Proceedings of the Nantucket Historical Association: 1950 Annual Meeting

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

NANTUCKET HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION oooooo

oooooo Annual Meeting of the Association

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Report of the Secretary—Eger

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Report of the Treasurer—Worth

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''The Thomas Birch Painting of Sherburne"—Waggaman

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Report of the President—Stackpole

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"First Two Quaker Meeting-Houses on Nantucket"—Leach

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"The Saga of Sankaty"—Stackpole

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List of Members

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1950 SOOOGOOQGQOQQOOOOOOGQOQOOQOOQGOOOOOOGOOQGOOGQQOQOOOOOOC

MEMBERSHIP oooooc You are cordially invited to become a member of the NANTUCKET HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Our membership classes are: Life Membership, $15.00; Sustaining Membership, $5.00; Annual Membership, $1.00 annually. An initiation fee of $1.00 is charged for each new active membership.

THE NANTUCKET HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION is an organization dedicated to the preservation of the island's famed heritage—its illustrious past as a whaling port. Due to Nantucket's importance in American whaling its history is a vital chapter in the large maritime history of this nation.

There is no place in America quite like old Nantucket town—the birthplace of deep-sea whaling.

Your support of our Association enables us to preserve this great whaling tradition. It allows us to carry on the work of maintaining our exhibits—the Whaling Museum, the Fair Street Museum, the Oldest House, the Old Mill, and the Old Jail and House of Correction and Industry.

Please send checks to Mrs. Elizabeth B. Worth, Treasurer, Easton Street, Nantucket, Mass.

OFFICERS 1950 -- 1951 OOO

PRESIDENT EDOUARD A. STACKPOLE

VICE PRESIDENTS MRS. WALTON H. ADAMS EVERETT U. CROSBY MISS GRACE BROWN GARDNER

DR. WILLIAM E. GARDNER BASSETT JONES BURNHAM N. DELL

SECRETARY MRS. OSCAR B. EGER

TREASURER MRS. ELIZABETH B. WORTH

Miss CORA STEVENS

AUDITORS ROBERT D. CONGDON

COUNCILLORS MRS. LEWIS S. EDGARTON HOWARD C. BARBER ALBERT E. MARSHALL JOHN H. ROBINSON MISS HELEN WINSLOW HOWARD U. CHASE HENRY B. COLEMAN ROBERT M. WAGGAMAN LIFE

Term Expires

1951 1951 1952 1952 1953 1953 1954 1954 COUNCILLOR

EDWARD F. SANDERSON

Annual Meeting The annual meeting of the Nantucket Historical Association took place on Tuesday afternoon, July 25, at 3 p. m., at the Friends Meeting House on Fair street, adjacent to the Historical Rooms. Presiding was the Association's President, Edouard A. Stackpole. Every seat in the little meeting house was taken when the hour for the opening of the meeting had arrived.

The record of the year's work was given by the Secretary, Mrs. Oscar B. Eger, whose report showed that the Council of the Association has held its regular monthly meetings from September through June. At these meetings the supervision and planning of the regular work of carrying on the busi­ ness functions of the Association has been accomplished. The Council and the officers of the Association form an executive committee, which surveys and superintends the various organizational functions of the N. H. A. Mrs. Eger's report showed that the Association now has a total member­ ship of 686, of which total 120 are life members, 14 sustaining members, and 552 annual members. This is an increase of 73 members over last year's total.

The charter membership of our Association was 179.

The report of the Treasurer, Mrs. Elizabeth B. Worth, was received with the interest this report always commands. That the expense of keeping the various buildings in repair has been considerable was shown in "cold fact," but it was nice to contemplate that all major repairs have been accomplished, so that the officers may report the "good ship" in excellent condition for con­ tinued voyaging.

It was further shown by Mrs. Worth's report that more than 18,000 people visited the various buildings and exhibits of our Association last year —a remarkable record, and one which not only proves the attraction of these exhibits but shows how important they are as assets to Nantucket's livelihood as a summer resort.

In his annual report, Mr. Stackpole, on behalf of the Association, ex­ pressed appreciation of the work done by the chairmen of the five exhibits.

He stated that the co-operation of the chairmen and the council has resulted in the success of the Association's efforts to maintain the exhibits and so preserve the link with the island's traditional past. Chairmen of the buildings are as follows: Oldest House—John H. Robinson; Fair Street Rooms and Friends Meeting House—Mrs. Nancy Adams and Everett U. Crosby; Old Jail—Burnham N. Dell, assisted by Howard Barber; Whaling Museum— Howard U. Chase; Old Mill—Robert Congdon.

Two men retiring as Chairmen of exhibits this year are Dr. William E. Gardner and Everett U. Crosby. As Vice-Presidents, however, they will con­ tinue their valued services in the executive organization of the Association.

To both, the presiding officer paid deserved tributes for their continued inter­ est in the work of the N. H. A. President Stackpole spoke briefly on some of the lessons history teaches, especially in the light of world events. He then enumerated a number of the outstanding acquisitions of the Association during the year. Chief among

these is the lens and lamp assembly from Sankaty Lighthouse, which is now on exhibition at the Whaling Museum. On display were pictures and relics of the Civil War, donated by the American Legion Post; an Indian stone anchor, given by Mrs. Ruth Dame Coolidge, and a large platter, orig­ inally in Nantucket, presented by Miss Ruth Coffin, of Connecticut.

Miss Margaret Harwood, for the Nominating Committee, presented the list of nominations for officers for 1950-51. Upon the vote of the meeting, Secretary Catherine Eger cast one ballot for the officers therein named, and they were duly elected. The officers for 1950-51 are as follows: President—Edouard A. Stackpole.

Vice Presidents—Mrs. Walton H. Adams, Everett U. Crosby, Burnham N. Dell, Dr. William E. Gardner, Bassett Jones, Miss Grace Brown Gardner.

Secretary—Mrs. Oscar B. Eger.

Treasurer—Mrs. Elizabeth B. Worth.

Councillors—(for 3 years)—Henry B. Coleman, Robert M. Waggaman.

Auditors—Miss Cora Stevens and Robert D. Congdon. *

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The afternoon featured the talks of four speakers, the first of whom was Charles Sayle, well-known Nantucket craftsman. Mr. Sayle has recently completed repairs to the model of the ship India, which is owned by the Association, and which was on exhibition at the meeting. A most interesting history of the old model was given by Mr. Sayle. It was over a century ago that Capt. Joshua Coffin, of Nantucket, built this splendidly graceful model. After many years of whaling in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, Capt.

Coffin retired from the sea and went to live in Auburn, N. Y., where he joined a group of Nantucketers settling in that vicinity.

Mr. Sayle pointed out several of the outstanding features of the model, and mentioned that she was one of the first craft to use patent trusses to hold her yards to her masts. »

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The second speaker was Robert M. Waggaman, of Nantucket and Wash­ ington, D. C. Mr. Waggaman's short address was on the first painting of Nantucket town known to collectors—the Thomas Birch canvas—which he brought with him to the meeting. The painting now hangs in Mr. Waggaman's Nantucket home on Vestal street.

In a recent issue of the "Proceedings" a question was posed: "Which came first, the Birch painting, or the Tanner engraving which appeared in Joseph Sansom's article on Nantucket in the Portfolio, published in Phila­ delphia in 1811?" Mr. Waggaman's research has included a study of the career of Birch and of the painting.

He has found that Birch, the son of William Birch, distinguished artist, began his marine painting early in the 19th century, and that he visited the Delaware Capes in 1807 and did some work there. As a resident of Phila­ delphia, he probably met Joseph Sansom and must have been acquainted with Tanner, the engraver. Mr. Waggaman's research promises an eventual solution to an interesting question. *

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The third speaker was Albert E. Marshall, who gave a comprehensive •<6{8^

summary of the careers of the early photographers on Nantucket. Mr. Marshall has made an especial study of the Association's "Henry S. WyeiCollection" of glass negatives, and is to continue this study. He displayed a number of enlargements which he has made of the Wyer negatives of Nantucket scenes, and stated that the collection constitutes a' unit which any Association may be proud to own. The prints which Mr. Marshall had made from these selected negatives were presented to the Association.

Among the early photographers mentioned were Humphreys, the first recorded professional daguerreotypist to come to the island; Summerhayes, of the 1850's and '60s; Josiah Freeman and David Coffin (Freeman's business career embraced 40 years); and Henry S. Wyer, who did so much out-of-door work from 1881 to 1896.

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The fourth speaker in the afternoon's panel was Richard M. Lederer, a summer resident of Polpis, who is one of the founders and the present President of the National Society of Autograph Collectors as well as being a well-known figure in the world of collecting Americana. Mr. Lederer gave an interesting talk on the Feathered Cape once owned by the Hawaiian King Kamehameha II, who in 1824 visited London with his Queen to pay respects to the British sovereigns. The Hawaiian royal pair went to England on board the ship L'Aigle, under the command of Capt. Valentine Starbuck, son of the Nantucket Starbucks who had migrated to England. While in London, the Hawaiian monarchs died. The feathered cape was given to Capt. Starbuck, remaining in that family until 1927, when his daughters, the Misses Eva and Lucretia Starbuck, through Robert P. Lewis, of Honolulu, presented it to the people of Hawaii. Today it reposes in the Bishop Museum in "the islands." The cape is made of the feathers of the then rare (and now almost extinct) Iiwi birds, who live high up in the mountains. The speaker showed a picture of the unusual garment, which weighs only 16 ounces.

Mr. Lederer also showed his latest acquisition, a framed appointment of pilots for these waters, which mentions David Shaw as a pilot for Nantucket Sound, which appointment was signed by Governor John Hancock. *

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President'Stackpole mentioned the big event in the offing—1951's observa­ tion of Melville's Moby-Dick. In view of the imperishable link between this American classic and Nantucket, he stated that the logical place for the 100th anniversary of the book was on Nantucket Island. There are many links with Nantucket in Melville's Typee, Omoo, White Jacket and Mardi, but it is in Moby-Dick that Melville pays his great tributes to this island.

Richard Purcell, the present custodian of the Old Mill, was then intro­ duced. Mr. Purcell made a few remarks on the proposed Melville centenary, then expressed the hope that the Historical Association and the Melville Society, of which he is also a member, would act jointly in the observance.

Richard Maass, Secretary-Treasurer of the National Society of Auto­ graph Collectors, and a guest of Mr. Lederer, was at the meeting and was introduced to the gathering. Also present was Commander Robert Lunney, Director of the Truxton-Decator Naval Museum at Washington, D. C. He spoke briefly on the naval exhibits which the Museum plans for this year,

and extended a cordial invitation to all who may be in Washington to visit the Museum.

Following the adjournment of the meeting a pleasant few minutes was spent by several of the members who lingered to get a closer look at the various exhibits which the speakers had presented as part of their talks.

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Secretary's Report Mr. President, Members and Friends of our Historical Association: Another year has closed and we are once again assembled in this historic Meeting House for our fifty-sixth annual meeting. The Council anticipates from year to year this pleasant gathering, and extends cordial greetings to you all.

Our President will tell you about the work involved and of the interest­ ing and valuable accessions which have come to us during the year. Our Treasurer will give you in detail the financial transactions of the year and will show the prosperous condition of our monetary affairs. Your Secretary has been busy with the usual correspondence and membership lists, which continue to increase.

We are pleased to report eleven new life members throughout the year. Our membership, at the close of our fiscal year, May 31, 1950, stands: Life Members Sustaining Annual

120 14

Total Members

686

552

As usual, in connection with the above, may I again urge that your Treasurer and Secretary be informed promptly of any change in the address of members, thus enabling us to keep our files and mailing lists correct as well as complete. More sustaining members would help very much in balanc­ ing and meeting our annual budget. However, we want more members as well as money receipts. May we ask you, whose names are not yet on our membership lists, to come to us, to know us better, and to become members of our Association of one type or another, and by so doing claim for yourself a place in our extensive and increasingly important work?

The Council during the past year has held its regular meetings for the consideration of matters incidental to our work and for the transaction of routine business. All these meetings have been well attended, which fact is gratifying as attendance by the resident Councillors at these meetings is of the utmost importance to the welfare of our Association.

Council meetings for the transaction of necessary business were held as follows: Oct. 18, 1949; Nov. 15, 1949; Dec. 20, 1949; Jan. 17, 1950; Feb. 21,

I960; March 28, 1950; April 18, 1950; May 16, 1950; and June 13, 1950.

As is customary, with your permission, I will dispense with the sum­ mary of all the details relative to the business of the year.

Our publications are still very much in demand. Many historical associa­ tions, as well as college and public libraries, are keeping their files up to date by including our "Proceedings."

Old hopes and affections give inspiration to new endeavors. Our histori­ cal collections and accessions, aside from their scientific interest, are a memorial to that very feeling. We have been animated by love for our an­ cestors and their deeds and works. We have inspired our Nantucket history with a fellow feeling, which we sincerely hope will stimulate and inspire those who come after us to carry on where we left off in the important work always present, in the preservation of our treasured past.

Respectfully submitted, CATHERINE RAY EGER, Secretary.

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Treasurer's Report JUNE 1, 1949—MAY 31, 1950.

Cash Balance, June 1, 1949

$666.10

RECEIPTS Annual Memberships Life Memberships Donations

$540.00 90.00 53.00

Interest and Dividends: Susan E. Brock Fund William Swift Fund Ella M. Starbuck Fund U. S. Savings Bond Emerson Drug Company

160.91 747.33 200.00 125.00 2.25 1,235.49

Museum Accounts—Admissions and Fair Street Old Jail Old Mill Oldest House Whaling Museum

Sales: 1,237.85 291.40 265.75 1,140.50 4,189.71

Admission Taxes Portrait Restoration General Account Transferred from Nantucket Institution for Savings

7,125.21 1,364.35 31.00 12.00 1,600.00 $12,051.05 $12,717.15

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DISBURSEMENTS General Account: Salaries, printing, postage, supplies

$1,309.21

Museum Accounts—Attendants and Maintenance: Fair Street 1,035.99 Old Jail 295.25 Old Mill 329.57 Oldest House 507.19 Whaling Museum 2,358.50 $4,526.50 Portrait Restoration Insurance Admission Taxes

21.00 145.64 1,369.80

Transferred to Nantucket Institution for Savings: General Account 1,500.00 Life Memberships 90.00 Major Repairs to Buildings: Fair Street Old Jail Old Mill Oldest House Whaling Museum

398.95 223.69 617.65 77.25 2,288.98

$1,590.00

3,606.52 $12,568.67

May 31, 1950—Cash Balance

$148.48 $12,717.15

ASSETS Land and Buildings Collections in Museums Nantucket Institution for Savings—Trust Accounts Stocks and Bonds Pacific National Bank—Cash in hand

$31,500.00 10,000.00 15,653.05 5,307.50 148.48

Respectfully submitted, ELIZABETH B. WORTH, Treasurer.

Audited by: Henry B. Coleman, Cora Stevens

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An Hawaiian Feathered Cape.

By RICHARD M. LEDERER. About a year ago, I was told here that, according to tradition, an Hawaiian feathered cloak had been brought to Nantucket and placed in our Museum. It was also said that the cloak was given to Captain Valentine Starbuck in the early part of the 19th century by King Kamehameha II, who gave at the same time a tapa cloth dress believed to have been worn by his Queen.

Investigation revealed that this cloak— which is more accurately de­ scribed as a cape since it was not full length—was never on Nantucket.

Geometrically designed in a checkerboard pattern of concentric rows of rec­ tangles, the cape is made of the feathers of the then very rare, and now nearly extinct, iiwi or oo bird. These birds lived high up among the crags of the mountains in the Hawaiian Islands and were very difficult to capture.

