and the deep water beyond, and little change had occurred at Coatue Beach, where short spur jetties had been thrown out to counteract any tidal action which might be increased by the western jetty's construction.

In October, 1884, Lieut-Col. Elliot reported that 3,784 tons of rip­ rap granite had been delivered under a contract with Charles H. Ed­ wards, of Boston, up through August, 1883. The amount expended on the project up to June 30, 1883, was $65,769. Mr. Edwards was awarded a new contract in August, 1883, and work recommenced under a newappropriation from Congress on August 6, 1883, continuing until Feb­ ruary 2, 1884, when the winter caused postponement until spring. Work was resumed April 29, 1884, and continued until January, 1885, with a total of 2,921 tons of stone being delivered for extension of the jetty, 56.

608.32 tons for building up a low place near the shore, and 400.71 tons of chip-stone, for filling interstices in the early construction.

The hyrographic surveys, which were being made continually dur­ ing the construction, showed some interesting results in determining the character of the bottom. Lieut. Prescott, during his 1828-'32 oper­ ations, reported the finding of a clay strata,, already mentioned, but the channel dredged at that time was much farther to the westward.

In the 1884 series of borings, the material on the bottom was found to by sea sand mixed with gravel. In May, 1884, Assist. Engineer Norman W. Eayrs and party, in the U. S. schooner Surveyor, made a careful survey of the area east of the western jetty and in the harbor, keep­ ing especial check on the velocities of the tide. It is interesting to note that they found certain computations in regard to the tidal flow to agree with those made a quarter century before by Prof. Henry Mit­ chell, of Nantucket. *

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The estimated original cost for the breakwaters or jetties was $238,000, but the cost of the rip-rap granite was found to be in excess of the original estimate. Up to 1885, a total of $110,000 had been appropriated for the work. It was realized, almost from the start, that the scouring of deep channel through the Bar would require more concentration of the strength of the tidal flow than could be effected by the single jetty and Lieut. Col. Elliot, in his report of October, 1884, stated that the construction of an eastern jetty was absolutely necessary. The cost of this jetty was estimated at $85,000.

The question of time was an important one, as the single jetty while useless by itself, did demonstrate that the scouring action pro­ posed could be accomplished. In the harbor of Dublin, Ireland, jetties had deepened the main channel from 6 1-2 feet to 16 feet by action of the tide at an average yearly rate of 1 3-4 inches.

Knowing that the flood tide in Nantucket Sound generally runs easterly, and the ebb tide westerly, the engineers found that the cur­ rents at the Bar were somewhat complicated, but that the littoral current outside the Bar did not then affect the question of position for the mouth of the jetties. The location of the western jetty positively determined the location of the mouth, but it was not conclusive that both should be built parallel.

Eventually, two plans were proposed by Col. Elliot to Gen. Newton, Chief of the Engineers. Plan A was proposed in case the channel was to be excavated by tidal flow throughout and consisted of a long, narrow channel. Plan B (which was adopted) was proposed for part tidal scouring and part excavation by dredging, later modified somewhat as to the sweep of the jetty.

In 1885, the engineers' survey determined that the deepest water 57.

in the channel was close under Brant Point, with a maximum depth of 25 feet, with a narrow channel on the Coatue side about 10 feet deep.

Between these channels the depth was shallow, with less than 4 to 6 feet of water at mean low water, The distance between Brant Point and Coatue (both low and sandy) was 2,200 feet at this time. The mean velocity of the tide out of the harbor was recorded at 1.04 ft. per second.

A bottom velocity of the tide of 1.25 feet per second was believed necessary to scour the channel during each entire average ebb, under the supposition that the scouring action was to take place during about two thirds of the ebb and no more. The mean duration of the ebb tide was 5 hours 42 minutes, they determined. The depth wanted was 15 feet. ** * * # * * * * * It was proposed to locate the eastern jetty at the Coatue Beach, (some distance back of where it builds up today), and carry it thence in a northwesterly direction on a line which, if prolonged, would inter­ sect the line of the western jetty about 5,780 feet from its extreme inner end. On a tangent curve, drawn with a radius of 1000 feet, it was proposed to continue this portion of the eastern jetty on a line parallel to the western jetty and 1,222 feet from it. The parallel portions of the jetties were determined at a length of 1,500 feet in order to provide that the ebb should issue squarely out from the mouth of the jetty channel, and not obliquely. The U. S. Surveying Schooner Eagre did considerable work surveying these waters during the summers of 1888 and 1889, and as a result of the work buoyed a new channel found close to the western jetty which gave 9 feet of water at low tide. It was rec­ ommended that $50,000 be appropriated by the Rivers and Harbors Commission for improvements here.

The eastern jetty was built in sections, just as its older companion to the south and west, being started in the early 1890s. In 1893, the River and Harbors Commission recommended $100,000 for its erection as well as work on the western jetty, and in April, 1894, the task was begun by the Belden Company of Hartford, Conn. The eastern jetty received 55,000 tons that year. There was an open place in this jetty for many years, through which small boats often passed safely. This gap was filled some years ago. The eastern jetty was orginally a half tide jetty. Captan A. H. Gilford in 1874 had drawn up a petition to the government asking for a fog-horn on Brant Point. Nothing came of the request. A flashing light was placed on the eastern jetty in 1912, however, and in 1919, a fog-bell was placed on Brant Point and one was located on the eastern jetty. In March, 1926, this bell was replaced by the "nautaphone" type of fog-horn now in use.

At its last session in 1906, the Congress appropriated $42,500 for an extension of the jetty system. The U. S. Engineers in May, 1907, sent out specifications for the work, which called for extending the jetties, topping the eastern breakwater, and work on Brant Point.

58.

Belding & Co., of New Haven, contractors previously doing work on the eastern jetty, were awarded the contract. The first line of barges arrived May 15, and Sidney V. Fisher was appointed local inspector of the work. The rip-rap granite at the end of Brant Point was placed here this year, the new beacon light, built six years before, needing pro­ tection from the erosion. In March, 1924, the stone work was extended on both sides. Following the re-building of the keepers' lodge and range lights at the Point, the Cliff lights, or Bug lights, were dis­ continued in July, 1908, with George Dolby their last keeper.

While some jetty work was being done in 1911, it was estimated that the government had expended in jetty construction and dredging since 1881 (a period of 30 years) a total of $525,061.50. In the very next year (1912), the State appropriated $10,000 for harbor dredging. * * * * * * * * * * A number of craft have been wrecked on the jetties, with the most recent happening during the summer of 1939, when a small sail-boat was stove and a party of young people forced to spend several anxious hours on the eastern jetty. A coast guard surf boat was also stove in by the rocks while coming in through the jetty-mouth the same year.

One of the nearest approaches to disaster in recent years, so far as the jetties, are concerned, occurred in March, 1927, when the steamer Islander was caught out in the Sound during a severe storm and her steering gear became disabled just as she approached the jetties. With her anchors dragging, the steamer was swept broadside through the mouth of the jetties, bringing up in shoal water near Brant Point.

The prompt assistance of fishing boats enabled her to work from her precarious postion, and good seamanship on the part of her master allowed her to reach her berth without further incident. $

$

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Whether or not the jetties are a success from an engineering standpoint is another question. William F. Jones, who has lived at Wauwinet for many years, summer and winter, and who is an author­ ity on hydrography, has made a comprehensive study of the tidal flows and shore formations of Nantucket, and has written extensively on the subjects. He stated in April, 1908, that the construction of the jetties converging outwardly does violence to natural conditions by reversing a process of nature. He believed that a V-shaped jetty at Hussey shoal, with the apex toward the harbor entrance, would have considerable effect in aiding the scouring action of the tide in the channel.

A well-known authority named Prof. Lewis Haupt suggested the construction of another jetty between the two present breakwaters, believing it would affect tidal currents so favorably that a channel 25 feet deep would result. Under the present system, he declared, the actions of flood tide waves and currents cause a constant sand move­ ment in a constant direction, not due to velocity, "but found to be the 59.

result of the configuration of the adjacent coast line out of the angular wave movements," these wave movements having constant direction.

The late E. J. Hulbert, for many years a resident of Beachside, was bitter in his condemnation of the jetties, stating they were the "unwise decrees of a thoughtless Congress governed more by personal interest than the general welfare of the country." It was his opinion that they should have been placed in different positions. Another eminent engineer, and a Nantucket resident, Bassett Jones, has stated that harbor and channel have been affected greatly by the "evident bad judgment of the jetty builders." *

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Since the construction of the jetties it has been found necessary to dredge out the channel regularly so that a minimum depth averaging 15 feet at low water may be maintained from Brant Point to the Bar. The channel is not a straight line in from the mouth of the jetties, to the end of the Point, but takes nearly a right angled turn off the old light tower. The harbor has also been dredged many times since the jetties were built. In 1939 the anchorage inside Brant Point was extensively widened. It was during a dredging process in the harbor, north of Steamboat Wharf, in May, 1924, financed by the State and private subscription that a suction dredge pushed sand on "Clean Shore" to form the present Children's Beach. In 1929 (the same year that the Steamboat Wharf was re-built and the basin there filled, a "sand-sucker" dredge covered the marsh and mud-flats of South Beach in the harbor and made an attractive beach of white sand.

