Voyeurism Public Typography of Adult Stores
1
2
An Analysis of Sex in the City
Naomi Shultz
Voyeurism Public Typography of Adult Stores
voyeurism [noun] practice of receiving gratification from witnessing others’ sexual behavior
Voyeurism
sex is is se sex is is se sex is is se sex is is se sex is
s sex ex is s sex ex is s sex ex is s sex ex is s sex
Table of Contents
Contents
Introduction
8
Cirilla’s on 23rd
10
7th Heaven
26
Ray’s Over 21
44
Conclusion
66
Acknowledgements
69
Colophon
70
Bibliography
72
Voyeurism
Forward: Defending Typography in the Sex Industry Typography exploring the commodification of sex has not been widely explored due to the discomfort its research can incite. By venturing into this topic, it is a democratization of shared knowledge, allowing individuals to learn what’s within the hidden walls of the sex industry. If our authors are ‘keepers of fire,’ sex and typography are hardly considered too volatile a subject. Besides, indecency is something to be embraced and understood. The era of palatable, corporate sex shops that cater to our mainstream culture has arrived, and most stores have grown to fret over inappropriate photography and lawsuits, about offending clientele. Corporate entities like Cirilla’s make the sex industry approachable for women, equalizing the market, but slowly destroy competition through their aggressive local and online presence. There aren’t many stores like
8
Forward
Defending Typography in the Sex Industry
Ray’s Over 21 or 7th Heaven left, and the future of these small businesses is uncertain. There is a need to document all of these coexisting locations before gentrification and online platforms render them relics of our sexual history. If America’s culture is the sum of both sex and capitalism, what is more patriotic than the adult store? It’s refreshing, maybe jarring, to discover older shops that have disowned propriety in favor of honest vulgarity. The typography analyzed in this book are the letter forms and signage found in three local sex shops: Cirilla’s, 7th Heaven, and Ray’s Over 21. While the bulk of these letterforms may not differ due to repetition in the sex industry, the way text is both presented and selected is remarkably diverse. Each store, in order to communicate with specified demographics, demonstrate a sense of purpose and intentionality with their typography. This discovery combats the notion that sex shops possess minimal consideration for their type; these stores reflect their products and marketing goals through distinct consciousness in their public communications.
9
fig 1-01 fig 1-02
Chapter One
Cirilla’s on 23rd
I
Cirilla’s can be found 1206 W 23rd St in Lawrence, KS.
Cirilla’s Corporate sex for you and me.
13
Voyeurism
I fig 1– 01 (From page 10–11) The loud exterior signage advertising the store’s name uses a bright headline font.
fig 1– 02 (From page 12) The heart-shaped “open” sign is consistent with the use of neon in the rest of the interior.
14
Chapter One
Cirilla’s on 23rd
Coming Inside. Cirilla’s is the vanilla ice-cream of sex shops, if vanilla ice-cream also had dickshaped sprinkles. In Kansas, a conservative state where most people avoid any conversation about intimacy, Cirilla’s has taken the opportunity to develop a business that addresses a need for “romance essentials,” while also dispelling social worries and moral neurosis that tightly clings to concepts of sex, masturbation, and pornography. Starting in 1992, Cirilla’s has grown to become a nationally leading specialty retail chain. They have made shopping at an adult store approachable through their employees and typography. For myself, every time I’ve come inside, the employees have been friendly, nice, and unassuming. Interviewing a couple of them, they’d tell me that their experience has been largely positive. Besides the occasional
15
instance of aggressive men, they were usually there to help
fig 1– 03
fig 1– 04
Voyeurism
and provide suggestions for curious customers. It was typically younger kids they worried about. “When they’re too embarrassed to be here, and if there’s too much giggling, I’ve got to check ID’s again,” Sarah told me. She had worked there for about three months at the time of the interview, and had previously hosted “pleasure parties.” This business wasn’t new to her. ii In the same way the employees were accommodating, the verbiage used in most of their signage never seemed aggressive; in contrast, they make every intimidating aspect about visiting their store fun, flirty, and novel. Vibrators and dildos became “good vibrations.” Signs for lubricants read as “Slippery Wet.” Every phallic object seemed to be different shades of nude and magenta.
18
Chapter One
Cirilla’s on 23rd
fig 1– 05 Inside the bins are a variety of small items including lube, condoms, and lotions.