Only two or three golden feathers grew under the wings of this blackfeathered bird. After these were plucked for use on the capes, the birds were released so that the feathers could grow back and be plundered again.

Each of these feathers was only one inch long and was individually sewn on a light net base. Five of the feathers were equivalent in value to $1.00 and were sufficient to pay a man's tax at that time.

The Hawaiian King and Queen went to England in 1824 in the ship L'Aigle, skippered by Capt. Valentine C. Starbuck, to pay their respects to the English sovereigns. While in London, they contracted the measles, from which they died. Their bodies were returned to Honolulu on a British frigate in command of Capt. Byron. The feathered cape, of course, had gone with the King to England as his badge of royalty. Apparently, after Kamehameha's death, John Reeves, his secretary and interpreter, procured the cape for Samuel Starbuck. The latter's granddaughters, Eva and Lucretia Starbuck, of Aylesbury, England, presented it in 1927 to the people of Hawaii through Mr. Robert P. Lewis, of Honolulu, whose hobby was Hawaiian feath­ er-work. The cape is now in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, together with hundreds of capes, cloaks, caps, helmets and kahilis that are now priceless.

This particular cape was 14 1-2 inches long in front, 21 1-2 at the nape, 85 inches in circumference at the base, and weighed only 16 ounces. It was shown to me together with many others, each differently designed. They are kept in a special vault for protection against the ravages of atmosphere and vermin. I was privileged to examine their construction in detail.

The kahilis mentioned before were poles up to 30 feet long, covered with tortoise shell, and with a cylinder of these rare "iiwi" feathers on top. The cylinders were from 12 to 18 inches round and 12 to 14 feet high and, as you can well imagine, were magnificent display articles. They were carried in ceremonies to indicate royalty. Only the Kings, Queens and Royal Line chiefs were permitted the use of these feathered symbols. King KamoVintymfrn

I, father of the owner of the cape which Capt. Starbuck carried to England, had a beautiful kahili and a cape which was eight feet in length from the nape of his neck to the hem. It was said to have been 9 generations in the making. This king died in 1819, one year before the arrival of the Christian missionaries from New England.

Incidentally, the descendants of these missionaries became so firmly rooted in the islands that today they are the largest owners of land and industry, and exercise the greatest measure of influence. They constitute the local aristocracy. It is said that the missionaries came to do good and did well!

Sir Peter Buck, Curator Emeritus of the Bishop Museum, is a fullblooded Maori from New Zealand. Knighted by the King of England, he is a well-known authority on all matters pertaining to Polynesia and Micronesia.

It was through his auspices that we were able to obtain the photograph of Kamehameha's cape, which is now part of this Society's archives. There are only two iiwi feather capes in the United States; one each in the Peabody Museum in Salem and in Cambridge, Mass.

Knowing that many Nantucket whalers stopped in the Hawaiian islands for provisioning as well as barter, I thought it would be interesting to check at the Bishop Museum the register of arriving ships at the port of Honolulu.

During a typical six-weeks' period from April 7 to May 28, 1839, the follow­ ing ships out of Nantucket are recorded as having made the port of Hon­ olulu: Howard, Capt. Worth, Obed Mitchell, Capt. Ray, Young Eagle, Capt.

Crocker, Charles and Henry, Capt. Joy, Alexander Coffin, Capt. Congdon.

This is only a sample, for I found that in each of the 2 years, 1838 and 1839, over 400 whalers called at Honolulu alone.

Hawaii and Nantucket have a great similarity in the clouded nature of their land titles. On Nantucket the land was held in common for many years by the descendants of the original proprietors.'In Hawaii many lands were held in common by the heirs of the early kings and chieftains. Titles are difficult to clear, therefore, and surveys can be made only by engineers who are thoroughly versed in the ancient and current Hawaiian language and folk lore.

I have touched on but a few items of historical interest to both Nantucketers and Hawaiians, but there are surprisingly many parallels in these island heritages. Perhaps in the future these parallels will be adequately developed. Meanwhile, it has been a pleasure to me to ferret out a few details that tie in with the history of Nantucket.

[NOTE: The Captain Valentine Starbuck who commanded the ship taking their Hawaiian majesties to England, and who subsequently received the feather cape, was a son of Samuel Starbuck, Jr., who moved from Nantucket to Milford Haven, Wales, (via Dartmouth, N. S.,) soon after the Revolution­ ary War.]

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"The Town of Sherburne," an Oil Painting by Thomas Birch

By ROBERT M. WAGGAMAN. Nantucket's well-cultivated root of the past reaches back into a commun­ ity-civilization created by courage from a sandy soil and salt water. This Island proved a rich source of inspiration to writers and artists such as. de Crevecoeur, Sansom, Emerson, Melville, Poe, George Innes, Childe Hassam, Eastman Johnson, and others. It is to this eminent group that we must now add the name of Thomas Birch, who painted the earliest known view of Nantucket by an established artist. Although unsigned, the style of this painting is exactly that of other paintings known to have been painted by Thomas Birch, and authorities definitely attribute it to him.

A word about Thomas Birch's background. William Russell Birch mi­ grated from England to Philadelphia in 1793, accompanied by his 14-yearold son Thomas (who was born in London 26 July, 1779). William Birch was an artist, painter of miniatures, and an engraver. His son Thomas received his professional training in and near Philadelphia, and had as companions on sketching trips John Wesley Jarvis, who became a distinguished portrait painter, and Samuel Seymour, who became one of America's finest engravers.

Thomas was probably responsible for many views of country seats published

by W. Birch & Son, Philadelphia. He established, also, a reputation as an artist of snow scenes.

On June 1, 1802, at the age of 23 years, Thomas married Ann Goodwin; and in 1807 he visited the Capes of Delaware and began to paint his marine views.

In 1811 he was an exhibitor at the first annual exhibition of the Society of Artists, held at the Pennsylvania Academy of Pine Arts.

With the War of 1812, he became impressed with the artistic possibilities of paintings of naval actions. His works include such engagements as: "The United States and the Macedonian," "The Constitution and the Guerriere," "The Wasp and the Frolic." Some of these naval action paintings were en­ graved and published by Benjamin Tanner, of Philadelphia.

Thomas Birch died in Philadelphia on the 14th of January, 1851, at the age of 72 years.

To us, the most interesting period in the life of Birch is the period from 1807, when he commenced his marine views, to the period of the War of 1812, when he became interested in painting Naval engagements. It was dur­ ing this period of five years that he most probably painted this view of "The Town of Nantucket."

In the Nantucket Historical Association's "Proceedings for 1948," Edouard A. Stackpole ably describes the Birch painting as compared with the Tanner engraving of the "Town of Sherburne in the Island of Nan­ tucket," published with an article by Joseph Sansom in "The Portfolio," ^5{16>

Philadelphia, January, 1811. Mr. Stackpole poses the question: "Which came first, the Birch painting or the Tanner engraving?"

This question continues to remain unresolved, pending further research.

However, such an eminent authority as Harry Shaw Newman, of New York, believes that Sansom, although known as a writer, could have made a sketch during his visit to Nantucket in 1810, and that it was from this sketch, or the engraving of same, that Thomas Birch painted his view.

If such was the case, it is possible that Sansom's original sketch still exists. And it is most probable that research will uncover other evidence which will substantiate Mr. Newman's belief.

Was the first owner of this painting a Nantucket ship's captain, visiting Philadelphia on a coastal vessel, who commissioned Birch to paint a copy of Sansom's view?

On the other hand, we would like to know whether Thomas Birch ac­ tually visited Nantucket during his period of painting marine views. Further research may establish this to be a fact.

Thomas Birch, Joseph Sansom and Benjamin Tanner all lived in Phila­ delphia about the same period, and we know that Tanner made engravings from Birch's paintings of Naval Actions of the War of 1812. We know, also, that Sansom and Tanner collaborated on the engraving of Nantucket for Sansom's article in "The Portfolio."

In my opinion, it will be from what we can learn further of the lives and activities of the artist Birch, the writer Sansom and the engraver Tan­ ner that will give us the true answer as to when and where Thomas Birch painted this view of Nantucket.

I would appreciate, greatly, any further information that would aid in establishing facts relative to this painting.

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President's Report Members and Friends of the Nantucket Historical Association: It is again my privilege and pleasure to preside at an annual meeting of our Association. Seated in this simple meeting house of the Friends, which is still the scene of First Day meetings during the summer months, I know we all feel those intangible links with the past which so forcibly characterize Nantucket. A century ago, the nation was emerging from the panic of 1837, and the repercussions of this financial disaster "on the main" were being felt on this island. There were prophets of dire calamity then just as there are today.

There is no gainsaying that we live in grim times. In the piercing atomic light of our modern world, with war's stark realities again facing America, it might be properly asked: "What have the teachings of history gained our country?" The rank pessimist may take advantage of present opportunities in enumerating the glaring blunders of our "pilots," who have so amply shown an utter lack of understanding of history's sober lessons. But from the calm viewpoint of objectivity, it must be agreed that the youth of our nation, so vitally a factor in winning World War II, in returning to their homes brought back not only a firmer belief in this nation's economy but the strong conviction that the United States is the bulwark of future world peace.

If it is the proper function of any historical association to preserve the relics of the past, it is fully in keeping with this primary purpose to perpet­ uate in full measure, so far as we are able, the ideals of old Nantucket.

It is this combination of the visible and the invisible which lends such authority to the purposes of the Nantucket Historical Association. As we gather each year in "annual meeting," we dedicate ourselves to the continu­ ation of the ideals of courage and love-of-home which so characterized our Nantucket forebears.

In the Museum adjacent we have housed the visible heirlooms of hun­ dreds of island homes. And around each table, chair, china or glass piece is that invisible aura of the living presence of the original owners. The por­ traits of the well-known islanders of their time which hang from the walls, and the miniatures displayed in the cases, preserve for us the physical ap­ pearances of well-known men, but we must also preserve the faith in their island homes which pervaded their lives and their deeds.

The workaday world of the average island family is brought home more forcibly to us through the preservation of the Old Mill. Here we can visual­ ize the husbandman bringing his corn to the mill to be ground, and the con­ versations between miller and patron whisper to us from the echoes across two centuries as we remember that four wind-mills once stood over this range of the Popsquatchet Hills.

The toil and the rewards of the islanders' great calling are revealed to us through the Whaling Museum. Those memorable years when Nantucket was the leading whaling port in the world is eloquently portrayed in the faded writing of the logbooks, just as in the sight of the wonderful whale-boat and its attendant "gear" our memories are aroused and our interests quickened.

What a remarkable heritage is left us from the annals of these courageous

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mariners, whether they were captain, mate, boat-steerer or for'mast hand!

How classic a picture of the olden day is provided by our Oldest House, as it stands aloof in its mood of long ago. Within its walls have been placed family pieces which, although not a part of the original contents, convey to us that atmosphere of the old homes which so intrigues our fancies.

And, as we look upon and study the most recent of our Association's exhibits—the Old Jail and House of Correction—we feel relief that the era for their use is gone, especially when we recall the days when imprisonment for debt and misdemeanors often found the hardened criminal and the un­ fortunate inexperienced offender placed in the same cell. *

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Among our acquisitions this year there are several which are outstand­ ing. The most unusual of these is by the same token the most significant.

During the last week in May this year, the Society was able to acquire the entire lamp assembly, pedestal and lens from Sankaty Head Lighthouse— comprising a unit some 22 feet high by 6 feet in circumference—which is now on exhibit in our Whaling Museum. The story of this lens, brought to the island from Paris, France, just one hundred years ago to become the first light of the new Sankaty Head Light, will be given in another article in this issue of the Proceedings. However, something of the unusual story behind the actual acquisition of the lens might prove of interest.

On Friday, May 19, 1950, at the office of The Inquirer and Mirror, it was learned through information secured by Gordon Turner from officials at the Nantucket airport, that Sankaty Head Light was to have a new lens assembly installed by the Navy department. Your President then made in­ quiries as to what was to happen to the historic old lens then in the tower.

He was surprised to learn that the 100-year old light had been condemned in its entirety—and then dismayed to further learn that Coast Guard officials had "signed over" the entire lens apparatus to the Boston Museum of Science!

To cap the climax of such news, it was then stated that the Boston officials were coming to the island on Sunday to begin the operation of removing the condemned lens. It was at this time revealed that the entire apparatus was to be taken from the tower—that lens, lamp assembly, clockwork turning apparatus, and the stand and pedestal were included.

Although the odds of overcoming such a problem seemed insurmountable, your President felt that, as your representative, he must make a strong effort to keep the century-old lens on Nantucket—where it properly belonged.

He immediately got in touch with Rep. Cyrus Barnes, who was fortunately on the island. No one could have been more helpful. Within an hour he had enabled your President to obtain telephone introductions to Coast Guard officials at headquarters in Boston and Museum of Science chairman Bradford Washburn. But the news was not favorable. The Coast Guard had definitely "loaned" the Sankaty lens to the Boston Museum, and in turn the Museum had made plans to place the entire assembly in its new building in Copley Square. In fact, arrangements had been completed for the removal of the lens from the tower by experts embarking for Nantucket the very next day.

It was necessary to "sell a bill of goods" and that quickly. Mr. Washburn was again reached at his Brookline home that evening. Your President gave him a complete history of Sankaty Light, the 100-year-old lens and the tra-

4 19 13-

dition which surrounded them. He told of the island families who had served as keepers and assistant keepers at the lighthouse, of the hundreds of island ships which had been guided by Sankaty's beacon, and of the landmark that had kept a century's vigil over island land and sea. Mr. Washburn, on the other hand, told of the Boston Museum's plans for properly displaying the lamp assembly, of the months of planning for its arrival, and of the fact that there would perhaps never be another opportunity to secure such a unit for scientific preservation and display.

Again, your President repeated what Sankaty meant to Nantucket, and reiterated the historic importance of the lens to the Nantucket Historical Association. He carefully outlined the story of the Whaling Museum and its unusual appeal to thousands of visitors each year. He told in further detail some of the stories about Sankaty and its French lens. Finally, Mr. Wash­ burn agreed to reconsider—and, to make a long story short, he graciously relinquished the Boston Museum's claim to the lens. By good fortune, the truck being dispatched from Boston to pick up the lens here, was turned back, the experts released from their contract, and the boat reservation cancelled.

Then came the task of taking the lens out of the tower on the following Monday, the date when the Coast Guard mechanics intended to begin dis­ mantling operations. Once again, a good friend of the Nantucket Historical Association was of immediate help. Everett U. Crosby, when he was informed of the situation, not only offered the services of his work foreman, Clarence Swift, but also gave the use of his beach wagon for transporting the fragile prisms and bullseyes of the lens.

Of primary importance was securing the services of an expert me­ chanic. An excellent choice was Harry Gordon, and he agreed to do the job.

Promptly at 9:00 o'clock on Monday morning, May 22, the "crew" (which your President dubbed "the historical emergency men") was at the light­ house ready to start operations. At that moment there was a long-distance telephone call from Coast Guard headquarters in Boston—"hold everything until definite instructions." It was perhaps the most anxious moment of the four anxious days for your representative. But the tension was lifted by the "O. K." which came in fifteen long minutes later. Admiral Olsen, head of the Coast Guard in this area, had received official notification of the Boston Museum's relinquishing of the lens to the Nantucket "parties." It must be noted at this point that a personal chat with the Admiral by Bep. Barnes on the day before, when both were present at a State ceremony, had assured him the Nantucket Historical Association was a responsible "party."

"The historical emergency crew" went into action immediately. Clarence Swift rigged out substantial boom from the deck of the lighthouse platform— seventy feet in the air. Harry Gordon, after a careful examination of the assembly mechanism, began unbolting the bulls-eyes, of which there were six­ teen, two each in eight panels, and your representative carried these down the winding stairs to the Crosby beach-wagon, where they were carefully wrapped in blankets.

