Central Balkans between the Greek and Celtic worlds by Narodni muzej

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

KALE – KR[EVICA

2001–2011

Belgrade 2012

EXHIBITION ORGANIZATION: NATIONAL MUSEUM IN BELGRADE AUTHOR OF DISPLAY CONCEPT: Petar Popovi} ››› COORDINATOR OF EXHIBITION: Nenad Radoj~i} ››› COLLABORATORS ON EXHIBITION ››› DISPLAY DESIGN: Borjana [uvakovi} ››› DISPLAY GRAPHIC DESIGN: Danijela Paracki ››› SITE PLANS: Aleksandra Suboti}, Nenad Lazarevi}, Aleksandar Nikoli} ››› MAP: Slobodan Tripkovi} ››› PALAEOZOOLOGICAL ANALYSIS: Svetlana Blaì}, Darko Radmanovi} ››› CONSERVATION OF EXHIBITS: Dragica @ivoti}, Milan ôlovi}, Marko Stamenkovi} (National Museum in Belgrade); Slobodan Savi} (Faculty of Applied Arts); Maja @ivkovi}, Danijela Jovanovi}, Milena Jovanovi}, Aleksandra Markovi}, Zvezdana Popovi}, Ana-Marija Spasenovi}, Jovana âvi}, Natalija ]osi} (Central Institute for Conservation in Belgrade); Aleksandra Josi} (National Museum in Arandjelovac) ››› TECHNICAL REALIZATION OF DISPLAY: Goran Bogojevi}, Momir Vladisavljevi}, Goran Isidorovi}, Miroslav Vasi}, Milan Dimitrijevi}, Nenad Bugarski ››› EDUCATION PROGRAMS: Eliana Gavrilovi} and Department for education of National Museum in Belgrade REALIZATION: Aca Djordjevi}, Vera Krsti}, Aleksandar Bandovi}, Jovan Mitrovi}

PUBLISHER: NATIONAL MUSEUM IN BELGRADE www.narodnimuzej.rs EDITOR IN CHIEF: Tatjana Cvjeti}anin ››› REVIEWS: Branko Kirigin, Mitja Gu{tin ››› TRANSLATION: Mirjana Vukmanovi} ››› LANGUAGE EDITOR: Nada Krsti} ››› PROOFREADER: Biljana Djordjevi} ››› GRAPHIC DESIGN: Danijela Paracki ››› PREPRESS: D_SIGN, Belgrade ››› PHOTOGRAPHS: Neboj{a Bori}, Aca Djordjevi}, Miroslav Jeremi}, Petar Popovi}, Nenad Radoj~i} ››› PHOTOGRAPH ON BOOK COVER: Aca Djordjevi} ››› DRAWINGS: Aleksandar Kapuran ››› MAPS: Aleksandar Nikoli}, Aleksandra Suboti}, Slobodan Tripkovi} ››› PRINT: PUBLIKUM, Belgrade ››› CIRCULATION: 400 copies ISBN 978-86-7269-132-0

CONTENTS

6 Predrag Markovi} Minister of Culture, Media and Information Society of Republic of Serbia

8 Tatjana Cvjeti}anin Director of the National Museum in Belgrade

10 CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD Petar Popovi}

52 EXCAVATIONS AT KR[EVICA AND CONSERVATION WORKS AT THE SITE Nenad Radoj~i}

58 CATALOGUE Vera Krsti}, Aca Djordjevi}

105 LITERATURE

2001 –2011

KALE – KR[EVICA

Predrag MARKOVI] Minister of Culture, Media and Information Society of Republic of Serbia

SOMETHING LIKE THAT happens to the people on Earth all the time. Being in a hurry and worrying for the future, tormented by brutal poverty of present times they accept the past as local rumor or consolation and gleam of myth by the fire. From time to time while they are trying to sow some annual crop or place to rest the remains of their relatives they are disturbed by useless fragments of some distant past existence when they offensively emerge on the surface of the ground just to interfere with the necessity of everyday efforts and duties. From that past, forgotten along ancient roads and suburbia, thus come into sight already dressed stone or completely preserved brick suitable to build a fence around sheepfold, reinforce the stable, fill in the foundations, support the fence or decorate the threshold. In both instances it is not genuine past, nothing worth of remembrance or base for learning but only humble remains of destruction. Unfamiliar, nameless and worthless. But sometimes – following the records of local chronicler, thanks to lucky intuition of archaeologist or adventurer – at unexpected place, the past instead of ruins springs from the ground like massive load, unknown but complete system, lost city, which by its size and location disrupts historically assumed borders or limits of the given time, cultures and civilizations. It threatens to turn existing knowledge into prejudice and to disrupt the present or promise to illuminate interpretation of the future. This actually happened when investigators after tumultuous war events, which shook the Balkans in the end of 20th century, resumed the investigations at the site Kale – Kr{evica, settlement that died out 22 centuries ago when the Celtic invasion of Macedonia and Greece shook the Balkans.

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Serbia in collaboration with many institutions intensified in the preceding years financing of these works. The results justified those efforts but at the same time revealed how important work is still awaiting in the time when impoverished Serbia discovers, investigates, preserve and presents whole networks of valuable heritage from different periods. On a sultry 13th September of 2011 on my way to Hilandar I visited two archaeological sites next to the highway line where workers and students in a hurry before the arrival of machinery had been diligently selecting and washing possible archaeological material. Then, leaving the highway, we followed the shades of Kr{evica River toward the lost city. Everything I saw there you can also see in the following pages. I came down the ladders from hot, sticky and unbearable present in the millennial shade of huge underground cistern with clear water shimmering on the bottom. Once again on the surface I took from one worker the primitive tool consisting of log with two attached bars and joined them in stamping the sand in order to cover and preserve the whole complex for some future explorers. People, particularly in the Balkans, in the areas where cultures and civilizations alternately meet, mix but also collide and annul must come face to face with the past. But serous people know: you could face the past only if you are ready and capable to investigate it thoroughly. If not, the measure of responsibility is to protect it carefully and thus undamaged and reburied preserve it for the better ones who would come after you. This exhibition as well as this catalogue is just the evidence of this feeling of measure.

2001 –2011

KALE – KR[EVICA

Tatjana CVJETI]ANIN Director of the National Museum in Belgrade

INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY in Belgrade, National Museum in Vranje and National Museum in Belgrade with collaborators from other institutions including Faculty of Philosophy have been systematically investigating since 2001 Kale hill at Kr{evica, 15 km south of Vranje and near Bujanovac. This site was known to the academic audience already in 1960s – test trench excavations have started and it was concluded that it is one of the most interesting prehistoric sites in Serbia and the finds have been housed in the Museum in Vranje. We have been waiting over 30 years for favorable conditions to continue archaeological investigations. Results of investigations confirmed already after first campaign that this site will be declared as archaeological site of exceptional importance and that it is important element for understanding complex relations in the central Balkans in the final millennium BC, particularly in the Iron Age period. Archaeological investigations conducted from 2001 to 2011 brought to light large urban complex, fortified antique city, and suburbium with many structures including water supply system, which is particularly important complex, unique and unrecorded at other European sites. This was the antique city existing within barbarian surroundings but also the meeting point of two cultural complexes – antique Greek and Celtic. Even though investigations at the site Kale at Kr{evica are permanently in the focus of scholars and many works in scientific journals present and explain different aspects of this distinct site, which had already been presented at the National Museum exhibition in 2003 first in Belgrade and later in Ljubljana in Slovenia in 2004, we were of the opinion that after ten years of investigations presentation of results and significance of this site was some kind of obligation of all those participating in comprehensive study and preservation of this exceptional archaeological heritage. Even more so because final presentation of the site and opportunity for Kale to become

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

one of the most important points on cultural and touristic routes of Serbia is impossible to realize in presentday circumstances. Investigations at the site Kale are example of successful cooperation of scientific institutions and institutions for protection of cultural heritage: scientific investigations are conducted according to the project of the Institute of Archaeology in Belgrade under the directorship of Dr. Petar Popovi}, scientific counselor in the Institute, while protection and study of finds is responsibility of the National Museum in Belgrade and Nenad Radoj~i}, museum counselor, as coordinator. Protection of the complex is assigned to the Office for Protection of Cultural Monuments in Ni{. The investigations were resumed in 2001 thanks to the support of Coordination Body for the Municipalities of Pre{evo, Bujanovac and Medvedja and Ministry of Culture and Media, today Ministry of Culture, Media and Information Society of the Republic of Serbia. Some campaigns were financially supported by Ministry of Labor and Social Policy and the Ministry of Economy and Regional Development as well as by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and American humanitarian organization CHF. Cooperation of the local authorities of Bujanovac and Vranje but first of all cooperation of local inhabitants of Kr{evica and @bevac made possible successful realization of project of investigation and protection.

Church of St. George in Kr{evica. In the churchyard are stone blocks discovered while excavating at the foothill of the settlement

Petar Popovi}

C ENTRAL B ALKANS BETWEEN G REEK AND C ELTIC W ORLD

“IN THE VILLAGE KR[EVICA ON THE LEFT BANK OF KR[EVICA RIVER THERE IS A SITE GRADI[TE (KALE), WHICH IS SITUATED ON RATHER SMALL ELEVATION. AS THE STORY GOES THERE WAS LOCATED TOWN TROLOVO AND BELOW IT THERE WERE MANY SHOPS ACCORDING TO WHICH ONE LOCATION IS EVEN TODAY CALLED ‘DU]ANI[TE’ (SHOPPING DISTRICT); AND WHEN THAT TOWN WAS ACTIVE THEY SAY THAT VRANJE DID NOT EXIST. CHURCH IN THE VILLAGE DEDICATED TO ST. GEORGE HAD BEEN BUILT OF STONE FROM GRADI[TE.” THIS IS QUOTATION from the monograph published in 1903 by Rista Nikoli} from Vranje, who was as anthropogeographer one of the closest associates and followers of Jovan Cviji}. In that work titled Vranjska P~inja u slivu Ju`ne Morave (Vranjska P~inja in the Ju`na Morava River basin) Nikoli} presented some of the oldest information about Kr{evica region. Where he had found the name Trolovo is unknown but it is certainly interesting that there is a memory of ‘ancient Town’ even older than Vranje. Also, the stone from ‘Gradi{te’ had not been used only for the church in Kr{evica. Even today we could notice almost everywhere dressed stone blocks incorporated into village houses made of sun-dried bricks. Kale in fact was for a rather long time some kind of quarry, i.e. the source

of material for building houses in the village, which is located at the foot of the hill, at present archaeological site. The existence of antique remains in Kr{evica mentioned by Nikoli} has been confirmed after more than half a century when Milan Jovanovi}, at that time keeper in the National Museum in Vranje and Ivan Mikul~i} from the Skopje University started in 1966 small-scale archaeological excavations. On that occasion were discovered segments of structures and few pits filled with Greek pottery fragments and all that indicated existence of significant settlement dating from the 4th century BC. These results published already in 1968 drew great attention of archaeological circles but there was neither wider interest nor possibilities to continue these works.

2001 –2011

KALE – KR[EVICA

Map of upper course of the Ju`na Morava River

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

Excavations at Kr{evica have been resumed after few decades, first as test-trench excavations in 2001 and from 2002 as systematic investigations organized by Institute of Archaeology in Belgrade in collaboration with the National Museum in Belgrade and National Museum in Vranje. Today, after so many years, it is evident that results exceeded all our expectations and the site significance exceeds by far the local boundaries. The buildings, diverse structures and many artifacts have been discov-

ered in every campaign and they all bear witness to the importance and size of this settlement, which was established in the beginning of the 4th century BC and lasted until first decades of the 3rd century BC. The acropolis with large suburbium covered the area of around five hectares and had all characteristics of urban settlement built according to the Greek models. Considering certain distinct architectural features and elaborate structures this settlement in the Ju`na Morava valley could be con-

Slopes of the Rujan Mountain with site Kale at Kr{evica, view from the northeast

2001 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2011

KALE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; KR[EVICA

Site Kale at Kr{evica, view from the southeast

sidered as rare, possibly unique and so far the earliest urban settlement in Serbia. Approximately at the time when settlement at Kr{evica was dying out the events, which shook the Balkans, had taken place. It was the Celtic invasion of Macedonia and Greece that ended in well-known defeat at Delphi in 279 BC. Kr{evica was located on the invasion route but we do not know for certain whether settlement suffered any damage or destruction at that time. What we do know is that according to material evidence the Scordisci

and their allies used abandoned acropolis since the mid 2nd century BC as important stronghold in their battles with Romans. The aim of this brief summary is to suggest importance of the site where on one hand considerable remains of Greek civilization have been discovered and numerous traces of Celtic presence in south Serbia on the other. This is today distinguishing site Kale at Kr{evica as the northernmost settlement with Greek characteristics and the southernmost site with diverse La TĂ¨ne material.

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

This exhibition offered to your attention intends to present main results of investigations at Kr{evica and to illustrate as much as possible the look of this well-organized settlement, which maintained contacts with the Aegean during its entire existence. If we have in mind that only around 6% of total site area have been investigated it is understandable that we still have no answers to many important questions. Therefore, it should be emphasized that we now have information only about segments according to which it is impossible to comprehend much larger entity as the settlement at Kr{evica had been. In such a situation the only solution is many years of investigation and this exhibition at the National Museum could contribute with the help of general public to the shift in right direction.

ever, it was immediately obvious that pottery finds and type of fortification had great resemblances with many sites around upper course of the Ju`na Morava River and in the Skopje plain. It was particularly important that Greek pottery has been found at some of those sites, so everything indicated that from the end of 5th century BC Hellenic influences reached via the Vardar valley as far as Ju`na Morava. The example for this is site Kacipup near Pre{evo where small-scale test trench excavations have been conducted in 1977–1978. Settlement was built above the river and steep cliffs and on the other side were ditch and large embankment. There were discovered layers with finds spanning the period from Classical and Hellenistic period to the Late Iron Age overlying horizon with the Early Iron Age pottery. The analysis of pottery revealed that wheel-made pottery prevails from the end of 5th century BC. Besides the fragments of imported vessels (fragments with black glossy slip, amphoras, pithoi) most fragments were of gray pottery made after Greek models. The acropolis was established on the plateau and according to some indications the suburbium was extending toward the river. These excavations provided valuable information. Archaeological finds finally confirmed that beyond the Vardar valley the road was leading along the Morava to the much larger and more prosperous settlement – site Kale at Kr{evica.