19
Vibrators and dildos become good vibrations.’ Signs for lubricants is read as ‘Slippery Wet.’ Every phallic object seems to be different shades of nude and magenta.
fig 1– 06 The tag of this skirt is legible and bright behind the material. The type has a reflective, bold quality that suits the advertised item well.
It was capitalism having slow, plastic sex with neon items dressed in lingerie.
Chapter One
fig 1– 07 The merchandise here caters to women both in color and type treatment. Both the form and graphics are approachable.
Essay | Feminist Spheres + Misogynistic Representation Analyzing the gems and refuse within the feminist spheres of the commodification of sex My education has been largely influenced by
agency to make informed sexual choices; the sex
third-wave feminism, so besides the general
industry informs and addresses sexual need with
apprehension from offending my conservative
few pretenses or judgments. While their methods
mother, there didn’t seem to be anything sordid
may be problematic, they certainly meet their
about researching sex shops. I did fear the
consumers’ demands.
unknown; I didn’t know what I would find in these stores, or if anything compelling existed
Females have been historically marginalized
within their walls. What compelled me to pursue
throughout American society with gendered
this work was the response from other designers.
inequalities. Their sexuality and libido has been
How could I do this project as a feminist? How I
denied to them and diagnosed as“hysteria”
could reconcile my subject and the objectification
by early gynecologists and psychologists. As
of women found in its industry?
the model for relationships is now increasingly built on “choice and equality” (Weeks 99), the
The objectification of female bodies happens
dialogue around sex shops and their products
everywhere, and I’d be joking if I claimed the
have changed as well. Adult stores supply
sex industry isn’t also guilty of this; products
females a chance to engage their sexuality,
can range from disembodied female torsos
providing an open environment that welcomes
to fleshlights. How can sex shops facilitate
“new freedoms and opportunities” (28). Toys can
empowerment or gender equality when female
cater to sexual minorities and non-conforming
bodies are reduced to a receptacle for sex? In
methods of penetration, and it insists that sex
Brian Alexander’s sociological investigation of
can be attainable and enjoyable – if you pay
America’s diverse sexual landscape, he interviews
a price. Female sexuality and pleasure must be
a woman named Susan. She says, “One thing
destigmatized and normalized. Happy women
I am not interested in is losing my sexuality. For
mean higher sales margins, so why not also
a woman, that is more of a fight.” Society is a
empower them? Sex shops facilitate this ideal by
vehicle for empowerment when people possess the
celebrating female sexuality.
Voyeurism
fig 1– 08
“Toys for Boys” shows how Cirilla’s distinguishes itself from other stores through conscious verbiage in its signage. Many of the signs use puns to designate specific areas, and Cirilla’s is unique to designate an area specifically for men.
Chapter One
Cirilla’s on 23rd
Cirilla’s made the male-emphasized sex industry catered effectively for women. Sex and pleasure comes to life in lingerie, sex toys, and lubricants, and accents of planned neon lights build an atmosphere of bright seduction. Not only are women a priority here, they are the target demographic. While the typography used is not interesting or particularly beautiful, it is consistent with Cirilla’s brand as a clever, subversive shop with strong feminine undertones. Cirilla’s is the store for anyone too intimidated by other storefronts, a taboo intimacy watered down to palatable consumerism. It takes the stigma out of sex, and what remains is the sterile excitement of corporate influence. You can taste disoriented newcomers’ fear as they approach uncharted waters, but Cirilla’s makes a map out of sex. When approaching our following stores, all intentions to make the environment comfortable evaporates.
23
Voyeurism
fig 1– 09 Cash register is expected and characteristic of most drug stores. It’s small details like this that make you forget you’re in a sex shop.
24
fig 1– 10 Cirilla’s advertises itself through neon lights, language, and large signage on 23rd St. in Lawrence. The letter board is welcoming and somewhat obnoxious.
fig 2 – 01 fig 2 – 02
Chapter Two
7th Heaven
II
7th Heaven is at 7621 Troost Ave. in KCMO.
7th Heaven Found between your thighs.
29
Voyeurism
II fig 2 – 01 (From page 26–27) The signage is yellow, loud and visible from the street, which is how I found the store when first visiting.
fig 2 – 02 (From page 28) While typographically and formally similar to Cirilla’s, the letterboard uses text in a more straightforward manner.