As those of you who have seen the light apparatus, now erected in the Whaling Museum, may well imagine, the task of dismantling such an intricate mechanism was a difficult one. Mr. Gordon deserves great praise for his pains«§{20}§-

taking work. He found the workmanship of the French mechanics of 1849 was of such an excellent character that the frames for the lens were carefully marked, and the bolts and screws, being hand-tooled, responded to his care­ ful efforts in removal. After the delicate frames, lens, and prisms had been dismantled, there came the heavy work of getting out the thick "deck" of the light, the five-foot in circumference iron platform and the six-hundredpound iron standard or pedestal which held the assembly upright in the tower.

The prism "bonnets," the bronze frames, the superstructure and the heavy cast-iron supports were all taken through the tower door and lowered into one of Glowacki's trucks and transported to town. When the "sum of its parts" had been carried into the Whaling Museum and spread out on the floor of the main hall, it looked as if not one but several light-house lens had been placed there.

During the following week, Mr. Gordon and his men re-assembled the light assembly and, with iron braces at the top to give a more secure support, the light stands today just as it was at Sankaty Head over its century of service to mariners. Fortunately, the huge beams which supported the great sperm candle press, similar to the one now existing on the north side of the Museum, were still in position under the main floor, and they act as the foundation for the light assembly—which represents two tons of concentrated weight. The brass clockwork which turns the lens was placed in position, thus restoring a unit discontinued for an electric motor at the lighthouse in 1938.

Until an old-time oil-lamp wick assembly can be procured, the electrified ap­ paratus installed in the lens twelve years ago will be retained. Through the interest of Albert E. Marshall, a Councillor, this apparatus was wired and is in operation. *

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Among the other acquisitions during the year are several Civil War items, given us by the American Legion Post, through Commander Leland S. Topham. These include views of the Battle of Spotsylvania, soldier's boots, and several minnie balls picked up on the battlefield. It is hoped soon to get our entire Civil War collection together for a special exhibit.

Captain Topham has also given us a lantern used by him during a res­ cue operation at Coskata Life Saving Station. It came originally from the famous cutter Acushnet, prominent in these waters for many years.

Through the kindness of Miss Charlotte Wood, we have acquired from Mrs. Frederick Ackerman a lightship basket made on Nantucket a century ago by Capt. Charles Ray, great-grandfather of Mitchell Ray. *

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During recent months your President has shown slides from the Harry B. Turner Collection, exhibiting them at the Unitarian Church and at Ben­ nett Hall. At one showing, the students of Nantucket senior and junior high schools were present at an assembly. By bringing these views of the old-time streets and lanes and houses before the eyes of "young Nantucket, your President attempted to stress the point that Nantucket need only to preserve what it has, rather than to restore, and thus safeguard the heritage which we have inherited. The courtesy and attention shown by this assembly was

not only the best indication of their interest but a tribute to the original photographers of these island scenes. *

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In concluding this report, mention must be made of the tribute paid Nantucket by the "Newcomen Society of England, American Branch." On June 29, 1950, the Society held a banquet at Sea Cliff Inn, the highlight of its Pilgrimage to Nantucket. The presiding officer, Dr. Charles E. Penrose, of Philadelphia, Senior Vice President of the Society, introduced several dis­ tinguished guests, among whom were Col. C. E. Davis, of the American Soci­ ety of Mechanical Engineers, Rudolph C. Dick, President of the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company of Salem, and Albert E. Marshall, Chairman of the Rhode Island Branch of Newcomen, and an outstanding chemical engineer, who is also a well known summer resident and one of our Councillors. Mr. Marshall's remarks were warmly received by the assemblage.

Rev. Bradford Johnson, of St. Paul's Church, Nantucket, said grace and gave the closing prayer. Alcon Chadwick, Treasurer of the New England Committee of Newcomen, and the Vice-President and Treasurer of the Nan­ tucket Institution for Savings, proposed the toast to the President of the United States.

Your President was the speaker of the evening, and had selected for the occasion the topic: "William Rotch, America's Pioneer in International Industry." This address has been printed in an attractive booklet by the Newcomen Society. As it has been distributed among the 10,000 members of the Society throughout North America, the fame of this great Revolutionary War period islander and of his Nantucket home has been brought to the attention of this great number of prominent men who belong to the Society.

My sincere thanks to the ladies and gentlemen of the Council for their constant interest in guiding the affairs of the Association.

Respectfully submitted, EDOUARD A. STACKPOLE, President.

•*( 22 )•

Report of Committee on The Old Jail Summer--1950.

The Old Jail was open to the public from June 28th through Labor Day, September 4th. Because of the small attendance last year on Sundays, ad­ mittance was given only on week days. This action reduced the number of days the Old Jail was open to the public from 68 in 1949 to 59 in the cur­ rent year. The hours were from 10 to 12 in the morning, and 1 to 5 in the afternoon.

Total admissions were smaller than last year, 1049 in the current year, as compared to 1128 in 1949, although the average attendance per day was higher, 17.6 admissions in 1950 as compared to 16.6 in 1949. Attendance in July improved over last year, with 511 in 1950 against 493 in 1949. The loss occurred in August, when 489 visitors came in 1950, as against 555 in August of 1949. This loss in total attendance took place in spite of various measures taken to attract visitors, notably the sketch of the Old Jail by Miss Ruth Sutton, included in the pamphlet advertising the exhibits of the Association, and the stocks and pillory erected in the jail yard. It should be noted that the loss in attendance was greater than can be accounted for by the Sunday closing.

The custodian for the current season was Ray Eger, who served his ap­ prenticeship in this capacity as assistant to the custodian of the previous summer. He discharged his duties to the complete satisfaction of the com­ mittee. He was punctual in attendance and careful in the handling of the guns in his charge. By cutting the grass and the general care of the prop­ erty, he saved expense to the Committee; and his vigilance prevented the loss of one of the items on exhibition in the building.

Expenses in the course of the summer were small, the chief one being the repair of the jail fence. The financial statement will be submitted to the Council as part of the report of the Treasurer.

BURNHAM N. DELL, Chairman, HOWARD C. BARBER, EDOUARD A. STACKPOLE, Committee on the Old Jail.

4 23)*-

The First Two Quaker MeetingHouses on Nantucket.

By ROBERT J. LEACH

Apparently no picture, diagram or measurements of the two earliest Quaker Meeting-houses on Nantucket have been preserved. Reconstruction, at least of a plausible approximation, requires a broad knowledge of archi­ tectural forms then current in New England, and specific knowledge of Nantucket patterns, and of Friends Meeting-house styles in the early 17th Century. To this body of general and specific principles must be joined the evidences to be found within the minutes of Nantucket Monthly Meeting and its superior bodies in Rhode Island.

After extensive examination of the data at hand, I venture to present in this article my opinion as to the size and appearance of the two structures involved, and a brief sketch of their history.

The first Friends Meetings on Nantucket were held in the living room of the house of Nathaniel and Mary (Coffin) Starbuck, which house, re­ built, stands on Upper Main Street, known today as the Tobey House. In its living room in 1708 Nantucket Monthly Meeting was born. That room was not used for regular weekly meetings for worship at any time. It was limited to appointed meetings, men's business meetings, and meetings of ministers and elders. The first room used regularly for First-Day meetings was the living room of the Parliament House, built by Nathaniel Starbuck in 1699, the year after the first appointed Friends meeting was held on the island. That was the "bright rubbed room" of the famous John Richardson Journal ac­ count. Today, with its dimensions changed, and the Parliament House re-built it stands at the corner of School and Pine Streets, near the Baptist Church, where the dwelling is known as the Austin house. Regular First-Day meetings were commenced there in 1704. Perhaps 50 persons could "jam" into the Tobey House living room, and a hundred persons into the Austin House living room. Neither were adequate to accommodate public meetings in 1708 when the monthly meeting got under way. jjt * ** * * * * At the initial monthly meeting, the men Friends authorized Nathaniel Starbuck, Jr., their clerk, who was also Town Clerk and Clerk of the Pro­ prietors of the Common and Undivided Lands, to procure property upon which they authorized further that a meeting-house should be built. What followed is probably unique in the history of Puritan Massachusetts. Nathan­ iel Starbuck, Jr., deeded in 1709 one acre of land to the Meeting. In return, the Proprietors granted him an equivalent acre to be held by him in fee simple. Indirectly, the town of Nantucket donated the acre to the Meeting.

There was no organized church on the island at the time to protest this unorthodoxy. A few Puritan Indian outposts, and an amorphous antinomian Baptist fellowship did not challenge the action. The latter grouping was, •<6(24 ]*•

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in fact, in process of absorption into the new Society of Friends.

Friends were, however, slow to put up the meeting-house. In 1709, one of the "godfathers" of Nantucket Quakerism, Ebenezer Slocumb of James­ town, R. I., "agitated" speed in getting construction under way. Slocumb had joined Friends under the preaching of George Fox, the founder of the Society of Friends, and had built a meeting-house at Jamestown, which is still stand­ ing. That meeting-house, with another now standing at Saylesville, R. I., provide the best examples of contemporary New England meeting-houses still standing. In 1704 the Friends of Dartmouth township, Massachusetts, erected a meeting-house at Apponegansett, 30 ft. x 30 ft. Though long since torn down, the dimensions were probably approximate to those of the Nantucket meeting-house in construction during the winter of 1710-1711. As far as I know, the least-spoiled contemporary Friends Meeting-house was that con­ structed at Great Egg Harbor, N. J., in 1717, and since moved to Seaville, N. J. If we follow the pattern of the New Jersey house and the dimensions of the Dartmouth structure we can approximate the correct appearance of that Nantucket building, which, as far as I am able to determine, stood on the rise of ground directly west and a little north of the Elihu Coleman house, now owned by Elizabeth Frost Blair.

On the north wall of the interior were raised benches surrounded by a high rail. These were used by the ministers and the elders. A single aisle ran up from the front door to the steps leading up into the gallery, though two outside aisles connected with side doors, the one on the left (from the vantage-point of the gallery) for men, the one on the right for the women.

Rows of benches, plain, with stiff straight backs, and facing the high seats, ran back to the south wall, where two windows of octagonal leaded-paned glass shed light on the plain wide-brimmed hats and the witch-like head­ dress of the women Friends. (The poke bonnet was a later development.) One window on each side and two over the ministers' gallery completed the sim­ ple arrangements. There was no fire place or chimney. Soapstone, heated at home, sufficed.

Open woodwork, unsheathed beams and joists, preserved a functional simplicity for the room which seated about 200 persons. The builder was Capt. Silvanus Hussey, co-ordinator of the Nantucket whaling fleet, son of Stephen Hussey, one-time Barbados planter, and a lawyer disowned for meddling in Proprietary problems. Later, Silvanus Hussey married, as his second wife, a daughter of Nathaniel Star buck, Jr., and still later succeeded Starbuck as Clerk of the Nantucket Monthly Meeting. Silvanus Hussey's wife was for many years treasurer of the women Friends.

At first waxed paper was used in the windows, most unsatisfactory in winter-time. The War of the Spanish Succession held up supplies until 1714, when the permanent windows arrived from England, presumably. As soon as the meeting-house was completed the town ordered all notices of public gatherings to be posted on its doors, a practice which continued even after the first Town House was constructed in 1717. The most honored guest present at the dedication of the meeting-house was Anthony Morris, a merchant prince of Philadelphia, clerk of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Friends, founder of the William Penn Charter School, and also of the oldest chartered still-operated manufacturing firm in the United States.

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In 1716 it was deemed prudent to build a 20-ft. addition to the meeting­ house, which, added to the east wall of the structure, was in effect a "com­ partment for men Friends. A movable partition was run down near the middle of the house to allow for both men and women to hold separate busi­ ness sessions simultaneously. There was a door in the partition for the use of Friends desiring to visit the "other" meeting.

The acre of land next to the meeting-house was used for a burial ground.

The first interment occurred in 1709 and the last in 1760 in this particular unmarked spot. Altogether probably two hundred and seventy-five Friends were there interred, though there are no markers. After 1760, burials were made at the Quaker Road graveyard at the west of Main Street in Nan­ tucket Town. That property, of course, was the location of the second Nan­ tucket Friends' Meeting-house. *

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In the interim, however, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England, the missionary branch of the Massachusetts State Church, set up a mission outpost on Nantucket in 1725. Following upon the visit of Rev. Nathan Prince in 1722, the Rev. Timothy White appeared, to supervise the construction of the building now known as the "Old Vestry," and a struc­ ture recently restored as the original meeting-house of the First Congrega­ tional Church. The cost of construction was met in Boston, as was the salary of Timothy White. Until 1765, the old vestry stood on the rise of land south of Capaum harbor (or pond) at the site of the first grave-yard on Nantucket.

The Quaker community was restive, however, from 1725 to 1732 as their enlarged 1716 meeting-house was totally eclipsed in size and elegance by Parson White's church. For example, master carpenter Elihu Coleman re­ ceived $900.00 (equivalent) in 1728 for the repair of the original house, and in the fall of 1730 Nantucket Friends turned down a request of some Rhode Island Friends to help them build a meeting-house with the explanation that "we are about to build one for ourselves." *

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In the 18th century each meeting-house was built at a united effort of the Society in that area, not as a financial venture undertaken by the local group. Unfortunately, we have no comprehensive figures on the costs or con­ tributions involved in building the first two meeting-houses. In the first in­ stance, the women Friends donated $250.00 toward meeting a deficit in 1711.

The first Treasurer of the meeting, the clerk's bachelor brother Barnabas Starbuck, not only saw through the financing of the first structure, but served as meeting-house caretaker from its erection till his departure from the is­ land in 1721. His nephew, Paul Starbuck, the Clerk's son, then took charge of the meeting properties. Eventually when the second meeting-house was occupied in 1732, the first structure was rented to Benjamin Coffin, the first Quaker schoolmaster, who used the building for educational purposes for three years. Then it burned, at an estimated loss of $4,000. It may be pre­ sumed that when completed in 1716, it had cost the islanders and their friends at least that figure.

In the winter of 1722-23, a hurricane of proportions equal to those of 1938 and 1944 had closed the mouth of Capaum harbor, which necessitated a general removal of the town to its present site. Consequently, the com-

< 27

mittee chosen to fence in the old graveyard in 1731, and to select a site for a meeting-house "for publick worship on Truth's account" settled on the pres­ ent Quaker Road site. Jethro Starbuck, another brother of the Clerk, was chairman of the location committee. A man possessed of uncommon good sense and dry humor, he acted as chief elder in the meeting. With him served Richard Macy, builder of the Long Wharf, John Macy, Jr., builder of the Town House, Silvanus Hussey, builder of the first meeting-house, Batchellor Hussey, his brother, and Jabez Bunker and Jethro Folger, two young, promising whaling captains.

After the location was approved and an acre purchased from the Pro­ prietory, the contract for the new structure was granted to Capt. Silvanus Hussey. All during the winter and spring the great meeting-house took form.

When the first house was erected in 1711, perhaps 125 Nantucketers could properly be included as members and attenders of meetings. When the ad­ dition was made in 1716, that number had increased to 215. The enlarged meeting-house seated 325, which capacity was soon outgrown. When the great meeting-house was put up the members and attenders totalled 730 persons. Naturally, a very large structure was planned and put up. The seat­ ing capacity of the new house was 1,500 persons—835 women and 665 men.

And in 1762, when the great meeting-house itself was enlarged, the Quaker community on Nantucket included 2,370 persons.

