Foundations of Education

Page 82

Education in the Middle Ages

67

In Quintilian’s second stage of education, from age 7 to 14, the teacher was advised that the boy is using his sense experiences to form clear ideas and place them in his memory. The boy is to attend a ludus to learn to read and write his spoken language where he is to be instructed by a competent and ethical teacher. Instruction should be gradual and thorough, with children learning the alphabet by tracing ivory letters. Anticipating modern education, Quintilian advised having breaks for games and recess, so students could renew their energy. Quintilian’s third stage, from age 14 to 17, emphasized the liberal arts. As a proponent of Greek and Latin bilingual and bicultural education, he wanted students to study grammar, literature, history, and mythology in both languages. They also were expected to study music, geometry, astronomy, and gymnastics. The fourth stage, from age 17 to 21, was devoted to rhetoric, which included drama, poetry, law, philosophy, public speaking, declamation, and debate.42 Declamations— systematic speaking exercises—were especially important. When Quintilian assessed a student to be ready for public speaking, the novice orator delivered an oration to an audience in the forum that was then critiqued by his teacher. The teacher corrected the student’s mistakes with a sense of authority but also with patience, tact, and consideration. Quintilian’s program of rhetorical education resembled contemporary preservice teacher education. The practice oration was like supervised student teaching. The supervisor’s critique of the beginning teacher’s classroom skills resembles the master rhetorician’s critique of the novice orator’s speaking abilities. Quintilian’s ideas of rhetorical education continued on in Western history. In the medieval era, rhetoric was taught in cathedral schools and universities. It surfaced again in the Renaissance, when educators looked to the classical traditions of Greece and Rome to revive literary humanism. Rhetoric had a place in higher education at Oxford and Cambridge in England and at Harvard and Yale in the United States.

FOCUS  Has your educational experience been speculative and abstract like the Greeks, or has it been practical and applied in the Roman sense? Has your education’s purpose been to prepare you for the next phase of schooling, or did it help you deal with the problems you face in daily life?

3-6b Rome’s Significance in World Education Rome’s Latin language was not only important for literate and educated Romans but for later generations of European and American students, especially those attending secondary schools in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries. During this time, Latin, considered the necessary language of an educated person, was generally a requirement for entry into colleges and universities.

3-7 Education in the Middle Ages Historians designate the one thousand years after Rome’s fall in the fifth century to America’s discovery in the fifteenth century as the “Middle Ages,” between the end of the Greco-Roman classical period and the beginning of the modern era. By the Middle

For a hypertext edition of Quintilian’s Institutes of Oratory, visit http://archive.org/stream /institutioorator00quin/institutiooratorio00quin-djvu.txt.

42

322 BCE Death of Aristotle

360 BCE

340 BCE

320 BCE

300 BCE

335 BCE Aristotle founds Lyceum 347 BCE Death of Plato

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


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Religious Objections Regarding Curriculum

2min
page 299

Teaching about Religion

3min
page 300

School Culture

12min
pages 316-319

The Pledge of Allegiance in Limbo

3min
page 298

Access to Public Schools for Religious Groups

3min
page 297

Need for Balance between Rights and Responsibilities

2min
page 295

Classroom Discipline and Corporal Punishment

6min
pages 291-292

Search and Seizure

6min
pages 289-290

Student Records and Privacy Rights

2min
page 294

Sexual Harassment or Molestation of Students

3min
page 293

Protection from Violence

6min
pages 287-288

Suspension and Expulsion

3min
page 286

Cyberbullying and Other Electronic Misdeeds

3min
page 281

Newspaper

9min
pages 282-284

Students’ Rights and Responsibilities

2min
page 279

Tort Liability and Negligence

6min
pages 275-276

Overview 9.1: Selected US Supreme Court Decisions Affecting Teachers’ Rights and Responsibilities

2min
page 272

Freedom of Expression

3min
page 271

Due Process in Dismissal of Teachers

2min
page 269

Taking Issue: Tenure for Teachers

2min
page 268

Employment Contracts and Tenure

3min
page 267

School Budgets during Difficult Economic Times

3min
page 260

School Infrastructure and Environmental Problems

6min
pages 261-263

and School Choice

6min
pages 258-259

From Preservice to Practice: Funding Woes

3min
page 253

School Finance Trends

3min
page 256

The Courts and School Finance Reform

2min
page 252

Returning Responsibility to the Federal Government

2min
page 238

Size of Schools and School Districts

6min
pages 231-232

Taking Issue: Charter Schools as Public-School Reform

2min
page 230

Parent and Community Involvement

5min
pages 228-229

State Aid to Local School Districts

3min
page 251

Taking Issue: Expanding Funding for Public Education

2min
page 250

Other Sources of Local Funding

3min
page 245

The Principal and the School

3min
page 227

Decision Making?