KR[EVICA AT THE END OF CLASSICAL AND BEGINNING OF HELLENISTIC PERIOD

FROM THE HILLFORT TO THE URBAN SETTLEMENT Kale at Kr{evica is situated on the slopes of the Rujan Mountain and dominates the Vranje valley and the Ju`na Morava valley. Such naturally protected strategic locations known as hillforts conceal because of distinct topographic characteristics large number of archaeological sites. As a result of Turkish legacy in the Balkans they are often known as ‘kale’ (meaning fortification). These are usually elevations surrounded by steep slopes from three sides with plateau with dry masonry at the top, while accessible side is protected by ditch and earthen embankment. When the finds from the end of Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age have been discovered during excavations at Kr{evica nobody was surprised. These remains most probably belong to rather small hillfort settlement but they were rather scarce as earlier layers are almost completely destroyed by ensuing interventions. How-

ACROPOLIS It could be concluded judging by the finds of Greek pottery discovered on the plateau that acropolis at Kale – Kr{evica was established at the end of 5th or most probably at the beginning of 4th century BC. It is situated at approximately 480 m above sea level and it is around 80 meters higher than the valley. The location had been carefully chosen and encompassed wooded slopes of the Rujan Mountain with the Kr{evica River and fertile Vranje

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

plain including Ju`na Morava valley in the background. It is obvious that founders of this settlement had taken good care to be provided with all most important resources. The plateau is surrounded by slopes from three sides and access was protected by deep almost 20 meters wide ditch. Above the ditch was substantial earthen rampart clearly indicating that this type of fortification is based on much older experiences. Acropolis was protected from the northwest by natural cliff, which in its lower sections extended into the rampart somewhat less than 3 meters wide and made of broken stone. The rampart followed the plateau edge and then descended along the southeastern slope as far as the foothill by the river. Only rampart foundations are preserved because local inhabitants had been using building stone to satisfy their needs for many years. This concerns also to other sections of the site as the mountain massif consists of sandstone and there is no stone in the immediate vicinity. The plateau covers an area of approximately 85 x 40 m and archaeological excavations had been carried out there until 2005. There are many remains of structures and diverse archaeological material in the layers, which are around 2 meters thick on the average. The best evidence of intensive building activity is few habitation horizons, which had been leveled after demolition and the new ones were built on top of them. The structures usually consisted of foundation zone mostly of broken stone, walls of sun-dried bricks and roof structure covered with large-size bricks. After roof collapsing due to weather conditions the sun-dried bricks gradually dissolved, melted and finally tuned into brown-grayish earth mixed with archaeological material. These are usually also sole remains of these structures, which could be recorded in the trench profiles. There is relatively little evidence about precise stratigraphic relations on the acropolis as earlier layers have been investigated just at few locations. The main reason

is the fact that further excavations of larger areas would result in devastation of the best preserved structures from the latest horizon. Good example of layers accumulation is the situation in the southeastern section of the plateau where two horizons with structures are clearly discernible. These structures were of cult character, i.e. they represent house altars. In the earlier horizon was identified only smaller section of the structure but there was carefully made circular hearth of cult character that was made of well fired earth. Its diameter was approximately 1.60 m and it was encircled by a groove. Large area around 0.40 m above this level has been investigated and there was discovered the altar of identical characteristics but of slightly smaller size (around 1.30 m in diameter) and with circular groove. This illustrates well the continuity of distinct location where rituals dedicated to local gods had been deeply rooted. But, certain changes took place on the acropolis in the last phase, so when large building was constructed its foundations intersected these structures and ancient cult place had been abolished. The latest horizon on the acropolis dates from first decades of the 3rd century BC. This is the complex of public buildings in central area including tower, storehouse or shrine that were of importance for the entire settlement. In this case the structure of square ground plan, 7 x 7 m in size, represents remains of the tower of which only two sides are preserved. The structure was built of broken stone and at southeast corner was incorporated large block, which judging by the quality of workmanship could have come from some representative building. The tower was built at suitable location and must have been of appropriate height in order to control the surrounding area. It was erected on top of earlier layers containing Attic pottery from the beginning of the 4th century BC, remains of pottery kiln and other structures but it is difficult to reconstruct original situation after destruction and leveling of the terrain. The asymmetrical area toward the south has been thoroughly investigated and three circular pits dug into

ď ´ View of the acropolis, excavations in 2003

2001 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2011

KALE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; KR[EVICA

Excavations 2002â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2004 on the acropolis. Profile of the trench, investigation of the structure (tower) and stratigraphic situation with three building horizons

the virgin soil have been discovered there among other things. These pits contained fragments of vessels dating from the earliest horizon. The neighboring room of rhomboid shape was at first assumed to have been the shrine but later investigations have not confirmed that. Its walls were on both sides connected to the large structure of rectangular plan that was divided by partition wall in two uneven sections of total area of 250 square meters

(13.5 x cca. 19 m).The interior has not been completely explored and there are so far only indications that it was the storehouse. As there was no rampart on the east side of acropolis this structure was standing at the very edge of the plateau facing the Kr{evica River valley. Walls in this section were very damaged or completely destroyed because there was a vineyard in modern times so intensive soil cultivation damaged surface layers considerably.

Complex of public buildings and pits from the earliest horizon. Excavations in 2005

2001 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2011

KALE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; KR[EVICA

SUBURBIUM

trenching and geophysical investigations carried out later revealed that on the slopes were smaller terraces with cultural layer that were descending as far as the foot of the hill. It could have been concluded on the basis of all obtained data that largest section of the settlement was actually situated in this area. Our decision in 2002/2003 to explore rather small trench at the foothill was based on simple intention to obtain some more information about section of the settlement that we did not know anything about. We selected

One of the most important sections of the site and of which we know very little is the northeastern slope, which descends from acropolis to the Kr{evica River. We got first information about traces of settlement from local inhabitants. They have been finding quite a lot of archaeological material there and under the humus layer where wall remains where they had taken stone from and used it for house construction. Site surveying, small-scale test

View of foothill of the site with northeastern slope before investigations of the suburbium (2003)

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

Investigations of the suburbium with buildings and structures in 2003 and 2005â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2006

2001 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2011

KALE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; KR[EVICA

View of suburbium with large platform and postholes dug into the virgin soil (2006)

location next to the slope to open the trench 3 x 6 m in size but owing to circumstances already first results of excavations entirely changed the course of investigations. First we discovered at the depth of 1.50 m the building, which was with its narrower side attached to the row of large stone blocks. When we continued excavations it became clear that row of symmetrical ashlars goes down to the depth of almost 3 meters and when we reached the level of underground water the works had been discontinued. Everything happening after 2003 had decisive impact not only on the method of excavations but also on the results of investigations as it became obvious that this site is much more complex than we expected. The

main reason for quite distinctive situation we encountered was rising of the underground waters level. This phenomenon dating already from time of active settlement life was certainly the reason for filling with earth earlier structures and adaptation to the new circumstances. Since that time everything had changed except the underground waters, so archaeological excavations at this site were possible only with permanent use of water pumps. Discovery at the foot of acropolis was a surprise not only for archaeologists but also for local inhabitants as there was no indication that at few meters depth under gardens and shrubs was large complex of buildings whose

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

North face of the wall of large platform (2007)

size still could not be estimated. Everything was hidden and protected by deep layers of accumulation resulting from washing away earth from nearby slope and sand brought from the Kr{evica River. Thus, since 2005 and by using necessary equipment our investigations have

been directed at the suburbium and works on the acropolis became of secondary importance. In the ensuing years investigated area reached over 1000 square meters and it has been divided in two segments considering its appearance and purpose. In the

View of large platform with tower (?) and horizon with owns

2001 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2011

KALE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; KR[EVICA

center is large stone platform built on both sides by rows of symmetrical blocks over two meters high. It is around five meters wide and after stretching for 12 meters it is divided in two forked walls built of massive blocks rising against the steep slope. It is assumed that this was the way to regulate draining of excess water in order to protect settlement from the effects of excessive rainfall. Next to the large platform to the north is the zone divided by beams into many rectangular fields. These as well as some other elements suggest the idea that substructure in upper zones was executed in combination of stone,

wood and adobe and that it was some kind of corner tower. The earliest horizon in the area to the north is characterized by zone of sandstone with many circular holes dug into the virgin soil. These holes of different size have almost as a rule vertical walls and horizontal bottom. The cliff below the slope is vertically carved and the channel with row of postholes was extending along it. Broad and deep grooves visible on the slope and used as beddings for horizontal beams as well as many postholes indicate wooden structures about which it is difficult to

Structure built of stone and wood and stands for water basins in the suburbium (2006)

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

Domed oven, stone spout in north profile and building from the latest horizon leaning to north face wall of large platform in suburbium (2006)

draw distinct conclusions. Same situation was encountered on the north profile where part of underpinning wall with large stone drain outlet is visible. Only evident signs of life in this horizon are floors of burned earth, i.e. the remains of ovens. About one meter above the virgin soil was cultural layer abounding in finds. Segments of wall of rectangular structure have been discovered closer to the large platform. This structure had many postholes in its south section indicating that it could have been a structure built of wood and stone. Within the structure were found two high stone stands next to each other and many fragments of fine pottery vessels were scattered everywhere around them. The stands were intended for water basins known as louterion or perirrhanterion usually used as ritual vessels and they are characteristic of the Greek lands or regions under Greek influence. In this case despite the fact that basins are missing it is not improbable that they belonged to the small shrine. On the other side, toward the north few bread ovens of different size have been found. They usually consist of firebox, substructure made of gravel and pottery frag-

ments, well burnt floor sometimes restored few times and the dome. These features were encountered in almost all sections of the site and could have belonged to the households or smaller workshops. Final important structure is the building consisting of two rooms that was built against the top of north face of large platform. Section next to the slope had stone oven and the entire structure was probably residential building. Foundations were made of broken stone and pebbles and they resemble according to general characteristics structures on the acropolis dating from the latest horizon.

WATER SUPPLY Investigations to the south of large platform commenced in 2007 when we came to conclusion that intensity of water influx is strongest in this section and that works are getting more difficult with every new excavated layer. The entire investigated area was identified as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;hydrotechnical complexâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; because it was obvious from the very beginning that most structures are associated with water

2001 –2011

KALE – KR[EVICA

South section of suburbium with water collection basin and barrel-vaulted building – reservoir (2007–2010)

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

supplying. It turned out at the end that such identification was absolutely justified. According to some indications it was assumed at first that settlement obtained water from wells or cisterns. When investigations at the foothill started and when it turned out that almost entire site is under water during whole year, it became obvious that there is a spring with large water potential under the Kale hill. The founders of settlement at Kr{evica searching for the high-quality water certainly explored various possibilities and finally decided to use permanent natural springs lying deep under the acropolis. Therefore it was necessary to build water tapping system including structures for collecting enough water, i.e. water collection basin and reservoir. Complete system is the segment of large platform, which had decisive role in this monumental project but we know very little about that on the whole. The sixteen meters long east wall starting at almost right angle from large platform could have been the rampart protecting settlement from the river. After the discovery of south wall leading to the slope the situation became clearer. The structure created closed area, the basin of around 210 square meters that was enclosed on three sides by wall of stone blocks and on the fourth by vertical cliff carved in the sandstone rock. In the center of that area is completely preserved barrel-vaulted building, for which we could say that it is so far the earliest example of antique architecture in Serbia. Large ashlars made of tuff and particularly precisely dressed in the interior rise from rectangular ground plan (10 x 6 m). On the top are two aligned openings – ‘well curbs’ of approximately identical size and the south one is completely preserved. The building, which was filled with heterogeneous material was emptied and explored to the depth of around 3.30 m. Because of large amount of water, mud and stone it was possible to see only two to three courses of ashlars at the top of vertical walls. The last course consists of row of symmetrical blocks with oval protrusions and then start large ashlars, which create 2.60 m high arch of the barrel vault. There

were at regular distance rectangular openings for horizontal beams, which supported platform of the scaffolding in the process of vault construction. The building has not been explored to the bottom because of the lack of necessary equipment and the danger to jeopardize whole structure while further emptying the building. It could have been assumed according to many tests that it was around 6 meters high while walls had been driven deep into rocky ground providing solidity and longevity of this imposing structure. Taking it simply, this system could have been functioning in the following way. From neighboring saturated layers water comes into large basin with gravel and sand and after filtration enters the reservoir of considerable capacity – building with barrel vault. Thanks to this accumulation system it is rough estimate that few thousand people could have been supplied with water. We must understand realization of this project as unique undertaking and challenge as it was based on application of Greek experience in the terrain with entirely different climatic, geological and hydrological characteristics. Therefore, we should not look for similar systems in the Mediterranean where karst terrain requires entirely different methods but among the water supplying structures used even today in the same region and differing only in the fact that modern technology is used today. One of the most complicated questions in this case is chronology, i.e. time of construction and then abandoning of this system. Material discovered within this complex does not offer more reliable backing as it consists mostly of fragments of vessels for everyday use. But if we know from chronologically relevant finds from acropolis that settlement was established at the beginning of the 4th century BC it seems logical that water supply system had been built by the middle of that century. This idea is in contradiction with widely spread opinion that barrel-vaulted structures originate in the east and that this architectural feature was brought to Macedonia and Greece in the time of conquest of Alexander the Great, i.e. not before the end of 4th century BC.

2001 –2011

KALE – KR[EVICA

Interior of vaulted building (2008)

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

After filling in of the vaulted building the latest horizon with ovens was established (2009)

However, Manolis Andronikos, explorer of well-known tomb in Vergina where Philip of Macedon was buried in 336 BC suggested the entirely different assumption. In Vergina was also used the barrel vault usually quoted as the oldest, so Andronikos assumed and with reason that â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;free archâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; was invented in Macedonia already in the mid 4th century BC and that corresponds with assumed date of construction of the Kr{evica reservoir. Therefore, the question of construction time of complex at Kr{evica must still remain open. It should be concluded according to the results of our investigations that barrel-vaulted building should be dated around the mid 4th century BC and it means that it is one of earliest if not the earliest structure of this type. This is even more surprising as the settlement in the Kr{evica river valley is far from civilized regions and urban centers especially because water supply systems are associated with cities planned and used for rather long time. We should emphasize for the time being conspicuous simi-

larity of the building techniques applied on the Macedonian tombs and the structure at Kr{evica. It could be one of the guidelines as it seems that skillful masons played here an active role. Whether construction of this expensive and sophisticated complex could be characterized as miscalculated investment we still do not know. Answer to this question could have been provided by its contemporaries who directly felt the consequences of this undertaking. In any case, the inhabitants of the settlement by the Kr{evica River were at some moment in time compelled to fill barrel-vaulted building, the precious water reservoir, with earth, stone, animal bones and other material and abandon entire system and cover it with earth. On top of the leveling layer was established new horizon where many ovens of diverse size and shape were discovered. The abandoning of water supply system forced the inhabitants to find out some other solutions but it was certainly considerable blow for the entire settlement.

