T h e c i t y ’s G R E E N necklace
Public spaces with cultural value Sustainable integration of a historical monument into the urban fabric and city life
Master thesis Sustainable Urban Design Master Programme School of Architecture Lund University
Supervisor: Niels de Bruin Examiner: Peter SjĂśstrom Student: Nasos Alexis December 2013
A project about: Public space regeneration and integration in a city that is troubled by the lack of open spaces (often without even realizing it) on a historically sensitive and culturally significant site with very challenging environmental aspects.
Can a historical monument be asked to play an active role in social, cultural and economic life of the city while at the same time functioning as a green lung, minimizing its cost? How can it maximize the added value and the positive impact it generates for the city? How necessary is, after all, a landscaping project for a city that faces recession?
International Context
Crossroads between continents
SWEDEN
Oslo
Stockholm
Copenhagen
Member since 1981
â‚Ź
Member since 2001 SE border of EU
4 ho
urs fl ight
raRome dius GREECE
Athens
0
500 1.000
2.000 km
Ankara
Regional Context
A lead role in Balcans
ROMANIA BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA Sarajevo
Belgrade
Bucharest
SERBIA Sofia
BULGARIA
Rome
ITALY
Tirana
ALBANIA Ankara
GREECE
Intense urbanisation
TURKEY Athens
11th longest coastline in the world Mountainous w/ more than 1200 islands Over 4.500 years of cultural heritage Mild climate Tripoli
0 100
500
1.000 km
EGYPT
Cairo
GREECE Area: 131.957 km2 Population (2011): 10.815.197 inhabitatns (+ over 500.000 irregular migrants) GDP: EUR 222,1 bl (2010), EUR 208,5 bl (2011)
Before the country was hit by the economic recession, it played a lead role in the Balkans. Many Greek enterprises operated in the region and the cross-border relations between Greece and its neighbours have played an important role in its development. Greece holds a very important cultural property which, along with the climate conditions render it a very desirable destination for tourists. Can we make it attractive for longer-term investments?
National Context
One of the most dynamic Regions in the country
Thessaloniki
Volos
Patras
6 principal cities
Athens
The oldest living olive tree (2 trees, approx. 2000 years old each) First olive press in the world (around 1.600 BC) found on the island Home of the Minoan civilization (27th century BC to 15th century BC) First reported inhabitants: 128.000 BCE
3 commercial airports 4 commercial ports Over 2000 tree species (170 endemic) About 1000 endemic animal species 40 archaeological sites and museums Approximately 4.85 mil tourists arrived in Crete in 2013 (temporary data) Heraklion
35°20′N
25°8′E
CRETE - The largest and most populous island of Greece Area: 8.336 km2 Population (2011): 623.065 inhabitatns (5,76% of country’s population) GDP (2010): EUR 10,9 bl (4,93% of national total - 6th place among 16 regions)
Local Context
The city and its role
Capital city of Crete N. Kazantzakis airport Passenger and cargo port Knossos, Archaelogical museum etc
Municipality of HERAKLION Area: 120 km2 Population (2011): 173.993 inhabitants
Present municipality formed in 2011 after the merging programme “Callikrates� Diverse landscape combining sea and mountains Industrial zone Touristic attractions Agriculture Services
City of Heraklion Area: 18,94 km2 Population (2011): 140.730 inhabitatns
Ancient name “Ηράκλειον” was revived in the 19th century. from the Roman port of Heracleum - location remains unknown Present city founded in 824 by the Saracens as the Castle of the moat (“rabḍ alḫandaq”)
Historical Context
U n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e c i t y ’s past and present
Stages in the development of the fortification system
Outline of the fortified precinct, 1st Byzantine era (Tzobanaki, 1996)
Stages in the development of the fortification system
The Venetian fortification precinct, 1614 (Tzobanaki, 1996)
Stages in the development of the fortification system
Venetian fortification precinct w/ external fortifications, 17th century (Tzobanaki, 1996)
Stages in the development of the fortification system
The fortification system during the Turkish occupation 17th-18th century (Tzobanaki, 1996)
Topography of the adjacent area
Landscape, old fortification, suburbs and the first likely definition of the new precinct, end of 15th, beginning of the 16th century (Tzobanaki, 1996)
The conditions of the site at the beginning of the 20th century
Locals strolling in the moat
The “Kastrinakis� industrial complex viewed from the corner of Vitturi bastion
Farming in the moat
The area between Martinengo and Jesus bastion, where the nursery garden is located today (detailed design area #3)
The area between Pantocrator and Bethlehem bastion where the stadium of Liberty is located today
British infantry camp on a bastion
Topography of the adjacent area
Actual landscape of the same area and site outline (city GIS office - own editing and compilation)
City growth milestones (urban area)
1900-1905: The whole city is limited within the fortification perimeter.
City growth milestones (urban area)
1936: With the first city plan, the city expands and reaches the inner part of the walls.
City growth milestones (urban area)
1975: Between 1956 and 1975 the city plan was revised and expanded to include more areas. Parts of the fortification structure were compromised.