The new meeting-house extended about 140 feet along the south front, and was broken by three doors and six windows on the ground level. On the second floor were nine windows. All were spaced irregularly but not with­ out symmetry. Some windows were broader than others. Regular small panes replaced leaded glass, though the latter was still common in town. A hip-roof allowed side-wall chimneys to stand free. There were four of these, each with a fireplace, two on either side wall. To the north of each of the four chimneys was a door and between each two chimneys on the ground floor were two windows. Five second-floor windows on the east and west walls completed the lighting arrangements—except for the north wall. Here five cf the ground floor windows were small square lights as the high minister's gallery and its overshadowing sounding-board limited available space. Two high doors al­ lowed for summer or emergency exits from the high benches. These would open like porches over these doorways as over the other entrances. Two of the ground-floor north windows were large sized as were the seven windows up­ stairs. Altogether there were nine exits from the house and, all told, fortythree windows. No wonder so much subsequent repair work consisted of replacing panes of glass. *

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As the building stood about 70 feet in depth, the women's apartment was broader than it was deep, while the men's room was slightly otherwise.

A huge upstairs gallery seating 400 persons ran about the east, south and west walls, connected to the main floor by four small, twisting staircases, one in the southeast corner, another in the southwest corner, and two just op­ posite each other near the south wall partition. As the main middle door opened into the women's room at this point, it allowed for speedy exit from the women's gallery, which was naturally the larger of the two. The upstairs gallery was called the youths' gallery; thus it is proper to speak of the girls' 28 )?••

THE NANTUCKET FRIENDS MEETING HOUSE—1732-1792

A View from the North

THE NANTUCKET FKIENDS MEETING HOUSE—1732—1792

The Front View—Porch Built in 1739 (These sketches are the conception of Robert Leach, whose article explains why he believes the Friends Meeting House was built in the style shown here.)

-€f 29

side and the boys' side. From each of the secondary south front entrances ran aisles out from under the youths' gallery straight to the ministers' gallery. The steps up into the high seats themselves, leading to the high doors, more nearly connected with secondary aisles, near the center of the room, aisles which led from the facing seats to the main south front door by an off-set to the east in the women's side, and through a partition from the men's side under the youths' gallery. That particular aisle ran along the shutter, which was cut through by a second door at the foot of the ministers' gallery. A women's aisle ran on their side of the shutter. This plan allowed for three groupings of benches to run from the south wall to the ministers' gallery. Under the youths' gallery they were slightly elevated, and the middle section shortened at the expense of the other women's section. The third section alone was reserved for men. Aisles ran both along the south wall itself, and the edge of the youths' gallery.

On the east or men's side of the house, the under-gallery benches ran at right angles to those in the body of the meeting, a back aisle behind them leading to the front fireplace and the door directly beyond. This section was enclosed by aisles leading from the two east doors, connecting with the aisle at the edge of the youths' gallery running east and west, and another aisle running along the edge of the youth gallery, north and south. Thus, a fourth section of floor seats was created narrower than the other three, from which side exits were easily made.

North of the front fireplace was a small section of right-angled benches occupying the spot where the facing benches would have extended had they been built under the large gallery. Special stairway exits from the min­ isters' gallery emptied opposite these benches. In fact, the men's ministers usually entered the house by the door just north of the front fireplace. The clerk's desk was placed on the top level facing bench just east of the high door, which gave the clerk a "cati-cornered" view of the men's apartment, in­ cluding the whole sweep of the youth galleries.

The women's clerk's desk stood just west of the high door, giving an equally advantageous sweep of the room. Actually, however, because the women's room included a whole section more of middle benches than did the men's apartment, the women's clerk's- desk appeared to be dead center of the room, excepting the side gallery and under gallery space. On the west side of the house—the women's side—the arrangements were identically re­ versed to the foregoing description of the men's east side.

Upstairs, the benches resembled those under the galleries, except that they were graded at a steeper angle and all cross-gallery aisles were, in fact, stairways. The south gallery was divided by the great partition, aisles running up on either side just beyond the entrances to the main staircase.

On the men s side, there was a door at the top of the gallery, leading to the attic, where was located wooden machinery for hoisting the partition at least thirty feet in order for meetings to be held jointly as was the case other than at separate business sessions. Very probably the partition was divided into two main 20 ft. sections and two smaller 10 ft. sections, one over the minis­ ters gallery and one at the front of the youth gallery. Large posts running up two floors separated these sections, similar to the posts placed at 20 ft. intervals to support the youth gallery and the ceiling itself.

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Large white-pine beams were probably imported from New Hampshire for the rafters in the great meeting-house. Probably, there was no plaster­ ing and nothing was painted. In fact, painting of houses did not become general in the colony until after 1740. Very probably the youth gallery wall was panelled as was the wall back of the ministers' gallery, and, of course, the great shutter (or shutters). Otherwise, the plainest of wood-work pre­ vailed. On the other hand, the rough hewn beams left exposed in the first meeting-house were now probably boarded over. *

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When the Great Meeting-house was first opened for public inspection in 1732, the most honored visitor was none other than the same John Richard­ son who had been the means of converting Mary Starbuck to Quakerism. Now a man in his sixties, he returned to witness fruits of labors so tremendous as to equal most success stories in the American business world. He left no extensive journal account, only a phrase "we went to Nantucket, where we met with many innocent plain Friends . . " Did he once more view with mingled emotions the "bright rubb'd room" in the Parliament House?

In 1736, Thomas Chalkley, the Philadelphia merchant who was among the first Friends to visit Nantucket, recorded in his Journal "now it is com­ puted there were above a thousand who went to our meetings." Subsequently, in 1743, Edmund Peckover, of County Norfolk in old England, wrote: "I think their meeting-house will not hold less than fifteen hundred persons, and it was very full when we were there." In 1755 Dr. Samuel Forthegill, the great reforming Friend from Yorkshire in old England, observed 1500 persons at meeting, noting that possibly 400 more were off island whaling at that particular moment. Though no dimensions of the Great Meeting-house have come down to us, I feel reasonably secure in suggesting the definite plan for the building so minutely described above. It had to be that large, and being a Quaker structure in the early Georgian period, reasonably similar to its companion pieces in Rhode Island. sfc* * * * * ** Despite the fact that by 1728, Nantucket was the most prosperous whal­ ing port in the world, the financing of the structure was no small job. When Barnabas Starbuck left town in 1721, the treasurership of the meeting went to Thomas Macy, brother of Richard and John, and also Treasurer of the Town and County. In 1728, however, Macy resigned his post to devote more time to business, and the Clerk, Nathaniel Starbuck, Jr., handled the initial stages of raising funds for the great structure. When the building committee began actual supervision of the raising of the meeting-house, Nathaniel turned over the treasurer's job to the chairman of the committee, in this case his brother, elder Jethro Starbuck. In the summer of 1752, the meeting care­ taker Paul Starbuck was named along with his uncle to procure funds for the women's meeting. In 1737, when Nantucket received a request from Dartmouth Friends to help build a meeting-house at Westport, Mass., the islanders refused financial assistance as "we have lately built a large meeting-house and have not finished it."

A platform with posts and roof shelter was constructed about the foredoors of the meeting-house, running along the south side of the building.

The contract went in 1739 to Richard Macy. At the same time he was re^32j»

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quested to pave the immediate meeting-house yard with flat cobblestones, to keep down dust and to eliminate mud in rainy spells. Shelter in case of stormy weather was needed. That spring the women had reported "it proving a very Sevier Storm not one Friend able to go out." The porch, if anything, improved the appearance of the building.

Eleven years later the meeting authorized $872.00 to be spent on a "Privy House," four feet square. Then in 1753, Paul Starbuck resigned from his offlce as caretaker. His aging father the millionaire ex-Clerk Nathaniel Starbuck, died and the huge estate required his undivided attention. Samuel and Edward, Paul's sons, handled repair jobs on the meeting-house in 1753 and 1756, amounting to $654.60 and $179.20. In 1756, a thorough overhaul job was granted to Jethro Coleman, Elihu Coleman's brother, the cost amount­ ing to $352.40. The joint caretakership proved unsuitable, so that in 1758, David Joy, a whaler originally from Dartmouth, was named to the position so long held by Paul Starbuck. Joy was requested to make a thorough survey of the roof, which had sprung a leak alarmingly that winter.

David Joy found that a major re-roofing job was in the offing. Con­ sequently, Barnabas Coleman, a brother of Elihu and Jethro was asked to contact the young people and non-member attenders, to give them an op­ portunity to help pay for the repairs. Subsequently, it was deemed best to enlarge the Great Meeting-house. As the easiest method of increasing size consisted of pushing the north wall out 20 feet, this was done. The hip roof had to be raised five feet and the ridge-pole decreased in length ten feet.

The committee to plan the re-building was composed of David Joy, caretaker, Robert Barnard, nephew of the Macy brothers, and Hezekiah Coffin, a great nephew of Mary Starbuck. Their recommendations called for accommodation of 500 additional seats, a hundred of which were to be located in the extended youth galleries. A total accommodation of 2,000 souls was envisaged; room for 1,115 women and 885 men. The contract for enlarging the meeting-house was granted in 1762 to Philip Pollard, who was asked to work closely with Jonathan Macy, son of the late treasurer, John May, Jr., William Rotch, the leading Friend in the Revolutionary War period, and Capt. William Hussey, son of Capt. Silvanus, and staunch pacifist. The addition probably cost the meeting about $10,000, a figure easily met by over 600 adult members, plus outside assistance. A contemporary meeting-house, under construction in Providence, R. I., was estimated to cost under $22,000, but when completed cost twice that figure.

Although I have not examined the records of Nantucket Quakerism after 1763, it is my opinion that the 1762 enlargement proved reasonably sat­ isfactory until after the Revolutionary War. In 1792, we know that a new North Meeting-house was built, and the 1732-1762 building moved and re­ built at the corner of Main and Pleasant streets. Very probably, its size was reduced to what it had been when Silvanus Hussey first worked on it. And then in 1834 the building was torn down and its material was incorporated, so tradition goes, in a barn which recently burned on Cape Cod. The accom­ panying sketches are to illustrate conjectural sizes and appearances, as well as the interior arrangements of the first two meeting-houses of the Society of Friends on Nantucket. <33>

''The Saga of Sankaty" As an Island landmark, the lighthouse on Sankaty Head, on the east side of Nantucket, has stood for a century, with its red band on its white tower presenting a familiar sight to islanders since its erection in February, 1850, on the 100-ft. headland called by the Nantucket Indians Sankoty—"highland."

However, Sankaty has something else to represent than just its familiar appearance on its bluff above the sea. It is a symbol of the quiet heroism and sacrifice of those who maintained it over the years—those who kept continu­ ous vigil so that the light did not fail to send its beacon rays out over the Atlantic, a faithful guide to mariners who have picked its light up from as far as 45 miles to sea.

Nantucket has had an important part in the early history of the Light­ house Service. The second lighthouse established on the coast of the young thirteen colonies was at Brant Point, at the entrance to Nantucket harbor, in 1746. Great Point Light (first known as Nantucket Light) was erected in the year 1784, by Edward Allen and Stephen Hussey, of Nantucket.

The bluff at Sankaty rises 100 feet above the surface of the sea. Some historians believe that Gosnold was the first discoverer of Nantucket, having sighted Sankaty as he steered some distance from the land in 1602. Capt.

George Waymouth, in 1608, has the best claim for discovering Nantucket.

Finding himself in latitude 41° 20' north, and in shoal water, he "sent one man to the top who thence described a whitish, sandy cliffe."

Tradition says that a whale look-out was kept on the Head by the early island proprietors, who went off from shore to harpoon the right whale. A settlement between Sankaty and Sesachacha was called "Peedee," and origin­ ally was an Indian camp during the fishing seasons.

It was in a newspaper article, in The Boston Post of 1838, that a writer, signing himself "A Sailor," summed up the need for a light on Sankaty Head, writing as follows: "There is a passage inside South Shoal, near Sankaty Head, deep enough for the largest ships to pass—sounding five fathoms. Now, the difficulty to us is that we have no directions to govern us in going through this passage, except some vague ones in Blunt's Coast Pilot. None of these directions would answer for the night time. What the mariner wants is the outside passage surveyed and a lighthouse placed on Sankaty Head, Nantucket Island. It would help coming up the coast and going down, and, for those utilizing the inside route, a saving of 24 hours would be made. Having the lighthouse would mark a place of refuge for any ship running into a strong westerly, which might anchor under the lee of the high shore at Sankaty."

To the east of Sankaty are many shoals, especially dangerous being "Rose and Crown," some 15 miles off-shore, the "Great Rip" and "Fishing Rip," and "Bass Rip," besides "The Old Man" and "Pochick" to the southeast of the village of Siasconset and Low Beach.

The first government survey of this area was in the 1840's. Prof. Henry -gf 34

Mitchell, brother of Maria Mitchell, had done considerable work in charting the ocean currents off the east end and in Nantucket Sound, but it was the government survey vessels which did such good work from 1841-43, laying down Davis and McBlair Shoals, Fishing Rip and "Old South Shoal." In 1821, however, Capt. Colesworthy, in the schooner Orbit, had charted the latter.

These shoals were well known to Nantucket pilots but were such a danger­ ous maze to other mariners that they became known as the "Graveyard of the Atlantic." As early as 1790, Capt. Paul Pinkham of Nantucket had made a chart showing the shoals off the east end as well as in Nantucket Sound.

In 1821, the government made a survey of Georges Banks. Increased shipping through the Sound brought Cross Rip Lightship into being in 1828. Then came Pollock Rip light-vessel in 1849, and in 1854 the first lightship on South Shoals, under Capt. Samuel Bunker of Nantucket. *

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Work Began at Sankaty in 1819—Tower Completed in February, 1850.

It was early in the summer of 1849 that the government began the work of constructing the tower at Sankaty. Schooners brought the bricks, granite blocks and other building material to the town wharves, and it was carted out to the bluff. The original tower was only sixty feet high, compared with the 70-ft height of the present tower. The lighthouse bore south by east nine miles from Great Point light, and 23 miles south by west from Pollock Rip. The keepers' dwelling was constructed entirely of brick, a story and a half high. Here the keeper and his assistant lived, with an ell, connecting the dwelling and the tower, serving as an entrance to the tower during storms and gales. A barn was built to the south of the house. About the property on three sides was a wooden fence.

Work on the tower was completed in December, 1849, leaving the delicate task of installing the new lens in the lantern. The bulls-eyes and prisms of the lens, with their bronze and brass frames, platform, and turning mechanism, were purchased in France by Engineer Isherwood, commissioned for the trip by the government, and the man who installed the entire assembly in the new tower. The lens cost $10,000. A clock-like apparatus in a glass case, operated by means of heavy weights which descended into the tower on a wire cable, turned the lens. This was in constant use for eighty-eight years, being replaced in 1938 by a smaller electric motor. The lens remained at Sankaty for 100 years, and in May, 1950, were removed, together with the entire as­ sembly, and re-erected in the Nantucket Whaling Museum.

The windows of the lantern were large sheets of glass, half an inch thick, a protection to the lens when sea-birds, driven by storms, crashed head-on against the lighter tower. In some instances, a heavy bird struck against the glass with such force as to come crashing into the tower. In the center of the lens-platform was placed a single-wick whale-oil lamp, afterwards re­ placed by a lamp with several tubes and finally with a kerosene vapor light.

In 1938, the light was electrified, increasing its candle-power to 720,000.

It was at first planned to have alternate red flashes to show at a distance of six miles, and of occasional white flashes at a distance of more than 6 miles.

William R. Easton was the Collector of the Port of Nantucket at this time, «35)fr

and his "Notice to Mariners" in The Inquirer and The Mirror read as fol­ lows: "This new light will be a fixed white light, with brilliant white flashes; two successive flashes being given at intervals of 1 1-2 minutes, then the third flash at an interval of three minutes; followed by two suc­ cessive flashes at intervals of 1 1-2 minutes, then a third flash at an in­ terval of 3 minutes as before, and so on for the time the light is visible.