30
Chapter Two
7th Heaven
Your middle man. 7th Heaven tries to be the cool, liberal uncle you never really had.
Jan Fichman started selling bootlegged 8-tracks “furiously” from his 1962 green chevy van in the summer of 1974 after getting a tip from his cousin that selling 8-tracks was a lucrative business. He expanded his business with his dad (“to pay for medical school, but who was I kidding”) and out of that, 7th Heaven was born as a “unique, antiauthoritarian” retail store. As Jan was retelling the birth story of his business, he emphasized his Odyssey-like journey to stay on trend. The sex-shop, he said, was an addition about a decade ago because he wanted “to get all aspects of a lifestyle here.”
31
Voyeurism
ii When I first came in at 7pm on a Wednesday evening, my friend and I were driving down Troost Ave. trying to find this place through Google Maps. I only knew about any of these places from a quick Yelp search and called ahead of time for permission to come inside to take photos. Then, through an oversized, artificially bright sign yelling “7th Heaven” we realized we had arrived. We pulled into the north parking lot because aggressive signage on the south lot insisted we would be towed, and I didn’t want to take chances. A large vinyl sign hung from a temporary chain-link fence and the low-light of the door indicated the front entrance. 7th Heaven was a spatial surprise for me. From the outside, the store doesn’t seem very large, but as I navigated the space, there was only more and more merchandise and products to discover. I went to the basement to have a better understanding of the store’s layout. The album room was extensive, filling up most of the first floor.
32
fig 2 – 03 Looking at the black and white signage with the letter board, it makes an effective advertisement through bold typography.
fig 2 – 04
The entrance hall is full of posters, signs, and textured surfaces that sets the expectation for the rest of the store.
34
fig 2 – 05
7th Heaven is predominately catering to the alternative crowd, and the store carefully organizes the record space.
Essay | The Commodification of Sexual Intimacy
fig 2 – 06 A small advertisement for a vibrator wand created in-store, as evident by the script font.
Adult stores’ methodologies in selling sex expertly combines carnal desires with capitalism, creating a persisting, successful business structure. Sex is the great equalizer. People can obtain pleasure despite economic standing or
Among other things, many believe “capitalism
societal influence, perceived attractiveness
distorts and damages sexual potential through
or unattractiveness. Certainly, wealth and
commodifying it, turning it into something that
power open up different avenues for sexual
can be bought and sold, allowing the most
expression, but mankind continues to have little
personal aspects of the self to be manipulated by
problem with sustained rates of procreation. The
market forces.” (28) However, Weeks argues that
commodification of sex is the oldest trade in the
the commodification of sex is not an inherently
world, from prostitution to contraceptive methods.
perverse feature of modern society. The “sex
A brief look into man’s obsession with sex suggests
market” becomes a way to better understand
there’s nothing new about the sex industry, and
human sexuality through an open and accessible
there has never been “undefiled eros uncorrupted
gateway for the everyday consumer. America’s
by capitalism.” (Weeks 28)
commercialized culture is affected and shaped by her sexual appetite.
Even in Kansas City, the market for sex isn’t limited to adult stores. Lingerie boutiques outfit sex, strip
Certainly, sex shops are not typical high-brow
clubs commodify seduction, and the handful of
locations; “base values” mentally correspond with
dungeons serve those who are part of the BDSM
a perception of a particular demographic, but
community. The consumers of this expanding
toys and products are available on every level of
American market and members of niche
the socio-economic ladder. One metallurgist from
communities represent everyone from Inner KC
northern California makes vibrators out of titanium
residents to Gwyneth Paltrow and her $15,000
for $600 each, getting them into department
vibrators through GLOOP.
stores. This effectively makes some sex toys into fashion accessories. Accessing the this market
Hedonism, the pursuit of “individual pleasure
is about as easy as going to the local drugstore
unbounded by moral restrictions” presently
once one can overcome the fear of disembodied
triumphs in our society. Moralists worry about the
penises. These physicals locations function as a
resulting over-sexualization of society and theorists
one-stop shop for your body’s pleasure, pandering
have long disparaged the commodification of sex.
to whoever is willing to walk inside.
Chapter Two
7th Heaven
fig 2 – 07 This informational sign is layered over a (slightly) pornographic poster. It is surprisingly effective.