2001 –2011

KALE – KR[EVICA

Fragments of Attic pottery

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

FINDS FROM KR[EVICA AND CONNECTIONS WITH THE AEGEAN

we discovered various shapes used for preparing and serving wine. Large number of fragments decorated with geometric and vegetable motifs comes from kantharoi of distinct type (Saint-Valentin vases) and that are of particular importance here because they date from the end of 5th or the beginning of the 4th century BC and correspond to the earliest horizon at the acropolis. Kantharoi – vessels with two vertical handles often changed their typological characteristics but they were indispensable as elements of table drinking sets. This also relates to other objects of the same purpose widely distributed during 4th century BC including skyphoi – vessels with rather small horizontal handles and decorated with figural representations or kylikes – shallow vessels with flat base or on foot. Integral parts of wine serving sets were kraters, vessels for mixing wine and water, strainers and jugs (oinochoai). There was also wide repertoire of vessels for serving food – plates, bowls and other types of tableware. This luxurious pottery has been used only for special occasions and for distinguished guests as it is indicated by graffiti – inscriptions on vessels consisting of letters, initials or names of their owners. Vessels of similar shape but of the characteristics identifying them as products of various local workshops are classified as distinct category. The examples are some reconstructed vessels and many fragments mostly discovered at the foot of the site. These are mostly wine jugs but there are also other shapes decorated with diverse motifs and of reddish, brown, dark brown and black color. This wide repertoire of pottery of decorative appearance is characterized by the fact that it does not have so far closer analogies. Assumption that it belongs to the north Aegean, Thracian or Paeonian pottery has not been confirmed so far, so it must be taken into consideration that this pottery originates from local workshops located in the settlement. It is also not easy to establish precise provenance for other imported objects. This concerns wine amphorae, which are of particular significance as they were elements

Investigations at Kr{evica have revealed very soon that this site is exceptionally affluent in finds. Large quantity of archaeological material mostly wide repertoire of pottery of diverse origin and different quality has been discovered in the course of archaeological excavations. The ratio of imported vessels is small in comparison with total amount of pottery finds but these imported pieces are of exceptional chronological importance. This pottery dates from the period between the end of 5th to the first decades of 3rd century and it is actually the period from the beginning to the end of life at the Kr{evica settlement. Archaeological excavations are not completed, so it is difficult to make more detailed analyses. We are presenting here just some basic characteristics of discovered material that offer valuable data about connections between the Aegean and this settlement in the heart of the Balkans. Attic pottery is distinct type of luxurious vessels made of fine fabric clay, with thin walls coated with black glaze and often decorated with painted figures and ornaments. The shapes are standard so it is possible to identify with more or less probability the type of vessels on the basis of even small fragments. In most instances

Attic skyphos and kantharos of St. Valentin type

Painted vessels from local workshops

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

of large trade on international scale. During excavations at Kr{evica fragments of amphorae have been discovered within entire area, from the acropolis to the suburbium, while many pieces have been gathered in the course of site surveying. These fragments were usually scattered over large area so their reconstruction requires much time and effort. Despite considerable amount of finds their attribution to distinct centers is not reliable as there was small number of fragments with preserved stamps as the most reliable indicators. Only small percentage of amphorae could have been so far identified with certainty according to stamps on handles. They all come from Thasos and date from the end of 5th to the middle of 4th century BC. This could indicate importing of Thasos wine to Kr{evica. But, we must take into account also similar amphora shapes of wider chronological span that relate to the ‘Thasos circle’ or north Aegean area, in particular Chalkidiki. These are products from wine-producing regions, first of all Mende, then Akanthos but also from other parts of the Aegean (Chios, Samos Péparéthos and others). In our case however there is not only question of origin but also the routes along which the wine had been brought to the north. As amphorae were not suitable for transportation over the Balkan roads it is quite possible that much more suitable containers like barrels or wineskins could have been used. The sets for serving drink appropriate for every age, sex and social class are best evidence for wine consuming and inclinations of that time inhabitants of Kr{evica. The largest amount of material discovered in the course of archaeological excavations was local pottery made after Greek models. This pottery is often identified as ‘Hellenized’ or ‘gray’ pottery and it is characteristic of wide area on the periphery of the Mediterranean zone. Finds from Kr{evica include large selection of various shapes of tableware and kitchenware as well as vessels of large size used as storage containers (just for illustration we could mention over 130,000 pottery fragments hith-

Graffiti on fragments of Attic vessels, letter E and name ²‘Ar³modio²n³ (?)

erto recoded at the site). Besides standard and wide repertoire we also encountered certain shapes, which like elements of Balkan heritage, date from some earlier periods. We could easily recognize them as variants of small two-handled vessels of kantharos type, some types of bowls and particularly hand-made pots and vessels of coarse fabric that did not change much in the course of time. Pottery from Kr{evica generally reveals considerable similarity with finds from Paeonia or Thrace but more recent results suggest certain characteristics, which place local pottery from the settlement in much more restricted framework. Namely, there is the stamp with lunar letter E (epsilon) on many vessels that was impressed in soft clay before firing. Why these stamps were encountered only on smaller vessels like plates or bowls it is difficult to guess but it is usually considered that these are signs of workshops or settlement names. Such large quantity of pottery material from Kr{evica could be explained only by existence of pottery workshop working to satisfy the needs of the settlement. In contrast to such elaborate pottery production metal finds from the settlement are much more modest. In the first place there is numismatic material, which follows the sequence and intensity of currency arrival to this site. The earliest specimen is silver tetradrachm of Damastion discovered in the vicinity of the site and dated to the beginning of the 4th century BC. Then follows bronze coins of Philip II of Macedon, few silver

2001 –2011

KALE – KR[EVICA

Stamps from the handles of Thasos amphorae and vessel fragment with lunar stamp E from local workshop

tetradrachms of Alexander the Great, tetradrachm of Paeonian king Audeleon, bronze specimens of Cassander and town of Uranopolis in Chalkidiki, silver coins of Pelagia similar to the coinage of Damastion and two latest pieces discovered at acropolis are coins of Demetrios Poliorketes minted in Amphipolis (294–288 BC). In this way also from numismatic point of view could be completed the period from establishment to disappearance of this large settlement, which left deep traces in the Ju`na Morava valley. Other metal objects found during excavations include many iron, bronze and lead fragments, which are deformed and difficult to identify. There were also found many iron nails, rivets, small knives, borers, chisels, axes, bronze vessels, needles and the like. It is interesting that there were almost no weapons and few spearheads, arrowheads and lead projectiles could be also elements of hunting gear. There were also found hinged fibulae of bronze or iron, bronze ‘Thracian’ fibulae and double pins, which had very distinctive role as ornaments. Other jewelry pieces include few finger rings, earrings and certain number of glass beads and one amber bead. These are all rather cheap products used in everyday life and then lost by negligence or discarded as useless. Identical objects

made of silver and gold could be expected in graves but for the time being we have just vague indications about possible location where Kr{evica inhabitants buried their dead. Necropolis was situated according to certain assumptions at the location of modern village, under houses and gardens, but investigations have not been conducted in that area.

Local kitchenware

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

Main shapes of local pottery at Kr{evica: drinking vessels (1–6 kantharoi, 7 kylix, 8–10 skyphoi) and tableware (11–16 plates, 17–19 bowls)

2001 –2011

KALE – KR[EVICA

Main shapes of local pottery at Kr{evica: vessels for wine and drinks (20 oinochoe, 21 jug, 22 krater), kitchenware (23–27 dishes, 28 pot, 29 bread baking vessel), vessels for water – hydriai (30–31) and vessel for storing food (32 pithos)

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

ELEMENTS OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIFE

Structures on the acropolis could be classified by all their characteristics as structures of public importance including as we already mentioned tower, storehouse and shrine. Shrine is identified on the basis of two altars in northeastern section of the plateau. These altars were in the structure with sacrificial altar where rituals had been taking place and it is not impossible that they were of public character. The discovery, however, of yet another house altar in southwestern section of the acropolis makes us to assume that these were private houses with altars where rituals dedicated to house-guarding gods or ancestors had been performed. We could assume some-

Investigations at Kr{evica as it could be seen included only smaller sections of the site and were concentrated at two opposite sides â&#x20AC;&#x201C; acropolis and suburbium by the river. Hence the results also rather outlined their differences than resemblances, so we could get certain impressions but not the idea about whole settlement. Therefore, when public and private life is concerned we could only offer some examples from the site just as illustration of these two spheres, which are usually difficult to distinguish.

Complex of structures on the acropolis (2005), house altar on the acropolis (2004)

Concentration of pottery (pithoi, hydriai, amphorae) to the west of vaulted building â&#x20AC;&#x201C; reservoir

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

thing similar when many structures in northeastern section of the plateau are concerned and which by all appearances were well-equipped households. There were found in addition to bread ovens also millstones, fragments of vessels and animal bones indicating that this section of acropolis had been densely populated. If the excavations could be extended also to northeastern slope then we should certainly get much better idea about the section of settlement where most of inhabitants had lived.

Objects important for food production that were frequently found besides domed ovens are millstones made of hard stone â&#x20AC;&#x201C; basalt. They consisted of rather large slab and rectangular container with slit in the middle and grain was ground by moving the stone forward and backward. More sophisticated implement also appeared as innovation in the settlement. It was smaller and more efficient rotating millstone. Considering large amount of mostly fragmented pieces it could be concluded that

Finds of cult character associated with vaulted building: two vessels (oinochoe and hydria), bucranium (Bos Primigenius) and bones discovered inside the reservoir

2001 –2011

KALE – KR[EVICA

almost every house had not only millstone but also special vessel for baking bread and eventually domed oven to satisfy their needs. Large amount of osteological material discovered in archaeological layers provided valuable data about the diet of the inhabitants. Palaeozoological analysis based on the sample of around 10,000 specimens revealed the diversity and importance of fauna in the life of this settlement. Because of exceptionally suitable position not only all species of domesticated animals were raised but there was also great variety of game in the immediate vicinity. Considerable assortment of food also had impact on wide repertoire of vessels often of sophisticated shapes so it seems that diet in Kr{evica had certain culinary ambitions based on Mediterranean cooking but adapted to the local climatic characteristics. In such circumstances besides satisfying everyday needs we could certainly assume the feasts attended by local population on special occasions. At the foot of site we are primarily concerned with system of structures supplying water for the population.

This was probably the largest project and most expensive investment of interest for the population. How water had been distributed to all settlement sections could be concluded so far on the basis of large number of water vessels – hydriai encountered scattered all over the site but highest concentration was around the reservoir. This public place certainly had important role in everyday life and it is quite common that few finds related to the cult and dedicated to distinct deities have been found within that area. Head of auroch (Bos Primigenius), animal which became extinct long time ago had been deposited at the location immediately next to reservoir. How large it was could be estimated according to the horn span, which is 1.36 m. At few meters distance two vessels were found next to each other, vessels for water and wine – oinochoe and hydria. They had holes in the bottom so it is assumed that they were used for libation – offering of fluid sacrifice to the gods. Fragments of many vessels mostly pithoi, hydriai and amphorae were scattered over large area to the west and under stone blocks but real reason

Stands for water basins and their representation on the Attic vessel

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

Scene with the loom from Attic vessel and loom weights

for this pottery concentration is still unknown. Rather interesting find has been discovered in the process of emptying the reservoir. We retrieved from water and mud stone blocks, some pottery and many animal bones. We thought at first that it was huge amount of discarded material. The analyses, however, revealed that there were skeletons of ten horses and twenty dogs. It is hard to believe that only valuable thoroughbred animals like riding horses and purebred dogs were victims of some pestilence. It was obviously some kind of ritual but we could only guess its character. Fragments of sculls of few red deers with large antlers have been found in the area to the north of large platform. Hunting big game in nearby forests was common and probably some of these trophies had been dedicated to the hunting cult. The remains of a structure next to which were placed two high stands for water basins have been discovered in approximately same section of the site. These features of ritual character were in the

Greek world usually placed in front of the shrines. In this case the appearance of this structure, fragments of luxurious vessels as well as stone stands could indicate one of the shrines in the Kr{evica settlement. One of widely-spread everyday activities in this settlement was certainly weaving. Almost two thousand ceramic loom weights as parts of weaving looms, spindle whorls and spools and similar implements have been discovered so far at Kr{evica. Large amount of these finds discovered within the settlement could be explained only as result of intensive weaving activity in most households, which possessed all necessary resources. It is obvious from palaeozoological analyses that sheep and goat bones made most of faunal remains and they had been raised also for wool. Weaving is well-known activity in each household traditionally practiced by girls and women. Making of clothes certainly must have had important role in satisfying basic vital needs in continental climate.

Kr {e

Kale â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Kr{evica 2011, 3D situation

vic

ive r

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

KR[EVICA, DAMASTIONâ&#x20AC;Ś

rampart made of broken stone does not instill confidence even if we take into account all subsequent damages, because we would expect massive walls of acropolis in crucial locations. The situation encountered by investigators is the picture of an impoverished settlement. The parallels with suburbium could be found in the building leaning to the large platform and ovens from the latest horizon. Great differences in the quality of architecture and organization of this area within the settlement, which lasted somewhat over hundred years, could be explained in different ways, from influence of natural factors and decline of economic circumstances to certain population changes. Nevertheless, all assumptions remain at the guessing level because many crucial elements are not yet known and the impression is that investigations are just at the beginning. Partially related to this is also another question. Namely, after discoveries from the Early Iron Age it was

Ten years of investigations at Kr{evica yielded some amazing results but we could not expect prompt answers to many questions. When, for instance, complex with monumental structures was discovered at the foot of the site it was immediately apparent that these buildings are entirely different from structures from the latest phase on the acropolis. The earlier layers have been only partially investigated and there were no traces corresponding to the structures at the foot. The only exception could be one corner stone block incorporated as spolia in tower foundations. If we go on the premise that acropolis with its dominant position must have had from the beginning the attributes of central place, which guards and organizes life in the settlement, then we must be disappointed with hitherto obtained results. Despite the fact that fortification had impressive ditch the discovered

Stratigraphic situation on the acropolis from the earliest to the latest horizon (2005)

2001 –2011

KALE – KR[EVICA

Detail of cut stones and ashlars on large platform

at first logical to assume that local population played active part in the life of this settlement. It turned out that according to archaeological data this section of Ju`na Morava valley was since the end of the 6th century scarcely populated and that it is difficult to find any convincing traces of settlements or necropoles from that period. Besides, all archaeological material discovered at Kr{evica refers to the Greek models, so it seems that there was no local pottery at all. Thus, if we want to answer the question who were the inhabitants of this settlement we could offer only some optional assumptions – Greek colonists, Hellenized foreigners, barbarians who gained Greek experiences… After all, we came to conclusion that about identity of this population we know, for example, approximately as much as about slaves and slavery at Kr{evica. This parallel is not accidental because we are facing quite concrete problem: what labor force together with engineers and skilled craftsmen erected with such high skill walls and structures like the water reservoir by the Kr{evica River? This is just one of Kr{evica enigmas, which we have to solve by carefully analyzing obtained results, multidisciplinary methodological approach and

by gathering additional data in order to avoid all types of guessing. One of crucial questions is also why settlement at Kr{evica had been abandoned. It has been supposed that reasons for rising of underground water level were minor climatic changes or consequences of human activity that could had impact on serious changes of the local ecosystem. Unfortunately, the results obtained so far provide rather incomplete answers even to some basic questions like whether filling the water supply system with earth or subsequent abandoning of settlement could be explained by natural phenomena, forced departure of inhabitants because settlement lost its primary function or it was the result of outside pressures. The last question is not easier but it is certainly rather intriguing. We have already been discussing the settlement with characteristics of Greek civilization that was situated far in the north in the barbarian surroundings. After investigations at Kr{evica it became obvious how serious must have been the reasons for establishing settlement far from that time centers of civilization and that settlement thanks to resources maintained connections

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

with the Aegean for over hundred years. Only products, which could provide survival and prosperity of this community at that time, were precious metals – silver and gold. Kr{evica is situated in the metallogenic zone with rich deposits of lead and zinc that extends from the Chalkidiki further to the north along Serbian–Bulgarian border. One of inescapable examples is the enigmatic case of Damastion. Antique geographer Strabo who lived at the turn of old into new era speaks about mining town somewhere in the Illyric lands in the 4th century BC that minted coins and also trade in silver. He also mentions that Damastion was founded by refugees from the isle of Aegina and colonists from the town of Mende. This is not the occasion to go into these complex questions but, for example, we could compare these two sites each of them important in their own way. At one side is Damastion, town so far not precisely located and at the other Kale at Kr{evica, nameless but sole urban settlement situated in the area separating Illyria from Thrace.

Could we solve both problems at one stroke and locate Damastion in the Ju`na Morava valley? There are arguments pro and contra this thesis so all conclusions are still premature and this dilemma should be solved by further investigations. In the course of excavations at Kr{evica no traces of substantial metallurgical activities have been discovered and impression is that settlement was rather used as center for distribution metal to other regions. About commodities, which traveled south we could hardly expect more precise information but on the other hand we have many results bearing witness not only about products, which arrived from the Aegean via the valleys of the rivers Vardar, P~inja or Struma but also about Greek presence at Kr{evica. This problem would have been much easier to solve if we have found on the vessels instead of mark ‘E’ the stamps with letter D ²amastion³ but in any case Kale represents for the time being one of potential solutions, which could not be overlooked.