The fixed light will not be visible farther than 12 to 15 miles, beyond which the flashes only will be seen."

In the Feb. 4, 1850, issue of The Inquirer, it was reported: "The new lighthouse at Sankaty Head was lighted for the first time on Friday evening (Feb. 1.) The flashes of light are very brilliant and must be visible at a distance of twenty-five miles." *

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Sankaty Becomes an Island Symbol.

The first keeper of the new light was Capt. Samuel D. Bunker, one of the most successful island shipmasters but one who had met with financial reverses upon retiring from the sea. Capt. Bunker remained at Sankaty for four years, then left to take over command of the new lightship placed on Old South Shoal, southeast of the lighthouse, in 1854.

The supplies needed by the light-house to maintain the light (aside from the fuel and food for the keepers) were many and varied. First, of course, was the whale-oil for the lantern. In those days, whale-oil was refined for winter use as well as summer. Then came wicks for the lamps, chimneys, buff skins, linen towels, brushes, spirits of wine, straight and curved scissors, paint, litharge, linseed oil and turpentine, "coachmaker's" oil, solder, paint brushes, whitewash, plated glass, sash tools, limes, corn and hickory brooms, spare burners and hand lanterns.

It is not surprising that Capt. Bunker should write to Collector Allen, under date of May 31, 1854, as follows: "Sir: I shall be obliged to you if you will send me a copy of the in­ ventory of the lamps and their appurtenances, as I am unacquainted with the names of many of them, and because I wish the tenor & tally in my receipt book to agree with the receipts already given. If sent to Capt.

Baxter's, or to Mr. Winslow's, I will get them in time; or perhaps you intend going to Sankaty Head yourself to see the things & can bring the copy of the original."

Capt. Bunker, leaving to take command of the South Shoals Lightship in 1854, was succeeded by his 1st Assistant Keeper, Samuel G. Swain, who held the post until July, 1861, when Capt. Henry Winslow was appointed.

One humorous touch is given the life of the lighthouse during Capt.

Swain's incumbency. Sankaty had become a favorite goal for islanders who went out on "a cruise" of a Sunday. It took pretty much the whole day to get out and back, allowing for a lunch or picnic. In October 25, 1856, The Mirror noted: "The narrow aperture on the platform under the lantern at Sankaty lighthouse has been widened to allow ladies with hoop skirts to pass through to see the reflectors."

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SANKATY LIGHTHOUSE AS IT LOOKED SOON AFTER COMPLETION IN 1850.

LOOKING ALONG THE NORTH BLUFF TOWARD SANKATY IN 1888.

The new dwelling for the keepers had just been erected. Note the winding road along the bluff top, which has become the present "Path Along the Bluff.

This entire sweep of landscape is now occupied by summer residences.

Early Keepers Were Experienced Seamen and War Veterans

Following the Civil War, many of the Keepers and Assistants were vet­ erans of service with the Army or Navy. Uriah C. Clark succeeded Captain Winslow, holding the position until February 11, 1873, when he died, the first Keeper to pass away on the station. George F. Folger, the 1st Assist., be­ came Keeper, but did not receive his official appointment until April, 1873.

Charles B. Swain, the 2nd Asst., was transferred to the Cliff beacon lights in town, and Franklin B. Murphey was appointed 1st Asst. Keeper. Both Folger and Murphy had served in the Army of the Potomac. Mr. Murphey resigned in June, 1875, his place being filled by John M. Lamb, another vet­ eran. Freeman Atkins, Benjamin Sayer and Charles Pollard also had short periods of service as assistant keepers at Sankaty.

In November, 1875, a new type of wick was used—an "English wick"— which made it possible to operate the light with only one trimming of the wicks during the night as compared to the two or three times necessary be­ fore. All who have tramped up to Sankaty's lantern tower will appreciate how the keepers felt about this improvement.

Asst. Keeper Lamb resigned Sept. 30, 1877, and Simeon L. Lewis, Sr., became his successor, serving a year, and being followed by William H. Gibbs, who came to Sankaty October 1, 1878. John S. Cathcart replaced Mr. Gibbs on July 10, 1880, following an altercation between the keepers. There were numerous instances where short tempers flared between men living in "close quarters," with families, children and island relationships contributory factors.

Benjamin F. Wyer was appointed Asst. Keeper in August, 1880, but resigned in December of the same year, to be replaced by Calvin C. Hamblin.

Two years later (Nov., 1882) George F. Folger resigned as Keeper after hav­ ing served since 1873. Calvin Hamblin was appointed keeper, and Benjamin F. Brown was given the berth as 1st Assistant Keeper. *

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A Telegraph Line To Sankaty—Then the Telephone.

In 1886, the U. S. Government Signal Station, with head office at the Pacific Club building in Nantucket, ran a telegraph line out to Sankaty Head.

The government's Main street Weather Bureau was opened in October, 1886.

A cable had been laid out to the island the preceding November 18, 1885.

In December, 188'6, the government installed telephones at Sankaty and at the Surfside Life Saving Station—the line afterwards being extended to Coskata and Great Point Light.

During this same month (Dec., 1886) a 50-ft. flagstaff was erected on the bluff by Capt. William T. Swain, who had the government contract, and weather signals were displayed at Sankaty for the first time on December 30. *

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Keepers and Assistant Keepers

It was found that living quarters at Sankaty were not favorable, and so in the fall and early winter of 1887, the present dwelling was erected at a cost of $6,700.00. An additional $50 was spent for the "oil house" at the north.

On Sept. 18, 1887, Assistant Keeper Brown and his family moved to 'Sconset,

followed two days later by Keeper Hamblin and his family. This marked the first time in the thirty-eight years of its existence that the keepers had re­ sided away from the lighthouse. Workmen commenced knocking down the brick dwelling, and on Sept. 30 the foundations for the new double-family house were laid. The present water cisterns were constructed at the same time. By December 20, the dwelling had been completed to the extent that most of the workmen departed. Keeper Hamblin moved into the new house on January 10, 1888, and Asst. Keeper Brown and family came over from 'Sconset on the 15th. An old notation book at the lighthouse states: "Jan. 22— At sunrise the thermometer at 4° above; ice seen from all directions." Ap­ parently the keepers had set up housekeeping just in time.

In May of this year (1888) a new "deck" and lantern section were install­ ed in the tower by two machinists and four laborers from Boston. The sex­ tet brought down their own cook—as if rather in doubt as to the ability of the lighthouse families to properly feed them! Engineer S. Y. Poor was in charge of the work. This new section increased the lantern tower 10 feet in height, bringing the tower to its present 70 feet above the ground level—or 170 feet above the surface of the sea. Major Stanton and Commodores Coffin and Barker inspected the completed work and pronounced it satisfactory. At this time the inside of the tower was plastered and white-washed. During the work on the tower, a fixed light was shown from a temporary platform which served as the lighthouse beacon from Sept. 30 to June 10, 1888.

Other installations during the spring of 1889 were a lightning rod conuctor (which remained until removed in 1936 by Keeper Larsen), a speaking tube, which proved unsatisfactory, and new frames and doors in the tower.

These latter were installed by Thomas Ceely, of Nantucket, who did an ex­ cellent job.

Assistant Keeper Benjamin Brown resigned on Sept. 1, 1889, after seven years of service. The occasion gave rise to a humorous anecdote. It appears that Keeper Hamblin, during a "tiff" with his assistant, had stated: "Ben— if you go to town, I shall have to log you as leaving the station without giving notice—that you are refusing duty!" Mr. Brown very calmly replied: "But, Calvin, I am giving notice—I'm not refusing duty—you can put me down in the log as resigning—here and now!"

James H. Norcross, of Quidnet, was engaged at the station for the next month, and on October 1, Wallace A. Eldredge became Assistant Keeper.

On February 1, 1891, Keeper Hamblin resigned, having served as Keeper for eleven years, and Ethan Allen was appointed to the post. The light at this time was burning 50 gallons of oil a month, with kerosene having long since replaced whale-oil.

About this time there came on the scene at Sankaty a young man named Joseph Remsen. He had entered the Life-Saving Service in 1884, being at that time stationed at Coskata, and three years later was transferred to the Lighthouse Service, becoming Keeper at Brant Point. In 1891, he went out to the South Shoals Lightship as Master, but the next year was transferred to Sankaty to succeed Ethan Allen as Keeper.

Captain Remsen was a fixture at Sankaty for the next twenty-seven years. During his service he had seven Assistant Keepers—Wallace A. El<S(38)3>

dredge, Marcus E. Howes, Thomas J. Kelly, George W. Purdy, Charles M. Vanderhoop, Carl D. Hill and Eugene N. Larsen. All of these men became keepers of lighthouses in New England, while two of them-—Charles Vander­ hoop and Eugene Larsen—became Capt. Remsen's successors at Sankaty.

Charles Vanderhoop, a Gay Head Indian, came to Sankaty as assistant in June, 1912, and was transferred a year later, being replaced by Karl D. Hill, who, in turn, remained at Sankaty until September, 1914, when Assistant Keeper Eugene N. Larsen arrived with his family. Keeper Remsen resigned April 1, 1919, and was replaced by Keeper Vanderhoop. In May, 1920, Mr. Vanderhoop went to Gay Head to become Keeper, and on June 1, 1920, Capt.

Larsen became Sankaty's Keeper. He had as his assistant C. A. Ellis, until March 16, 1921, when Francis Macy, a native Nantucketer, became his as­ sistant. Mr. Macy was transferred in 1925, and James Dolby replaced him, serving as assistant until 1933 when he was transferred to Gay Head. * * * * * * * * The Coming of The Electric Light.

On May 15, 1933, an electric light was installed in Sankaty's tower, re­ placing the kerosene vapor light, and the candlepower of the light was in­ creased from 99,000 to 720,000 candlepower. The kerosene vapor light, with various improvements, had proven satisfactory for many years, but the trouble experienced in cold weather often resulted in "smoke-ups"—caused by the failure of the kerosene to ignite properly in the mantle of the lamp—and this blackened the lens and the lantern with soot. Electrification included a motor for turning the lens, replacing the brass clock-works which was run by weights descending into the tower suspended on a wire cable. With the introduction of the electric light, Keeper Larsen became the sole operator of Sankaty for the next decade.

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Shipwrecks Off Sankaty.

It would be difficult to ascertain the number of craft which have "laid their bones" in the shoals off Sankaty, but there have been hundreds. In 1673, the Dutch ship Exportation, laden with whale oil, tobacco, logwood and hides, came ashore in a storm between Sankaty and Sconset. The salvaging of the cargo of this ship led to much trouble for Tristram ( oil in, then the King s Magistrate on the island. In 1774, the sloop Rochester and the schooner Lowden, bound on whaling voyages to the Coast of Africa, were wrecked in the rips off Sankaty, and the crews barely escaped with their lives.

It was on the morning of Dec. 21, 1812, that the British ship Sir Sidney Smith, prize of the American privateer General Armstrong, Capt Barnard of Nantucket, was sighted on Bass Rip with the seas breaking over her. The crew had taken refuge in the shrouds and watchers ashore were forced to stand by, powerless to aid, and watch the men perish. A packet, setting out from this harbor, was forced to put back due to ice forming on her bows.

Many craft which became entangled in the shoals off Sankaty eventually drifted along the shore to go onto the beaches at Great Point or at Tom Nevers or Nobadeer. In 1846, the ship Earl of Eglinton, from Liverpool to Boston, struck on South Shoal and then the "Old Man," finally being beached at Nobadeer, where four of her crew perished attempting to reach the shore. < 39 >

An improvised breeches buoy was used to bring the crew safely to the shore.

The French ship Louis Philippe, with 167 passengers and a $500,000 cargo, became caught on Great Round Shoal, and drifted, rudderless, to the south, grounding off Tom Nevers head. Skillful work by island seamen on the two Nantucket steamers saved the craft from going to pieces.

On Sept. 5, 1850, a vessel loaded with lime was sighted from Sankaty's tower and a brig was observed standing by and rescuing the crew. On May 31, 1851, the ship Jacob A. Westervelt, with 800 passengers on board, bound from Liverpool to New York, grounded on Old South Shoal, within sight of Sankaty. The steamboat Massachusetts from this port went out and put pilot Capt. David Patterson on board, whose heady work brought her safely out of her dangerous predicament. The schooner Cora Etta, of Rockland, Me,, was not so fortunate—when they went out to her off Sankaty they found her a total loss, with all on board going down with her.

In March, 1888, the English iron steamer Canonbury was seen from San­ katy on the "Old Man" shoal. Her crew was saved but the vessel became a total loss. A month later the bark Katahdin anchored off Sankaty, and her crew came ashore for supplies, announcing the craft leaking badly. On Oct. 27, 1889, a 3-masted schooner was sighted from the tower flying signals of distress. She was the Kate Foster of Machias, Me., bound to New York. Al­ though her masts were cut away and both anchors down, she was swept into the shoals, Her captain was lost but a steamer maanged to take off the crew some distance from her original sight of stranding. The Italian bark Nostri Genitore was abandoned off Sankaty in December, 1889, and the crew went ashore. A tug afterwards towed the bark out of the shoals. *

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The Famous Rescue of the Crew of the "H. P. Kirlcham."

Perhaps the most memorable incident in the story of shipwrecks off Sankaty occured on that wintry day of January 20, 1892, when at daybreak, from the tower, Keeper Joseph Remsen with his spyglass sighted the masts of a three-masted schooner. The craft was on the "Rose & Crown" shoal, 15 miles east of Sankaty. Keeper Remsen immediately telephoned to the Coskata life-saving station. Capt. Walter N. Chase, stalwart islander, in com­ mand at Coskata, promptly got his crew together. The life-savers went out through the freezing gale to the wreck and, after an hour of dangerous work, took off her crew. Then came the long battle to return to shore. Dark­ ness set in—and the townspeople felt that the men were lost. The next morn­ ing, however, Capt. Chase and his men landed with their rescued seamen on Siasconset's beach after a 26-hour battle which has created an heroic inci­ dent in the story of life-saving operations on this coast. *

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News of America Brought From Europe During Island Freeze-Up. It was during a famous "freeze-up," early in the year 1857, that a large steamer was sighted in the shoals northeast of Sankaty. She was the steamer New York, bound from Glasgow to New York, and on Jan. 21 she anchored off Quidnet flying signals of distress. A whale-boat from shore boarded her and found that she was short of coal after a hard passage. On the 24th she was piloted to a new anchorage off 'Sconset, and sixty-three men were en­ gaged four days carting coal from town to 'Sconset by sleigh, until 115 tons •<S{40>

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SANKATY LIGHT AND ITS DWELLING AS IT IS REMEMBERED IN PRESENT TIMES.

CAPTAIN JOSEPH REMSEN, KEEPER AT SANKATY FROM 1892 TO 1919.

It was on the morning of Jan. 20, 1892, that Keeper Remsen, from Sankaty s tower, sighted the wreck of the H. P. Kirkham on Rose and Crown Shoal.

had been placed aboard the steamer. By a strange coincidence, the steamer, which had left Scotland on Jan. 5, 1857, brought the first news to reach Nan­ tucket from the mainland of America—the island having been frozen in since that date—and the steamer having received U. S. newspapers just before she sailed from Glasgow.

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The Path Along The Bluff To Sankaty One of the chief natural attractions of 'Sconset's village and environs is "The Path" which runs along the top of the bluff from the village to Sankaty Light. Always commanding intriguing glimpses of the sea on the one hand and the heathland on the other, "The Path" curves to the north from the fringe of 'Sconset proper and winds its way in front of the many cottages which stretch away. It dips and turns as its follows the confirmation of the bluff and provides an entirely unique opportunity for a stroll to and from the famed lighthouse at Sankaty.