In 1933, the light in the Braint Point lighthouse was changed from the yellow kerosene vapor light to an electric light with a red globe.

The range lights were also converted into electric power at this time, being increased from 160 to 1,300 candle power. Three years ago, the South Tower, illuminated at Christmas time, was kept lighted through­ out the year, with lights on the clock faces. Mariners complained such lighting interfered with the sighting of the range lights while entering the harbor, and the selectmen immediately corrected the difficulty. * * * * * * * * * * ' To recount the full import of Nantucket Bar upon Nantucket, past and present, requires a volume. Down the years it has brought changes and has been changed mightily itself by man's engineering ingenuity.

The effect of the process either way has affected Nantucket and Nantucketers instantly or gradually. With the plans for future dredging in the harbor, Nantucket as a yachting center will offer increased an­ chorage areas for deep-draft vessels—the elaboration of an era inaugurated in August, 1911, when the yacht Adriane, drawing 17 feet, successfully entered the harbor. But with every change marine engineers will take into consideration Nantucket Bar. It has never been fully conquered.

60.

The Eastern Jetty when the light was maintained by an oil lamp.

The Western Jetty, looking shoreward.

Photo taken in 1895.

LIST OF MEMBERS LIFE COUNCILLORS. Folger, Miss Annie Alden, 16 Gardner St., Nantucket.

Lang, Florence Osgood (Rand), Nantucket.

Sanderson, Edward F., Quidnet, Nantucket, Mass.

LIFE MEMBERS. Adams, Harry B., 4 Ashmore Road, Worcester.

Adams, Karl, 36 Beacon St., Boston.

Adams, Mrs. Nancy S. (Grant), Fair St., Nantucket.

Appleton, William Sumner, 141 Cambridge St., Boston.

Barnard, Prof. Charles, 139 East 39th St., New York City.

Barrett, Mrs. Mabel Allen (Downing), 1170 Fifth Ave., N. Y. C. B a r r e t t , M r s . M a r y E . ( W i l s o n ) , 4 1 1 Montross Ave., R u t h e r f o r d , N . J .

Barrett, William Wilson, 411 Montross Ave., Rutherford, N. J. Beebe, Miss Alice Geissler, 181 Appleton St., Arlington Heights, Mass.

Blackburn, Miss Elizabeth M., Orange St., Nantucket.

Bodfish, Miss Annie Warren, Nantucket.

Boynton, Frederick P., 204 Sheridan Road North, Highland Park, 111.

Brewer, Mrs. Mary Augusta, 728 Fairfield Rd., Burlingame, Cal. Bruen, Edward F. L., Box 366, Nantucket.

Capp, Seth Bunker, Box 2054, Philadelphia, Penn.

Carlisle, G. Lister, Jr., 18 Orange St., Nantucket.

Cassidy, Rt. Rev. James E., Fall River, Mass.

Oathcart, Wallace Hugh, President Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio.

Clapp, Mrs. George A, 48 Cliff Road, Nantucket.

Coffin, Maurice P., 47 Union Park Ave., Jamaica, N. Y. Colket, G. Crawford, Villa Nova, Pa. Colket, Miss Susan, Villa Nova, Pa. Colket, Mrs. Tristram Coffin, 2d, Villa Nova, Pa. Colket, Tristram Coffin, 2nd., Villa Nova, Pa. Colket, Tristram Coffin, 3rd, Villa Nova, Pa. Craig, Mrs. Margaret Minshall, 140 Montrose Ave., South Orange, N. J. Crane, Mrs. Herbert R., 5 Chester St., Nantucket.

Davis, Charles Henry, 18 Old Slip, New York City.

Davis, Mrs. Margaret (Underwood), 100 Common St., Belmont, Mass.

Dickinson, Walter F., Wheatley Cross Roads, Wheatley, Long Island.

Durfee, Mrs. Mary Galusha (Hatch), Palmyra, N. Y. 61.

Erickson, Arioch Wentworth, Greystone House, Swampscott, Mass.

Erickson, Arioch Wentworth, Jr., Greystone House, Swampscott, Mass.

Erickson, Mrs. Cecile Macy, Greystone House, Swampscott, Mass.

Erickson, Douglas, Greystone House, Swampscott, Mass.

Erickson, Josiah Macy, Greystone House, Swampscott, Mass.

Everett, Henry Coffin, 201 Devonshire St., Boston, Mass.

Fitzgerald, Miss Elizabeth Coffin, 49 Federal St., Boston, Mass.

Folger, Miss Annie Alden, Nantucket, Mass.

Forbes, Miss Mary Bowditch, Milton, Mass.

Ford, Mrs. Horatio, Mayfield, Richmond Rds., South Euclid, Ohio.

Ford, James B., 1790 Broadway, New York.

Francis, Mrs. Edgar S., Durham, Conn.

Freeborn, Miss Lydia S., 22 Liberty St., Nantucket.

Freeman, Mrs. Pauline Smith, Main St., Nantucket.

Frothingham, Miss Ellen Folger, 9 Exeter St., Boston.

Fuller, Frederick Vincent, Milk St., Nantucket.

Gray, Mrs. David, 2406 Penobscot Bldg., Detroit, Mich.

Gray, David, Jr., 2406 Penobscot Bldg., Detroit, Mich.

Greene, Howard, 559 Marshall St., Milwaukee, Wis. Gries, Mrs. Ethel Goff (Folger), 2803—18th St., N. W., Wash., D. C. Griek, Mrs. Albert, 26 North Liberty St., Nantucket.

Gwynn, Mrs. Mary, 228 South 22nd. St., Philadelphia, Penn.

Hackenberg, Frederick, 143 North Front St., Milton, Pa. Hamilton, Mrs. Dora Macy, 3319 N. Adams St., Tacoma, Wash.

Hinchman, Miss Anne, 3635 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Hinchman, Miss Margaretta, 3635 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Penna.

Humphrey, Mrs. Nancy Delia (Robb), Nantucket.

Hutaff, Mrs. Grace (Elkins), Nantucket.

Jannotta, Mrs. Stella S., 6314 Lakeview Ave., Chicago, 111.

Jenkins, Lawrence W., Peabody Museum, Salem, Mass.

Johnson, Mrs. Minnie Agnes (Jonah), Bath, Maine.

Johnson, Mrs. Pauline (Mackay), Main St., Nantucket.

Jones, Bassett, 101 Park Ave., New York City; Polpis, Nantucket.

Kenney, Miss Lillian, Nantucket.

Kimball, Charles P., Madaket Road, Nantucket.

Kimball, Mrs. Martha, 13 Argyle St., Rochester, N. Y. King, Samuel G., 367-369 Atlantic Ave., Boston.

Lang, Mrs. Florence O. R., 36 Hawthorne Place, Montclair, N. J. Larkin, Mrs. Ruth William, care of Larkin Co., Buffalo, N. Y. MacDonald, Miss Elizabeth H., Hotel Margaret, Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, N. Y. 62.

Mackie, Mrs. David Ives, 128 East 39th St., N. Y. Macy, Mary H„ 365 W. E. Ave., New York city, N. Y. Macy, Nelson, 441 Pearl St., N. Y. Manter, Capt. Harry, 386 Park Ave., Cliffside, N. J. McCleary, Miss Helen Cartwright, 3 Auburn Courts, Brookline, Mass.

McGill, Mrs. Frances M., 36 Rue Desaix, Paris, France.

Miller, Mrs. Gertrude Hussey, 50 Marshall St., Brookline, Mass.

Morse, Mrs. Elizabeth W., Liberty Street, Nantucket.

Nye, Pemberton, H., 709 County Street, New Bedford Mass.

O'Gorman, Mrs. Ella Foy, 1706 Menlo Ave., Los Angeles, Cal. Oliver, Norris S., 26 Washington St., East Orange, N. J. Otis, Charles, 67 Pearl St., New York city.

Paine, Mrs. Mary Elizabeth (Folger), 315 Thayer St., Providence, Rhode Island.

Praeger, Mrs. Caroline S. G., Nantucket.

Praeger, Col. Louis J., Nantucket.

Robinson, Miss Emily B., 4 Martins Lane, Nantucket.

Rollins, Rev. Walter Huntington, 9 Woodland Place, White Plains, New York.

Runk, B. F. D., 24 North St., Greenwich, Ct. Sand, Henry A. L., 27 Hulbert Ave., Nantucket.

Sharp, B. Karl, 49 West Castle Place, New Rochelle, N. Y. Sharp, Mrs. Elizabeth Elting, 729 Washington St., Brookline, Mass.

Sharp, Mrs. Virginia May (Guild), Gorhams Court, Nantucket.

Starbuck, George Franklin, Waltham, Mass.

Starbuck, John Austin, University Club, Los Angeles, Cal. Starbuck, Walter F., Waltham, Mass.

Stig, Carl, Liberty St., Nantucket.

Swain, David Whiton, 31 Nassau St., New York City.