Tetradrachm of Damastion from the beginning of the 4th century BC and silver coin of Pelagia from the beginning of the 3rd century BC Map with position of the Kr{evica site

2001 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2011

KALE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; KR[EVICA

View of the site from the northwest (2003)

SCORDISCI ON THE FRINGES OF HELLENISTIC WORLD

the Sava and the Danube. Pannonia and Danube valley thus became starting points for groups of belligerent Celts who soon flooded parts of the Balkans and in 279 BC invaded Macedonia and Greece and attacked famous sanctuary at Delphi. One of main directions of their intrusion to the south was the Morava valley and settlement at Kr{evica was at the location, which could not have been overlooked. In such circumstances usually some devastating assault is assumed after which life at Kale should come to an abrupt end but our excavations so far could

There is only few data in archaeological literature about the end of Early Iron Age in central Balkans and only historical events bring in a dramatic way the inhabitants of the Morava valley in connection with the Celtic conquerors. At the end of 4th century BC the Celts occupied large parts of Carpathian basin and settled the regions around

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

La Tène pits on the acropolis (2004–2005)

2001 –2011

KALE – KR[EVICA

not confirm that. We know quite a lot about Celtic invasion from antique written sources but at archaeological level these events did not left much evidence and that makes additional problem for the investigators. As it is well-known, after defeat at Delphi the Celts retreated in different directions and according to these sources just one group returned where it came from and settled the area around the Sava and the Danube and took the name of Scordisci. From that time the Celts dominated most important routes in the central Balkans until the arrival of the Romans in the end of 1st century BC.

Middle La Tène bronze fibulae (mid-2nd century BC) Reconstructed La Tène vessels discovered in pit 1 (2001)

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

It is not known much about their relations with Hellenistic world in the 3rd/2nd centuries BC and they probably took part as mercenaries in the armies of Macedonian rulers. Something that brings closer the Scordisci and other Balkan barbarians to the Hellenistic regions was the expansionistic policy of Rome in the Balkans. Considerable changes happened with the fall of Macedonian kingdom in 168 BC and establishing of the Roman province some twenty years later. In the ensuing decades frequent plundering raids followed and the Scor-

disci besides other Balkan barbarians also took part in them as one of main organizers. In these actions they penetrated far to the south plundering prosperous regions and the Romans often had problems resisting such aggressive and numerous enemy. These clashes continued with varying fortunes of war until first decades of the 1st century BC when in one such campaign Scordisci together with Maedi and Dardanians plundered and burned down sanctuary at Delphi and that provoked decisive Roman reaction. Around 84 BC army commander

Complex with structures on the acropolis. Numbers denote locations of La TĂ¨ne pits

2001 –2011

KALE – KR[EVICA

Territory of the Scordisci in 2nd/1st centuries BC with important sites

1. ^arnok 2. ^urug 3. Osijek 4. Plavna 5. Turski [anac 6. Privlaka 7. Orolik 8. Gradina on Bosut 9. Sr. Mitrovica 10. Gomolava 11. Pe}inci 12. Kupinovo 13. St. Slankamen 14. Surduk 15. N. Banovci 16. Zemun 17. Beograd (Karaburma, Rospi ]uprija) 18. Brestovik 19. @idovar 20. Kostolac 21. Mala Vrbica (Ajmana, Konopi{te) 22. Vajuga – Pesak 23. Para}in 24. Kr{evica 25. Pre{evo – Kacipup

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

Cornelius Scipio Asiagenes managed to defeat the Scordisci heavily and expel them to the north towards the Danube and their homelands. We know about these events from historical sources but thanks to the results of investigation at Kr{evica we now have also additional evidence. At the beginning of excavations on the acropolis we have been surprised by numerous finds of La Tène pottery discovered in the surface layers, which were considerably damaged by soil cultivation. It has been mostly concentrated in southwestern section of the plateau but it turned out later that most material has been discovered in the structures in central area where was also the complex with buildings. There were encountered circular pits dug into earlier layers and which by all their characteristics were of cult purpose. As element of ritual there were mostly broken vessels together with other finds and many of these vessels have been reconstructed. On the whole pottery shapes could be classified into few basic categories. Considerable number of vessels is of the type characteristic of Late La Tène production from the territory of Scordisci particularly in the areas around the Sava and the Danube. It is worth mentioning here that besides standard shapes including ‘S’ shaped bowls, pots and the like there were also specimens made under conspicuous Hellenistic influence: two-handled vessel of the kantharos type with high foot and polished ornament, deep bowls inspired by the Megarian bowls or vessels with lid resembling the Greek lekanides. It is evident that their stay in the south had impact also in the field of pottery production. The coarse pottery mostly includes pots with broom stroke motifs, which are frequent among the Scordisci as well as among the Dacians but ‘Dacian cups’ clearly indicates their provenance. Other vessels of coarse fabric and frequently of large size are simple and mainly functional shapes and could date from the end of

Early Iron Age. Such vessels could remain in use in local milieu for quite a long time without any substantial changes. The Hellenistic pottery has hitherto been discovered in these pits relatively rarely. Two discoveries at the foot of site offered valuable information about beginning of the Celtic presence at Kr{evica. These are two bronze fibulae of Middle La Tène type dating from the middle of the 2nd century BC, i.e. from the same period when first clashes with the Romans also started. Other finds, first of all ceramic material according to all main characteristics corresponds to the final decades of the 2nd century BC and to the 1st century BC. Particularly interesting is large selection of shapes, which could be associated with ethnic groups taking part in these joint undertakings. According to antique sources also Thracian tribes, Dacians, Dardanians and Triballi are mentioned besides the Scordisci as members of this large coalition. It is clear after these discoveries at Kr{evica that important stronghold and refuge of the Scordisci and other barbarians was established at the location of ruins of antique acropolis over hundred years after it had been abandoned. It was at exceptionally good position on well protected plateau dominating the Vranje plain and two important communications leading to the south – valleys of the Morava River and the Kr{evica River with the P~inja were in the immediate vicinity. Many La Tène finds have been discovered except at Kr{evica also in the vicinity indicating that Scordisci dominated the Ju`na Morava valley from the middle of the 2nd century BC thus becoming Roman neighbors. For the Romans it was sufficient reason to attack Scordisci and defeat them in decisive battle in 84 BC by all appearances somewhere in the Pre{evo plain. After loosing that battle the Scordisci retreated northwards and their stronghold at the site Kale at Kr{evica was abandoned for ever.

Excavation works in 2008

Nenad Radoj~i}

EXCAVATIONS AT KR[EVICA AND CONSERVATION WORKS AT THE SITE

FIRST ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS at Kr{evica had been conducted in 1966. After rather long pause excavations have been resumed in 2001 thanks to the financial support provided by Government of Serbia Coordination Body for the Municipalities of Pre{evo, Bujanovac and Medvedja and Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Serbia. The entire site was covered with thick vegetation and only after taking off the shrubbery it was possible to establish the orthogonal grid and open few test trenches. First results were encouraging and already in the following year this project was supported with considerable resources by UNDP and American Non-government Organization CHF. Despite the fact that funding was mostly directed toward local population, i.e. for employment of local inhabitants on field works, the effects were more than significant. Thus in 2002–2003 campaign besides excavations at the acropolis the vegetation was removed from the entire site and that made possible obtaining of comprehensive picture about this site and also multi-functional structure was constructed. Since the year 2004 Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Serbia took over the financing of investigations at Kale – Kr{evica and because of exceptional

results this site has been declared as site of exceptional importance. As Kr{evica is situated in the Municipality of Bujanovac, one of the most indigent regions in the south of Serbia great contribution through public works was provided by Ministry of Labor and Social Policy and the Ministry of Economy and Regional Development (2006–2007, 2009). Large number of local inhabitants took part in these activities and for them it was the only source of income. The financial resources have been used not only for working at the site and its maintaining but also for taking care of the surrounding area, village houses and gardens, which are located at the archaeological site. As part of these activities the access road to the site with parking lot has been constructed and on many occasions certain activities were conducted on the bank and plateau along the Kr{evica River. All this made possible organizing of annual manifestations in the area in front of the site visited by many local inhabitants and residents of the nearby villages. Already at the very beginning of excavations when walls and later on complete buildings were discovered on the acropolis the need arose to commence activities for

2001 –2011

KALE – KR[EVICA

Phases of investigation and protection of structures in the suburbium in 2008–2011

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

View of water supply system in the process of protective filling in with earth in 2011. Assumed view in the 4th century BC

protection of discovered structures. At first, as some kind of preventive conservation the structures were covered with plastic foils and layer of earth but later on the use of geotextile fabric proved to be much more efficient. Situation in the suburbium was much more complicated. Since 2005 most of the site was under water most of the year so archaeological activities were preceded by preparation works including draining and then drying and cleaning of the entire investigation area. The pumps of various types and capacity have been used for that

purpose and it was necessary to organize twenty-four hour duty. Because of permanent change of water level the walls and high profiles have been undermined and that endangered the entire site more and more every year. In order to prevent that wooden shutters and bags of sand had been assembled, while upper zones of structures and excavated areas were covered with geotextile fabric. Despite all attempts to protect the site as much as possible unwelcome consequences of permanent effects of underground waters became more and more obvious. Frequent

2001 –2011

KALE – KR[EVICA

Phases of protective filling in of the water reservoir in 2011

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

changes of temperature and water level endangered structures made of large blocks carved of tuff â&#x20AC;&#x201C; rock of relative softness and low strength. It turned out that preventive conservation activities conducted so far did not provide protection for longer period of time. When project of salvaging of so-called hydrotechnical complex using drainage installations and wall consolidation turned out to be too expensive we decided to partially bury the structure assuming that in such a way by filling water collection basin with layers of gravel and sand up to the openings for water on the reservoir we could get the impression of water supplying system as it was in the 4th century BC. This solution was risky to a certain extent as it was not certain that filling with earth would successfully lower the water level and thus made possible presentation of the entire complex. Our fears proved justified. When the work was finished and pumps tuned off water level continued to rise and soon covered the highest parts of the building with barrel vault. There were no other possibilities in that situation but to decide after consulting representatives of the Ministry of Culture and Office for Protection of Cultural Monuments in Ni{ to cover with earth complete structure above the level of underground waters. It has been completed in November of 2011 using machinery and after all delicate structures have been secured. At present all buildings are covered with earth and on the surface remained only walls made of massive ashlars that are next to the slope and that once were used

to collect water and protect the settlement from excessive rainfall. Suspension of further works and covering the site at the foothill with earth revealed that there is at this moment neither satisfactory solution to a problem of underground waters nor the possibility to present to the public complete water supply system from the 4th century BC as one of remarkable examples of antique architecture from the periphery of Mediterranean world. Despite clear indications that there are in this sector structures, which in broad zone extend along the Kr{evica River it is now obvious that investigations of the best preserved parts of this settlement must be left for some better times. Disregarding present circumstances all hitherto obtained results reveal that long-lasting, systematic and large scale investigations at this archaeological site, which deserves special place in the Spatial Plan of the P~inja region could offer good perspective and stimulus for sustainable development of this region. We should remember that Kale at Kr{evica is situated between Corridor 10 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; main highway connecting central Europe and Greece via the Moravaâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Vardar valley and the road leading to the Republic of Macedonia bypassing the Prohor P~injski monastery on its route. In accordance with the projects related to the infrastructure of this part of Bujanovac Municipality, Kale at Kr{evica represents important point as cultural monument and tourist destination.

ABBREVIATIONS: D – diameter Dr – diameter of rim Db – diameter of base L – length h – height

Vera Krsti} and Aca Djordjevi}

CATALOGUE

1. Kantharos Suburbium, trench E, 2008, 91523/08 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze Dimensions Dr 9.1 cm; Db 4.1 cm; h 7.1 cm 4th century BC Kantharos (bowl-kantharos) of spherical shape with molded foot and with two high arched handles. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of very fine-grained sand, red-brown fired, brown glossy slip on the inside and on the outside.

3. Kantharos Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90782/05 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze, painting Dimensions Dr 7.9 cm; h 7.1 cm 4th/3rd century BC Kantharos with flat (stirrup) handle. Rim, neck part of fluted body and fragment of one handle are preserved. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of very fine-grained sand, red fired, with brown glossy slip. Small branch is brown painted on the neck.

Literature: Popovi} 2012: Fig. 8.

Unpublished

2. Kantharos Suburbium, trench E, 2008, 91524/08 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze Dimensions Dr 9.6 cm; Db 4.3 cm; h 7.2 cm 4th century BC Kantharos (bowl-kantharos) of spherical shape with molded foot and with two high arched handles. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of very fine-grained sand, red-brown fired, brown glossy slip on the inside and on the outside. Handles are damaged.

4. Bowl (Echinus bowl) Suburbium, trench E, 2003, 91525/03 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze, stamped ornament, serrated wheel Dimensions Dr 9.1 cm; Db 4.1 cm; h 7.1 cm 4th/3rd century BC Calotte-shaped bowl with inverted rim and ring-like base. Decorated with four palmette surrounded by ornament executed by serrated wheel. Made of clay with admixture of fine-grained sand, red fired, with brown glossy slip.

Literature: Popovi} 2012: Fig. 8.

Literature: Popovi} 2005a: 167, pl. I.13; Popovi} 2007a: 129, fig. 5.4.

KALE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; KR[EVICA

2001â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2011

5 5. Bowl Suburbium, trench E, 2008, 91526/08 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze, stamped ornament, serrated wheel Dimensions Dr 11.4 cm; Db 7.7 cm; h 3.5 cm 4th/3rd century BC Calotte-shaped bowl (Echinus bowl) with slightly inverted rim and ring-like base. Decorated with four palmette surrounded by ornament executed by serrated wheel on the inside. It is made of clay with admixture of very finegrained sand, red fired and with brown glossy slip.

Unpublished

6. Bowl Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90762/05 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze, stamped ornament, serrated wheel

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

Dimensions Dr 16.5 cm; Db 10.4 cm; h 4.6 cm 4th/3rd century BC Calotte-shaped bowl with slightly inverted rim and ringlike base. Decorated with four palmette surrounded by ornament executed by serrated wheel on the inside. It is made of clay with admixture of very fine-grained sand, light brown fired and with brown glossy slip.

7. Bowl Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 91527/05 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze Dimensions Dr 10 cm; Db 6.3 cm; h 4.9 cm 4th/3rd century BC Calotte-shaped bowl with inverted rim and ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of very fine-grained sand, red fired, red-brown glossy slip.

8. Plate Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90783/05 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze Dimensions Dr 13.6 cm; Db 8.3 cm; h 1,9 cm 4th century BC Shallow plate with rounded rim and ring-like base. On the inside is pronounced rib and there is groove on the rim. It is made of clay with admixture of very fine-grained sand, red fired, dark brown glossy slip. Two concentric circles are painted on the outside.

Unpublished

KALE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; KR[EVICA

2001â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2011

9. Phiale Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90807/05 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze Dimensions Dr 16 cm; Db 3.1 cm; h 4.9 cm 4th century BC Calotte-shaped phiale with horizontally everted rim. Channels are engraved on the outside. It is made of clay with admixture of very fine-grained sand, red fired, with dark brown glossy slip. The base is concave.

10. Phiale Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90806/05 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze Dimensions Dr 15.2 cm; Db 4.7 cm; h 4.5 cm 4th century BC Calotte-shaped phiale with horizontally everted rim. It is made of clay with admixture of very fine-grained sand, red fired, with dark brown glossy slip. The base is concave.

Literature: Popovi} 2006: 527. fig. 8.6; Popovi} 2007a: 129, fig. 5.3; Popovi} 2012: fig. 9.

Literature: Popovi} 2012: fig. 9.

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

13. Kantharos Fragment Acropolis, ditch A, 2002, 93977/02 Clay, wheel-made, St. Valentin Dimensions 3.4 x 4.1 cm 4th century BC Preserved fragment of horizontally everted kantharos rim decorated with black tongue motifs. Below is the field with white painted laurel branch and large fruits on black background. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of very fine sand, red fired and painted.