Undoubtedly, the most unusual feature of this "Path" is that it is a public way, although leading directly across the front lawns of all the proper­ ties which line the bluff-top from the village to the lighthouse. Twenty-five years ago there was an attempt by one property owner to close that section of the "Path" which ran through her front lawn, but a decision rendered by the late Judge Davis, of the Land Court, upheld the Town's contention that the "Path" was a public thoroughfare. In most cases, property owners have had their grounds landscaped so that a stroller apparently is walking across a series of front lawns and gardens, with only a gap in the edge to mark the way. But those who take advantage of the opportunity to walk the milelong "Path" are usually too deeply appreciative of the experience to trespass beyond its winding confines.

Early in 1873, William J. Plagg, a summer resident, obtained title to a large section of land between 'Sconset and Sankaty, in that portion of the island laid out by the original Proprietors as "Plainfield," bordering on the Sesachacha Lots. Although the original title gave Mr. Flagg ownership to the foot of the bluff, itself, the "Proprietors" reserved for themselves the beach land from the foot of the bluff to high water. At the same time or soon after, Mr. Flagg acquired other land at the east end and made plans for dividing the section into house-lots. He was careful, however, to run the easterly boundary of these lots at what he, no doubt, considered a safe dis­ tance from the edge of the bluff. Mr. Flagg called his development "Sankaty Heights" and in 1892 requested the "Proprietors" to accept his lay-out of "a certain tract of land in that part of . Sankaty Heights . . for the resi­ dents and visitors of Nantucket, and to be used as a foot-path or foot prom­ enade and for no other purpose or purposes whatsoever." Mr. Flagg thus saved what had always been a path for the fishermen and farmers and for the sheep and cattle—a path which had been in existence since the east end of the island was first settled by the white men. * * * * * * 4 s * Sankaty's Flash Seen Forty-Five Miles Out at Sea. In March, 1932, the Norwegian steamer Balto steamed down along the east shore of Nantucket, close to the beach at Sankaty. Undoubtedly, she is the largest craft ever to use this inside channel, and in a letter to Keeper Larsen,

who wrote asking the reason for such a course, the Balto's master stated he had chosen the route because the weather was clear and he wanted to make a quick run down the coast to get "a charter" before a rival craft, also sail­ ing from Boston at the same time, could make the same destination.

Just how far Sankaty's flash may be seen as a matter for conjecture, but it has been sighted by steamers as far as 45 miles away. In 1933, Capt. Grant, master of the San Bias, plying between Boston and West Indian ports, wrote that he had picked up the Nantucket beacon while 45 miles off the island. A few years ago, the late Capt. George Eaton, then Supt. of Lighthouses for this District, had a radio message from Capt. Mosher, of the South Shoals Lightship, in which the latter described a light, constantly flashing, which he thought was a runaway gas buoy. A search of the area revealed nothing.

Again came the message; telephone wires buzzed between various offices. Then Capt. Eaton remembered that the characteristics of this mysterious light were the same as those of the newly-increased light at Sankaty. That night, the Lightship's radio again checked the flash, direction, etc. Capt. Eaton's so­ lution proved correct. It was Sankaty—sighted from 43 miles away.

Today, the famous French lens from Sankaty reposes in the Nantucket Whaling Museum, erected as it stood in the tower for 100 years. The new light installed in August, 1950, is an "air-sea" beacon, with a candle power of 900,000, showing a flashing white light every 15 seconds, with a visibility of 25 miles.

Keeper Larsen and His Family Spent Twenty-Nine Years at Sayikaty.

When Eugene N. Larsen came to Sankaty from Minot's Light in Septem­ ber, 1914, he brought his family from their residence at Hull, Mass. Mr and Mrs. Larsen were then the parents of a boy, Eugene, born in Norway, and a daughter, Alice, born at Thacher's Island, off Gloucester. During the next two decades at Sankaty, five more chilrdren were born to them—Marie now Mrs. Hartwell Thurston; Thelma, now Mrs. Hubert Salmonson; Ethel,' now Mrs. Vernon Hamilton; Helen, now Mrs. Ernest Walters; and Evelyn, now Mrs. William Munroe.

During their twenty-nine years at Sankaty, Keeper and Mrs. Larsen made the station one of the most outstanding on the coast. On numerous oc­ casions, the lighthouse received the Commissioner's Stars—2nd highest of the government awards for excellence. In 1939, Sankaty received the Com­ missioner's Pennant, the highest honor which a station may receive. Keeper Larsen retained that pennant until his retirement in December, 1943, from the station. When he retired from the service in 1944, he had completed forty years in the U. S. government service.

With the departure of a keeper and his family from the lighthouse the station was occupied by a Coast Guard detail. Notwithstanding any ef­ ficiency of operation on its part, the actual "Saga of Sankaty" as an island institution has come to an end, as the lighthouse has lost its identity as an institution peculiar to Nantucket and its people.

•<{42)5.

List of Members oooooc LIFE MEMBERS Adams, Mrs. Nancy S., 17 Fair St., Nantucket.

Amrein, Joseph, 622 Avenue C, Brooklyn, N. Y. Anderson, Lee, 16 The Green, Woodstock, Vt. Anderson, Mrs. Lee, 16 The Green, Woodstock, Vt. Bailie, Mrs. William, 3 Quaker Road, Nantucket Barnard, Prof. Charles, 139 East 39tlh St., New York, N. Y. Barrett, William Wilson, East Orange, N. J. Beefbe, Misg Alice G., 181 Appleton St., Arlington Heights, Mass.

Blackburn, Miss Elizabeth, Orange St., Nantucket.

Blackshaw, Mrs. M. Turner, 3 Chestnut St., Nantucket.

Blackshaw, Kenneth T., 3 Chestnut St., Nantucket.

Blossom, Philip Moss, 2422 E. Washington St., Pasadena, California Boyd Dr. Walter Willard, River Road at Wilson Lane, Betbesda, Md. Boynton, Frederick P., 204 Slheridan Road N., Highland Park, 111.

Brewer, Mrs. William A., 728 Fairfield Road, Burlingame, Calif.

Brink, Folger, 821 McGilvra Bid., Seattle, Washington Bruen, Edward F. L., Box 366, Nantucket.

Burt, Wellington R., White Gates, R. 3, Battle Creek, Mich.

Burt, Mrs. Wellington R., White Gates, R. 3, Battle Creek, Mich.

Capp, Seth Bunker, Box 2054, Philadelphia, Penn.

Carlisle, G. Lister, Jr., 18 Orange St., Nantucket.

Cassidy, The Very Rev. James E., Fall River, Mass.

Clapp, Mrs. George A., 26 Abbott Road, Wellesley Hills, Mass.

Clements, MacMillan, Shimimo, Nantucket.

Colket, Tristram Coffin, 2d, Villa Nova, Penn.

Goiket, G. Crawford, Villa Nova, Penn.

Colket, Miss Susan, Villa Nova, Penn.

Colket, Tristram C., 3rd, Villa Nova, Penn.

Colket, Mrs. Tristram C., 2d, Villa Nova, Penn.

Crane, Mrs. Herbert, 5 Chester St., Nantucket.

Davis, Charles H., 18 Old Slip, New York, N. Y. Davis, Mrs. Underwood, 100 Common St., Belmont, Mass.

Dickinson, Walter F., Wheatley Cross Roads, Wheatley, L. I., N. Y. Erickson, Ariodh Wentworth, Greystone House, Swampscott, Mass.

Erickson, Arioch Wentworth, Jr., Greystone House, Swampscott, Mass.

Erickson, Mrs. Cecile Macy, Greystone House, Swampscott.

Erickson, Josiah Macy, Greystone House, Swampscott. <43^-

Ernst, Mrs. Morris L, 46 West 11th St., Neiw York, N. Y. Ernst, Morris L, 46 West 11th St., New York, N. Y. Fitzgerald, Miss Elizabeth Coffin, 3 Charter St., Nantucket.

Folger, Miss Edith V., 1 Vestal St., Nantucket.

Folger, Walter Weston, 205 Island Ave, Chattanooga, Tenn.

Forbes, Miss Mary B, Milton, Mass.

Ford, Mrs. Horatio, Mayfield, Richmond Roads, Euclid, Ohio.

Ford, James B, 1790 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Francis, Mrs. Edgar S, Durham, Conn.

Freeman, Miss Pauline S. B, Nantucket.

Frothinigfham, Miss Ellen F, 9 Exeter St, Boston, Mass.

Gardiner, Mrs. H. Marshall, Academy Lane, Nantucket Gray, David, Jr., Box 726, Santa Barbara, Calif.

Gray, Mrs. David, Jr., Box 726, Santa Barbara, Calif.

Greene, Howard, Christiana, Del. Griek, Mrs. Albert, 36i West Bedford St, New Bedford, Mass.

Gries, Mrs. Ethel Goff, 2803 18th St, NW, Washington, D. C. Gwynn, Mrs. Mary, 228 South 22d St., Philadelphia, Penn.

Hackenberg, Frederick, 143 North Front St, Milton, Penn.

Hamilton, Mrs. Dora M. P, 3319 North Adams St, Tacorna, Wash.

Hill, Frederick P, 'Seonset, Mass.

Hill, Murray Gardner, Laguna Beach, Calif.

Hilts, Erwin R, Greemer Hill Road, Greenwich, Conn.

Hinahiman, Miss Anne, PlumStead, Washington, Conn.

Hinchman, Miss Margaretta, Plumstead, Washington, Conn.

Humphrey, Mrs. Nancy D, Nantucket.

Hutaff, Mrs. Elkins, 15 India Street, Nantucket.

Jannotta, Mrs. Stella S, 6314 Lakeiwood Ave, Chicago, 111.

Jenkins, Lawrence W, Peabody Museum, Salem, Mass.

Johnson, Mrs. Linsly, Nantucket.

Johnson, Mrs. Stanley E, Bath, N. H. Jones, Bassett, Polpis, Nantucket.

Kenney, Miss Lillian.

Kimball, Charles P, Rochester, N. Y. King, Samuel G, 367-369 Atlantic Ave, Boston, Mass.

Larkin, Mrs. Harry H, c|o Larkin Co, Buffalo, N. Y. Lyman, Mrs. Harrison F, 15 Lawson Road, Winchester, Mass.

Lyon, Mrs. Elias J., Pleasant St., Nantucket.

MacDonald, Miss Elizabeth H, Hotel Margaret, Columbia Hgts, Brooklyn.

Mackie, Mrs. David, 128 East 39th St, New York NY Macy, Arthur W„ 325 Campbell Ave, Indianapolis', Ind. ' Macy, Miss Mary H, 365 West End Ave, Neiw York, N. Y Macy, Nelson, 44i Pearl St, New York, N. Y. Mason, Miss Edith S, 8036 Watkins Drive, St. Louis, Mo. Miller, Mrs. Roland G, 50 Marshall St, Brookline, Mass.

Morse, Mrs. Elizabeth W, Nantucket.

Mussett, Miss Frances, Cornwall, N. Y. ••Sf 44 }S>

McCleary, Miss Helen C., 46 Long-wood Ave., Brookline, Mass.

McGill, Mrs. J. Not a, 36 Rue Desaix, Paris, France.

Nye, Mrs. Kyle, 915 Los Arboles Road, Albuquerque, N. M. 0'Gorman, Miss Ella Foy, 1706 Menlo Ave., Los Angeles, Calif.

Oliver, Norris S., 26 Washington St., East Orange, N. J. Otis, Charles, 67 Pearl St., New York, N. Y. Parks, Major General F. L., Quarters 27A, Fort Myer, Va. Parks, Mrs. F. L., Quarters 27A, Fort Myer, Va. Parks, Basil Manly, Quarters 27A, Fort Myer, Va. Parks, Miss Edwyna Anne, Quarters 27A, Fort Myer, Va. Parks, Floyde L., Jr., Quarters 27A, Fort Myer, Va. Parks, William Robinson, Quarters 27A, Fort Myer, Va. Praeger, Col. Louis J., Box 981, Falls Church, Va. Praeger, Mrs. Louis J., Box 981, Falls Church, Va. Robinson, Mrs. William A., Cornwall, N. Y. Rooney, Mrs. L. Francis, 426 North 16th St., Muskogee, Okla.

Roys, Miss Margaret, "The Spice Box," Woodbury, Conn.

Runk, B. F. Dewees, "Hollymeade" Box 1728, Univ. Sta., Charlottesville, Va. Sand, Henry A. L., 27 West 44th St., New York, N. Y. Sayle, Charles F., 63 Union Street, Nantucket.

Sayle, Mrs. Charles F., 63 Union St., Nantucket Seeler, Edgar V., Jr., 4 Berkeley Place, Cambridge, Mass.

Seeler, Mrs. Edgar V., Jr., 4 Berkeley Place, Cambridge, Mass.

Sharp, B. Karl, 49 West Castle Place, New Rochelle, N. Y. Stanford, Alfred B., 333 East 68th St., New York, N. Y. Starbuck, George Franklin, Waltfcam, Mass.

Starbuck, John A., University Club, Los Angeles, Calif.

Starbuck, Walter Fisher, Waltham, Mass.

Stig, Carl, Liberty St., Nantucket.

Swain, Clayton E., Marlboro Road, Delmar, N. Y. Swain, Robert Edward, 321 Elimora Ave., Elizabeth, N. J. Symonds, Warren L., Isle La Mo'tte, Vt. Tripp, William H., 165 Newton St., New Bedford, Mass.

Tucker, Albert M., Academy Hill, Nantucket.

Wallace, Mrs. William, 72 Main St., Nantucket.

Webster, Mrs. Fred H., Yarmouth by the Sea, Maine.

Wellington, Alfred Easton, 390 Meridan St., E. Boston, Mass.

Wihitehouse, Mrs. Mary A., 887 Georgia Ave., Winter Park, Fla. Wilson, Miss Anne, Nantucket.

Winslow, Miss Helen, Sunset Hill, Nantucket.

Worth, Miss Sarah Macy, 93 Hillside Ave., Tenafly, N. J. Wyman, Theodore C., 26 Hancock St., Boston, Mass.

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SUSTAINING MEMBERS Armstrong, M. M., Box 1032, Darien, Conn.

Brooks, Mrs. Nelson M., "Hollymeade", Box 1728, Univ. Sta., Charlottesville, Va. Collier, Mrs. Robert, 101 East 74th St., New York, N. Y. Haile, Pennington, 6 Martin's Lane, Nantucket.

Harris, Mrs. Edward, 1171 Clover Road, Rochester, N. Y. Harris, Mrs. Julian H., 99 Main St., Nantucket.

Lederer, Ricihard M., 285 Madison Ave., New York 17, N. Y. Riddell, H. E., 91 Main St., Nantucket.

Willets, Mrs. Macy, New Marlboro, Mass.

Winsor, Mary, The Warwick, Locust St. at 17th, Philadelphia 3, Pa. Williams, Mrs. Winthrop, Main St., Nantucket.

ANNUAL MEMBERS Ahern, Henry E., 242 Woodland Ave., Wyckoff, N. J. Allen, Miss Florence M., 85 Vine St., Woonsocket, R. I. Allen, Miss Marian Hallett, Orange St., Nantucket.

Allen, Miss Olive M., Orange St., Nantucket.

Amey, Mrs. Alice P., 10 Gardner St., Nantucket Anderson, Mrs. Louis F., 364 Boyer Ave., Walla Walla, Wash.

Appleton, Mrs. Royal C., Orange St., Nantucket.

Atkins, Mrs. Edwin F„ P. O. Box 1250, Belmont, Mass.