Swain, Mrs. Emma Swain (Barney), 191 Soundview Ave., White Plains, N. Y. Swain, Robert Edward, 321 Elmora Ave., Elizabeth, N. J. Tucker, Albert M., Academy Lane, Nantucket.

Walling, Lieut. John, U. S. S. S-37, Cavite, P. I. Webster, Mrs. Eugenie, Stone Alley, Nantucket, Mass.

Wilson, Miss Anne, Nantucket.

Worth, Frank, Nantucket.

Wyman, Theodore C., 19 Brant Point Road, Nantucket, Mass.

63.

SUSTAINING MEMBERS Ackerman, Mrs. Frederick L., Windy Hill, Nantucket.

Armstrong, M. M., 1 Wall St., New York City.

Bigelow, Mrs. Rachel M., Annis Acres, Louisville, Kentucky.

Brooks, Mrs. Anne Roberts, 24 North St., Greenwich, Ct. Brown, Miss Helen Dawes, 9 Howard Street, Nantucket.

Caverly, Albert H., 132 Bowden St., Boston, Mass.

Collier. Mrs. Robert, 823 Park Ave., New York City.

Donald, Miss Ann, Nantucket, Mass.

Emerson, Richards H., Mill Hill, Nantucket.

Griffin, Rev. Joseph M., 6 Orange Street, Nantucket.

Gundry, Jean Satler, India St., Nantucket.

Haile, Pennington, Sutton Place South, New York City.

Harris, Mrs. Edward, 1171 Clover Rd., Rochester, New York.

Harris, Mrs. Julian, 4 Hadrie Lane, Grosse Point Farms, Detroit, Mich.

Jarvis, Mrs. Mary, Martins Lane, Nantucket.

Johnson, Mrs. Pauline M., Colorado Springs, Col. Kendall, William Mitchell, 101 Park Ave., New York City.

Lehmaier, Mrs. Isabelle M., 140 W. 57th Street, New York City.

McKeag, Mrs. Henry S., 123 No. Mountain Ave. Montclair, N. J. Russell, B. F. W., 20 Newbury St., Boston, Mass.

Russell, Mrs. B. F. W., 20 Newbury St., Boston, Mass.

Shurrocks, Alfred F., 16 Vestal St., Nantucket.

Shurrocks, Mrs. Alfred F., 16 Vestal Street, Nantucket.

Storrow, Mrs. James J., 417 Beacon St., Boston, Mass.

Sullivan, Mrs. Amelia L., 180 Washington Ave., Albany, N. Y. Waggaman, Robert M., 1700 Eye St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Walls, Dr. Frank, Main St., Nantucket.

Walls, Mrs. Frank, Main St., Nantucket.

Willets, Mrs. J. Macy, New Marlboro, Mass.

Willets, J. Macy, New Marlboro, Mass.

Winsor, Mary, Haverford, Penn.

64.

ANNUAL MEMBERS Ackerman, E. D., 90-23 149th St., Jamaica, Long Island, N. Y. Ackerman, Mrs. E. D., 90-23 149th St., Jamaica, Long Island, N. Y Adams, Walton H., 17 Fair St., Nantucket.

Ahern, Henry E., 151 Valley View Road, Ridgewoud, N. J Alfred, Alin E., 337 So. Ridgewood Rd„ So. Orange, N. J. Allen, Florence M., 85 Vine St., Woonsocket, R. I. Allen, Miss Marion Hallett, Orange St., Nantucket.

Allen, Miss Olive Marchant, Orange St., Nantucket.

Anderson, Prof. Louis F., 364 Boyer Ave., Walla Walla, Washington.

Anderson, Mrs. Florence Mary (Bennett), 364 Boyer Ave., Walla Walla, Washington.

Appleton, Mrs. Helen E., (Folger), Milk St., Nantucket.

Appleton, Mrs. Leila H. (Macy), 14 Fairfield St., Brockton, Mass.

Ashley, Charles S., 93 State St., New Bedford, Mass.

Atkins, Mrs. Katharine W., P. 0., Box 1250, Boston.

Atkins, Mrs. Robert W., Union St., Nantucket.

Atwood, Mrs. Harry, 100 High St., Leonia, N. Y. Austin, C. Warren, Orange Street, Nantucket.

Austin, Mrs. C. Warren, Orange Street Nantucket.

Babcock, Miss Edwina Stanton, 298 Piermont Ave., So. Nyack, N. Y. Bahcock, Miss Betsie, Trinity Road, R. F. D., Eureka, Cal. Babcock, Miss Sallie, Trinity Road, R. F. D., Eureka, Cal. Babcock, Mrs. Thomas Folger, Trinity Road, R. F. D., Eureka, Cal. Bacheller, Miss Augusta F., 51 Franklin St., Lynn, Mass.

Bache, Miss Edith M., 4400 Sansom St., Philadelphia, Pa. Backus, Mrs. Alma, Main St., Nantucket.

Baker, Miss Maude, 67 Stimson Ave., Providence, R. I. Baldwin, Mrs. Annie Osgood, 9 Quince St., Nantucket.

Baldwin, Frank C., "The Crossways," Lincoln Ave., Nantucket.

Barkentine, Slater, 4 W. 40th St., New York City.

Barnard, John R., E. Sandwich, Mass.

Barney, Charles Neal, 2 Park Ave., New York City.

Barney, William H., Hopedale, Mass.

Barney, Mrs. William H., Hopedale, Mass.

Barney, William H. Jr., Hopedale, Mass.

Barnum, Gen. Malvern-Hill, 194 St. Paul's St., Brookline, Mass.

Barrett, Miss Anna E. C., Siasconset.

Bates, Maurice E., 3216 Morrell Ave., Kansas City, Mo. Benchley, Mrs. Robert, 2 Lynnwood Rd., Scarsdale, N. Y. Benchley, Robert Jr., 2 Lynnwood Road, Scarsdale, N. Y. Benham, Mrs. Lizzie E., 23 Pearl St., Nantucket.

Bennett, Mrs. Flora M., 14 N. Clinton St., Walla Walla, Wash.

65.

Bennett, Martha C., 423 W. 120 St., New York City.

Benson, John W., 420 W. 116th St., New York City.

Benton, Mrs. Amy Alice, Chestnut St., Nantucket.

Bettridge, Miss Agnes E., 47 Newbury St., Boston.

Bigelow, Edward Alden, 8 Francis Circuit, Winchester, Mass.

Blackmur, Paul, Cohasset, Mass.

Blackshaw, Miss Merle E. (Turner), 8 Orange St., Nantucket.

Blair, Mrs. Robert S., 60 E. 42nd St., New York City.

Blair, Mrs. Walter J., Hawthorn Lane, Nantucket.

Blake, Mildred Mighell, 149 E. 40th St., New York City.

Blanchard, Mrs. Kenneth, 59 West 12th St., New York City.

Blossom, Rev. W. G., 2431 Lower Azuso Rd., El Monte, Calif.

Borneman, Mrs. E. L., 66 Gates Ave., Montclair, N. J. Boyd, Miss Edith L., 823 Park Ave., New York City.

Bracher, Mrs. Catherine Morison Coffin, Dongan Hills, N. Y. Bradlee, H. Gardner, 6 Ledgewood Road, Winchester, Mass.

Bradlee, Mrs. Reginald, 6 Ledgewood Rd., Winchester, Mass.

Bradt, Mrs. Schuyler, 39 1-2 Washington Square South, New York City Breckinridge, Mrs. Desha, Pleasant St., Nantucket, Mass.

Brock, William C., 13 Gardner St., Nantucket.

Brock, Mrs. Annie Cartwright, 36 Liberty St., Nantucket.

Brock, Elizabeth, 13 Gardner St., Nantucket.

Brock, Mrs. Bessie Eastman (Cook), 13 Gardner St., Nantucket.

Brock, Albert G. 2nd, 13 Gardner St., Nantucket.

Brooks, Edward, 32 Allerton St., Brookline, Mass.

Brooks, Miss Mildred Howland, 403 Common St., Belmont, Mass.

Brown, Mrs. Clyde, Norwalk, Conn.

Brown, James Wright, 24 Cliff Road, Nantucket.

Brown, Rose, 74 Arsenal St., Watertown, Mass.

Bruce, H. Addington, 2 Riedesel Ave., Cambridge, Mass.

Bryant, Miss Catherine Alma, 63 Beckwith St., Cranston, R. I. Buckner, Emory R., 31 Nassau St., N. Y. C. Bunker, Austin T., 5 Worthen Road, Winchester, Mass.

Bunker, Clarence Alfred, 46 Chestnut St., Wellesley Hills, Mass.

Bunker, Mary Hawthorne (Mrs. C. A.), 46 Chestnut St., Wellesley Hills, Mass.

Bunker, Theodore, 188 Ellison St., Paterson, N. J. Bunker, William, P. O. Box 115, Ridgefield, Conn.

Bunting, Mrs. W. S., 315 South Fourth St., Wilmington, N. C. Bunting, W. S., 315 South Fourth St., Wilmington, N. Carolina.

Burgess, Miss Mildred G., 107 Main St., Nantucket.