Literature: Krsti} 2005: 196, T. II.3.

14. Kantharos Fragment Acropolis, room B, 2005, 93218/05 Clay, wheel-made, St. Valentin Dimensions 3.6 x 3.2 cm 5th/4th century BC Preserved fragment of horizontally everted kantharos rim decorated with black tongues and dots. There is vertical field with white painted wavy line framed by white painted dots.Vessel is made of clay with admixture of very fine sand, red fired and painted.

11. Lamp Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 91528/05 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze, black-figure style Dimensions D 9.1 cm; h 2.2 cm 4th century BC Lamp of circular (disc) shape with preserved part of one wick opening and traces of another. On the side of the body is brown painted wavy line and on the top are transversal zigzag lines. It is made of clay with admixture of very fine-grained sand, red fired with black glaze and black-figure painted.

Unpublished

12. Kantharos Fragment Acropolis, trench N 11, 2001, 93722/01 Clay, wheel-made, St. Valentin Dimensions 4.4 x 4.3 cm 5th/4th century BC Fragment of horizontally everted rim of St. Valentin kantharos decorated with tongue pattern painted brown on light background. Below tongue motif are two horizontal lines and broad field with rhomboid motifs painted black and white on light background. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of very fine sand, red fired and painted. 12â&#x20AC;&#x201C;15

Literature: Krsti} 2005: 196, T. II.1.

KALE – KR[EVICA

2001–2011

15. Kantharos Fragment Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 93224/05 Lay, wheel-made, St. Valentin Dimensions 2.6 x 3.8 cm 5th/4th century BC Fragment of neck and body of kantharos with pronounced junction of neck and body of the vessel. Small segment of vertical field with white painted branch and below is horizontal field with white painted zigzag line. There is also horizontal field with dark brown painted tongues on light background. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of very fine sand, red fired and painted.

17. Skyphos Fragment Acropolis, trench N 9, 2001, 93711/01 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze, red-figure style Dimensions 2.8 x 2.8 cm 4th century BC Fragment of rim and neck of skyphos with preserved segment of figure – part of right profile and shoulders covered with chiton. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of very fine sand, red fired, dark brown glossy slip, red painted.

Literature: Krsti} 2005: 196, T. II.2.

Literature: Krsti} 2005: 203, T. V.39.

16. Skyphos Fragment Acropolis, trench N 9, 2001, 93781/01 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze, red-figure style Dimensions 3.1 x 3.7 cm 4th century BC Fragment of rim and neck of skyphos with preserved part of painted figure – right profile, shoulders and segment of clothing – chiton with pleats and behind the figure is trace of floral ornament. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of very fine sand, red fired with dark brown glossy slip and red painted.

18. Skyphos Fragment Acropolis, trench N 11, 2003, 93200/03 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze, red-figure style Dimensions 4.4 x 4.3 cm 4th century BC Fragment of rim and neck of skyphos with preserved part of painted figure – right profile, shoulders and segment of clothing – chiton with pleats and behind the figure is trace of floral ornament. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of very fine sand, red fired with dark brown glossy slip and red painted.

Literature: Krsti} 2005: 203, T. V.38.

Literature: Krsti} 2005: 203, T. V.41.

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

19. Skyphos Fragment Acropolis, trench S, 2002, 94000/02 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze, red-figure style Dimensions 3.2 x 2.4 cm 4th century BC Fragment of rim and neck of skyphos with preserved part of painted figure – right profile, shoulders and segment of clothing – chiton with pleats and behind the figure is trace of floral ornament. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of very fine sand, red fired with dark brown glossy slip and red painted.

21. Skyphos Fragment Acropolis, room A, 2005, 93219/05 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze, red-figure style Dimensions 3.1 x 2.3 cm 4th century BC Fragment of rim and neck of skyphos with preserved painted segment of female figure – left profile and shoulders. Ornament in the hair is painted white. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of very fine sand, red fired with dark brown glossy slip and painted red. Literature: Popovi} 2007a: fig. 8.5.

Literature: Krsti} 2005: 204, T. V.40.

22. Vessel Fragment Acropolis, trench N 11, 2001, 93720/01 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze, red-figure style Dimensions 4.3 x 4.4 cm 4th century BC Fragment of the vessel body with painted duck. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of very fine sand, orangered fired, with dark brown glossy slip and painted in orange-red color.

20. Skyphos Fragment Acropolis, trench N 11, 2003, 93196/03 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze, red-figure style Dimensions 7.3 x 5.2 cm 4th century BC Fragment of rim and neck of skyphos with preserved handle fragment below the rim. On the rim between the handles is the ornament of Ionian cyma. Only small part of right figure, segment of hair and back, is preserved and behind the figure is floral ornament. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of very fine sand, red fired with dark brown glossy slip and red painted.

Literature: Popovi} 2005: 165, pl. I.9.

Literature: Krsti} 2005: 204, T. V.43.

KALE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; KR[EVICA

2001â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2011

23. Amphora Suburbium, trench E, 2010, 91485/10 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 13 cm; Db 9 cm; h 73 cm 5th/4th century BC (Mende) Amphora of ovoid shape with tall hyperboloid neck, rounded everted rim and two strap handles starting below the neck and finishing on the vessel shoulder. Base is of mushroom shape. It is made of clay with admixture of coarse sand and white-red fired. Letter T engraved on the amphora shoulder. Unpublished

24. Amphora Suburbium, trench E, 2006, 94315/06 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 11 cm; Db 5.5 cm; h 73 cm 5th/4th century BC Amphora of ovoid shape with tall hyperboloid neck, rounded everted rim and two strap handles starting below the neck and finishing on the vessel shoulder. Base is of mushroom shape. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand and white-red fired. On the neck is painted horizontal white band. Literature: Popovi} 2007a: 126, fig. 2.

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

25 26 25. Skyphos Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 91529/05 Clay, wheel-made, black glaze, painting Dimensions Dr 8.6 cm; Db 4.6 cm; h 8.9 cm 4th/3rd century BC Attic-type skyphos of composite shape (top section of cylindrical, bottom of conical shape), with ring-like foot and two horizontal handles below the rim. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, red fired. Bottom part is coated with brown glossy slip and top segment is decorated with red-brown painted palmette motif. On the base are painted two concentric circles.

Literature: Popovi} 2006: 527. fig. 9; Popovi} 2007a: 130, fig. 7.

26. Kantharos Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90763/05 Clay, wheel-made, color wash, painting Dimensions Dr 8.8 cm; Db 4 cm; h 5.6 cm 4th/3rd century BC Kantharos of composite shape (top segment of conical, bottom of spherical shape) made of clay with admixture of fine sand, red fired, red wash with traces of brown wash. Two vertical handles surmount the rim. Base is ring-shaped.

27. Two-handled Cup Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 91533/05 Clay, wheel-made, color wash, painting Dimensions Dr 11.5 cm; Db 5.9 cm; h 7 cm 4th/3rd century BC Cup of composite shape (bottom segment of conical, top segment of slightly convex shape) with two flat handles and ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired, red wash with brown painted vegetable motifs.

Unpublished

KALE – KR[EVICA

2001–2011 ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, orange fired, red-brown wash and red painted. Bottom part of the body is decorated with horizontal lines and top segment with combination of vegetable and geometric motifs (palmette, dotted and radial ornament, ‘eirstab’). On the base is painted sign X.

28. Amphoriskos Acropolis, trench N 14, 2003, 90809/03 Clay, wheel-made, color wash, painting Dimensions Dr 5.3 cm; Db 4.5 cm; h 12.5 cm 4th/3rd century BC Amphoriskos of ovoid body, hyperboloid neck and horizontally everted rim with two strap handles joining rim and shoulder. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, brown fired, light brown wash. It is decorated on the shoulder with wavy broken line. Neck, rim and partially handles are reconstructed.

Literature: Popovi} 2006: 527, fig. 10; Popovi} 2007a: 130, fig. 7.

30. Oinochoe Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 91536/05 Clay, wheel-made, color wash, painting Dimensions mouth 10.7 x 11.7 cm; Db 8.7 cm; h 24 cm 4th/3rd century BC Oinochoe with ovoid body, wide trefoil-shaped mouth, strap handle and ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, red fired, brown painted. Small branch is painted on the neck and vegetable ornament on the vessel shoulder. Lower segment of the body is decorated with horizontal lines.

Unpublished

29. Oinochoe Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 91535/05 Clay, wheel-made, color wash, painting Dimensions Dr 7 cm; Db 6.4 cm; h 17.2 cm 4th/3rd century BC Oinochoe of ovoid body, hyperboloid neck with one strap handle and reconstructed trefoil-shaped mouth and

Literature: Popovi} 2007a: 130, fig. 7.

28 29

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

33 31 32

31. Oinochoe Suburbium, trench E, 2008, 90296/08 Clay, wheel-made, color wash Dimensions mouth 12.5 x 14.5 cm; Db 9.6 cm; h 32.7 cm 4th/3rd century BC Oinochoe of ovoid shape with hyperboloid neck and trefoil-shaped mouth, strap handle with rib. Base is ringshaped. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, red fired, red wash.

and ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, orange fired, brown-red painted. Motif of radial sun painted on the vessel shoulder and body is decorated with horizontal lines. On the base is painted sign X. Unpublished

33. Oinochoe Suburbium, trench E, 2009, 90974/09 Clay, wheel-made, color wash Dimensions Db 8.7 cm; h 25.2 cm 4th/3rd century BC Oinochoe of ovoid shape, hyperboloid neck and with strap handle. Mouth is missing and base is of ring-like shape. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, red fired, red wash.

Unpublished

32. Oinochoe Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 91538/05 Clay, wheel-made, color wash, painting Dimensions mouth 6.5 x 7 cm; Db 6.6 cm; h 18.6 cm 4th/3rd century BC Oinochoe of ovoid body, hyperboloid neck with reconstructed horizontally everted rim with spout, strap handle

Unpublished

KALE – KR[EVICA

2001–2011

35 34

34. Jug Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 91539/05 Clay, wheel-made, color wash Dimensions Dr 6.9 cm; Db 4 cm; h 7.2 cm 4th/3rd century BC Jug with spherical body hyperboloid neck with damaged strap handle and ring-like base. Ornament of tear shape is engraved on the vessel body. Part of the mouth is reconstructed. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, red fired, red wash.

volute. There is wide rib on the handle. Rim is decorated with vertical incisions and on side is spool-like protrusion. On the neck is dark brown painted netlike ornament and traces of vegetable ornament on the shoulder. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired, red-brown wash. Unpublished

36. Unguentarium Acropolis, trench S 44–47, 2003, 91544/03 Clay, wheel-made, color wash, painting Dimensions Dr 3.5 cm; Db 3.7 cm; h 15.9 cm 4th/3rd century BC Unguentarium of ovoid shape with cylindrical neck with triangularly molded rim and ring-shaped base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, brown fired, painted with horizontal red, brown and gray lines. Two appliqués resembling handles are on vessel shoulder.

Unpublished

35. Krater Suburbium, trench E, 2006, 91543/06 Clay, wheel-made, color wash, painting Dimensions h 14.3 – 22.3 cm 4th/3rd century BC Fragment of krater – preserved hyperboloid neck with triangularly molded rim and segment of shoulder with one strap handle surmounting the rim and ending in a

Literature: Popovi} 2007a: 130, fig. 7.

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

37. Vessel Acropolis, trench E, 2005, 91545/05 Clay, wheel-made, color wash, painting Dimensions Dr 5.4 cm; Db 9.3 cm; h 23.2 cm 4th/3rd century BC Vessel of spherical shape with short cylindrical neck with horizontally everted and reconstructed rim. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, red fired, color wash and red painted horizontal lines. The base is ring-shaped.

brown painted. Between body and rim is pronounced rib. Base is ring-shaped. Unpublished

39. Plate Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90814/05 Clay, wheel-made, color wash Dimensions Dr 21.4 cm; Db 14.7 cm; h 4.9 cm 4th/3rd century BC Plate of conical shape with rounded rim turned downwards and with ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, red fired, red wash.

Literature: Popovi} 2007a: 130, fig. 7

38. Plate Suburbium, trench E, 2008, 91546/08 Clay, wheel-made, color wash, painting Dimensions Dr 17.8 cm; Db 5.1 cm; h 3.6 cm 4th/3rd century BC Shallow plate made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fires, red wash. Vegetable and linear ornaments are

Unpublished

KALE – KR[EVICA

2001–2011

40. Plate Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90798/05 Clay, wheel-made, color wash Dimensions Dr 24.7 cm; Db 11.8 cm; h 3.7 cm 4th/3rd century BC Fish plate made of clay with admixture of fine sand, red fired, red wash with square molded rim turned downwards and with ring-like conical base.

42. Plate Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90814/05 Clay, wheel-made, color wash Dimensions Dr 26 cm; Db 10.1 cm; h 6.2 cm 4th/3rd century BC Plate with horizontally everted triangularly molded rim turned downwards and ring-like conical base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired, red wash.

Unpublished

41. Plate Suburbium, trench E, 2003, 91549/03 Clay, wheel-made, color wash Dimensions Dr 15.9 cm; Db 6 cm; h 3.8 cm 4th/3rd century BC Shallow plate with square molded rim turned downwards with solid conical base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, red fired, red wash.

43. Bowl – Phiale Suburbium, trench E, 2008, 91550/08 Clay, wheel-made, color wash Dimensions Dr 15.9 cm; Db 5.8 cm; h 3.8 cm 4th/3rd century BC Calotte-shaped bowl – phiale with slightly everted rim. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired, red-brown wash. Spiral is engraved very thin and shallow on the inside. Base is concave.

Unpublished

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

43 45

44. Bowl Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90795/05 Clay, wheel-made, color wash Dimensions Dr 11.6 cm; Db 7.3 cm; h 3.7 cm 4th/3rd century BC Bowl of conical shape with slightly inverted rim and ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, orange fired, light orange wash.

46. Lid Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90781/05 Clay, wheel-made, color wash, painting Dimensions Dr 13.3 cm; Db 4.7 cm; h 5.8 cm 4th/3rd century BC Lid of conical shape with button-like handle with flat top. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, red fired, red wash. Brown-red painted linear-vegetable ornament.

Unpublished

45. Bowl Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90780/05 Clay, wheel-made, color wash Dimensions Dr 9.6 cm; Db 4.7 cm; h 4.1 cm 4th/3rd century BC Bowl of conical shape with slightly inverted rim and ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, red fired, red wash.

47. Lamp Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 91557/05 Clay, mold-made Dimensions R discus 6.5 cm; Db 4.2 cm; h 3.5 cm 4th/3rd century BC Calotte-shaped lamp with hemiellipsoid nozzle, flat top surface with circular opening on discus and nozzle. Two grooves are engraved along the discus edge. Handle is

Unpublished

KALE – KR[EVICA

2001–2011

modeled as small conical swelling and perforated. The base is ring-shaped. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, red fired. Literature: Popovi} 2007a: 125–136, fig. 7.

48. Kylix Acropolis, pit A/03, 2005, 91530/05 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 15.1 cm; Db 6.4 cm; h 10.5 cm 4th/3rd century BC Kylix of calotte shape with vertical neck. The rim is slightly everted. The base is of ring-like shape. Two handles on the shoulder are slanting toward the rim. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired and polished.

Unpublished

49. Skyphos Acropolis, trench S, 2002, 91531/02 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 11.7 cm; Db 6.5 cm; h 11.2 cm 4th/3rd century BC Skyphos of Attic type of slightly biconical shape with ring-like base and two horizontal handles below the everted rim. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired, reconstructed.

Literature: Popovi} 2005a: 166, pl. II.10.