City growth milestones (urban area)
The urban area today.
City growth milestones (municipality)
Population growth
Natural Context
Climate and Natural Environment
Climate data - climate comparison
450
h
mm 120
400 2816 350
1865,2
481,5
100
598,5
total year comparison
total year comparison 80
300 250 Heraklion Lund
200
Heraklion Lund
60
40
150
20
50 0
50
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Rainfall
Sunshine
100
NORTH
°C
30%
40 20%
30
10%
highest WEST
20
EAST
mean
11,11 - 13,89 m/sec
lowest
0
-10
8,33 - 11,11 m/sec 5,56 - 8,33 m/s 2,78 - 5,56 m/s
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
SOUTH
0,51 − 2,78 m/s
Wind
Temperature
10
Climate related issues
Pools of water appear on the main path after a short rain
The area above the industrial complex in February
Walk path ruined by rainwater or/and exposed construction elements
The same area in late June
Urban Context
Casting shapes and defining functions
Site size length: 2.500 - 3.200 m area: 34,48 hectares 1.700 m 1.225 m min width: ~ 13m max width: ~ 100m
The existing fortified precinct engulfs the older core of the city
Venetian Port and Koules Fortress
(The sea fortress - Castello a Mare or Rocca a Mare)
Eastern Crete (Lasithi)
Western Crete (Chania)
Western - Southern Crete (Mires - Timpaki)
Western - Southern Crete (Mires)
8
A
1
7 E
2 B 1. St. Andrew bastion w/cavalier 3 2. Pantocrator bastion 3. Bethlehem bastion C 4. Martinengo bastion w/ N. Kazantzakis tomb 5. Jesus bastion 6. Vitturi bastion 7. Sabbionara bastion 8. Koules fortress
6 5 4
D
A. Trace of St. Andrew gate B. Pantocrator gate or “Gate of Chania” C. Bethlehem gate D. Jesus gate or “New” gate E. St. George gate
Elevation diagram
Sea level 0-5 m 5-10 m 10-15 m 15-20 m 20-25 m 25-30 m 30-35 m 35-40 m 40-45 m 45-50 m 50-55 m 55+ m
Section A-A: St. Andrew bastion and cavalier
Sea level
Section B-B: Ditch, Pantocrator bastion, curtain wall and industrial complex
Sea level
Section C-C: Ditch, , curtain wall and Bethlehem bastion
Sea level
Section D-D: Ditch, Martinengo bastion and cavalier
Sea level
Section E-E: Curtain wall, ditch with Jesus bastion elevation and city
Sea level
Section F-F: Curtain wall along Beaufort Str and ditch
Sea level
Site visit
Familiar routes viewed with a different eye
Curtain wall
Bastions and Cavaliers
The moat
Low squares
Gates and tunnels
Listed and heritage buildings
Visibilities
Access points
Cultural Context
Preserving and promoting cultural property
UNESCO world heritage monument
17 properties around Greece have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The Venetian walls of Heraklion is not one of them, despite the respective efforts that were recently made by the current city authorities, mainly because of the conditions of the site and the area around it. This project aspires to initiate the dialogue for a new candidacy and respond to the requirements set by UNESCO, so that the Venetian walls of Heraklion earn a well deserved spot among the World Heritage Monuments.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
World Heritage Convention
Why is this important?
Justifying the site choice and the project goals
Urban area size and density comparison
Malmรถ area: 147,76 sq. km population 303.873 inhabitants density 2.056 inh/sq. km
Lund area: 32,74 sq. km population 82.800 inhabitants density 2.529 inh/sq.km
Heraklion area: 18,94 sq. km population 153.665 inhabitants density 8.113 inh/sq. km
Figure/ground diagrams
Lund
Malmรถ
Heraklion
Scale comparison between the Old city of Heraklion and the centre of Lund
Heraklion
Lund
0m
500m
1000m
Existing green public space outside the project site
Green public 0,64 % Paved public 0,98 % Project site 6,95 %
Rest of the old city core 91,43 % (includes built space and all nondesignated as public open space)
Land use
Allocation of city functions on the specific site
Existing situation - Land use/Land coverage
Land use Park - tall vegetation Open green space - mostly unattended
Land use
Restricted access green space Municipal nursery garden
Public sport facilities
Green space within the urban fabric
Sport clubs (semi-private)
Public space within the urban fabric
Private recreational businesses
Open public or open restricted space
Commercial uses
Cultural pocket
Car parking
Main paths - movement
Urban blight pockets
Administration buildings
Squatting neighbourhoods
Listed buildings 0 m 25
50
100
150
200
300
400
500 m
Existing allocation of land use/coverage
1,9% 2,4%
1,4% 1,5% 5,2% 3,7%
Green open space/Unattended Framed or natural park
29,2% 10,7%
Open space with limited green Sport facilities Car parking Private businesses City nursery Cultural activities
16,3%
12,0%
Administration Other
15,7%
Squatting
Building stock - Condition
Good Average Poor Ruined
Conflicting uses diagram
Private businesses Parking space Sport clubs Squatting - blight Administration Unused educational facilities
Surface permeability diagram