Bushnell, Miss Eleanor Gray, 9 Franklin Place, Morristown, N. J. Butler, Mrs. Mabel Ricker, 22 Cumberland Circle, East Lynn, Mass.

Cameron, Miss Alice S., 34 Wellington Courts, Brooklyn, N. Y. 66.

Campbell, Mrs. Louise D., 33 Athelwold St., Dorchester, Mass.

Campbell, Mrs. Olive (Dame), Brasstown, N. C. Carlisle, Elsie, 75 Main St., Nantucket.

Carri, Herman, 221 Langdon Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Carroll, Mrs. Cecilia B., 31 Garfield Place, Poughkeepsie, New York.

Cartwright, Archibald, Howard St., Nantucket.

Cartwright, Mrs. Esther B., Howard St., Nantucket.

Cash, Miss Helen, 49 Centre St., Nantucket.

Cathcart, Miss Ida, Box 584, Nantucket.

Chadwick, Dr. James F., 463 Pine St., Fall River, Mass.

Chadwick, Mrs. James F., 463 Pine St., Fall River, Mass.

Chamberlain, Henry Harmon, 22 May St., Worcester, Mass.

Chambliss, Mrs. L. A. (Anna Scott), 97 Main St., Nantucket.

Chandler, Eleanor, 109 Adee St., Port Chester, N. Y. Chapel, Mrs. J. Everett, Union St., Nantucket.

Chase, Charles N., 968 Washington St., Stoughton, Mass.

Chase, Miss Charlotte B., 67 Hillman St., New Bedford, Mass.

Chase, Warren Benson, Pine St., Nantucket, Mass.

Chase, Mrs. Annie Barker (Coffin), Pine St., Nantucket.

Christian, Mrs. George P., Liberty St., Nantucket.

Coffin, Miss Adelaide B., 15 Fairview Heights, Rochester, N. Y. Coffin, Caleb, 226 East 70th St., New York City.

Coffin, Frank M., 110 Hillside Ave., Mount Vernon, N. Y. Coffin, Mrs. Delia B., 75 Willett St., Albany, N. Y. Coffin, Isa L. E., 4421 Morgan Ave. N., Minneapolis, Minn.

Coffin, Isabel P., 30 Fifth Ave., New York City.

Coffin, Ruth, 89 Chestnut St., E. Orange, N. J. Coffin, Seward V., 75 Willett St., Albany, N. Y. Cole, Mrs. Helen W., 45 Centre St., Nantucket.

Coleman, Henry B., Hussey St., Nantucket.

Coleman, Dr. W. S., Room 307, Trelawny Bldg., Portland, Me. Collis, Mrs. Lucy A., Silver St., Nantucket.

Colt, Jeanne N. (Mrs. James D.), 27 Suffolk Rd., Chestnut Mill, Mass.

Conable, Mrs. Florence (Easton), P. O. Box 154, Monrovia, Calif.

Conable, Mrs. Leska Littlefield, 356 N. Primrose Ave., Monrovia, Calif.

Conable, Major Morris E., Room 231, U. S. Court House, Portland, O. Congdon, Dr. Charles E., Orange St., Nantucket.

Congdon, Mrs. Anne (Ramsdell), Orange St., Nantucket.

Congdon, Mrs. Bessie (Gates), 31 Liberty St., Nantucket.

Congdon, Frank E., 31 Liberty St., Nantucket.

Congdon, Miss Josephine, 1 School St., Nantucket.

Congdon, Mrs. Robert, Orange St., Nantucket.

Congdon, Robert, Orange St., Nantucket.

Collie, William Miller, Auburn, N. Y. Conklin, Julia F., 142 So. First Ave., Canton, Illinois.

67.

Conway, Mrs. Gifford, 1000 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. Cook, Miss Emma, Box 424, Nantucket.

Cook, George, 89 Orange St., Nantucket, Mass.

Cook, Mrs. R. H., 75 Washington Ave., Northampton, Mass.

Coolidge, Mrs. Ruth D., 7 Hastings Lane, West Medford, Mass.

Crafts, Mrs. Kenneth P. (Gertrude Folger) 124 Ridge Ave., Newton Centre, Mass.

Craig, Mrs. Wm. H., Baltimore, Md. Craig, Louise, Baltimore, Md. Craig, Clarissa, Baltimore, Md. Craven, Miss Jessie, Nantucket.

Crosby, Everett U., Orange Street, Nantucket.

Crosby, Mrs. Everett U., Orange St., Nantucket.

Cummings, Lawrence B., 130 E. 75th St., New York City.

Cummings, Mrs. Lawrence B., 130 E. 75th St., New York City.

Cutler, Earl N., 31 Headley Road, Morristown, N. J. Dana, Miss Bessie A., 80 Church St., Englewood, N. J. Davis, Herbert E., Monomoy, Nantucket.

Davis, Mrs. Edith M., Monomoy, Nantucket.

Defriez, Mrs. Sarah E., 237 Washington St., Brookline, Mass.

Denton, Eugene Willis, New Hyde Park, Long Island, N. Y. Denton, Mrs. Lydia M. Garretson, New Hyde Park, Long Island, N. Y. Diefendorf, Robert D., Summit, N. J. Diefendorf, Mrs. Robert D., Summit, N. J. Dillingham, Mrs. Louise G., Milburn, N. J. Ditmars, Mrs. Mary C. (Worth) Main St., Nantucket.

Dodd, Mrs. Mary (Dillingham), 16 Cedar Road, Belmont, Mass.

Donoghue, James W., Concourse and 161st St., New York City.

Donovan, Mrs. James J., 28 Cliff Road, Nantucket.

Dowey, M. Lyall, 232 Palisade Ave., Union City, N. J. Doyle, William B., 531 Ocean Ave., New London, Conn.

Drake, Constance, 2 Penstone Rd., Bryn Mawr, Pa. Drake, Thomas E., 2 Penstone Rd., Bryn Mawr, Pa. Duane, Miss F., 558 West Chester Ave., Port Chester, N. Y. Dudley, Helen M., Morrow, Warren Co., Ohio.

Dunham, Mrs. Harrison G., 180 Hillon Ave., Hempstead, L. I., N. Y. Dunham, Harrison G., 180 Hillon Ave., Hempstead, L. I., N. Y. Dyer, Mrs. George L., (Eva L.) Milk St., Nantucket.

Edgarton, Lewis G., 84 Briarcliff Road, Rochester, N. Y. Edgarton, Mrs. Mildred G. (Coffin), 84 Briarcliff Rd., Rochester, N. Y. Edgarton, Priscilla, 84 Briarcliff Road, Rochester, N. Y. Edmunds, A. D., 1411 Beacon St., Brookline, Mass.

Eger, Mrs. Catherine (Ray), Saratoga St., Nantucket.

68.

Eger, Oscar B., Saratoga St., Nantucket.

Ellinger, Edgar, 16 East 52nd St., New York City.

Ellinger, Blanche (Mrs. Edgar), 16 East 52nd St., New York City.

Ellis, Albert W., 24 School Street, Boston, Mass.

Ellis, Mrs. A. W., 24 School Street, Boston, Mass.

Emery, Mrs. Jennie S., (Chadwick), Milk St., Nantucket.

Ernst, Joan, Monomoy, Nantucket.

Ernst, Mrs. Margaret S., 46th West 11th St., New York City.

Ernst, Milita, 179 Pine St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Ernst, Morris L., Monomoy, Nantucket.

Ernst, Roger, Monomoy, Nantucket.

Eswald, Miss Margaret, 640 Oak St., Hagerstown, Md. Everett, Bernice J., 76 Hoyle St., Norwood, Mass.

Everett, Carol Miss, 76 Winter Street, Norwood, Mass.

Everett, Miss Lydia Coffin, 57 Parker St., Newton Centre, Mass.

Ewer, Nelson P., 59 Pleasant St., Nantucket.

Farley, Morgan, 104 E. 57th St., New York City.

Farrell, Florence, High St., Nantucket.

Farnum, Miss Mary, 15 No. Water St., Nantucket.

Fay, E. W., Southboro, Mass.

Fay, Elizabeth, Dongan Hills, Staten Island, N. Y. Fezandie, Mrs. Hector, Hudson View Gardens, 183rd St., and Pinehurst Ave., New York City.

Fine, Dr. J., Broad St., Nantucket.

Fish, Miss Anna Gardner, Perkins Institute, Watertown, Mass.

Fisher, Mrs. D. K. Este, Ruxton, Baltimore Co., Maryland.

Fisher, Miss Lila Capen, 25 Richwood St., Boston, Mass.

Folger, Mrs. George A., Pearl St., Nantucket.

Folger, Mrs. Herbert Warren, 1723 Radcliffe Road, Dayton, Ohio.

Folger, Herbert Warren, 1723 Radcliffe Rd., Dayton, Ohio.

Folger, Lester M., 7538 12th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Folger, Miss Ruth Angell, 146 First St., Troy, N. Y. Folger, Oliver N., Maywood, N. J. Folger, Walter W., 613 Barron St., Portsmouth, Virginia.

Forbes, Mrs. Rose Ring, 14 Fair St., Nantucket.

