Education in the Ancient Chinese Civilization
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Instructional Methods
Curriculum
Agents
Influence on Modern Education
Informal instruction; children imitating adult skills and values
Survival skills of hunting, fishing, food gathering; stories, myths, songs, poems, dances
Parents, tribal elders, and priests
Emphasis on informal education and stories to transmit skills and values
Memorization and recitation of classic texts
Confucian classics
Government officials
Written examinations for civil service and professions
Memorizing and copying dictated texts
Religious or technical texts
Priests and scribes
Placing educational authority in a priestly elite; using education to prepare officials
Listening to, memorizing, reciting, analyzing, and debating sacred texts; reading and writing for literacy
The Torah, laws, rituals, and commentaries
Parents, priests, scribes, and rabbis
Concepts of monotheism and a covenant between God and humanity; religious observance and maintaining cultural identity.
Drill, memorization, recitation in primary schools; lecture, discussion, and dialogue in higher schools
Athens: reading, writing, arithmetic, drama, music, physical education, literature, poetry
Athens: private teachers and schools, Sophists, philosophers
Athens: the concept of the well-rounded, liberally educated person
Sparta: military officers
Sparta: the concept of serving the military state
Sparta: drill, military songs, and tactics Drill, memorization, and recitation in primary schools; declamation in rhetorical schools
Reading, writing, arithmetic, Laws of Twelve Tables, law, philosophy
Private schools and teachers; rhetorical schools
Using education to develop sense of civic commitment and administrative skills
Drill, memorization, and recitation in lower schools; commentary and discussion in higher schools
Reading, writing, mathematics, religious literature, scientific studies
Mosques; court schools
Arabic numerals and computation; reentry of classical Greek texts to Western educators
Drill, memorization, recitation, chanting in lower schools; textual analysis and disputation in universities and in higher schools
Reading, writing, arithmetic, liberal arts; philosophy and theology; crafts; military tactics; and chivalry
Parish, chantry, and cathedral schools; universities; apprenticeship; knighthood
Established structure, content, and organization of universities as major institutions of higher education; the transmission of liberal arts; institutionalization and preservation of knowledge
Memorization, translation, and analysis of Greek and Roman classics
Latin, Greek, classical literature, poetry, art
Classical humanist educators and schools such as the lycée, gymnasium, and Latin Grammar school
An emphasis on literary knowledge and style as expressed in classical literature; a two-track system of schools
Memorization, drill, indoctrination, catechetical instruction in vernacular schools; translation and analysis of classics in humanist schools
Reading, writing, arithmetic, catechism, religious beliefs and rituals; Latin and Greek; theology
Vernacular elementary schools for the masses; classical schools for the upper classes
A commitment to universal education to provide literacy to the masses; the origins of school systems with supervision to ensure doctrinal conformity; the dual-track school system based on socioeconomic class and career goals
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