50. Skyphos Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90771/05 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 8.2 cm; Db 4.3 cm; h 8.1 cm 4th/3rd century BC Skyphos of composite shape (top part is calotte-shaped, bottom is cylindrical) with ring-like base and two horizontal slanting handles below the everted rim. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired, reconstructed. On the vessel base is engraved sign X. Unpublished

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

51. Skyphos Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90764/05 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 7.6 cm; Db 4.2 cm; h 7.6 cm 4th/3rd century BC Skyphos of slightly biconical shape with ring-like base and two massive horizontal handles below the everted rim. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired. Reconstructed. Unpublished

51 52. Skyphos Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90812/05 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 8.3 cm; Db 4.5 cm; h 8.3 cm 4th/3rd century BC Skyphos of slightly biconical shape with ring-like base and two horizontal handles below everted rim. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired. Unpublished

53. Kantharos Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90775/05 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 9.9 cm; Db 5.1 cm; h 5 cm 4th/3rd century BC Kantharos of pronounced conical shape with everted rim and neck, ring-like base and two vertical handles surmounting the rim. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired. Reconstructed.

Unpublished

54. Kantharos Acropolis, trench N 20â&#x20AC;&#x201C;21, 2002, 90811/02 Clay, wheel-made, polished Dimensions Dr 13.1 cm; Db 6.9 cm; h 13 cm 4th/3rd century BC Kantharos with cylindrical neck, spherical body, ringlike base and two vertical handles surmounting the rim. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, brown

KALE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; KR[EVICA

2001â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2011

fired and polished. Segment of rim and handle are reconstructed.

56. Kantharos Acropolis, trench N, 2002 (?), 91532/02 Clay, wheel-made, polished Dimensions Dr 8.4 cm; Db 4.5 cm; h 9.1 cm 4th/3rd century BC Kantharos with hyperboloid neck, conical body (with pronounced junction of neck and body), ring-like base and two vertical handles joining rim and body of the vessel. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired, polished.

Literature: Popovi} 2005a: 166, pl. II.12.

55. Kantharos Suburbium, trench E, 2010, 91440/10 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 10.4 cm; Db 5.5 cm; h 12.2 cm 4th/3rd century BC Kantharos with cylindrical neck, spherical body, ringlike base and two vertical handles joining rim and body of the vessel. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired. Reconstructed.

Unpublished.

Unpublished

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

Kantharos with cylindrical neck, spherical body, ringlike base and two vertical handles. Junction of neck and body is emphasized by a groove. It is made of clay with admixture of rather coarse sand, gray fired. Rim and handles of the vessel are reconstructed.

57. Kantharos Suburbium, trench E, 2010, 90978/10 Clay, wheel-made, polished ornament Dimensions Dr 9.9 cm; Db 5.1 cm; h 5 cm 4th/3rd century BC Kantharos with cylindrical neck, conical body (with pronounced junction of neck and body), ring-like base and two vertical handles surmounting the rim. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired, decorated with hatched polished ornament. Reconstructed.

Literature: Popovi} 2005a: 166, pl. II/13.

59. Vessel Suburbium, trench E, 2008, 90304/08 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 10 cm; h 11.3 cm 4th/3rd century BC Rather small vessel with spherical body, hyperboloid neck. Rim is horizontally everted, square molded and decorated with two grooves. On the neck is damaged incision. Shoulder and rim are connected with two vertical, cylindrical handles. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of

Unpublished

58. Kantharos Acropolis, trench N 22â&#x20AC;&#x201C;25, 2003, 90810/03 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 7.4 cm; Db 6.9 cm; h 3.5 cm 4th/3rd century BC

KALE – KR[EVICA

2001–2011

59 60

62 61

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

fine sand and brown fired. Segment of the body and base are missing.

63. Jug Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90813/05 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 8.5 cm; Db 5.6 cm; h 11.8 cm 4th/3rd century BC Jug made of clay with admixture of coarse sand, gray fired. It is of ovoid shape with short hyperboloid neck, strap handle surmounting the rim and ring-like base. Vessel is reconstructed.

Unpublished

60. Vessel Acropolis, trench S 44â&#x20AC;&#x201C;47, 2002, 91534/02 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 27.7 cm; Db 9.4 cm; h 13 cm 4th/3rd century BC Vessel of spherical shape with low vertical rim with two vertically placed cylindrical handles. At the handle level are two shallow engraved grooves. The base is ring-shaped. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired.

Unpublished

64. Jug Acropolis, trench N 11, 2003, 90753/03 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 7.4 cm; Db 4.5 cm; h 11.6 cm 4th/3rd century BC Jug with spherical body, cylindrical neck, strap handle and ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of coarse sand, gray fired. Segment of rim and handle are reconstructed.

Literature: Popovi} 2005a: 167, pl. III.3.

61. Jug Acropolis, pit B/01, 2005, 91537/05 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 14.5 cm; Db 6.5 cm; h 10.4 cm 4th/3rd century BC Jug of composite shape (upper segment of hyperboloid and lower of conical shape) with wide trefoil-shaped mouth and one strap handle surmounting the rim. Base is flat. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, brown fired.

Unpublished

62. Jug Acropolis, trench S 44â&#x20AC;&#x201C;47, 2002, 90748/02 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 7.9 cm; Db 4.5 cm; h 9.5 cm 4th/3rd century BC Jug with spherical body, hyperboloid neck, strap handle and ring-like base. Ornament of tear-shape is engraved on the body. Junction between neck and body is emphasized by a groove. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray-brown fired. Segment of the rim is reconstructed. Unpublished

KALE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; KR[EVICA

2001â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2011

65. Hydria Suburbium, trench H, 2003, 91541/03 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 29 cm; Db 15.5 cm; h 65 cm 4th/3rd century BC Hydria with ovoid body, hyperboloid neck, horizontally everted square molded rim with two slanting cylindrical handles. Handles are decorated with grooves. Base is ring-shaped. Herring-bone pattern engraved on the vessel shoulder. Rim is reconstructed. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired. Literature: Popovi} 2005a: 167, pl. III.1; Popovi} 2006: 528, fig. 12.

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

66. Krater Suburbium, trench E, 2003, 91542/03 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 11.7 cm; Db 10.5 cm; h 15.7 cm 4th/3rd century BC Bell-shaped krater with ovoid body, short hyperboloid neck, horizontally everted rim with two vertical cylindrical handles. Base is ring-shaped. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired.

68. Plate Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90801/05 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 12.6 cm; Db 6.1 cm; h 3.1 cm 4th/3rd century BC Plate with triangularly molded rim turned downwards and ring-like base. On the body are engraved shallow grooves and impressed letter/stamp E. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, brown fired.

Literature: Popovi} 2005a: 166, pl. II.16.

Unpublished

67. Plate Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90784/05 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 13.4 cm; Db 5.9 cm; h 2.5 cm 4th/3rd century BC Plate with triangularly molded rim turned downwards and ring-like base. On the body is impressed letter or stamp E. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand and gray fired. Unpublished

KALE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; KR[EVICA

2001â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2011 71

4th/3rd century BC Plate with triangularly molded rim and ring-like base. On the body is impressed letter/stamp E. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired.

69. Plate Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90804/05 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 13.7 cm; Db 5.7 cm; h 2.4 cm 4th/3rd century BC Plate with rounded rim and ring-like base. Junction of body and rim is pronounced by a groove. On the body is impressed letter/stamp E. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, brown fired.

Unpublished

71. Plate Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90815/05 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 16.8 cm; Db 6 cm; h 2.2 cm 4th/3rd century BC Plate with square molded rim turned downwards and ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired.

Unpublished

70. Plate Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90803/05 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 13.2 cm; Db 5.4 cm; h 2.3 cm

Unpublished

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

72. Plate Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90786/05–06 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 19.9 cm; Db 7.7 cm; h 3.6 cm 4th/3rd century BC Plate with square molded rim and ring-like base. Junction of body and rim is emphasized by pronounced rib, and there is groove on the rim edge. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired.

Unpublished

73. Plate Suburbium, trench E, 2003, 91547/03 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 16.8 cm; Db 7.1 cm; h 3.1 cm 4th/3rd century BC Plate with triangularly molded everted rim and ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired. Vessel is reconstructed.

74. Plate Acropolis, trench N 15–16, 2001, 91548/01 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 18.3 cm; Db 8 cm; h 2.9 cm 4th/3rd century BC Fish plate made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired, square molded rim turned downwards and conical ring-like base.

Unpublished

Literature: Popovi} 2005a: 166, pl. II.2.

KALE – KR[EVICA

2001–2011 75. Plate Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90768/05 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 10.2 cm; Db 4.1 cm; h 2.9 cm 4th/3rd century BC Plate with square molded everted rim with conical hollow foot. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, browngray fired.

Unpublished

76. Plate Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90760/05 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 13.7 cm; Db 4.7 cm; h 3.6 cm 4th/3rd century BC Plate with thickened triangularly molded rim turned downwards and ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, red fired.

Unpublished

77. Bowl Acropolis, trench S 16–19, 2004, 90756/04 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 10.3cm; Db 5 cm; h 4.8 cm 4th/3rd century BC Bowl of conical shape with slightly inverted rim and flat base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, red fired. Unpublished

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

79 78

78. Bowl Suburbium, trench E, 2008, 90511/08 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 9.7 cm; Db 5 cm; h 4.5 cm 4th/3rd century BC Calotte-shaped bowl with slightly inverted rim and ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired.

80. Bowl Acropolis, trench S 16â&#x20AC;&#x201C;18, 2004, 90758/04 Clay, hand-made Dimensions Dr 6.2 cm; h 2.1 cm 4th/3rd century BC Shallow bowl of conical shape and rounded base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand and brown fired.

Unpublished

79. Bowl Acropolis, trench S, 2002, 91551/02 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 7.7 cm; Db 3.7 cm; h 3.2 cm 4th/3rd century BC Calotte-shaped bowl with inverted rim and ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired. Reconstructed.

81. Bowl Acropolis, trench S 44, 2002, 91554/02 Clay, wheel-made, polishing Dimensions Dr 14.7 cm; Db 5.7 cm; h 5.8 cm 4th/3rd century BC Bowl of conical shape with inverted rim and ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired, polished.

Unpublished

KALE – KR[EVICA

2001–2011 erally to the handle. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, brown fired.

82. Dish Acropolis, trench S 44–47, 2002, 91553/02 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 30 cm; Db 9.3 cm; h 15.5 cm 4th/3rd century BC Dish of conical shape with everted rim and two bent cylindrical handles directly below the rim and attached to it. There is a groove on the rim. Base is ring-shaped. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired. Vessel is reconstructed.

Unpublished

84. Pot Suburbium, trench E, 2008, 90293/08 Clay, hand-made Dimensions Dr 15.5 cm; Db 12 cm; h 21 cm 4th/3rd century BC Pot of ovoid shape, with flat base and one strap handle with broad groove along the middle. At the root of the handle on the rim are two wart-like protrusions. Opposite the handle is spout also on the rim. On the vessel body are two button-like appliqués lateral to the handle and opposite the handle is tongue-like appliqué. Pot is made of clay with admixture of coarse sand, brown fired.

Literature: Popovi} 2005a: 167, pl. III.6.

83. Pot Acropolis, pit B/02, 2005, 91540/05 Clay, hand-made Dimensions Dr 12.8 cm; Db 9.6 cm; h 16.3 cm 4th/3rd century BC Pot of ovoid shape with one strap handle surmounting the rim and flat base. Two wart-like appliqués placed lat-

Unpublished

83 84

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

85. Pot Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90785/05 Clay, hand-made Dimensions Dr 12.1 cm; Db 7.8 cm; h 16.9 cm 4th/3rd century BC Pot of ovoid shape with flat base, handmade of clay with admixture of coarse sand, red-brown fired. Below the rim are four tongue-shaped handles cross-places to each other.

87. Pot Acropolis, trench S 38–40, 2002, 91555/02 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 14 cm; Db 11.7 cm; h 14 cm 4th/3rd century BC Pot of ovoid shape with two tongue-like handles and flat base handmade of clay with admixture of coarse sand, brown fired.

Unpublished

Literature: Popovi} 2005a: 167, pl. III.2

86. Pot Acropolis, trench S 20–21, 2002, 90791/02 Clay, hand-made Dimensions Dr 8.7 cm; Db 6.8 cm; h 10.8 cm 4th/3rd century BC Pot of ovoid shape with flat base handmade of clay with admixture of coarse sand, brown fired. On the body are preserved three wart-like appliqués, while fourth one is damaged.

88. Small Pot Suburbium, trench E, 2010, 90972/10 Clay, hand-made Dimensions Dr 6 cm; Db 3.9 cm; h 7.6 cm 4th/3rd century BC Small pot of ovoid shape with ring-like base while handle is missing. On the body opposite the handle is wart-like ornament. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, brown fired.

Unpublished

87 85

86 88

KALE – KR[EVICA

2001–2011

89. Miniature Vessel Acropolis, trench S 39–40, 2002, 90747/02 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 3.4 cm; Db 4.5 cm; h 4.4 cm 4th/3rd century BC Miniature vessel with ovoid body and vertical rim and flat base. Handle joining rim and body is missing. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, orange fired.

91. Lid Acropolis, trench S 22, 2002, 91556/02 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 22.8 cm; Db 4.2 cm 4th/3rd century BC Lid of conical shape with button-like handle with flat top. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, redbrown fired. Reconstructed

Unpublished

Literature: Popovi} 2005a: 167, pl. III.5.

90. Strainer Suburbium, trench E, 2005, 90799/05 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 27.7 cm; Db 9.4 cm; h 13 cm 4th/3rd century BC Strainer of conical shape with perforated body, flat base and two horizontal handles below the rim. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired.

92. Mortarium Suburbium, trench E, 2009 Stone, carving Dimensions R 23 cm; Db 15.4 cm; h 5.6 cm 4th/3rd century BC Shallow mortarium of calotte shape with two rectangular handles, pouring spout and flat base. Unpublished

Unpublished

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

93. Millstone Suburbium, trench E, 2003 Stone, carving Dimension of bed stone 53 x 42 x 6 cm Dimension of runner stone 33 x 37 cm; h 10 cm 4th/3rd century BC Stone millstone of rectangular shape with longitudinal narrow slit two grooves for lever on the side and rectangular bed stone. Literature: Popovi} 2005a:168, pl. IV.7; Popovi}, Kapuran 2007: 83â&#x20AC;&#x201C;96, pl. 1.

94. Millstone Suburbium, trench N 15, 2003 Stone, carving Dimensions D 29 cm; h 18 cm 4th/3rd century BC Rotating millstone consisting of two parts. On the upper segment is circular central opening and on the side is circular opening for handle.

Literature: Popovi} 2005a:168, pl. IV.8; Popovi}, Kapuran 2007: 83â&#x20AC;&#x201C;96, pl. 1.

KALE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; KR[EVICA

2001â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2011

95. Stand Suburbium, trench E, 2005 Stone, carving Dimensions D 28 cm; D base 44 cm; h 75 cm 4th/3rd century BC High conical stand for the water basin with circular base and upper segment with square opening as basin holder.

96. Stand Suburbium, trench E, 2005 Stone, carved Dimensions D 25 cm; D base 42 cm; h 64 cm 4th/3rd century Damaged high conical stand for the water basin with circular base and upper segment with circular recess for the basin.

Literature: Popovi} 2012: fig. 2.

Literature: Popovi} 2012: Fig. 3.

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

100

101

4th/3rd century Weight of truncated pyramid shape, perforated, made of clay with admixture of fine sand, brown fired. On the front side is impressed motif of small cross within a circle.