Fordyce, Wesley, Darling St., Nantucket.

Fordyce, Mrs. Wesley, Darling St., Nantucket.

Francis, Lewis W., 81 Remsen St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Francis, Mrs. Lewis W., 81 Remsen St., Brooklyn, New York.

Franklin, Harry R., North Easton, Mass.

Frazier, Robert H., 313 W, Washington St., Greensboro. N, C. Freeman, Harrison B., 50 State St., Hartford, Conn.

Freeman, Miss Ruth, 160 E. 48th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Frost, Gabriella, 419 W. 34th St., New York City.

Fuller, Mrs. Susan B., Milk St., Nantucket.

69.

Fuller, Walter N., 40 Chester Ave., Waltham, Mass.

Gale, Harvey, 1168 Lowell Road, Schenectady, N. Y. Gale, Robert, 135 West 12th St., New York.

Gale, Mrs. Sadie M., 1168 Lowell Road, Schenectady, N. Y. Gallagher, Mrs. Robert J., 128 Chapin St., Binghamton, N. Y. Gardiner, Mrs. Alice C., Needham, Mass.

Gardiner, Raynor M., Needham, Mass.

Gardiner, Marshall, Main St., Nantucket.

Gardiner, Mrs. Marshall, Main St., Nantucket.

Gardner, MissGrace Brown,State Teachers College, Framingham,Mass.

Gardner, Herbert C., Box 47, Siasconset.

Gardner, Miss Julia M., 339 E. 78th St., New York City.

Gardner, Rev. William E., Orange St., Nantucket.

Gardner, Mrs. Mary Tracy, Orange St., Nantucket.

Garland, Mrs. Hattie B., 73 Orange St., Nantucket.

Geddes, James, Jr., 39 Fairmount St., Brookline, Mass.

Giffln, Miss Charlotte C. N., 61 Sherman St., Hartford, Conn.

Giffin, Norman P., Nantucket, Mass.

Giffln, Thomas H., 14 Hussey St., Nantucket.

Gill, George M. L., 187 Sherwood Place, Englewood, N. J. Gill, Mrs. Phebe Andrews (Luther), 187 Sherwood Place, Englewood.

Gill, Mrs. Sarah Pike, 187 Sherwood Place, Englewood, N. J. Gill, Phillip Lee, Jr., 187 Sherwood Place, Englewood, N. J. Glassford, Mrs. S. R., 299 Highland Ave., Ridgewood, N. J. Gordon, Elsie Mae, 70 Morningside Drive, N. Y. C. Gordon, Mrs. Harry, Jr., Polpis Road, Nantucket.

Grant, George A., 76 Orange St., Nantucket.

Gray, Donald C., 320 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Mass.

Greene, David J., 47 Broad St., Milford, Conn.

Greene, Mrs. Anna (Dort), 47 Broad St., Milford, Conn.

Greenman, Rev. Lyman, Harvard, Mass.

Grimshaw, William C., Fort Phoenix, Fairhaven, Mass.

Grosvenor, T. P., Old Westbury, Long Island, N. Y. Grosvenor, Mrs. Anita, Old Westbury, Long Island, N. Y. Grout, Mrs. John C., 194 St. Paul St., Brookline, Mass.

Gurley, Rev. Richard H., St. Martin's Rectory, Radnor, Penn.

Haines, Mrs. Arthur, Alden Park Manor, Germantown, Philadelphia.

Halbach, Mrs. E. K., Short Hills, New Jersey.

Hall, Mrs. Clarence, 19 Senior PL, Bridgeport, Conn.

Harris, Mrs. Richard B., 1127 East Avenue, Rochester, N. Y. Harwood, Miss Margaret, 23 Craigie St., Cambridge, Mass.

Harwood, P. Leroy, P. O. Drawer 853, New London, Conn.

Hatch, Miss Hannah Gifford, 37 Union St., Nantucket.

Haviland, Howard R., 4410 R. C. A. Bldg., Rockefeller Centre, N. Y. 70.

Hayward, Mrs. Emma F., Centre St., Nantucket.

Hazard, Miss Bertha, 11 Nassau St., Boston.

Heard, Mrs. Reginald E., 33 Clinton Place, Hackensack, N . J. Hedge, Mrs. William R., 87 Kilby St., Boston.

Hedge, William R., 87 Kilby St., Boston.

Eegeman, Anne., 1675 Longfellow Ave., Detroit, Mich.

Hegeman, Mrs. John S., 1675 Longfellow Ave., Detroit, Mich.

Heins, Mrs. Mabel T., 404 E. 18th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Henry, Mrs. Frank F., 800 West Ferry St., Buffalo, N. Y. Henry, Lewis C., 26 Washington St., E. Orange, N. J. Henry, Kenneth, 507 Hancock St., Quincy, Mass.

Hesselgrove, Miss Ruth A., 66 Bradley St., Bridgeport, Conn.

Hicks, Mrs. J. Everett, 124 Bellview Ave., Upper Montclair, N. J. Hill, Murray Gardner, 20 Oak Knoll Gardens, Pasadena, Calif.

Hill, Miss Pauline, State Library, Raleigh, N. C. Hiller, Miss Helen, A. W. A. Club House, 353 W. 57th St., N. Y. C. Hinckley, Mrs. Van Ingen, "Eden Hill," Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Hitchcock, Mrs. Lemuel, Siasconset.

Hindman, Dr. R. B., 15 Nottingham Terrace, Buffalo, N. Y. Hindman, Mrs. R. B., 15 Nottingham Terrace, Buffalo, N. Y. Hobbs, Franklin W., 78 Chauncey St., Boston, Mass.

Hoffmeier, Miss Helen, 140 West Antietan St., Hagerstown, Md. Holden, Mrs. Harry H., Siasconset.

Holland, William, 4 Gay St., Nantucket.

Holmes, Mrs. James A., 41 Orange St., Nantucket.

Hornbrook, Mrs. John, 2501 Iroquois St., Detroit, Mich.

Howard, Frank B., 234 Main St., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Howard, Miss Lucy V., Hussey St., Nantucket.

Hoyle, Alexander E., 248 Boylston St., Boston.

Hubbard, Thomas F., 3324 Ellerslie Ave., Baltimore, Md. Hubbard, Mrs. Thomas F., 3324 Ellerslie Ave., Baltimore, Md. Hubbard, Thomas M., 1001 Riverside Ave., Baltimore, Md. Humphrey, Ira W., Tiverton, R. I. Hunter, C. C., 90 North 17th St., East Orange, N. J. Hurst, Carl E., 40 Broad St., Boston.

Hussey, Elliot B., 134 Summit Cross, Rutherford, N. J. Hussey, John E. A., 50 Marshal St., Brookline, Mass.

Hussey, Peter M., 17 W. Chester St., Nantucket.

Hussey, Mrs. Elizabeth Chace (Kelley), 17 W. Chester St., Nantucket.

Hutton, Miss Florence Edgar, 18 Union St., Nantucket.

Hyde, Miss E. A., 105 Muchencore Rd., Rye, N. Y. Inman, Annie G., 3328 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.

Jacob, Mrs. W. H., 157 E. 72nd St., New York City, 71.

Jackson, Alison K., 88 Bay State Road, Boston, Mass.

Jaillet, Elizabeth, 110 Orange St., Nantucket.

Jaillet, Urbaine, 110 Orange St., Nantucket.

Jenney, Mrs. Edgar W., Vestal St., Nantucket.

Jernegan, Miss Elsie, Orange St., Nantucket.

Johnson, Mrs. Belle H., Conway, Mass.

Jones, Anna M., 2475 Palisade Ave., Bronx, N. Y. Jones, Bassett, Polpis, Nantucket, Mass.

Jones, Mrs. Bassett, Polpis, Nantucket.

Jones, Prank W., 9 Lakeview Terrace, Winchester, Mass.

Kaufman, Simon, Nantucket.

Kayan, Mrs. Elizabeth, Hollymede, Charlottesville, Va. Keally, Mrs. Mildred Taber, 28 E. 70th St., New York City.

Kellogg, R. S., 31 Bayles Ave., Yonkers, N. Y. Kellogg, Mrs. Janet Reid, 31 Bayles Ave., Yonkers, N. Y. Kellogg, Mrs. Louise Livingstone, Hussey St., Nantucket.

Kendrick, Miss R. H., 154 Maple St., Springfield, Mass.

Kerins, Mrs. Dorothy Coffin, 53 Arthur St., Yonkers, N. Y. Kidde, Miss Elsa A., 66 Gates Ave., Montclair, N. J. Kilton, Miss Harriet A., 180 Power St., Providence, R. I. Kimball, Mrs. Charles P., Madaket Road, Nantucket.

Kimball, Elizabeth, 14 Fair St., Nantucket.

King, Clarence, Silvermine Rd., New Canaan, Conn.

King, Mrs. Clarence, Silvermine Rd., New Canaan, Conn.

La Boiteaux, Mrs. Isaac, Bryn Mawr, Pa. Lachmann, Mrs. Norbert, 299 Lawrence St., New Haven, Ct. Lane, Hazel Gardner, 394 Broadway, Chicopee Falls, Mass.