Austin, Mrs. Charles Warren, Orange St., Nantucket.

Atwood, Mrs. Harry, 119-03 103rd Ave., Richmond Hill 19, N. Y. Bache, Miss Edith M., 8720 Germantown Ave., Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia Bacheller, Miss Augusta F., 51 Franklin St., Lynn, Mass.

Batchelder, Mrs. Harry C., 170 Lynn St., Peabody, Mass.

Backus, Mrs. Alma, Upper Main St., Nantucket.

Baldwin, Mrs. Charles H., 9 Quince St., Nantucket.

Barber, Howard C., 12 Westminster St., Nantucket.

Barber, Mrs. Howard C., 12 Westminster St., Nantucket'.

Barney, Mrs. William H., Orange St., Nantucket.

Barrett, Miss Anna E. C., Siasconset, Nantucket.

Bass, Mrs. Lawrence W., 67 Park Ave., New York 16, N. Y. Baulch, Ernest L., 55 Pine St., Maplewood, N. J. Baulch, Mrs. Ernest L., 55 Pine St., Maplewood, N. J. Baulch, Miss Marcia E., 55 Pine St., Maplewood, N. J. Benchley, Robert, Jr., Silvermine Road, New Canaan, Conn.

Benchley, Mrs. Robert, 2 Lynwood Road, Scarsdale, N. Y. Bessie, Mrs. Simon Michael, Monomoy, Nantuucket.

Bissell, Mrs. Arthur H., 133 Wildwood Ave., Upper MontclaiT, N. J. Bixley, Miss Mildred E., 26 Central St., Boston, Mass.

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Blake, Mrs. Joseph, 260 Addison Ave., West, Twin Palls, Idaho.

Blackmur, Lt. Col. Paul, Colhasset, Mass.

Blair, Mrs. Robert, Hollow Tree Ridge Road, Darien, Conn.

Blair, Walter D., Tarrytown, N. Y. Blair, Mrs. Walter D., Tarrytown, N. Y. Boyd, Miss Edith I., 101 E. 74th St., New York, N. Y. Boyle, J. R., 1 Lorraine Road, Summit, N. J. Bracher, Mrs. V. K., Dongan Hills, Statan Island, N. Y. Bradlee, Herbert Gardner, 6 Ledgewood Road, Winchester, Mass.

Bradlee, Mrs. Reginald, 6 Ledgewood Road, Winchester, Mass.

Brock, Albert G., 2d, Monomoy Road, Nantucket.

Brock, Mrs. Albert G., Monomoy Road, Nantucket.

Brock, William C., 13 Gardner St., Nantucket.

Brock, Mrs. William C., 13 Gardner St., Nantucket.

Brooks, Miss Mildred H., 403 Common St., Belmont, Mass.

Brown, James Wright, 24 Cliff Road, Nantucket.

Bryant, Miss Catherine, 295 Ash St., Brockton, Mass.

Bunker, Austin F., 5 Worthen Road, Winchester, Mass.

Bunker, Clarence A., 46 Chestnut St., Wellesley Hills, Mass.

Bunker, Mrs. C. A. 46 Chestnut St., Wellesley Hills, Mass.

Bunker, Theodore, Quince St., Nantucket.

Burgess, Miss Mildred G., Siasconset, Nantucket.

Burtenshaw, Mrs. James H., 83 Main St., Nantucket.

Butler, Mrs. Mabel R., 22 Cumberland Circle, East Lynn, Mass.

Cash, Miss Helen, Peacock Inn., Princeton, N. J. Campbell, Mrs. Olive D., Brasstown, N. C. Carlisle, Miss Elsie, Orange St., Nantucket.

Cartwright, Archibald, 6 Howard St., Nantucket.

Cartwright, Mrs. Archibald, 6 Howard St., Nantucket.

Chace, Mrs. Ellen D., Hussey St., Nantucket.

Chadwick, Mrs. James P., 463 Pine St., Fall River, Mass.

Chamibliss, Mrs. L. A., 94 Main St., Nantucket.

Chambliss, Miss Ann, 94 Main St., Nantucket.

Chapel, Mrs. James E., 31 Union St., Nantucket.

Chase, 'Charles, 968 Washington St., Stoughton, Mass.

Chase, Miss Charlotte B., 67 Hillman St., New Bedford, Mass.

Chase, Mrs. Fred L., Jr., 9 Cheviot Road, Arlington, Mass.

Chase, Howard U., Hussey St., Nantucket.

Christians, Mrs. George, 1045 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. Clarke, Miss Urana, Box 693, Surfside, Nantucket.

Cochran, Dr. Joseph, Hussey St., Nantucket.

Cochran, Mrs. Joseph, Hussey St., Nantucket.

Coffin, Miss Adelaide B., 503 W. 121st St., New York, N. Y. Coffin, Alice Worth, 828 Hoyt St., Muskegw Heights, Michigan Coffin, Miss Altmira B., 376 Broadway, Newport, R. I. Coffin, Mrs. Charles Clark, 8 Milk St., Nantucket Coffin, Mrs. Charles H., 1529 Forest Ave., Wilmefete, 111.

Coffin, Foster M., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Coffin, Frank Mitchell, 110 Hillside Ave., Mount Vernon, N. Y. Coffin, H. A., Industrial Service Bureau, 1028 Connecticut Ave., N. W. Washington 6, D. C. Coffin, Isa L. E., 4421 Morgan Ave., N., Minneapolis, Minn.

Coffin, Mrs. Kenneth, Siasconset, Nantucket.

Coffin, Miss Valina M., 376 Broadway, Newport, R. I. Coghill, Mrs. Virginia L., Quidnet, Nantucket Cole, Mrs. S. V., 527 Chase Ave., Winter Park, Fla. Colt, Mrs. James D., 27 Suffolk Road, Chestnut Hill, Mass.

Congdon, Mrs. Charles E., Orange St., Nantucket.

Congdon, Mrs. Frank E., 31 Liberty St., Nantucket.

Congdon, Frank E., 31 Liberty St., Nantucket.

Congdon, Miss Josephine, School St., Nantucket.

Congdon, Robert D., 5 Orange St., Nantucket.

Congdon, Mrs. Robert D., 5 Orange St., Nantucket.

Cook, Mrs. R. H., 75 Washington Ave., Northampton, Mass.

Coolidge, Mrs. Ruth D„ 7 Hastings Lane, West Medford, Mass.

Coppinger, Joseph P., 361 E. 163rd St., Bronx 56, N. Y., N. Y. Covello, Mrs. Frank, 227 Oxford St., Hartford, Conn.

Crichton, Mrs. Powell, 14% Orange St., Nantucket.

Crosby, Arthur, 7301 Huron Lane, Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Penn.

Crosby, Mrs, Arthur, 7301 Huron Lane, Philadelphia, Penn.

Crosby, Everett U., Orange St., Nantucket.

Crosby, Mrs. Everett U., Orange St., Nantucket.

Cummings, Mrs. Lawrence B., Nantucket.

Davis, Miss Elizabeth, 1108 Putnaim Ave., Plainfield, N. J. Dennison, Mrs. C. M., Hinckley Lane, Nantucket.

Denton, Eugene Willis, 113 9th St., Garden City, N. Y. Denton, Mrs. Eugene W., 113 9th St., Garden City, N. Y. Ditmars, Mrs. Mary, Main St., Nantucket.

Donnell, Mrs. Clara G., No. Liberty St., Nantucket.

Dorsett, E. Lee, M. D., 227 S Maple Ave., Webster Groves 19, Mo. Drake, Mrs. Thomas E., 702 Pennstone Road, Bryn Mawr, Penn.

Drake, Thomas E., 702 Pennstone Road, Bryn Mawr, Penn.

Dunnels, George, Main St., Brewster, Mass.

Dwight, Miss Margarethe L., 109 Benefit St., Providence, R. I. Dyer, Mrs. George L., Milk St., Nantucket.

Dyer, Lewis A., 104 High St., Newburyport, Mass.

Edgarton, Lewis S., 52 Centre St., Nantucket.

Edgarton, Mrs. Lewis S., 52 Centre St., Nantucket.

Eger, Oscar, Quaker Road, Nantucket.

Eger, Mrs. Oscar, Quaker Road, Nantucket.

Elder, Robert D., Orange St., Nantucket.

Elder, Mrs. Robert D., Orange St., Nantucket.

Ellinger, Mrs. Edgar, 180 West 58th St., New York, N. Y. Ellinger, Edgar, 180 West 58th St., New York, N. Y. 4 48]*

Emmons, Claude C., Ruxton 4, Maryland.

Ernst, Roger, Monomoy, Nantucket.

Ernst, Miss Joan, Monomoy, Nantucket.

Everett, Miss Lydia C., 57 Parker St., Newton Centre, Mass.

Farnsworth, Mrs. E. E., 42 Clark Ave., Cornwall on Hudson, N. Y. Figures, Mrs. Norman G., 1301 Amelia St., New Orleans, La. Findley, Paul B., 463 West St., New York, N. Y. Fine, Jacob, M. D., 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, Mass.

Fisher, Miss Lila C., Quidnet, Nantucket.

Fisher, Mrs. Marion P., Ruxton 4, Maryland Folger, Herbert Warren, 1723 Radcliffe Road, Dayton, Ohio.

Folger, Montaigne F., 1301 Amelia St., New Orleans, La. Folger, Oliver, 21 E. Magnolia Ave., Maywood, N. J. Folger, Miss Theresa Gordon, 1723 Radcliffe Road, Dayton, Ohio Folger, Miss Ruth Angell, Cape Vincent, N. Y. Foster, Mrs. Henry C., 248 S. Prospect St., Hagerstown, Md. Francis, Lewis W., 81 Remsen St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Francis, Mrs. Lewis W., 81 Remsen St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Frazier, Robert H., 313 W. Washington St., Greensboro, N. C. Fuller, Mrs. Fred V., 12 Milk St., Nantucket.

Fulton, Miss Elizabeth, 12 Orange St., Nantucket.

Gale, Mrs. Frank H., 1168' Lowell Road, Schenectady, N. Y. Gardiner, Miss E. Geraldine, Academy Lane, Nantucket Gardiner, Raynor M., Needham, Mass.

Gardiner, Mrs. Raynor M., Needham.

Gardner, Miss Grace B., 33 Milk St., Nantucket.

Gardner, Miss Julia M., 15 Grandview Ave., Pleasantville, N. Y. Gardner, Walter, 131 Kensington Ave., Jersey City, N. J. Gardner, Rev. Wm. E., Orange St., Nantucket.

Gardner, Mrs. W. E., Orange St., Nantucket.

Gibbs, Stephen, North Water St., Nantucket.

Giffin, Norman, Easton St., Nantucket.

Gill, George M. L., 187 Sherwood Place, Englewood, N .J. Gill, Mrs. George M. L., 187 Sherwood Place, Englewood, N. J. Gill, Philip Lee, 187 Sherwood Place, Englewood, N. J. Gill, Mrs. Philip Lee, 187 Sherwood Place, Englewood, N. J. Gilpatrick, Roy H., M. D., Gardner Street, Nantucket.

Gilpatrick, Mrs. Roy H., Gardner St., Nantucket.

Glass, Mrs. Edgar T., 53 Orange St., Nantucket.

Goodhart, L. MoCormick, R. F. D. 1, Box 186, Alexandria, Va. Gouin, Gwendolyn, Siasconset, Nantucket.

Gouin, Mrs. Mary L., Siasconset, Nantucket.

Gouin, Capt. M. E. A., Siasconset, Nantucket.

Granel, John S., 1A Wachusett St., Worcester, Mass.

Grannis, Chandler B., 46D Brookdale Gardens, Bloomfield, N. J. Graves, Mrs. Lloyd 0., 2122 Hamlin St., Seattle, Wash.

Greene, David J., 47 Broad St., Milford, Conn.

4 49 )§«-

Greene, Mrs. David J., 47 Broad St., Milford, Conn.

Greene, Norman J., Berwyn, Pa. Guibord, Mrs. E. Melissa, 27 Liberty St., Nantucket.

Gutelius, Donald L., 50 Park Terrace West., New York, 34, N. Y. all, Mrs. Herbert B., 130 North Sheridan Avenue, Indianapolis, Indiana.

Hailes, Mrs. Charlotte, 3 Academy Lane, Nantucket.

Halbaoh, Mrs. E. K., Short Hills, N. J. Harrison, Mrs. Agnes W., South Road, Holden, Mass.

Harwood, Miss Margaret, Vestal St., Nantucket, Mass.

Hatch, Miss HannaJh G-, 37 Union St., Nantucket.

Hay, Miss Nancy, 73 Division St., Newport, R. I. Hazeltine, Frank A., 614 Haverhill St., Lawrence, Mass.

Healey Mrs. Isabel H. (W. R.), 19 Edgehill Road, Winchester, Mass.

Hems, Mrs. W. H., 42 India Street, Nantucket.

Heard, Mrs. Reginald E., 223 Goodwin Ave., Ridgewood, N. J. Henry, Mrs. Frank F., 1230 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. Henry, Lewis C., 26 Washington St., East Orange, N. J Hobbs, Franklin W„ 78 Chauncy St., Boston, Mass.

Hoffmeier, Miss Helen, 240 South Prospect St., Hagerstown, Md. Holden, Mrs. Harry H., Siasconset, Nantucket.

Hollister, Miss Harriett, 616 Huyler St., Teterboro, N. J. Houghton, Miss Dorothy, 501 West 120th St., New York 27, N. Y. Houghton, Mrs. F. Y., 912 Fifth Avenue., New York City, Nk Y Hoyle, Alexander E., 248 Boylsbon St., Boston, Mass.

Hubbard, Mrs. Thomas F., 317 Woodlawn Road, Roland Park, Baltimore, Md. Hubbard, Thomas F., 317 Woodlawn Road, Roland Park, Baltimore, Md. Hubbard, Thomas M., 831 N. Augusta Ave., Baltimore 29, Md. Hunter, C. C., 38 Gregory Blvd., East Norwalk, Conn.

Hurst, Carl E., 40 Broad St., Boston, Mass.

Hussey, Peter M., 17 West Chester St., Nantucket.

Hussey, Mrs. Peter M„ 17 W. Chester St., Nantucket, Mass.

Hutton, Florence Edgar, Nantucket Ingall, Miss Florence, Easy St., Nantucket.

J ellerne, Mrs. T. J., 3 Bate St., Dedham, Mass.

Jenney, Mrs.^ Edgar W., 5 Arlington St., Boston, Mass.

Jernegan, Miss Elsie, 12 Orange St., Nantucket.

Jerome, Everett, Lily St., Nantucket.

Jerome, Mrs. Everett, Lily St., Nantucket.

Jewell, Miss Anne E., 91-37 116th St., Richmond Hill, N. Y Jones, Frank W., Box 183, Siasconset, Nantucket.

Johnson, Rev. Bradford, 12 Pine St., Nantucket Kaufman, Simon, Gay St., Nantucket.

Keally, Mrs Mildred T„ 131 East 66th St., New York, New York. ' Keast, Mrs. N A., 1401 S. E. 4th St., Fort Lauderdale, Fla. Keller, Miss Beatrice, 45 Bowden Street, Maplewood, N. J. Kelley, Mrs. Eliza M., 71 Division St., Newport, R. I. Kerins, Mrs. John, Brookfield, Conn.

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Kidde, Miss Elsa, 66 Gates Ave., Montclair, N. J. Kimball, Mrs. A. Wilson, Nantucket.

King, Clarence, Silvermine Road, New Canaan, Conn.

King, Mrs. Clarence, Silvermine Road, New Canaan, Conn.

King, Joseph, Hussey St., Nantucket.