97. Weight Acropolis, trench S 39, 2005, No. 575 Clay, hand-made Dimensions base 3.6 x 3.8 cm; h 7.1 cm 4th/3rd century BC Weight of truncated pyramid shape, perforated, tip is missing. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray-red fired. On the front side below perforation is impressed stamp/seal shaped as letter E. One lateral side and segment of the base are damaged.

Literature: Popovi}, Vrani} 2008: 309–319, fig. 1.9.

100. Weight Acropolis, trench N 22–25, 2003, No. 847 Clay, hand-made Dimensions h 6.9 cm 4th/3rd century BC Weight of oval shape, grooved on top and horizontally perforated. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired. On the front side is impressed ornament shaped as omega pin.

Literature: Popovi}, Vrani} 2008: 309–319, fig. 1.5.

98. Weight Acropolis, trench S 39–40, 2002, No. 846 Clay, hand-made Dimensions base 3.5 x 3.7 cm; h 6.2 cm 4th/3rd century BC Weight of truncated pyramid shape, perforated. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, brown-gray fired. On lateral side near the base is impressed motif of M pin. One lateral side near the base is damaged.

Literature: Popovi}, Vrani} 2008: 309–319, fig. 2.

101. Weight Suburbium, above the rampart, 2005, No. 548 Clay, hand-made Dimensions h 6.1 cm 4th/3rd century BC Weight of oval shape, grooved at the top and horizontally perforated. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired. On the front side impressed ornamant shaped as head of M pin.

Literature: Popovi}, Vrani} 2008: 309–319, fig. 1.7.

99. Weight Acropolis, trench S 44–47, 2002, No. 852 Clay, hand-made Dimensions base 3.2 x 3.7 cm; h 7.2 cm

Literature: Popovi}, Vrani} 2008: 309–319, fig. 2.3.

KALE – KR[EVICA

2001–2011

102. Spool Acropolis, trench N 20–21, 2002, No. 850 Clay, hand-made Dimensions 5 x 5.2 cm; h 6.9 cm 4th/3rd century BC Spool made of clay with admixture of fine sand, brown fired. On one lateral side is engraved sign +.

104

105

Literature: Popovi}, Vrani} 2008: 309–319, fig. 5.2.

103. Spindle whorl Suburbium, trench E, 2003, 93209/03 Clay, hand-made Dimensions D 3.4 cm; h 3.5 cm 4th/3rd century BC Biconical spindle whorl with pronounced cone, made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray fired. On each cone are shallowly engraved two grooves.

106

107

Unpublished

105. Alexander III Acropolis, trench S 44, 2002, 254/02 Obv. Head of Hercules, right. Rev. Zeus enthroned with eagle in hand, left. Inscription ALEXANDROU Silver, D 1.7 cm, 3.47 g

104. Alexander III Acropolis, trench S 44, 2002, 258/02 Obv. Head of Hercules, right. Rev. Zeus enthroned with eagle in hand, left. Inscription ALEXANDROU Silver, D 1.5 cm, 4.12 g

Literature: Popovi} 2007: 414, cat 4.

Literature: Popovi} 2007: 414, cat 3.

106. Pelagia Acropolis, trench N 27, 2002, 259/02 Obv. Head left. Rev. Tripod Silver, R 2.2 cm, 4.22 g

103

Literature: Popovi} 2007: 414, cat 9.

107. Damastion @uta Voda, Klinovac, 2007 (National Museum Vranje, Inv. No. 1579) Obv. Laureate head of Apollo left. Rev. DAM ASTI tripod Silver, R 2,2 cm, 13.09 g

102

Literature: Popovi} 2009: 156, fig. 1

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

108

110

109

111

112

108. Pin Suburbium, trench E, 2005 Bronze, cast Dimensions L 10.9 cm 4th/3rd century BC Bronze pin with head modeled as letter M

Finger ring with elipsoid head and damaged strap band. Representation of male goat impressed on the head. Literature: Popovi} 2007a: sl. 3.12.

111. Beads Suburbium, trench E, 2005 Glass, cast Dimensions h 1.5–1.8 cm; width 1.1 cm 4th/3rd century BC Two bottle-shaped beads. On top section of the bead that is flat and separated from the body by simple incision is horizontal perforation.

Literature: Popovi} 2007a: sl. 3.10.

109. Pin Suburbium, trench E, 2009 Bronze, cast Dimensions L 6.3 cm 4th/3rd century BC Bronze pin with head modeled as letter M but with double coil.

Literature: Popovi} 2007a: sl. 3.13.

112. Bead Suburbium, trench E, 2006 Glass, cast Dimensions L 2.6 cm 4th/3rd century BC Fragment of bead made of multicolored glass with representation of ‘three faces’, longitudinally perforated.

Unpublished

110. Finger ring Acropolis, trench S 44, 2002, 236/02 Bronze, cast Dimensions of head 1.3 x 1.9 cm 4th/3rd century BC

Literature: Popovi}. 2007a: sl. 3.14.

KALE – KR[EVICA

2001–2011

117

113

114 118

115

116

113. Fibula Acropolis, trench N 15–18, 2002, 244/02 Bronze, cast Dimensions L 3.2 cm 4th century BC Damaged hinged fibula with head of palmette shape. Fibula bow of circular cross-section that is expanded in the middle is decorated at the ends with two spherical reinforcements. Catchplate is decorated with two ornamental button-like swellings (one is missing) creating letter T. Pin is missing.

115. Fibula Acropolis, trench S 44–47, 2002, 249/02 Bronze, cast Dimensions L 4.9 cm 4th century BC Thracian fibula with backwards turned foot. Pin is missing. Foot is ending in button-like swelling with two coils. Literature: Popovi} 2007a: sl. 3.9.

116. Fibula Acropolis, trench S 44–47, 2002 Bronze, cast Dimensions L 4.9 cm 4th century BC Thracian fibula with backward turned foot. Pin is missing.

Literature: Popovi} 2007a: sl. 3.3.

114. Fibula Acropolis, trench S 44–47, 2002, 245/02 Iron, cast Dimensions L 3.4 cm 4th century BC Damaged and corroded hinged fibula with head shaped as palmette. Fibula bow of circular cross-section is decorated with five star-like reinforcements. Flat catchplate is damaged. Pin is missing.

Literature: Popovi} 2007a: sl. 3.8.

117. Fibula Suburbium, trench E, arbitrary layer 4, 2009 Bronze, cast Dimensions L 4.7 cm Mid-2nd century BC

Literature: Popovi} 2007a: sl. 3.5.

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

Biconical vessel on molded hollow foot with two vertical handles surmounting the rim. Decorated on the outside with channels and polished ornamant consiting of multiple vertical and slanting lines. It is made of clay with adddition of fine sand, brown-gray fired, burnished.

Small-sized fibula made of bronze wire. Foot is turned backward and above the bow is bent like hoop or ‘eight’. Foot is joined to the fibula bow by few coils of wire. Pin is partially preserved. Literature: Popovi} 2010a: 437, fig. 3.

Literature: Popovi} et al. 2004: 273, sl. 6; Popovi} 2005a: 170, pl. VI/7; Popovi} 2005c: 82, fig. 8/10; Popovi} 2006: 534, fig. 16/1; Popovi} 2009a: fig. 5/19; Popovi} 2011: 153, fig. 4.

118. Fibula Suburbium, trench E, 2009 Bronze, cast Dimensions L 13.5 cm Mid-2nd century BC Rather large-sized Middle La Tène fibula made of bronze. Foot is turned backward and attached to the middle of the bow. On the catchplate, middle of the foot and on the segment attached to the bow is discernible decoration consisting of parallel slanting lines.

120. Kantharos Acropolis, pit 1, 2001 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 9 cm; D body 20 cm; Db 8 cm; h 22.2 cm 2nd/1st century BC Kantharos with two strap handles bent at acute angle and surmounting the rim. It is of biconical shape with everted rim and ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, reddish-ochre fired and burnished. On the lower section of the neck is polished

Literature: Popovi} 2010a: 437, fig. 4.

119. Kantharos Acropolis, pottery group A/02, 2002 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 12.5 cm; D body18 cm; Db 8.4 cm; h 19.7 cm 2nd/1st century BC

119

120

KALE – KR[EVICA

2001–2011

ornament consisting of triple, slanting, parallel lines creating asymmetrical triangles. On the upper cone below the molded rib is ornament consisting of slanting parallel lines.

122. Cup Acropolis, pottery group A/02, 2002 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 14.2 cm; Db 4.6 cm; h 8.9 cm 2nd/1st century BC Sphearical cup modeled after Megarian bowl, bell-shaped in upper section, with everted rim and circular ring-like base. On the outside are two molded ribs. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, burnished on the outside and on the inside, gray-brown fired and with conspicuous traces of secondary burning on the outside.

Literature: Popovi} 2005a: 170, pl. VI/6; Popovi} 2005c: 78–79, fig. 4, 5/10; Popovi} 2006: 534, fig.17; Popovi} 2009a: fig. 5/2; Popovi} 2011: 153, fig. 5.

121. Cup Acropolis, pottery group A/02, 2002 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 15.2 cm; Db 5.2 cm; h 8.2 cm 2nd/1st century BC Biconical cup shaped as Megarian bowl with considerably higher upper cone and everted rim and circular concave base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, burnished on the inside and on the outside. Olive-gray fired. On the inside of the base is polished discreet star-like ornament.

Literature: Popovi} et al. 2004: 273, sl. 6; Popovi} 2006: 534, fig. 16/2; Popovi} 2009a: fig. 5/17; Popovi} 2011: 153, fig. 4.

123. Small Pot Acropolis, pottery group B/02, 2002 Clay, hand-made Dimensions Dr 9.5 cm; Db 8.2 cm; h 9 cm 2nd/1st century BC Spherical small pot with slightly inverted rim and roughly molded flat base. Outer surface is smoothed. Decorated with combed ornament consisting of irregular semicircular sheaves meeting near the rim. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, brown-gray fired on the outside, brown-red on the inside. Reconstructed.

Literature: Popovi} et al. 2004: 273, sl. 6; Popovi} 2005c: 82, fig. 8/12; Popovi} 2006: 534, fig. 16/2; Popovi} 2009a: fig. 5/16; Popovi} 2011: 153, fig. 4.

121

Literature: Popovi} 2009a: fig. 6/9.

122

123

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

124. Small Pot Acropolis, pit 4, 2004 Clay, hand-made Dimensions Dr 8.4 cm; Db 6 cm, h 8.4 cm 2nd/1st century BC Rather small spherical pot with everted rim and molded flat base, smoothed on the outside and on the inside. Below the rim is one horizontal line and entire outer surface is decorated with vertical incisions, which end in arches at the top. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, brown-gray fired and with conspicuous traces of secondary burning on the outside.

126. Bowl Acropolis, pottery group A/02, 2002 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 26 cm; Db 8 cm; h 9.5 cm 2nd/1st century BC Conical bowl of ‘S’ shape with everted rim and ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray-brown fired, burnished on the inside and on the outside. On the inside is polished ornament consisting of many sheaves radially extending from the bottom toward the rim. On the rim and upper cone are visible six perforations and on the lower cone are two symmetrical circular perforations probably for repairing clearly apparent earlier fractures. Reconstructed.

Literature: Popovi} 2009a: fig. 6/8; Popovi} 2011: 161, fig. 21/14.

125. Cup Acropolis, pit 1, 2001 Clay, hand-made Dimensions Dr 9.8 cm; Db 5.2 cm; h 6.6 cm 2nd/1st century BC Conical cup of rather small size with rounded rim, flat base and one vertical handle. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, polished on the outside and on the inside, reddish-ochre fires and with traces of secondary burning on the outside. Reconstructed.

Literature: Popovi} 2005a: 170, pl. VI/3.

127. Bowl Acropolis, pit 1, 2001 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 25 cm; Db 7.4 cm; h 9 cm 2nd/1st century BC Conical bowl of ‘S’ shape with everted rim and ring-like concave base. On the bottom is asymmetrical radial ornament and towards the rim many sheaves of parallel lines. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray-brown fired and burnished. On the rim are visible

Literature: Popovi} 2005c: fig. 5/3; Popovi} 2006: 534, fig. 17; Popovi} 2009a: fig. 6/2; Popovi} 2011: 153, fig. 5.

124

126

125

KALE – KR[EVICA

2001–2011 three small circular perforations and two perforations near the base for joining the broken vessel fragments. Reconstructed. Literature: Popovi} 2005a: 170, pl. VI.4; Popovi} 2005c: 82, fig. 5/8; Popovi} 2006: 534, fig. 17; Popovi} 2009a: fig. 5/12; Popovi} 2011: 153, fig. 5.

127

128. Bowl Acropolis, pit 3, 2003 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 24 cm; Db 7.5 cm; h 10 cm 2nd/1st century BC Conical bowl of ‘S’ shape with everted rim and flat base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, browngray fired, polished on the outside and smoothed on the inside. Reconstructed. Literature: Popovi} 2011: 161, fig. 21/5.

128

129. Bowl Acropolis, trench N 15–18, 2002 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 14.9 cm; Db 4.6 cm; h 5.1 cm 2nd/1st century BC Conical bowl of ‘S’ shape with everted rim and ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, dark-gray fired and burnished. On the inside is polished ornament of horizontal parallel lines. Reconstructed. Literature: Popovi} 2005c: fig. 8/7.

129

130. Bowl Acropolis, pit 4, 2004 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 15.5 cm; Db 4.5 cm; h 6 cm 2nd/1st century BC Rather small conical bowl of ‘S’ shape with everted rim and ring-like and concave base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, dark and light brown fired and burnished. Decorated on the inside with polished parallel horizontal lines. There are traces of secondary burning on the outside.

130

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

fired and burnished. It is decorated on the outside and on the inside with polished ornament consisting of horizontal and vertical sheaves of parallel lines joined by wavy line. Reconstructed.

Literature: Popovi} 2009a: fig. 5/13; Popovi} 2011: 162, fig. 22/4.

131. Bowl with lid Acropolis, pottery group A/02, 2002 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Lid Dr 22.7 cm; h 12.2 cm; bowl Dr 22.7 cm; D body 23.4 cm; h 10.3 cm; h total 21.2 cm 2nd/1st century BC Conical lid with hollow molded handle flat on the top. Along the middle of lid is rather thick molded rib. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, dark gray fired and burnished. Biconical carinated bowl with shorter upper cone and circular ring-like base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, dark gray

Literature: Popovi} et al. 2004: 273, sl. 6; Popovi} 2005a: 170, pl. VI.5; Popovi} 2005c: 82, fig. 8/13; Popovi} 2006: 534, fig. 16/3; Popovi} 2009a: fig. 5/20; Popovi} 2011: 153, fig. 4.

132. Bowl Acropolis, pottery group B/02, 2002 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 20 cm; D body 21.3 cm; Db 8 cm, h 9.3 cm 2nd/1st century BC Biconical carinated bowl with short neck and rather short upper cone with ring-like concave base. Rim is slightly everted and rounded on the inside, junction of cones emphasized by one channel. It is made of clay with admixture of small amount of fine sand, browngray fired and polished. There are traces of secondary burning on the base. There are two small circular perforations probably for joining broken fragments.

131

Literature: Popovi} 2009a: fig. 5/9; Popovi} 2011: 160, fig. 20/10.

132

KALE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; KR[EVICA

2001â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2011

133

134

133. Bowl Acropolis, pottery group B/02, 2002 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 21 cm; Db 8 cm; h 9.5 cm 2nd/1st century BC Biconical carinated bowl with short neck and shorter upper cone and with slightly concave base. Rim is everted and rounded on the inside. Junction of cones is emphasized by one channel. It is made of clay with admixture of small amount of fine sand, brown-gray fired, burnished on the outside and on the inside. There are traces of secondary burning on the outside. There are two small circular perforations probably for joining broken fragments.

and on the outside. It is decorated with polished ornament. There is circle with inscribed cross on the outside and inside the base. In the inside there are metopes with polished ornament consisting of three lines each radially extending from base towards the rim.