Lang, Miss Anna, 20 Pearl St., Nantucket.

Langton, Mabel Ford, 454 Waverly Place, Orange, N. J. Lapham, Mrs. Edna Capen, South Ave., New Canaan, Conn.

Lathrop, Churchill P., Norwich, Vt. Lathrop, Mrs. Mabel (Blossom), 10 Prescott Ave., Montclair, N. J. Lathrop, John Clarke, 10 Prescott Ave., Montclair, N. J. Laurence, Julia R., 1 Vestal St., Nantucket.

Lehmaier, Alan L., % Ladd & Webster, 4 East 46th St., New York.

Lewis, Dr. Frank Edward, Centre St., Nantucket.

Lewis, Mts. Mary (Brock), Centre St., Nantucket.

Lewis, Susie, 115 Main St., Nantucket.

Lewis, Vivian M., Vice Chancellor's Chambers, Paterson, N. J. Lewis, Mrs. Vivian M., Vice Chancellor's Chambers, Paterson, N. J. Lewis, Walter C., Brookline, Mass.

Locke, John G., 1969 Alameda Terrace, San Diego, Calif.

Locke, Mrs. Isabella F., 1969 Alameda Terrace, San Diego, Calif.

Loepsinger, Albert J., 50 Abbottsford Court., Providence, R. I. 72.

Loines, Miss Elma, 3 Pierrepont Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. Longley, Rev. Harry, 592 Linden Rd., Charlestown, W. Va. Lord, Miss Harriet, 25 East End Ave., New York City.

Lord, Katharine, Liberty St., Nantucket.

Loring, Marcia G., 14 Dover St., Wellesley, Mass.

Lothman, Mabel Voss, 375 So. Gore Ave, Webster Grove, Mo. Low, Mrs. Will H., 22 Sagamore Rd., Bronxville, N. Y. Lowell, Nathaniel E., Nantucket.

Ludwig, Mrs. Elizabeth Temple, "The White Elephant," Nantucket.

Lyman, Mrs. Alice W., 15 Larsen Road, Winchester, Mass.

Mack, Miss Doris M., 1 Plumb Lane, Nantucket.

Mackie, Mrs. Arthur H., 535 Lake St., Newark, N. J. Macomber, B. Frank, Tiverton, R. I. Macy, Clinton Thomas, 28 West Chester St., Nantucket.

Macy, Harriett, 509 W. 122nd St., New York City.

Macy, John Williams, 966 South Private Road, Hubbard Woods, HI. Macy, Madeleine W., 515 W. 122nd St., New York City.

Macy, Nelson Jr., Greenwich, Conn.

Macy, Mrs. Nelson, Jr., Greenwich, Conn.

MacKay, Mrs. W. E., North Liberty St., Nantucket.

MacKinnon, Miss Anna I., 33 Liberty St., Nantucket.

Manville, C. Rollin Jr., Lawrence Park, Bronxville, N. Y. Marion, Benjamin, 22 Sheffield Road, Roslindale, Mass.

Marshall, Albert E., 139 Brewster Road, Scarsdale, N. Y. Marshall, Mrs. Albert E., 139 Brewster Road, Scarsdale, N. Y. Marshall, Miss Helen, 71 Williams St., Norwich, Conn.

Marshall, Kendric N., Chevy Chase Junior College, Washington, D. C. Marshall, Mrs. Kendric N., Chevy Chase Junior College, Wash., D. C. Marshall, Thomas W., 1147 Connecticut Ave., Washington, D. C. Marshall, Mrs. Thomas W., 1147 Connecticut Ave., Washington, D. C. Marshall, Whitfield, 7023 Blair Road, Washington, D. C. Mason, Mrs. Lydia Swain, 5025 Larchwood Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Martin, Mrs. Charles H., Indian Harbor, Greenwich, Conn.

Martin, Shelton E., Peasack, N. J. Martyne, Charles W., 82 Pierrepont St., Brooklyn N. Y. Marvel, Mrs. Helen Gardner, 2 Locke Road, West Medford, Mass.

Marvel, William Macy, 2 Locke Road, West Medford, Mass.

Mason, Edith, 8036 Watkins Drive, St. Louis, Mo. Mason, Mrs. Lydia Swain, 5319 Angora Terrace, Philadelphia, Penn.

Mason, Mrs. W. S., 8036 Watkins Drive, St. Louis, Mo. Mather, William L., Nantucket.

Mather, Ida L., Nantucket.

Maynard, Miss Julia M., 259 Mystic St., Arlington, Mass.

McCarthy, Eleanor G., 43 Fowler Ave., Revere, Mass.

73.

McCormick-Goodhart, L., Langley Park, Silver Springs, Md. McDonald, H. Louise, 11 Grant Ave., Glen Falls, N. Y. McKean, Captain John, 210 Oakland Beach Ave., Rye, N. Y. McMillan, Mary E., 162 Pleasant St., North Adams, Mass.

McWilliams, William J., 99 Willow Ave., Larchmont, N. Y. Meader, Miss Caroline Stewart, 862 Glenwood Ave., Avondale, Cin­ cinnati, Ohio.

Menges, Dr. Ernest H., Orange St., Nantucket, Mass.

Menges, Mrs. Susan, Orange St., Nantucket.

Messick, Ottilie M., 63 Forest Ave., Riverside, 111.

Merchant, Miss Abby, 149 Grand St., White Plains, N. Y. Merchant, Miss Helen, 360 E. 50th St., New York City.

Meyer, Mrs. Edith Wells, 460 Scotland Road, So. Orange, N. J. Mifflin, Mrs. E. N., 54 Concord Ave., Cambridge, Mass.

Miller, Miss M. Louise, 66 Centre St., Nantucket.

Milliken, Mrs. Mary Alice, 303 County St., New Bedford, Mass.

Mills, Mrs. Buell P., 11 Portsmouth Terrace, Rochester, N. Y. Miner, Dr. Frederick B., 1000 27th St., Flint, Mich.

Miner, Mrs. Frederick B., 1000 27th St., Flint, Mich.

Mitchell, Florence, 33 Water St., Medford Mass.

Mitchell, Josephine L., 33 Water St., Medford, Mass.

Mitchell, Leeds, 1515 Board of Trade Building, Chicago, 111.

Mitchell, Leeds Jr., 1515 Board of Trade Building, Chicago, 111.

Mitchell, Richard, 808 Cypress St., Greensboro, N. C. Mix, Adeline H., 21 Ashley St., Hartford, Conn.

Moller, Mrs. Hans Eskildsen, 7 Pleasant St., Nantucket.

Monaghan, James, Nantucket.

Moore, Charles Everett, 11 Court St., White Plains, N. Y. Moore, Mrs. Frank W., Melrose Road, Auburn, N. Y. Moore, Frederic Gardner, Segreganset, Mass.

Moore, Mrs. Grace Boomer, Segreganset, Mass.

Morrissey, J. Frank, 590 Main St., West Warwick, R. I. Morrissey, Mrs. Frank J., 590 Main St., West Warwick, R. I. Morris, William R., Lily St. Nantucket.

Morse, Horace H., East Northfleld, Mass.

Morse, Mrs. Horace H., East Northfleld, Mass.

Murray, Henry A. Jr., 158 Mt. Vernon St., Boston.

Myrick, Mrs. Lydia B. (Smith), Hussey St., Nantucket.

Nash, Francis P., Groton School, Groton, Mass.

Nash, Mrs. Francis P. Jr., Groton School, Groton, Mass.

Newcomb, Mrs. Lizzie, 7 Union St., Nantucket.

Nichols, Marie Jordan (Mrs. Walter J.), Hudson View Gardens, 183rd St. and Pinehurst Ave., New York City.

74.

Nichols, Walter J., Hudson View Gardens, 183rd St. and Pinehurst Ave., New York City.

Nicholson, Mrs. Caroline Harriet (Bartlett), 27 G. St., South Boston.

Norcross, Jessamine A., 76 Orange St., Nantucket.

Norcross, Mrs. Madeleine L., 76 Orange St., Nantucket.

Norris, Mrs. Emma F. (Marsh), 9 Norway St., Boston.

Norris, Mrs. Jean (Cobb), 20 Cliff Road, Nantucket, Mass.

Norris, Mrs. Whiton, Ashburnham, Mass.

Nye, Mrs. Pemberton H., 709 County St., New Bedford. Mass.

O'Connell, Mary B., 17 Woodside Terrace, Springfield, Mass.

Osborne, William E., 712 Guaranty Bldg., Indianapolis, Ind. Otis, Miss Berenice, 62 Sunapee St., Springfield, Mass.

Otis, Judge Thomas, Hyannis, Mass.

Outcult, Mildred, 2 Penstone Road, Bryn Mawr, Pa. Paddock, A. E., Darling St., Nantucket.

Parker, Miss Clara, Stone Alley, Nantucket.

Parker, Mrs. Lydia Bradford, Plympton, Mass.

Pearson, Gardner W., 69 Chelsea St., Lowell, Mass.

Pearson, Whitman, Tewksbury, Mass.