3min
page 223

Critical Theory

3min
page 212

Applications to Schools and Classrooms

2min
page 211

Contemporary Essentialist Trends

3min
page 204

Progressivism

2min
page 209

School Board Responsibilities

3min
page 222

Application to Schools and Classrooms Taking Issue: Teacher Objectivity or Commitment on Social, Political, and

3min
page 215

Application to Schools and Classrooms

3min
page 202

Educational Implications

3min
page 201

Educational Implications

1min
page 194

Application to Schools and Classrooms

2min
page 196

Environment

4min
page 195

Axiology and Logic

3min
page 193

Idealism

3min
page 185

Overview and Special Terminology

4min
pages 183-184

Connecting with the History of Education throughout This Book

9min
pages 179-182

Asian Americans

5min
pages 174-175

Taking Issue: Common Core Standards

2min
page 178

Latino Americans

6min
pages 172-173

The Common Core: A Historically Referenced Issue

3min
page 177

Native Americans

5min
pages 170-171

Arab Americans

2min
page 176

African Americans

2min
page 166

The Common School

4min
pages 152-153

The American College and University

5min
pages 163-164

Benjamin Rush: Church-Related Schools

1min
page 150

Catharine Beecher: Preparing Women as Teachers

5min
pages 156-158

Education

2min
page 155

Mann: The Struggle for Public Schools Normal Schools and Women’s

2min
page 154

Jefferson: Education for Citizenship

1min
page 149

Colonial Education: A Summary View

2min
page 146

Taking Issue: Commitment to Social Justice in Education?

2min
page 136

Education and Schooling Influence on Educational Practices

3min
page 133

Education and Schooling Influence on Educational Practices

2min
page 130

Education and Schooling

1min
page 128

Influence on Educational Practices Today

8min
pages 137-140

The Colonial Period

2min
page 141

Middle Atlantic Colonies

3min
page 143

New England Colonies

3min
page 142

Principles of Teaching and Learning

3min
pages 114-115

Principles of Teaching and Learning

3min
page 112

Overview 4.1: Educational Pioneers

3min
pages 110-111

Influence on Educational Practices Today

2min
page 126

Influence on Educational Practices Today

2min
page 123

Education and Schooling

1min
page 116

Principles of Teaching and Learning

2min
page 119

Luther: Protestant Reformer

2min
page 100

Quintilian: Master of Oratory

2min
page 86

Taking Issue: Values in Education?

2min
page 82

Isocrates: Oratory and Rhetoric

3min
page 84

Aristotle: Cultivation of Rationality

3min
page 83

Overview 3.3: Significant Events in the History of Western Education to 1650 CE

6min
pages 97-99

The Renaissance and Education

4min
pages 94-95

The Church and the Medieval Education

2min
page 89

Charlemagne’s Revival of Learning

2min
page 88

Values

3min
page 81

The Hebraic Educational Tradition

3min
page 75

Socrates: Education by Self-Examination Plato: Universal and Eternal Truths and

3min
page 80

The Sophists

2min
page 79

The Hebraic Significance in World Education

2min
page 76

Overview 3.1: Key Periods in Educational History

5min
pages 70-72

Confucian Education

6min
pages 68-69

Mediated Entry

6min
pages 52-53

Education in Preliterate Societies

3min
page 66

Autonomy in Determining Spheres of Work

3min
page 48

Controlling Requirements for Entry and Licensing

3min
page 47

American Federation of Teachers (AFT

2min
page 60

Technology @ School: Professional Development Opportunities on the Internet

3min
page 55

Taking Issue: Merit Pay

2min
page 56

Professional Learning Communities

3min
page 57

Prospective Teachers: Abilities and Testing

3min
page 34

A Defined Body of Knowledge

3min
page 46

Taking Issue: Alternative Certification

2min
page 31

Pay Scales and Trends

1min
page 26

Is Teaching a Profession?

3min
page 45

Implications and Prospects for Future Teachers

4min
pages 42-44

Evaluating Current and Future Teachers Based on Student Achievement

8min
pages 39-41

Technology @ School: An Internet Resource for Prospective Teachers

3min
page 37
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