Unpublished

134. Bowl Acropolis, pottery group A/02, 2002 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 15.6 cm; D body 16.4 cm; Db 5.8 cm; h 7.3 cm 2nd/1st century BC Biconical carinated bowl with slightly everted rim rounded on the inside, shorter upper cone and ring-like concave base. Junction of the cones is emphasized by one shallow channel. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, olive-gray fired and burnished on the inside

Literature: Popovi} et al. 2004: 273, sl. 6; Popovi} 2005a: 170, pl. VI/1; Popovi} 2005c: 82, fig. 8/9; Popovi} 2006: 534, fig. 16; Popovi} 2009a: fig. 5/8; Popovi} 2011: 153, fig. 4.

135. Bowl Acropolis, pit 3, 2003 Clay, hand-made Dimensions Dr 22.6 cm; Db 12.7 cm; h 12.5 cm 2nd/1st century BC Rather deep conical bowl with rounded rim and flat base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, of crude manufacture and smoothed on the inside and on the outside. It brown-gray fired with traces of secondary burning on the outside. Literature: Popovi} 2009a: fig. 6/6; Popovi} 2011: 161, fig. 21/8.

136. Vessel Acropolis, pottery group A/02, 2002 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 12.6 cm; Db 8.6 cm; D body 21.5 cm; h 24.7 cm 2nd/1st century BC

100

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

Biconical vessel with identical top and bottom cone everted and rounded rim, short conical neck and ringlike and concave base. It is made of clay with admixture of small amount of fine sand, olive-gray fired and burnished. Near the top of upper cone is horizontal shallow groove.

137. Vessel Acropolis, pottery group A/02, 2002 Clay, wheel-made Dimensions Dr 10.1 cm; D body 17 cm; Db 6.6 cm; h with handle 16.3 cm 2nd/1st century BC Biconical vessel with one strap handle surmounting the rim and ring-like base. Rim is slightly everted and rounded on the inside; neck is short and junction of cones emphasized by one rather deep groove. Upper cone is decorated with polished ornament. There are eight symmetrically arranged metopes decorated with two vertical zigzag lines each and between them is a rhomb. Vessel is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, gray-brown fired and burnished on the outside.

Literature: Popovi} et al. 2004: 273, sl. 6; Popovi} 2005a: 170, pl. VI/8; Popovi} 2006: 534, fig. 16; Popovi} 2009a: fig. 5/4; Popovi} 2011: 153, fig. 4.

136

Literature: Popovi} et al. 2004: 273, sl. 6; Popovi} 2006: 534, fig. 16; Popovi} 2009a: fig. 5/3; Popovi} 2011: 153, fig. 4.

137

135

101

KALE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; KR[EVICA

2001â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2011 inside and on the outside. Traces of secondary burning on the outside.

138. Pot Acropolis, pit 1, 2001 Clay, hand-made Dimensions Dr 10.5 cm; Db 8.7 cm; h 12.5 cm 2nd/1st century BC Rather small pot with rounded rim and flat base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, reddish-gray fired with traces of secondary burning on the outside. It is decorated on the outside with combed ornament while there is one engraved line below the rim.

Literature: Popovi} 2011: 157, fig. 16/1.

140. Lid Acropolis, pit 5, 2005 Clay, hand-made Dimensions Dr 14 cm; h 7 cm 2nd/1st century BC Conical lid with rather large button-like handle recessed on the top, of crude manufacture and smoothed on the outside and on the inside. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, reddish-ochre fired and with traces of secondary burning on the outside and on the inside.

Literature: Popovi} 2005a: 170, pl. VI/12; Popovi} 2005c: 78, fig. 4; Popovi} 2006: 534, fig. 17; Popovi} 2011: 153, fig. 5.

139. Pot Acropolis, pit 6, 2005 Clay, hand-made Dimensions Dr 23 cm; Db 14 cm, h 39 cm 2nd/1st century BC Spherical pot with slightly everted and inside slanting rim and slightly concave base. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand brown-gray fired, polished on the

Literature: Popovi} 2011: 157, fig. 17/3.

139

138

102

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

141. Lid Acropolis, pit 5, 2005 Clay, hand-made Dimensions Dr 15 cm; h 6.5 cm 2nd/1st century BC Conical lid with rather large button-like handle recessed on the top, of crude manufacture and smoothed on the outside and on the inside. It is made of clay with admixture of small amount of fine sand, reddish-brown fired and with traces of secondary burning on the outside and on the inside.

140

Literature: Popovi} 2011: 157, fig. 17/2.

142. Dacian cup â&#x20AC;&#x201C; lamp Acropolis, pit 5, 2005 Clay, hand-made Dimensions Dr 10.9 cm; Db 2.4 cm; h 5.3 cm 2nd/1st century BC Lamp modeled as so-called Dacian cup, with conical body, rounded rim and very narrow base. One handle of circular cross-section joins rim and base. It is of crude manufacture, made of clay with admixture of fine sand and smoothed on the inside and on the outside. It is reddish-brown fired with distinct traces of secondary burning on the inside.

141

Literature: Popovi} 2011: 157, fig. 17/5.

143. Dacian cup â&#x20AC;&#x201C; lamp Acropolis, pottery group A/02, 2002 Clay, hand-made Dimensions Dr 16.2 cm; Db 7.2 cm; h 6.7 cm 2nd/1st century BC Lamp modeled as so-called Dacian cup with conical body, rounded rim and flat base and with one handle of oval cross-section. It is made of clay with large amount of fine sand and smoothed on the inside and on the outside. It is brown-ochre fired with traces of secondary burning.

142

Literature: Popovi} et al. 2004: 273, sl. 6; Popovi} 2005a: 170, pl. VI/11; Popovi} 2005c: 82, fig. 8/3; Popovi} 2006: 534, fig. 16/4; Popovi} 2009a: fig. 6/4; Popovi} 2011: 153, fig. 4.

143

103

KALE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; KR[EVICA

2001â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2011 145. Object of unknown purpose Acropolis, pit 4, 2004 Clay, hand-made Dimensions D 12.2 cm; h 3.2 cm 2nd/1st century BC Object of unknown purpose, of circular shape. Lower zone is flat. It is of semicircular cross-section, of crude manufacture and with smoothed surface. In the upper zone are arranged many small circular perforations. It is made of clay with admixture of fine sand, brown-gray fired with traces of secondary burning.

144

Literature: Popovi} 2011: 157, fig. 17/1, 22/6.

144. Polisher Acropolis, pit 5, 2005 Clay, hand-made Dimensions working surface 8.1 x 6.3 cm; h 6.5 cm 2nd/1st century BC Polisher of oval, flat working surface and short knob of circular cross-section. Working surface worn by use. It is made of clay with small admixture of fine sand, darkbrown fired and smoothed with traces of secondary burning. Literature: Popovi} 2011: 157, fig. 17.4.

104

145

LITERATURE

ANTI] I., BABI] S. 2005 Preliminarni rezultati tipolo{ko-statisti~ke obrade kerami~kog materijala sa lokaliteta Kale – Kr{evica, Zbornik Narodnog muzeja XVIII–1, Beograd, 213–227. BLA@I] S. 2005 Fauna lokaliteta Kale – Kr{evica, Zbornik Narodnog muzeja XVIII–1, Beograd, 263–290. VRANI] I. 2009 Teorijsko-metodolo{ki problemi tuma~ewa kerami~kog materijala sa lokaliteta Kale u Kr{evici, Zbornik Narodnog muzeja XIX–1, Beograd, 163–204. VUKADINOVI] M. 2005 Rezultati geofizi~kih istra`ivawa metodom geoelektri~nog skenirawa i geoelektri~nog sondirawa na arheolo{kom nalazi{tu Kale – Kr{evica, Zbornik Narodnog muzeja XVIII–1, Beograd, 291–308. VUKMANOVI^ M., POPOVI] P. 1982 Sonda`na istra`ivanja gradinskih naselja na podru~ju Vranjsko-pre{evske kotline, Godi{njak Centra za balkanolo{ka ispitivanja XX/18, Sarajevo, 189–210. JEREMI] M. 2005 Anti~ko i tradicionalno graditeqsko nasle|e (Kale u Kr{evici), Zbornik Narodnog muzeja XVIII–1, Beograd, 229–262. KRSTI] V. 2005 Slikani kantarosi i skifosi sa lokaliteta Kale – Kr{evica kod Bujanovca, Zbornik Narodnog muzeja XVIII–1, Beograd, 191–211.

105

KALE – KR[EVICA

2001–2011

MIKUL^I] I., JOVANOVI] M. 1968

Helenisti~ki oppidum iz Kr{evice kod Vrawa, Vrawski glasnik IV, Vrawe, 355–375. MITROVI] G., POPOVI] P.

2009

New Numismatic Finds from Kr{evica, Zbornik Narodnog muzeja XIX–1, Beograd, 155–162. MITROVI] G., POPOVI] P.

2010

Novi numizmati~ki nalazi iz Kr{evice, Vrawski glasnik XXXIV, Vrawe, 187–194. NIKOLI] R.

1903

Vrawska P~iwa u slivu Ju`ne Morave, Srpski etnografski zbornik SKA V, Naseqa srpskih zemqa II, Beograd, 89–246. PALAVESTRA A., KRSTI] V.

2006

Magija }ilibara, Narodni muzej, Beograd. POPOVI] P. / POPOVI] P.

1994 2001 2003 2005a 2005b 2005c 2006 2007a 2007b 2007c 2008 2009a 2009b 2009c 2009d 2010a

The Territories of Scordisci, Starinar n.s. 43–44 (1992–1993), Beograd, 13–21. La céramique de la Tène finale sur le territoires des Scordisques, Starinar n.s. 50/2000, Beograd, 83–111. Vranjsko-bujanova~ka kotlina i helenizacija Ju`ne Morave – Vranje Bujanovac Valley and Hellenisation of the Morava Valley, Pyraichmes II, Kumanovo, 197–214. Kale – Kr{evica: Investigations 2001–2004. Interim report, Zbornik Narodnog muzeja XVIII–1, Beograd, 141–174. Kale – Kr{evica: istra`ivawa 2001–2004. godine. Preliminarni rezultati, Vrawski glasnik XXXIII, Vrawe, 25–58. “cum a Scordiscis Dacisque premeretur”, u: H. Dobrzanska, V. S. Megaw, P. Poleska (eds.), Celts on the margin: studies in European cultural interaction VII BC – I AD. Essays in honour of Zenon Wozniak, Krakow, 77–83. Central Balkans between the Greek and Celtic World: Case Study Kale – Kr{evica. u: N. Tasi}, C. Grozdanov (eds.), Homage to Milutin Gara{anin, Beograd, 523–536. Kr{evica et les contacts entre l’Egée et les centre des Balkans, Histria Antiqua 15, Pula, 125–136. Numismatic finds of the 4th–3rd centuries BC from Kale at Kr{evica (southeastern Serbia), Arheolo{ki vestnik 58, Ljubljana, 411–417. Nakit iz Kr{evice, u: M. Ble~i}, M. ^re{nar, B. Hänsel, A. Hellmuth, E. Kaiser, C. Metzner-Nebelsick (eds.), Scripta praehistorica in honorem Biba Ter`an, Situla 44, Ljubljana, 813–820 Kale – Kr{evica (ranoanti~ko naselje IV/III veka pre n.e.), Arheolo{ki pregled 4, Beograd, 69–72. Scordisci on the Fringes of the Hellenistic World. u: G. Tiefengraber, B. Kavur, A. Gaspari (eds.), Keltske studije II. Studies in Celtic Archaeology. Papers in honour of Mitja Gu{tin, Edition Monique Mergoil, Montagnac, 247–258. Sanctuaire, culte et rite à Kr{evica, Histria Antiqua 18/2, Pula, 121–128. Kr{evica: forty years after, Zbornik Narodnog muzeja XIX–1, Beograd, 141–153. Archaelogical Finds from the Vaulted Building at Kr{evica, Starinar n.s. LVIII/2008, Beograd, 95–106. Les données chronologiques sur l’habitat latènien Kale à Kr{evica. u: I. Cândea (ed.), Tracii si vecinii lor în antichitate – The Thracians and Their Neighbours in Antiquity. Studia in honorem Valerii Sîrbu, Muzeul Brailei-Editura Istros, Braila, 431–438.

106

CENTRAL BALKANS BETWEEN GREEK AND CELTIC WORLD

2010b Kr{evica: ~etrdeset godina posle, Vrawski glasnik XXXIV, Vrawe, 175–186. 2011 Late Iron Age ritual pits at Kale – Kr{evica (southeastern Serbia), u: M. Gu{tin, M. Jevti} (eds.), The Eastern Celts. The Communities between the Alps and the Black Sea, Koper – Beograd, 151–162. 2012 Parirrhanteria stands from Kr{evica, Scripta in honorem Bojan Djuri}, Ljubljana, u {tampi POPOVI] P., JEREMI] M., RADOJ^I] N. 2004

Lokalitet Kale u selu Kr{evica – istra`ivawa 2001–2003. godine, Starinar n.s. 53–54/2003–2004, Beograd, 270–274. POPOVI] P., KAPURAN A.

2007

Millstones from Kale in Kr{evica (Southeastern Serbia), Godi{njak – Jahrbuch XXXVI/34, Sarajevo, 83–96. POPOVI] P., VRANI] I.

2008

The Textile Industry at Kr{evica (Southeast Serbia) in the Fourth-Third Centuries B.C., Starinar n. s. LVI/2006, Beograd, 309–326. POPOVI] P., VUKADINOVI] M.

2011

Water Supply Sistem at Kr{evica (4th century BC), Starinar LXI, Beograd, 155–170.

107

WE WISH TO EXPRESS OUR THANKS FOR COOPERATION AND HELP IN REALIZATION OF INVESTIGATIONS AND EXHIBITION TO:

Museum of Yugoslav History Tourist Organization Bujanovac Police Directorate Bujanovac RGA, Sector for Real Estate Cadastre, Bujanovac Gendarmerie, Operation department Ristovac Jugoistok LLC, Ni{, Vranje department Srbijavode PWMC Morava, Ni{ Primary School ‘Dragomir Trajkovi}’, @bevac National Employment Agency Local Community @bevac Local Community Kr{evica

CIP – Katalogizacija u publikaciji Narodna biblioteka Srbije, Beograd 903/904(497.11)"2001/2011"(083.82) 902.2(497.11)"2001/2011"(083.82) CENTRAL Balkans between Greek and Celtic World : Kale – Kr{evica, 2001–2011 / ²Petar Popovi} ... ²et al.³ ; photographs Neboj{a Bori} … ²et al.³ ; drawings Aleksandar Kapuran ; maps Aleksandra Nikoli} … ²et al.³ ; translation Mirjana Vukmanovi}³. – Belgrade : National museum, 2012 (Belgrade : Publikum). – 107 str. : ilustr. ; 21 x 24 cm Izv. stv. nasl.: Centralni Balkan izme|u gr~kog i keltskog sveta. – Podaci o autorima preuzeti iz kolofona. – Tira` 400. – Str. 8–9: Preface / Tatjana Cvjeti}anin. – Bibliografija: str. 105–107. ISBN 978-86-7269-132-0 1. Popovi}, Petar, 1946– ²autor³ ²fotograf³ a) Arheolo{ka nalazi{ta – Kr{evica – Katalozi b) Arheolo{ki nalazi – Kr{evica – Katalozi COBISS.SR-ID 191349516