37
Voyeurism
38
Chapter Two
fig 2 – 08 As you walk into the sex shop, drug paraphernalia lines the wall creating a mosaic of pipes and eclectic merchandise.
fig 2 – 09 A few of the many bongs I found on the counter. Scattered across the store, they instilled a distinct anti-authoritarian environment.
39
7th Heaven
40
Chapter Two
7th Heaven
fig 2 – 10 All items, from gags to vibrators, are advertised in a straightforward, explicit manner, placed on the shelves with little attempt to self-censor.
The other areas of the store clearly indicated that this was less of a sex shop, and more of an alternative “lifestyle” shop. Clothes, albums, and body piercings were examples of an indie-bohemian subculture that 7th Heaven was trying to appeal to. iii Even within the love-shop portion of the store, it was more of a dual-purpose area. The walls were lined with pipes, bongs, and hookahs. Synthetic urine covered a column toward the doors. Items to stash drug paraphernalia were on the east wall. Though they verbally denied it and their signs saying “tobacco” or “oil rig” worked to deflect ideas of drug use, it seemed the space existed to pander to the alternative stoner crowd as well.
41
Phallic objects were everywhere, in the glass cases or hung against the seasoned black shelves. fig 2 – 11
The wall shelves in the store have an odd arrangement of items, starkly standing out against the lined black walls.
Despite being honest and explicit about their products, 7th Heaven had an air of casual disregard in 42 their marketing.
fig 2 – 12
Chapter Two
7th Heaven
Some items are hand-wrapped in the store, mostly lingerie and clothing items. In corporate stores, like Cirilla’s, this method of wrapping items is not seen.
Though 7th Heaven was undeniably a headshop, it was the sex merchandise that activated the space. Phallic objects were everywhere, in glass cases or hung against the seasoned black shelves, like a score of proudly displayed hunting trophies. Sections of the store were flippantly described with a script font, the same used for all merchandise. Despite being honest and explicit about their products, 7th Heaven had an air of casual disregard in their marketing.
43
fig 3 – 01
fig 3 – 01
Chapter Three
Ray’s Over 21
III
Ray’s Over 21 is on 3710 Independence Ave in KCMO.
Ray’s Over 21 Your fetishes are our business. 47
Voyeurism
III fig 3 – 01 (From page 44-–45) Ray’s Over 21 on Independence as seen from across the street. Friendly serif awning and neon lights contrast against the bars.
fig 3 – 02 (From page 46) Detail shot of the neon sign. It sets the mood of what you might expect coming inside.
48
Chapter Three
Ray’s Over 21
Going Downtown. “Most people are too embarrassed to even speak with me. They’ll avoid eye-contact. Theft can be a problem because some are too shy to approach the counter.” The history of sex shops in Kansas City began with Ray’s Over 21, the name referring to a time when 21 was the minimum age required to enter. The store began with Elmer Ray Caine in 1971, who began a chain of his stores. At its height, there were seven stores from KC to Oklahoma. Now, Ray’s Over 21 has one shop on Independence Avenue run by his son, David and two clerks. It’s evident that the Internet has made the need for places like Ray’s increasingly irrelevant. A worker from 7th Heaven tried to dissuade my friend and me from visiting when I told him where we were heading. “You girls are too young and sweet to be going to
49
a store like that,” he told us. “Try Cirilla’s instead.”
Voyeurism
ii I had never been to Independence Ave., though a brief search online indicated that there were only a couple of homicides there in the past few days. Nice. News of bullet proof glass and video arcades inside the store didn’t really help quell my apprehension, but I was soon traveling down the street the next day to take a few photos. Pulling in, I was surprised to see how obvious the signage was. A large, hand-painted sign indicating its presence was helpful in flagging down a parking lot. There was a surprisingly friendly green awning with “Ray’s Over 21” in a white serif. Beneath a centimeter of dust, the window display had a round neon light and mannequins wearing some Halloween outfits. There was cohesion in its chaotic inconsistence, and I felt somehow at ease as I walked in. I had vague preconceptions of what I’d see inside. Would there be low lights and wood panelled walls with an old man leering from his glass cage?
50
Chapter Three
fig 3 – 03 The printed parking sign is juxtaposed against hand-painted “Parking” sign on the back lot of the store.
fig 3 – 04 The main signage for Ray’s is large and hand-painted. The writing is outdated, but serves as effective advertisement.