Building roofs Hard surface Soft / permeable surface
Entry points
Existing entrances w/ ramps Existing entrances w/o ramps Proposed entrances w/ ramps Proposed entrances w/o ramps Existing entry zone
Proposal
Implementing the vision Bringing about the change
1 Themes that attract users from the city Activity generator with impact on the city
4
2
Natural green Landscaped green Urban Agriculture / city nursery Themed green parks or squares Dog park Vegetated zone along main path Public space Outdoors sports facilities Cultural pockets Recreation Environmental education / innovation Water features Listed / programmed buildings
Activities that attract users from the city
Art and culture incubator with impact on the city
Activities that attract users from the city Activities that attract users from the city
3
Proposed allocation of land use/coverage
0,4% 4,0% 3,7% Landscaped green
6,1%
Framed or natural park
30,8%
8,7%
Urban farming Sport facilities Car parking
2,8% 0,6%
10,8%
Recreational businesses City nursery
Cultural activities Administration
3,2%
28,9%
Squares etc Dog park
Existing allocation of land use/coverage
1,9% 2,4%
1,4% 1,5% 5,2% 3,7%
Green open space/Unattended Framed or natural park
29,2% 10,7%
Open space with limited green Sport facilities Car parking Private businesses City nursery Cultural activities
16,3%
12,0%
Administration Other
15,7%
Squatting
Sustainability related strategies Environment Enhance the city’s green spaces Reshape the landscape Rainwater management Green roofs introduction
Economy Re-brand the city, reconnect with past, accentuate the name Create a new destination for locals and tourists Food market Exhibitions, art installations Save on maintenance costs
Society Historical heritage Industrial heritage - listed buildings preservation Urban agriculture Environmental education centre Young artists incubator UNESCO candidacy
Conflicting uses on proposed conditions
Private businesses Parking space Administration
Proposed surface permeability diagram
Building roofs Hard surface Mixed configuration Soft / permeable surface
Vegetation suitability diagram
Tall trees - natural vegetation Mixed type of vegetation Small trees and plants, hedges, decorative
Vegetation patterns
Rainwater management
Natural water flow Surface retention ponds Underwater storage tanks
Rainwater management
park irrigation during dry season runoff gutter semi-permeable paving semi-permeable paving runoff coefficient: 0,70 runoff coefficient: 0,60
planted surface runoff coefficient: 0,15
absorption coefficient: 0,30
absorption coefficient: 0,85
absorption coefficient: 0,40 filtering / cleaning
pump station underground storage tank
Rainwater harvesting system details
Land use / coverage Movement Planters Pauses Pauses Building roofs Building roofs Sports fields Retention ponds Lawn - turf Landscaped green Squares
Surface type gravel or stone paving flat sandy soil stone paving gravel metal or concrete green roofs concrete water flat heavy soil flat soil w/ vegetation mixed
runoff area (sq.m.) total runoff (lt) coefficient * 0,5 18.844,00 4.536.693,00 0,1 1.695,00 81.614,25 0,7 2.676,00 901.945,80 0,5 2.658,00 639.913,50 0,9 2.220,00 962.037,00 0,25 1.338,00 161.061,75 0,8 6.070,00 2.338.164,00 0,8 1.995,00 768.474,00 0,1 2.641,00 127.164,15 0,2 5.948,16 572.807,81 0,2 7.268,00 699.908,40
Total rainwater collected from runoff (annual rainfall aprx 480 mm)
11.789.783,66
Type of system: Ground-level runoff collection Annual rainfall: aprx 480-500mm Catchment area: Horizontal surfaces of various type - aprx 5 hectares Containment: below-grade, 15-20 500-cubic metre reinforced concrete tanks with a combined storage capacity of up to 10.000 cubic metres Annual quantity collected: 10 million litres Water usage: Irrigation due to the lack of water during the summer season Equipment needed: Filtering units, pumps, pressure tanks (*Depending on the detailed design of the whole site)
Microclimate enhancement
Through: Landscaping w/ Indigenous tree species and Rainwater strategy
Visibility enhancement
Detailed design | The rainwater retention park
Framed (landscaped green) with retention ponds Water pools Terraced park on the cavalier Water pools Urban furniture
Detailed design |
Urban agriculture Retention ponds for irrigation Paved pauses for resting Composting/recycling Old industrial complex recycling Environmental education - innovation centre Green roofs testing/introducing Paved terrace overlooking the activities Redesigned parking space into an entrance square Paved terrace over the main gate structure
Urban Agriculture and environmental innovation
Detailed design | The city’s nursery garden
Nursery garden with Retention pond Conservatory building with cafeteria and outdoors sitting area Recreational pond with gazebo for resting Paved pauses along the area Connection with Nikos Kazantzakis open air theatre
Conclusion
Tack s책 mycket!