Perry, Mrs. Annie M., Liberty St., Nantucket.

Perry, Mrs. Annie Mabel, 1 Howard St., Nantucket.

Perry, Eugene M., Liberty St., Nantucket.

Phelan, John K., 59 Pleasant St., Nantucket, Mass.

Phelan, Mrs. John K., 59 Pleasant St., Nantucket, Mass.

Philcox, Norma Hussey, 75 Jefferson Ave., Maplewood, N. J. Pitman, Mrs. Charlotte (Wyer), Centre St., Nantucket.

Pollak, W. G., 30 Pine St., New York City.

Pollak, Mrs. Elsie E., 30 Pine St., New York City.

Poore, Charles M., 380 Ames St., Lawrence, Mass.

Porte, Lincoln, Lowell Place, Nantucket.

Post, Regis, 90 Main St., Nantucket.

Post, Mrs. Regis, 90> Main St., Nantucket.

Post, Mrs. William Combe, Boontown, N. J. Potter, Mrs. L. D., Greenfield, Mass.

Prentice, Miss Margaret, The Skipper, Nantucket.

Price, Joseph M., 35 E. 84th St., New York City.

Price, Mrs. Miriam Sutro, 35 E. 84th St., New York City.

Priest, Joseph K., 44 E. Pearl St., Nashua, N. H. Proodian, Carekin S., Centre St., Nantucket.

Prosser, Miss Harriet R., 20 Dwight Place, Englewood, N. J. Prouty, Mrs. G. Edward, Foster St., Littleton, Mass.

Putney, Mrs. Edmonds, 125 E. 63rd St., New York City.

75.

Ramsdell, Prank W., West Chester St., Nantucket, Mass.

Ratcliffe, Mrs. Frances, Nantucket.

Rawson, Dorothy, 3737 Clifton Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio.

Rawson, Miss Marion, 3737 Clifton Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio.

Ray, Miss Annie Sheffield, 92 Campbell St., New Bedford, Mass.

Ray, Earl S., Nantucket.

Reed, William M. 2nd, "Meadowside," Dedham, Mass.

Rich, E. L., 217 Arming-ton St., Edgewood, N. J. Richardson, William J., 500 East 18th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Richmond, Mrs. Dorothy Sharp, Nantucket.

Richmond, Helen P., 18 Fitzhenry Square, Revere, Mass.

Ricker, Mrs. E. M., Lewis Ave., Walpole, Mass.

Ricker, William E., Lewis Ave., Walpole, Mass.

Ring, Miss Anne, Nantucket.

Ring, John C., Liberty Street, Nantucket.

Rixford, Mrs. Mary E., 454 So. Main St., Woonsocket, R. I. Robb, Mrs. Ann, Main St., Nantucket.

Robbins, Mrs. Loring G., 185 High St., Pittsfield, Mass.

Robinson, Mrs. Annie D., 816 St. James St., Pittsburgh, Penn.

Robinson, Miss Celeste M., 115 Llewellyn Road, Montclair, N. J. Robinson, John H., Box 301, Nantucket.

Robinson, Captain William Appleby, Cornwall, N. Y. Robinson, Mrs. William Appleby, Cornwall, N. Y. Robinson, Mary Turlay, 171 W. 12th St., New York City.

Rogers, Mrs. A. Stewart, School St., Nantucket.

Rogers, James Cunningham, Chevy Chase, Md. Rose, Miss Grace D., 41 Franklin St., Morristown, N. J. Rule, George C., Gay St., Nantucket.

Rule, Mrs. George C., Gay St., Nantucket.

Russell, Mrs. Adelaide T., 215 Chestnut Road, Sewickley, Penn.

Russell, Miss Isabel, 20 Newbury St., Boston.

Russell, John R., 107 Caroline Ave., Alexandria, Va. Russell, Mrs. John R., 107 Caroline Ave., Alexandria, Va. Russell, Mrs. Lucia, Greenfield, Mass.

Saltus, Mrs. Rollin S., Mt. Kisco, N. Y. Sanderson, Rev. Edward F., 70 Fifth Ave., New York City.

Sanderson, David E., Quidnet, Nantucket.

Sandsbury, Miss Edith M., 25 Gaylord St., Dorchester, Mass.

Sangree, Carl, 2 Penstone Rd., Bryn Mawr, Pa. Sangree, Walter H., 2 Penstone Rd., Bryn Mawr, Pa. Santus, Mrs. L. W., Montclair, N. J. Saunders, Mrs. Margery, 7 Morton St., New York City.

Sautter, Mrs. Sue, 55 Prescott Ave., Bronxville, N. Y. 76.

Satler, Charles E., Main St., Nantucket.

Satler, Mrs. Charles E., Main St., Nantucket.

Schaub, Mrs. Harry P., 37 Temple Way, Summit, N. J. Schauffler, Jarvis, Quidnet, Nantucket.

Schauffler, Miss Helen E„ Quidnet, Nantucket.

Schauffler, F. S., Quidnet, Nantucket.

Schepp, Florence L., 834 Fifth Ave., New York City.

Schoepf, Mrs. W. Kesley, Hotel Elms, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Scholl, Mrs. Harry P., 37 Templar Way, Summit, N. J. Scott, Clara A., 315 Rickey Ave., Pittsburgh, Penn.

Scott, Mrs. William Clement, "The Crossways", Newburgh, N. Y. Scott, Mrs. W. C. Jr., R. D. 2, Newburgh, New York.

Searle, Olive M., East Huron St., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Sears, Mrs. Henrietta Bird, Hotel Iowa, Keokuk, Iowa.

Seeler, Edgar V., Jr., 43 Lunnaean St., Cambridge, Mass.

Selden, Charles A., Liberty St., Nantucket, Mass.

Selden, Mrs. Grace Savage, Liberty St., Nantucket, Mass.

Severance, Miss Susan, The Barnacle, West Haven, Conn.

Severance, Walter E., 1901 Market St., Harrisburg, Penn.

Sheahan, George M. (M.D.), 12 School St., Quincy, Mass.

Sherman, Miss C. B., 1430 Belmont St., Washington, D. C. Sherman, Wilbur G., 165 Campbell St., New Bedford, Mass.

Simms, Mrs. Thomas, Fells Rd., Essex Falls, N. J. Simpson, Robert C., 161 Monument St., Groton, Conn.

Small, Mrs. Phebe Hanaford (Coffin), Main St., Nantucket.

Smith, Alfred E., Federal St., Nantucket.

Smith, Mrs. Mertie H., Federal St., Nantucket.

Smith, Franklin E., 50 Congress St., Boston.

Smith, Mrs. Annie M. (Nye), 50 Congress St., Boston.

Smith, Miss Emma Riddell, 69 Main St., Nantucket.

Smith, Harry E., Centre St., Nantucket.

Smith, Mrs. Harry E., Centre St., Nantucket.

Smith, Capt. Herbert P., Nantucket, Mass.

Smith, H. S., Longview Road, Port Washington, N. Y. Smith, Mrs. Lucy Coleman, Nantucket.

Snedeker, Mrs. Caroline, Centre St., Nantucket.

Snelling, Mrs. Eugenia (Meneely), Orange St., Nantucket.

Snow, Mrs. Emma S. F., 4296 Ashland Ave., Norwood, Ohio.

Stackpole, Mrs. Alice T., Pleasant St., Nantucket.

Stackpole, Edouard A., Pleasant St., Nantucket.

Stanley-Brown, Mrs. Rudolph, 2123 Bancroft PL, N. W., Washington, District Columbia.

Starbuck Descendants, care of Mrs. E. J. Lindsey, Sec'y-Treasurer, Somerset, Indiana.

Starbuck, Mrs. Annie Whitfield, Box 124, Walloon Lake, Mich.

77.

Starbuck, Dr. C. Leonard, 8 Ogden Ave., White Plains, N. Y. Starbuck, Dr. Joseph Clinton, 42 E. Baltimore Ave., Media, Penn.

Starbuck, Miss Isabel F., 6 Bournedale Road, Jamaica Plain, Boston.

Starbuck, Miss Margaret Coffin, 61 Carver St., Boston.

Stark, Louise, 'Sconset, Nantucket.

Stevens, Miss Cora, 7 Centre St., Nantucket.

Stevens, Mrs. William Stanford, 8-A Darling St., Nantucket.

Stevens, William 0., Pleasant St., Nantucket.

Stevens, Mrs. William O., Pleasant St., Nantucket.

Still, Mrs. Ella (Hussey), 837 Belmont Ave., Springfield, Mass, Stitt, William, 328 W. Bedford St., New Bedford, Mass.

Stovell, Miss Maude, "The Woodbox," Nantucket.

Stratton, Mrs. Frank L., Gorhams Court, Nantucket.

Street, Mrs. Gertrude T., 11 Shephard St., Cambridge, Mass.

Street, Mrs. Ellen A., 117 West 11th St., New York City.

Streets, Mary, 205 East Commerce St., Bridgeton, N. J. Strieby, Mrs. Irene Macy, Apt. 44 - 402 No. Meridian Ave., Indian­ apolis, Ind. Strong, Austin, Apt. 7-A 125 E. 63rd St., New York City.