51
“ You kept telling yourself that you were a nice, clean person who shouldn’t be in a trashy place like this — and that was part of the turn-on.”
fig 3 – 05 A decorated hat in a glass case. Items use distinct, aggressive verbiage while maintaining a clear sense of humor. It’s entertaining to read through each artifact on the hat. “Instant Pussy” or “Bachelor Party Survival Hat” are these random tidbits that reflect the cheeky nature of Ray’s Over 21’s business model.
fig 3 – 06
Voyeurism
The interior of the store is brightly lit with white walls, and handwritten signs adds to the space’s overall charm.
iii The interior was brightly lit and clean, leaving me somewhat underwhelmed. I felt like I was in a Walgreens. The female clerk was sitting in a booth that resembled a gas-station teller area. I briefly explained what I was doing, and she granted me permission after taking my ID card through the windowed slot. The typography, from looking around, was straightforward and reminiscent of some of the bathroom signs I’d see at my local evangelical church: Don’t touch the glass! or Ray, Manager on Duty. There is this cognizance and pride that’s evident in their business model despite the “lurid” niche that they encompass within the sex industry. Their signs were not typographically consistent, but were legible and clear. The layout of the store was intuitive, and I was discovering new products and magazines as I searched for new type. What I found particularly interesting was the signage. There was a running neon light that provided basic information about the store’s closing times and discuss their items. It distracted me for a moment as I read through the dozen or so fragmented messages.
54
55
fig 3 – 07 VHS tapes are still sold here, and they scream 90s vintage. With Ray’s, you know it’s not intentional. It’s just old.
56
Chapter Three
Ray’s Over 21
Essay | Sex as History Sex is taboo and delightfully available even in America’s heartland, but it took overruling moralist government policies to get here.
Sex has been part and parcel of popular
unmarried individuals was unconstitutional. The
American consciousness since the 1970s, since
uphill battle for sex shops in the United States
television broadcasted sex panels and Playboy
fought endlessly against conservative legislation,
became mainstream. However, despite efforts to
as LGBT coalitions fought sodomy laws. What
dislodge the puritan tumor of sin from America’s
we see in Ray’s Over 21 and 7th Heaven are the
collective, insatiable sexual appetite, sex shops,
relics of a legacy promoting positive sex without
pornography, and prostitution haven’t lost their
a veneer of politeness or approachability. It is a
taboo. Though the size of the sex industry is large
“growing democratization of erotica… available
and growing, it continues to be regarded as
to everyone in the world with the inclination.”
“deviant.” (Weitzer 2) This presents a paradox; it is an industry that many would like suppressed
Sex-centered businesses are emerging to serve
or at least controlled, but employs a significant
a growing crowd of tentative, uneasy customers
portion of our citizens and attracts a range of
who are simultaneously repulsed by sex and
consumers. When legislation decriminalized
yearn to enjoy it. Places like Cirilla’s, who chose
sexual commodification, droves of Americans flock
an unassuming name to appeal to a broader
to these stores to satisfy their sexual needs.
customer base, offers careful, permissive branding, gently coaxing and enticing customers
The industry, as it plays with sex and sin, is
to understand sex toys, enjoy videos, and expand
remarkably self-aware of its identity as the
their sexual vocabulary. This is the next generation
forbidden fruit. The first sex shops began as “adult
of sex shops, ones that are aware of the impact of
bookstores, selling skin magazine, supplying
their typography and their words. The sex shops
blacklight posters, roach clips, and cheap dildos.”
we visit now take us back in time with Kansas
The first of them appeared in the mid 1960s, after
City’s erotic narrative, providing us a context that
Christian anti-obscenity laws were overturned
allows us to analyze the typography and design
with 1965 United States Supreme Court ruling
that serves to sustain their businesses.
that contraceptive information withheld from
fig 3 – 08 Inside is the back hallway looking into the video arcade. These niches are private areas for patrons to watch videos.
You could pay some money to watch a film of your choice, granted you didn’t make too much of a mess afterwards.
58
fig 3 – 09 (Left) This is a look into one of the niches. They have instructional signage and large televisions that take cash.
fig 3 –10 (Below) Two buttons indicate whether the booth is occupied or vacant. They are relatively unnecessary as there are no longer curtains providing privacy within the booths since complaints of “sexual activity” became excessive and warranted their removal.