King, Mrs. Joseph, Hussey St., Nantucket.

Lane, Miss Hazel Gardner, 226 Pine St., Holyoke, Mass.

Lapham, Mrs. John, 250 Brahan Blvd., San Antonio, Texas.

Lathrop, Churchill P., 6 Valley Road, Hanover, N. H. Lederer, Mrs. Richard M., Polpis, Nantucket Lcgg, Mrs. Seddon W., Orange St., Nantucket.

Lemair, Alan L., 243 Riverside Drive, New York, N. Y. Lemair, Mrs. Althine H., 243 Riverside Drive, New York, N. Y. Lewis, Frank E., M. D„ Gardner St., Nantucket.

Lewis, Mrs. Frank E., Gardner St., Nantucket.

Locke, John G., 1969 Alameda Terrace, San Diego, Calif.

Locke, Mrs. John G., 1969 Alameda Terrace, San Diego, Calif.

Loines, Miss El-ma, 3 Pierrepont Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. Loepsinger, Albert J., 20 Abbotsford Court, Providence, R. I. Loring, Mrs. Mareia G., Nantucket.

Mack, Miss Doris M., 1 Plumb Lane, Nantucket.

MacKay, Mrs. W. E., 8 Cliff Road, Nantucket.

MacKie, Mrs. Arthur H., 375 Mt. Prospect St., Newark, N. J. Macy, Miss Madeleine W., 616 W. 116th St., New York, N. Y. Maloney, Paul R., 31 Taylor Ave., Atlantic City, N. J. Manville, C. Rollin Jr., Harbor View Rd., Punta Gorda, Fla. Manner, Mrs. R. S., 34 Gilbbs Ave., Wareham, Mass.

Marshall, Albert E., 730 Elm Grove Ave., Providence 6, R. I. Marshall, Mrs. Albert E., 730 Elm Grove Ave., Providence 6, R. I. Marshall, Mrs. Carl B., 42 Mt. Vernon St., Boston, Mass.

Marshall, Thomas W., 1707 Holly St., NW, Washington 12, D. C. Marshall, Mrs. Thomas W., 1707 Holly St., NW, Washington 12, D. C. Marshall, Whitfield H., 1707 Holly St., NW, Washington 12, D. C. Martin, Shelton E., Peapack, N. J. Martyne, Charles W., 82 Pierrepont St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Mather, William L., Gardner St., Nantucket.

Mather, Mrs. William L., Gardner St., Nantucket.

McKean, Captain John, 82 Bayview Ave., Great Neck, L. I., N. Y. Menges, Ernest H., M. D., 81 Main St., Nantucket.

Menges, Mrs. Ernest H., 8l Main St., Nantucket.

Menges, Miss Elizabeth, 81 Main St., Nantucket.

Merchant, Marcius, Dr., 390 Main St., Warren, R. I. Meyer, Mrs. F. F., 460 Scotland Road, South Orange, N. J. Miller, Everett, Bridge St., New Hope, Pa. Milliken, Mrs. Mary C., 303 County St., New Bedford, Mass.

Mills, Mrs. Edward, Quanato Terrace, Nantucket.

Mills, Mrs. Buell P., 17 Arnold Place, Rochester, N. Y. $ 51 V

Minshall, Robert, 1170 Fifth Ave., New York 29, N. Y. Mitchell, Miss Florence, 33 Water St., Medford, Mass.

Mitchell, Miss Josephine L., 33 Water St., Medford, Mass.

Mitchell, Leeds, Polpis Road, Nantucket.

Mitchell, Richard, 808 Cypress St., Greensboro, N. C. Mix, Adeline H., Stratford Library, Stratford, Conn.

Moller, Mrs. Hans E., 7 Pleasant St., Nantucket.

Moore, Cyril Howard, 16939 E. Jefferson Ave., Grosse Pointe 30, Mich.

Moore, Mrs. Grace B., Segregansett, Mass.

Morrisey, Mrs. J. Frank, 590 Main St., West Warwick, R. I. Morrisey, J. Frank, 590 Main St., West Warwick, R. I. Morse, Carlton D., 570 High Rock St., Needham, Mass.

Morse, Mrs. Carlton D., 570 High Rock St., Needham, Mass.

Morse, Miss Elizabeth Ann, 570 High Rock St., Needham, Mass.

Morse, Horace H., East Northfield Mass.

Moser, Miss Carolyn, 39 Sherman St., Hartford, Conn.

Moser, Edward L., 27 Thornbury Road, Scarsdale, N. Y. Moser, Theodore P., 9 John St., Clinton, Conn.

Nelson, Mrs. Pennington, 212 Dunkirk Road, Baltimore 12, Maryland Norris, Mrs. H. W., 20 Cliff Road, Nantucket.

Oehler, Mrs. S. C., 6721 No. Ridge Drive, Dallas 14, Texas.

Osborne, Arthur D., Cedar Gate, Darien, Conn.

Osborne, Mrs. Arthur D., Cedar Gate, Darien, Conn.

Otis, Judge Thomas, Hyannis, Mass.

Paddock, A. E., Darling St., Nantucket.

Pancoast, Mrs. Charles R., Orange St., Nantucket.

Rutter, J. W., Irvington-on-the Hudson, New York Pearson, Gardner W., 53 Central St., Lowell, Mass.

Pease, Mrs. Laura, Hussey St., Nantucket.

Perry, Mrs. Edward H., 1 Howard Street, Nantucket Phillips, Mrs. Sarah S., 17 Pine St., Nantucket.

Pitman, Mrs. A. B., Nantucket.

Pollak, W. G., 30 Broad St., New York, N. Y. Pollak, Mrs. W. G., 30 Broad Street, New York, N. Y. Porte, Lincoln, Lowell Place, Nantucket.

Potter, Lucius D., 81 Franklin St., Greenfield, Mass.

Potter, Mrs. Lucius D., 81 Franklin St., Greenfield, Mass.

Potter, Mrs. William, King Caesar Road, Duxbury, Mass.

Prentice, Miss Margaret, Nantucket.

Price, Mrs. J. M., 35 East 84th Street, New York, N. Y. Prime, Mrs. Alfred C., Paoli, Penn.

Prosser, Miss Harriett R., Main St., Nantucket.

Purcell, Richard, 58 Burroughs St., Jamaica Plain, Mass.

Putney, Mrs. Edmonds, 125 East 63rd St., New York, N. Y. Rawson, Miss Dorothy, 3737 Clifton Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio.

Rawson, Miss Marion, 3737 Clifton Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio.

Ray, Earl S., Nantucket.

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Richmond, Mrs. George D., 2 Gorham's Gourt, Nantucket.

Ridgeiway, P. S., 730 Lake St., Newark, N. J. Ring, Miss Anne, Nantucket.

Rixford, Mrs. F. A., 454 South Main Street, Woonsocket, R. I. Robinson, Miss Celeste, Nantucket.

Robinson, John H., 51 Centre St., Nantucket.

Rogers, Mrs. A. Stewart, School St., Nantucket.

Rule, Mrs. George C., Gay St., Nantucket.

Russell, Gardner W., Hinckley Lane, Nantucket.

Russell, Miss Lucia, 27 George St., Greenfield, Mass.

J. W. Rutter, Irvington-on-the-Hudson, N. Y. Sanders, Mrs. L. W., 66 Gates Avenue, Montclair, N. J. Sanderson, David E., Quidnet, Nantucket.

Sanderson, Edward F., Quidnet, Nantucket.

Sanderson, George A., 55 East 65th Street, New York 21, N. Y. Sandsbury, Miss Edith, 33 Milk St., Nantucket.

San Francisco Public Library, San Francisco 2, California Satler, Mrs. Charles E., Main St., Nantucket, Mass.

Schepp, Miss Florence L., 834 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. Scholl, Harding, 157 E. 57th St., New York 21, N. Y. Schaub, Mrs. Harry P., 37 Templar Place, Summit, New Jersey Schauffler, Mrs. F. S., Quidnet, Nantucket Schauffler, Miss Helen E., Quidnet, Nantucket Schauffler, Jarvis, Quidnet, Nantucket Searle, Miss Olive N., 903 East Huron St., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Selleck, Mrs. George A., 17 Prospect St., Nantucket.

Sheahan, George M., M. D., 12 School St., Quincy, Mass.

Shoemaker, Charles, Jr., 315 South 45th St., Philadelphia, Penn.

Shurrocks, Mrs. Alice, 16 Vestal St., Nantucket.

Simpson, Robert C., 161 Monument St., Groton, Conn.

Smith, Mrs. Alfred E., Nantucket.

Smith, H. S., Longview Road, Port Washington, N. Y. Smith, Mrs. William L., 1027 State St., Neiw Orleans 15, La. Snelling, Mrs. Samuel, 25 Orange St., Nantucket.

Snow, Mrs. Henry, Apt. 25, Alexander Apts., Gilbert and William H. Taft Roads, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Soverino, Mrs. Helen, 45 Fair St., Nantucket.

Soverino, Irving A., 45 Fair St., Nantucket.

Stanley-Brown, Mrs. Rudolph, 2750 3i2d St., NW, Washington, D. C. Stackpole, Edouard A., North Liberty St., Nantucket.

Stackpole, Mrs. John A., West Chester St., Nantucket.

Starbuck Descendants, c|o Mrs. E. H. Keller, Sec.-Treas., Rich Valley, Ind. Starbuck, Miss Isabel, 86 Ellery St., Cambridge 38, Mass.

Starbuck, Dr. Joseph C., 42 E. Baltimore Ave., Media, Penn.

Starbuck, Captain Wilson, Public Information Officer, Fourth Naval District, Navy Base Bldg., No. 6, Philadelphia 12, Pa. Stevens, Miss Cora, Nantucket.

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Stratton, Mrs. Frank L., Gorham's Court, Nantucket.

Streets, Miss Mary, 205 East Commerce St., Bridgeton, N. J. Strieby, Mrs. Irene M., Apt. 70, 402 N. Meridan, Indianapolis, Ind. Strong, Austin, 125 E. 63rd St., New York, N. Y. Strong, Mrs. Austin, 125 E. 63rd St., New York, N. Y. Sutton, Miss Ruth H., Commercial Wharf, Nantucket.

Swain, Mrs. David W., 191 Sound View Ave., White Plains, N. Y. Swain, Frank K., Fonthill, Doylestown, Pa. Swain, Matthew, 2491 No. 50th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Sykes, Mrs. Rosamund, Pine St., Nantucket.

Taber, Mrs. G. H., 4114 Bigelow Blvd, Pittsburgh, Penn, Taylor, Frank C., 190 Kempton St., New Bedford, Mass.

Taylor, Mrs. Frank C., 190 Kempton St., New Bedford, Mass.

Teetor, Mrs. Charles N., Lightcroft Jr., Lake Wawasee, Syracuse, Ind Terwilliger, Charles O., Jr., Terwilliger, Mrs. Charles O. Thomas, Mrs. Catherine, 5 Forest St., Newton Highlands, Mass.

Thomas, Elliot, 5 Forest St., Newton Highlands, Mass.

Thomas, Mrs. Florence C., Chester St., Nantucket.

Thurston, Mrs. Leo, Liberty St., Nantucket.

Tioe, Ediward, 65 Orange St., Nantucket.

Todd, Mrs. Mitchell, Easton St., Nantucket.

Torjesen, Miss Elizabeth F., 4 Bretton Road, Scarsdale, N. Y. Torr, Miss Florence, 1080 Walnut St., Newton Highlands, Mass.

Torr, Miss Mercedes, 1080 Walnut St., Newton Highlands, Mass.

True, Leroy H., Milestone Road, Nantucket.

True, Mrs. Leroy H., Milestone Road, Nantucket.

Turner, Gordon Baker, Chestnut St., Nantucket.

Turner, Mrs. Harry, Chestnut St., Nantucket.

Tuttle, Mrs. H. E., 27i Park St., New Haven, Conn.

Urann, Mrs. Carl, Raven Brook, Fuller St., Wareham, Mass.

Van Tuyl, Mrs. William R., 220 Fifth Ave., Leavenworth, Kansas.

Varin, Mrs. Charles T., 9708' 97th St., Ozone Park, N. Y. Varney, Mrs. Theodore, Nantucket.

Van Wyck, Edmund, R. F. D., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Waine, William, 51 Fair St., Nantucket.

Waine, Mrs. William, 51 Fair St., Nantucket.

Walker, Miss Mary Elizabeth, Milk St., Nantucket.

Walling, Mrs. Georgie L., Rose Lane, Nantucket.

Walsh, Mrs. William J., 199 North Broadway, North Tarrytown, N. Y. Watkins, Mrs. A E., 242 Sycamore St., Waverly 79, Mass.

Webster, Franklin Folger, 131 Eaglecroft Road, Westfieid, N. J. Weeks, Miss Mabel, 39 Claremont Ave., New York, N. Y. Wesoott, Dr. O. D., Nantucket.

West, Mrs. Ralph, 116 St. George's Road, Ardimore, Penn.

Whitlaw, Ralph, Accomac, Va. Whitman, H. G., 27 Harbor St., Clinton, Mass. < 54 J3-

Whitman, Miss Marjorie E., 27 Harbor St., Clinton, Mass.

Whitney, Henry L., 676 Brush Hill Road, Milton, Mass.

Whitney, Mrs. Henry L., 676 Brush Hill Road, Milton, Mass.

Whitney, Miss Georgians, 676 Brush Hill Road, Milton, Mass.

Whitney, Miss Rosamund, 676 Brush Hill Road, Milton, Mass.

Whittemore, Mrs. Jennie B., 96 Cedar St., Fitchburg, Mass.

Wieand, Miss Irma, 527 Chase Ave., Winter Park, Fla. Wilbur, Miss Fannie B., 375 Lloyd Ave., Providence, R. I. Wilbur, Miss Florence H., 375 Lloyd Ave., Providence, R. I. Wildman, Mrs. Maud B., Woodbridge, Conn.

Willard, Mrs. Helen Parker, 2425 Wyoming Ave., Washington, D. C. Willauer, Mrs. Whiting, 100 Goddard St., Brookline, Mass.

Williams, Miss Harriett C., 70 Orange St., Nantucket.

Williams, Mrs. R. F., 218 Inwood Avenue, Upper Montclair, N. J. Williams, R. F., 218 Inwood Ave., Upper Montclair, N. J. Yi illet, Miss Ann Lee, Meetinghouse Road, Ambler, Pa. Willet, Mrs. Henry Lee, Meetinghouse Rd., Ambler, Pa. Willey, Leonard T., P. O. Box 676, St. Augustine, Fla. Williams, Philip A., Jr., Westmoreland Ave., Springfield, Mass.

Wilson, E. H., 181 Stanbery Ave., Columbus, Ohio.

Wilson, Mrs. E. H., 181 Stanbery Ave., Columbus, Ohio.

Winn, Arthur L., The Northfield, E. Northfield, Mass.

Winne, Mrs. Harry A., Nott Road, Rexford, N. Y. Win slow, Mrs. Addison, Nantucket.

Winslow, Mrs. Helena G., Sunset Hill, Nantucket.

Wolf, Miss Elizabeth, 235 West 108th St., New York, N. Y. Wood, Miss Margaret H., P. 0. Box 247, Wilmington, N. C. Worth, Mrs. Elizabeth B., 37 Easton St., Nantucket Wright, Harrison, 236 Grandview Blvd., Tuckahoe, N. Y. Wright, Miss Helen, 551 South Hill Ave., Pasadena, Calif.

Wyatt, Miss Grace, College Station, Murray, Kentucky.

Yaeger, Clement L., Box 277, New Bedford, Mass.

Zaibriskie, F. C., -344 Prospect Ave., Hackensack, N. J.

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