Strong, Mrs. Mary (Wilson), Apt. 7-A, 125 E. 63rd St., New York.

Sturzen, Miss Doris, 7 East 43rd St., New York City.

Sutton, Miss Ruth H., Nantucket, Mass.

Swain, Charles B., 10 Leslie Road, Winchester, Mass.

Swain, Mrs. Anna K., 191 Soundview Ave., White Plains, N. Y. Swain, Frank King, Doylestown, Pa. Swain, Mrs. William T., Dukes Rd., Nantucket.

Swartwout, Mrs. Mary Cooke, 45 Church St., Montclair, N. J. Swett, Mrs. Alton, 130 Hermosa Ave., Long Beach, Calif.

Swinburne, Mrs. Charlotte (Gardner), 3 Academy Hill, Nantucket.

Sylvester, Edmund Q., Hanover, Mass.

Symonds, Warren L., Isle La Motte, Vt. .

Taber, Mrs. G. H., 4114 Bigelow Blv'd, Pittsburgh, Penn.

Taylor, Frank C., 190 Kempton St., New Bedford, Mass.

Taylor, Mrs. Frank C., 190 Kempton St., New Bedford, Mass.

Taylor, Kenneth, 15 Union St., Nantucket.

Taylor, Mrs. Molly, 15 Union St., Nantucket.

Taylor, Mrs. William A., Siasconset, Mass.

Taylor, Mrs. Wm. S., 20 Newbury St., Boston.

Taylor, Huntley, Nantucket.

Taylor, Mrs. William A., 480 Chase Ave., Winter Park, Fla. Teetor, Mrs. Leora C., Hagerstown, Indiana.

Tenney, Winthrop P., 80 Maiden Lane, New York City.

Terwilliger, Charles D., Jr., 22 East 89th St., New York City.

78.

Terwilliger, Mrs. Charles D., Jr., 22 East 89th St., New York City.

Thayer, Luella M., 17 Woodside Terrace, Springfield, Mass.

Thomas, Miss Ellen W., Nantucket.

Thomas, Mrs. Florence Chase, Chester St., Nantucket.

Thompson, Miss Eliza B., 23 Pearl St., Nantucket.

Thorpe, G. E., 17 Barnard Ave., Watertown, Mass.

Thurston, Mrs. Lillian (Wood)., Liberty St., Nantucket.

Tice, Edward P., 65 Orange St., Nantucket.

Tice, Mrs. Edward P., 65 Orange St., Nantucket.

Todd, Mrs. Helen (Mitchell), 411 Forest Ave., Oak Park, 111.

Tolman, Mrs. Helen M., Canton, Mass.

Tompkins, Mrs. Richard W., Grand Ave., Newburgh, N. Y. Touret, Rev. Frank Hale, Tryon, N. C. Touret, Mrs. Frank Hale, Tryon, N.C. Touret, William C., Tryon, N. C. Tripp, William H., 165 Newton St., New Bedford, Mass.

Trescott, Mrs. Howard G., 257 South Central Ave. Wollaston, Mass.

Tripp, Mrs. William H., 165 Newton St., New Bedford, Mass.

Turner, Gordon Baker, Chestnut St., Nantucket.

Turner, Mrs. Harriett Chadwick, 72 Georgia St., Roxbury, Mass.

Turner, Harry B., Nantucket.

Turner, Mrs. Grace F. (Gordon), Nantucket.

Turner, Mrs. Paul, 49 Northway, Bronxville, N. Y. Tuttle, Mrs. Isabelle (Hollister), 271 Park St., New Haven, Conn.

Twiehell, Lillian A., Framingham, Mass.

Twichell, Mrs. Edgar S., Framingham, Mass.

Urann, Mrs. Julia Macy (Wagner), 34 Gibbs Ave., Wareham, Mass Urann, Karl, 34 Gibbs Ave., Wareham, Mass.

Urann, Marcus Morton, 34 Gibbs Ave., Wareham, Mass.

Urann, Maxine Macy, 34 Gibbs Ave., Wareham, Mass.

Urann, Mina Blaisdell, 34 Gibbs Ave., Wareham, Mass.

Van Pelt, Miss Emma, 77 Maple Ave., Morristown, N. J. Van Pelt, Miss S. Elizabeth, 77 Maple Ave., Morristown, N. J. Varin, Mrs. Chas .T., 9708 9th St., Ozone Park. N. J. Varney, Theodore, 100 Main St., Nantucket.

Varney, Mrs. Elizabeth P., 100 Main St., Nantucket.

Viola, W. N., 740 Joslyn Road, Pontiac, Mich.

Wagner, Max, 4 Liberty Square, Boston.

Wagner, Mrs. Wilhelmina Dexter, 14 Wyman St., West Medford, Mass Waine, William, 51 Fair St., Nantucket.

Waine, Mrs. Grace E., 51 Fair St., Nantucket.

79.

Wait, Mrs. Annie (Spencer), Nantucket.

Walker, Mrs. Grace R., 454 Pomeroy Ave., Pittsfield, Mass.

Walker, William, 454 Pomeroy Ave., Pittsfield, Mass.

Walker, Miss Mary Elizabeth, Milk St., Nantucket.

Wallace, William, Nantucket.

Wallace, Mrs. Jouette (Lee), Nantucket.

Wallach, Jane, 145 E. 61st St., New York City.

Walling, Mrs. Georgie L., Easton St., Nantucket.

Walsh, Mrs. Mary E., 600 E. 57th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Walsh, Mrs. Wm. T., Box 197, Siasconset, Nantucket.

Walrath, Miss Vera M., 132 Wilder Terrace, Springfield, Mass.

Webster, Franklin Folger, 131 Eaglecroft Road, Westfield, N. J. Webster, Mrs. Franklin Folger, 131 Eaglecroft Road, Westfield, N. J. Weeks, Miss Mabel F., 39 Claremont Ave., New York City.

Wescott, Dr. 0. D., Nantucket.

West, Mrs. Ralph, 16 Quince St., Nantucket.

Wetzel, Mrs. Ada C., Pine St., Nantucket.

Whipple, Miss Nellie L., 27 East Housatonic St., Pittsfield, Mass.

Whipple, Miss Phila M., 27 East Housatonic St., Pittsfield, Mass.

Whitelaw, Ralph T., Accomac, Virginia.

Whitney, Miss Georgianna, 676 Brush Hill Road, Milton, Mass.

Whitney, Miss Rosamond, 676 Brush Hill Rd., Milton, Mass.

Whitney, Henry L., 676 Brush Hill Road, Milton, Mass.

Whitney, Mrs. Henry L., 676 Brush Hill Road, Milton, Mass.

Whittemore, Mrs. Jennie R., 96 Cedar St., Fitchburg, Mass.

Widenmann, Mrs. H. A., 124 Bellview Ave., Upper Montclair, N. J. Wieand, Miss Irma C., Winter Park, Florida.

Wilbur, Miss Fannie B., 364 Hope St., Providence, R. I. Wilbur, Miss Florence H., 364 Hope St., Providence, R. I. Wilby, Eleanor, 367 Terrace Ave., Clifton, Ohio.

Wilcox, Harold, Greenwich, Conn.

Wildman, Marne, Woodbridge, Conn.

Willard, Mrs. Helen Parker, 2425 Wyoming Ave., Washington, D. C. Willauer, Mrs. Whiting, 20 Newbury St., Boston, Mass.

Willey, Leonard T., 6 Washington St., Fairhaven, Mass.

Williams, Arthur, York St., Nantucket.

Williams, Miss Harriet C., 70 Orange St., Nantucket.

Williams, Philip Adams Jr., Williams Motor Sales Co., Springfield.

Mass.

Williams, Wm. Lloyd, Kent, Conn.

Winslow, Mrs. Bessie (Chadwick), Nantucket.

Wolff, Mrs. Marion A., Jamaica, L. I. Wood, Arnold, 1 East 51st St., New York City.

Wood, Mrs. Etta C., 11 Gardner St., Nantucket.

Wood, Dr. George C., Hanover, N. H. 80.

Wood, James H., Nantucket.

Wood, Miss Margaret, 201 Chestnut St., Wilmington, N. C. Woodbridge, Mrs. J. Lester, 524 Arbutus St., Mt. Airy, Phila., Penn.

Woods, Mrs. Frank A., Nantucket.

Worcester, Mrs. W. W., 1109 No. Calvert Ave. Baltimore, Md. Worth, Mrs. Emma C., 15 Washington St., New Bedford, Mass.

Wright, Harrison, 236 Grand View Bldg., Tuckahoe, N. Y. Wunder, Mrs. Charles S., Pittsburgh, Pa. Wyatt, Grace, Easley, So. Carolina.

Wyer, Arthur C., Delhi, N. Y. Wyer, Louise Selden, Delhi, N. Y. Yaeger, Clem L., P. 0. Box 277, New Bedford, Mass.

Zabriskie, F. C., 344 Prospect Ave., Hackensack. N. J

81.

THE INQUIRER AND MIRROR PRESS NANTUCKET ISLAND, MASS.