59
Voyeurism
iv In Ray’s, during my first scan of the place, I didn’t quite notice the video arcade. It was by the suggestion of one of the clerks that I ventured in the back to see what they were. Essentially, you pay a little money to watch a film of your choice, granted you didn’t make too much of a mess afterwards. Seemingly useless signage indicated that sexual acts are not permitted in the area. Useless because in the same space you could find a single video screen, a metal Kleenex box fastened to the wall, and a trash can in every booth. The posters and 8.5x11” sheets indicating the rules and behavioral expectations of the clientele were pasted onto the white walls. The text is straightforward, communicating the legal repercussions if a person committed a, b, or c. v What really had me interested in the space was the specialty items and the VHS tapes they still sold. The penis-shaped mac and cheese to the socks in the glass case. It was as though Ray’s Over 21 was trying to fit into the pants of the 16 people that attended the neighborhood orgy last Thursday.
60
Chapter Three
Ray’s Over 21
The other products in the store were equally compelling. Shrink-wrapped dildos and phallic vibrators lined the walls, while the high-end luxury items were held in glass cases. Some were wrapped by the clerks in small bags, while others held the brand identity of the sex company from which they came. Everything from magazines to cock rings to penis pumps were there, neatly organized. The various signage denoted employee spaces and instructed appropriate behavior, using friendly illustrations. Memes were printed and scattered around the store, their sense of humor to decorating the interior. The experience was surprisingly comfortable, and the clerks, from the two separate occasions that I visited, were more than accommodating. They would introduce me to items they thought I would be interested in photographing and shared with me their customer experiences. A 2006 Pitch article sums up the atmosphere of Ray’s pretty well: “You kept telling yourself that you were a nice, clean person who shouldn’t be in a trashy place like this — and that was part of the turn-on.”
61
Voyeurism
62
Chapter Three
fig 3 –11 (Left) These are detail shots of merchandise, much of which is vulgar and novel.
fig 3 –12 (Above) Buttman Magazine is a unique publication. It is given prime space with a written “Buttman Mags” on the shelf.
63
Ray’s Over 21
fig 3 –13 The rug in Ray’s is a precautionary pop of color in the sterile interior of the sex shop. Seemingly random, it actually adds to the inconsistent cohesion of the store’s interior.
Voyeurism
Conclusion Midwestern adult stores represent our collective sexual identity through the intersection of taboo and the mundane. None of these places are boutique stores, but rather small shops that closely consider their demographic so as to ensure that specialty items are accessible and available. The signage may be mundane typographically, but the verbiage and descriptive methods of communicating separated the stores’ personalities and expectations, and exposed the deliberate element in their marketing strategies. Analyzing the distinctions lets us conclude that vernacular typography has a place and purpose in every industry, even the obscene ones.
66
Conclusion
IV Cirilla’s Sex is marketed as a distinctly female endeavor, playing with the tip of a knife concerning stereotypes and liberation.
7th Heaven Among the facets of the alternative lifestyle, sex is the recreational afterthought, located near drug paraphernalia.
Ray’s Over 21 Ray’s doesn’t give a shit about you or me or what your fetish is. Come one and come all for every occasion.
67
68
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements A special thanks to the store owners and employees that let me take photos and graciously answered my ignorant questions. Another for my friends, Dana and Alley, who visited each shop with me. This project couldn’t have happened without their support and enthusiasm.
Voyeurism
Colophon
Voyeurism: Public Typography of Adult Stores Copyright ©2016 All rights reserved Content by Naomi Shultz Fonts: Adobe Garamond and Futura
Colophon
71
Voyeurism
capita an sex ar on things can h Ame toget
alism nd re the nly s that hold erica ther.
Bibliography
Alexander, Brian. America Unzipped: In Search of Sex and Satisfaction. New York: Harmony, 2008. Print. Reichert, Tom, and Jacqueline Lambiase. Sex in Consumer Culture: The Erotic Content of Media and Marketing. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates, 2006. Print. Weeks, Jeffrey. The Languages of Sexuality. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2011. Print. Weitzer, Ronald John. Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry. New York: Routledge, 2000. Print.
Finished.
77